Repeatability estimates in longitudinal data on guava trees

The use of longitudinal measurements is an essential practice both in Psidium guajava L. breeding and in other perennial crops in which covariance structures can be introduced to explain the form of dependence between measurements. Hence, this study aimed to analyze six covariance structures to identify one that best described the correlation between the repeated measurements in time in traits of guava full-sib families. The repeatability coefficient for each trait was estimated and the minimum number of evaluations required for estimates representing the population was determined. The work was performed based on average data of three yield-related variables from nine harvests of a guava tree population evaluated from 2011 to 2018. The best model was chosen based on the Akaike and Schwarz Bayesian information criterion. The autoregressive covariance structure best represented the dependencies among families between crops for all traits. The number of variables of fruits and total yield per plant presented repeatability estimates higher than 0.5 and may be essential traits for indirect selection of others, such as fruit mass, which had an estimated repeatability of 0.24, proving low regularity in the repetition of the character from one cycle to another. It was also possible to define four harvests as the minimum acceptable number of observations necessary on the same individual for these traits; therefore, the repetitions represented the individuals.(AU)

Breve histórico da sífilis e evolução do diagnóstico laboratorial no período de 2005 a 2016 / Brief history of syphilis and evolutive diagnosis laboratory in the period 2005-2016

Essa revisão explorou dois aspectos: a evolução do diagnóstico laboratorial, quantitativamente, com análise de 12.328 dados da produção laboratorial (de 2005 a 2016) e o histórico epidemiológico, com abordagem qualitativa (descritiva). Com o objetivo de traçar um panorama e apresentar as ações laboratoriais, avaliou-se o impacto no diagnóstico com a implantação do teste treponêmico TPHA (2007) e atendimento aos fluxogramas I-A (2011) e I-B (2014), da Portaria nº 3.242/GM/MS/2011(revogada em 2016). Para traçar a trajetória epidêmica do sífilismo no contexto social, do Brasil colonial à atualidade, buscou-se a literatura científica nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, PAHO, BVS, Google Acadêmico, elegendo os descritores isolados/agrupados: sífilis/congênita, sorodiagnóstico da sífilis, saúde pública. Das 200 publicações avaliadas por leitura exploratória, seletiva, analítica e interpretativa, 63 foram selecionadas para descrever a sífilis nos aspectos já mencionados. A ausência de dados laboratoriais e epidemiológicos dificulta o conhecimento das transformações do processo de manifestação da sífilis e adoção de medidas corretivas/preventivas para seu combate. Esse estudo detectou, com originalidade, pontos vulneráveis na execução do ensaio; necessidade de estratégias para melhoria da qualidade do diagnóstico laboratorial e, do ponto de vista epidemiológico, a inserção de políticas públicas específicas para atenção ao grupo de pessoas em idade fértil.

This review explored two aspects: quantitative evolution of the laboratory diagnosis with analysis of 12,328 laboratory data (2005/2016) and, epidemiological history with a qualitative (descriptive) approach. With aim of to draw a panorama and to present the laboratory actions was evaluated the impact from treponemic test (TPHA, 2007) in the diagnosis and attendance to flowcharts IA (2011)/IB (2014), of Ordinance Nº 3,242 /GM/MS/ 2011 (repealed in 2016). For drawing the syphilis epidemic trajectory in the social context, since Brazil colony to the currently scientific literature was searched in the databases PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, PAHO, BVS, Google Scholar, choosing the isolated / grouped descriptors: syphilis / congenital, serodiagnosis, public health. From 200 publications selected 63 evaluated by exploratory, selective, analytical, interpretive reading, to describe syphilis in all aspects mentioned above. The lack of epidemiological and laboratorial data makes it difficult to know the changes in the syphilis manifestation process, and to adopt corrective/preventive measures to combat it. This original study detected vulnerability in the assay execution, need for strategies formulation to improve the laboratory diagnosis quality and, from an epidemiological point of view insertion of specific public policies for attention to childbearing age people group.

Breve histórico da sífilis e evolução do diagnóstico laboratorial no período de 2005 a 2016 / Brief history of syphilis and evolutive diagnosis laboratory in the period 2005-2016

Essa revisão explorou dois aspectos: a evolução do diagnóstico laboratorial, quantitativamente, com análise de 12.328 dados da produção laboratorial (de 2005 a 2016) e o histórico epidemiológico, com abordagem qualitativa (descritiva). Com o objetivo de traçar um panorama e apresentar as ações laboratoriais, avaliou-se o impacto no diagnóstico com a implantação do teste treponêmico TPHA (2007) e atendimento aos fluxogramas I-A (2011) e I-B (2014), da Portaria nº 3.242/GM/MS/2011(revogada em 2016). Para traçar a trajetória epidêmica do sífilismo no contexto social, do Brasil colonial à atualidade, buscou-se a literatura científica nas bases de dados PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, PAHO, BVS, Google Acadêmico, elegendo os descritores isolados/agrupados: sífilis/congênita, sorodiagnóstico da sífilis, saúde pública. Das 200 publicações avaliadas por leitura exploratória, seletiva, analítica e interpretativa, 63 foram selecionadas para descrever a sífilis nos aspectos já mencionados. A ausência de dados laboratoriais e epidemiológicos dificulta o conhecimento das transformações do processo de manifestação da sífilis e adoção de medidas corretivas/preventivas para seu combate. Esse estudo detectou, com originalidade, pontos vulneráveis na execução do ensaio; necessidade de estratégias para melhoria da qualidade do diagnóstico laboratorial e, do ponto de vista epidemiológico, a inserção de políticas públicas específicas para atenção ao grupo de pessoas em idade fértil.(AU)

This review explored two aspects: quantitative evolution of the laboratory diagnosis with analysis of 12,328 laboratory data (2005/2016) and, epidemiological history with a qualitative (descriptive) approach. With aim of to draw a panorama and to present the laboratory actions was evaluated the impact from treponemic test (TPHA, 2007) in the diagnosis and attendance to flowcharts IA (2011)/IB (2014), of Ordinance Nº 3,242 /GM/MS/ 2011 (repealed in 2016). For drawing the syphilis epidemic trajectory in the social context, since Brazil colony to the currently scientific literature was searched in the databases PubMed, Scielo, Lilacs, PAHO, BVS, Google Scholar, choosing the isolated / grouped descriptors: syphilis / congenital, serodiagnosis, public health. From 200 publications selected 63 evaluated by exploratory, selective, analytical, interpretive reading, to describe syphilis in all aspects mentioned above. The lack of epidemiological and laboratorial data makes it difficult to know the changes in the syphilis manifestation process, and to adopt corrective/preventive measures to combat it. This original study detected vulnerability in the assay execution, need for strategies formulation to improve the laboratory diagnosis quality and, from an epidemiological point of view insertion of specific public policies for attention to childbearing age people group.(AU)

Mixed nonlinear models in ruminal in situ degradability trials / Modelos não lineares mistos em ensaios de degradabilidade ruminal in situ

Classical methods of analysis of nonlinear models are widely used in studies of ruminal degradation kinetics. As this type of study involves repeated measurements in the same experimental unit, the use of mixed nonlinear models (MNLM) is proposed, in order to solve problems of heterogeneity of variances of the responses, correlation among repeated measurements and consequent lack of sphericity in the covariance matrix. The aims of this work are to present an evaluation of the applicability of MNLM in the estimation of parameters to describe the in situ ruminal degradation kinetics of the dry matter of Tifton 85 hay and to compare the results with those obtained from the usual analysis in two-phases. The steers used in the trial were fed diets composed of three different combinations of roughage and concentrate and two hays with different nutritional qualities. The proposed approach was proven as effective as the traditional one for estimating model parameters. However, it adequately models the correlation among the longitudinal data, which can affect the estimates obtained, the standard error associated with them and potentially change the results of the inferences. It is quite attractive when the research seeks to understand the behavior of the process of food degradation throughout the incubation times.

Métodos clássicos de análise de modelos não lineares são amplamente utilizados em estudos da cinética de degradação ruminal. Como esse tipo de estudo envolve medidas repetidas na mesma unidade experimental, propõe-se o uso de modelos não lineares mistos (MNLM), buscando resolver os problemas de heterogeneidade de variâncias das respostas, de correlação entre as medidas repetida se a consequente falta de esfericidade da matriz de covariâncias. Os objetivos deste trabalho envolvem apresentar uma avaliação da aplicabilidade dos MNLM na estimação de parâmetros para descrever a cinética de degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca de fenos de capim-Tifton 85 e comparar os seus resultados com os obtidos da análise usual realizada em duas fases. Os novilhos utilizados no ensaio foram alimentados com rações compostas por três diferentes combinações de volumoso e concentrado e dois fenos com diferentes qualidades nutricionais. A abordagem proposta mostrou-se tão efetiva quanto à tradicional para a estimação dos parâmetros do modelo. Contudo, ela modela de forma adequada a correlação entre os dados longitudinais, o que pode afetar as estimativas obtidas, o erro padrão associado a elas e, potencialmente, alterar os resultados das inferências. É bastante atraente quando a pesquisa busca entender o comportamento do processo da degradação dos alimentos ao longo dos tempos de incubação.

Mixed nonlinear models in ruminal in situ degradability trials / Modelos não lineares mistos em ensaios de degradabilidade ruminal in situ

Classical methods of analysis of nonlinear models are widely used in studies of ruminal degradation kinetics. As this type of study involves repeated measurements in the same experimental unit, the use of mixed nonlinear models (MNLM) is proposed, in order to solve problems of heterogeneity of variances of the responses, correlation among repeated measurements and consequent lack of sphericity in the covariance matrix. The aims of this work are to present an evaluation of the applicability of MNLM in the estimation of parameters to describe the in situ ruminal degradation kinetics of the dry matter of Tifton 85 hay and to compare the results with those obtained from the usual analysis in two-phases. The steers used in the trial were fed diets composed of three different combinations of roughage and concentrate and two hays with different nutritional qualities. The proposed approach was proven as effective as the traditional one for estimating model parameters. However, it adequately models the correlation among the longitudinal data, which can affect the estimates obtained, the standard error associated with them and potentially change the results of the inferences. It is quite attractive when the research seeks to understand the behavior of the process of food degradation throughout the incubation times.(AU)

Métodos clássicos de análise de modelos não lineares são amplamente utilizados em estudos da cinética de degradação ruminal. Como esse tipo de estudo envolve medidas repetidas na mesma unidade experimental, propõe-se o uso de modelos não lineares mistos (MNLM), buscando resolver os problemas de heterogeneidade de variâncias das respostas, de correlação entre as medidas repetida se a consequente falta de esfericidade da matriz de covariâncias. Os objetivos deste trabalho envolvem apresentar uma avaliação da aplicabilidade dos MNLM na estimação de parâmetros para descrever a cinética de degradação ruminal in situ da matéria seca de fenos de capim-Tifton 85 e comparar os seus resultados com os obtidos da análise usual realizada em duas fases. Os novilhos utilizados no ensaio foram alimentados com rações compostas por três diferentes combinações de volumoso e concentrado e dois fenos com diferentes qualidades nutricionais. A abordagem proposta mostrou-se tão efetiva quanto à tradicional para a estimação dos parâmetros do modelo. Contudo, ela modela de forma adequada a correlação entre os dados longitudinais, o que pode afetar as estimativas obtidas, o erro padrão associado a elas e, potencialmente, alterar os resultados das inferências. É bastante atraente quando a pesquisa busca entender o comportamento do processo da degradação dos alimentos ao longo dos tempos de incubação.(AU)

Intergenerational financial transfers and physical health of old people in rural China: evidence from CHARLS data / Transferências financeiras intergeracionais e saúde física de idosos na China rural: evidências de dados CHARLS

With the reduction of intergenerational temporal transfers, financial transfers from adult offspring to their elderly parents are prevailing in rural China. Although much has been done, little is known about the association between the expansion of intergenerational transfers and rural old peoples physical health in China. The purpose of this paper was to examine the effect of intergenerational financial transfers on the elders physical health in rural China. Using data collected from China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS), panel data fixed effect model and threshold model are employed to estimate the impact of intergenerational financial transfers on the old peoples physical health in rural areas. Results showed that; although, the intergenerational financial transfers have a positive effect on the old peoples physical health, no linear relationship exists between them. Intergenerational financial transfers are clearly less effective for low-income old peoples physical health than those of middle-income, while the effect on high-income old peoples health is the most insignificant. Studies concerning the effect of intergenerational financial transfers on the elders health in developing countries remain limited. Findings of this paper provided great insights into how intergenerational transfers, such as intergenerational financial transfers, may affect the well-beings of old residents in rural areas. Additionally, this study can offer inspiration to policy makers regarding what measures they should take to enhance rural old residents well-beings.(AU)

Com a redução de transferências temporais intergeracionais, as transferências financeiras da prole adulta a seus pais idosos estão prevalecendo em China rural. Embora muito tenha sido feito, pouco se sabe sobre a associação entre a expansão das transferências intergeracionais e a saúde física dos idosos rurais na China. O objetivo deste artigo é examinar o efeito das transferências financeiras intergeracionais sobre a saúde física dos anciãos na China rural. Usando dados coletados do estudo longitudinal de saúde e aposentadoria da China (CHARLS), o modelo de efeito fixo de dados do painel e o modelo de limiar são empregados para estimar o impacto das transferências financeiras intergeracionais na saúde física dos idosos em áreas rurais. Os resultados mostram que, embora as transferências financeiras intergeracionais tenham um efeito positivo na saúde física dos idosos, não existe relação linear entre eles. As transferências financeiras intergeracionais são claramente menos eficazes para a saúde física de idosos de baixa renda do que as de renda média, enquanto o efeito sobre a saúde de idosos de alta renda é o mais insignificante. Os estudos sobre o efeito das transferências financeiras intergeracionais sobre a saúde dos anciãos nos países em desenvolvimento permanecem limitados. Os achados deste artigo fornecem grandes insights sobre como as transferências intergeracionais, e as transferências financeiras intergeracionais podem afetar o bem-estar de idosos residentes em áreas rurais. Além disso, este estudo pode oferecer inspiração para os decisores políticos sobre as medidas que devem tomar para melhorar o bem-estar dos residentes rurais.(AU)

Movement and longitudinal distribution of a migratory fish ( Salminus brasiliensis) in a small reservoir in southern Brazil

We investigated whether the movement and distribution of the migratory fish, Salminus brasiliensis, were affected by a small reservoir. We also examined how movement and distribution were related to water temperature, flow, and rainfall. In December 2011 and January 2012, 24 individuals were captured downstream from the dam, tagged with radio transmitters and released in the reservoir (5.46 km² total area). After being released in the reservoir, 18 of the 24 tagged fish travelled upstream, taking an average of 16.6 days to leave the reservoir, with daily movements varying from < 5 km/day to > 24 km/day. However, only seven tagged specimens (29.16%) returned to the lower reservoir section, while the rest remained in the intermediate and upper reservoir sections. Longitudinal distributions and movements were positively related to both upstream flow into the reservoir and water temperature. We found evidence that S. brasiliensis can recognize the longitudinal gradient and is able to continue its upstream migration. On the other hand, the reservoir negatively affected downstream movements, possibly because disorientation prevented movement to the lower reservoir section. Based on these results, we suggest that the impact of small reservoirs on migratory fish species should be objectively addressed in environmental impact assessments and management programs.(AU)

Neste estudo investigamos se o movimento e distribuição do peixe migrador, Salminus brasiliensis, são afetados por um pequeno reservatório. Também avaliamos como movimento e distribuição se relacionam com a temperatura da água, fluxo e pluviosidade. Em dezembro de 2011 e janeiro 2012, 24 indivíduos foram capturados a jusante da barragem, marcados com radiotransmissores e liberados no reservatório (5,46 km²). Depois de soltos, 18 dos 24 peixes marcados se deslocaram para montante, levando em média 16,6 dias para ultrapassar o reservatório com movimentos diários variando de < 5km/dia a > 24km/dia. Entretanto, apenas sete (29,16%) dos peixes marcados retornaram para seção inferior do reservatório, a maior parte mantendo-se nas seções intermediárias e superiores do reservatório. Distribuição longitudinal e movimento dos peixes foram relacionados positivamente com o fluxo de montante dentro do reservatório e com a temperatura da água. Assim, encontramos evidências que S. brasiliensis pode reconhecer o gradiente longitudinal e continuar sua migração ascendente. Por outro lado, nossos resultados também indicam que o movimento para jusante foi afetado, possivelmente, devido à desorientação, o que impede que os indivíduos alcancem as seções inferiores do reservatório. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que impactos sobre peixes migratórios devem ser objetivamente abordados em avaliações ambientais e gestão ambiental de pequenos reservatórios.(AU)

Movement and longitudinal distribution of a migratory fish ( Salminus brasiliensis) in a small reservoir in southern Brazil

We investigated whether the movement and distribution of the migratory fish, Salminus brasiliensis, were affected by a small reservoir. We also examined how movement and distribution were related to water temperature, flow, and rainfall. In December 2011 and January 2012, 24 individuals were captured downstream from the dam, tagged with radio transmitters and released in the reservoir (5.46 km² total area). After being released in the reservoir, 18 of the 24 tagged fish travelled upstream, taking an average of 16.6 days to leave the reservoir, with daily movements varying from < 5 km/day to > 24 km/day. However, only seven tagged specimens (29.16%) returned to the lower reservoir section, while the rest remained in the intermediate and upper reservoir sections. Longitudinal distributions and movements were positively related to both upstream flow into the reservoir and water temperature. We found evidence that S. brasiliensis can recognize the longitudinal gradient and is able to continue its upstream migration. On the other hand, the reservoir negatively affected downstream movements, possibly because disorientation prevented movement to the lower reservoir section. Based on these results, we suggest that the impact of small reservoirs on migratory fish species should be objectively addressed in environmental impact assessments and management programs.(AU)

Neste estudo investigamos se o movimento e distribuição do peixe migrador, Salminus brasiliensis, são afetados por um pequeno reservatório. Também avaliamos como movimento e distribuição se relacionam com a temperatura da água, fluxo e pluviosidade. Em dezembro de 2011 e janeiro 2012, 24 indivíduos foram capturados a jusante da barragem, marcados com radiotransmissores e liberados no reservatório (5,46 km²). Depois de soltos, 18 dos 24 peixes marcados se deslocaram para montante, levando em média 16,6 dias para ultrapassar o reservatório com movimentos diários variando de < 5km/dia a > 24km/dia. Entretanto, apenas sete (29,16%) dos peixes marcados retornaram para seção inferior do reservatório, a maior parte mantendo-se nas seções intermediárias e superiores do reservatório. Distribuição longitudinal e movimento dos peixes foram relacionados positivamente com o fluxo de montante dentro do reservatório e com a temperatura da água. Assim, encontramos evidências que S. brasiliensis pode reconhecer o gradiente longitudinal e continuar sua migração ascendente. Por outro lado, nossos resultados também indicam que o movimento para jusante foi afetado, possivelmente, devido à desorientação, o que impede que os indivíduos alcancem as seções inferiores do reservatório. Com base nos resultados, sugerimos que impactos sobre peixes migratórios devem ser objetivamente abordados em avaliações ambientais e gestão ambiental de pequenos reservatórios.(AU)

Dynamic of metabolic indicators, insulin like-growth factor I (IGF-I) and cortisol in holstein cows during the transition period

Background: Physiological events occur in the transition period marked by negative energetic balance, where the energetic demand is higher due to fetal nutrition and lactogenesis and intensified by the decrease of the dry matter intake in the pre-partum period. The adaptation of cows is dependent of homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms regulated by catecholamine, cortisol, GH, IGF-I, insulin and glucagon but the priorization of homeorhetic mechanisms could result in metabolic diseases. Considering the scarce longitudinal studies about the Brazilian conditions the aim of this project was to evaluate the influence of transition period on metabolic indicators, cortisol and IGF-I in Holstein cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, from 2nd to 4th lactation were evaluated weakly from week -2 to week +3 in relation to calving to determine the body condition score (BCS), metabolic and endocrine profile. The BCS decreased between week -2 (BCS = 4.0) and +1 (BCS = 3.0), followed by and slight increase on weeks +2 and +3 (P = 0.000). The most of metabolic indicators and hormones have changed during the transition period (P ≤ 0.05), especially around calving. It was possible to detect the peak of cortisol, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxibutyrate (BHB), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) on delivery and week +1. On the other hand, total calcium, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) decreased was observed around parturition. Insulin like growth factor type I (IGF-I) showed marked reduction between pre and postpartum, and the lowest value was observed in the week +1. TP and GLOB had the lowest value on calving and globulin has a gradual increase from delivery to week +3.[...]

Dynamic of metabolic indicators, insulin like-growth factor I (IGF-I) and cortisol in holstein cows during the transition period

Background: Physiological events occur in the transition period marked by negative energetic balance, where the energetic demand is higher due to fetal nutrition and lactogenesis and intensified by the decrease of the dry matter intake in the pre-partum period. The adaptation of cows is dependent of homeostatic and homeorhetic mechanisms regulated by catecholamine, cortisol, GH, IGF-I, insulin and glucagon but the priorization of homeorhetic mechanisms could result in metabolic diseases. Considering the scarce longitudinal studies about the Brazilian conditions the aim of this project was to evaluate the influence of transition period on metabolic indicators, cortisol and IGF-I in Holstein cows.Materials, Methods & Results: Thirteen cows, from 2nd to 4th lactation were evaluated weakly from week -2 to week +3 in relation to calving to determine the body condition score (BCS), metabolic and endocrine profile. The BCS decreased between week -2 (BCS = 4.0) and +1 (BCS = 3.0), followed by and slight increase on weeks +2 and +3 (P = 0.000). The most of metabolic indicators and hormones have changed during the transition period (P ≤ 0.05), especially around calving. It was possible to detect the peak of cortisol, glucose, non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), ß-hydroxibutyrate (BHB), and aspartate aminotransferase (AST) on delivery and week +1. On the other hand, total calcium, triglycerides (TG) and cholesterol (CHOL) decreased was observed around parturition. Insulin like growth factor type I (IGF-I) showed marked reduction between pre and postpartum, and the lowest value was observed in the week +1. TP and GLOB had the lowest value on calving and globulin has a gradual increase from delivery to week +3.[...](AU)

Fish habitat associations along a longitudinal gradient in a preserved coastal Atlantic stream, Brazil

Habitat conditions at multiple scales are one of the major factors structuring ichthyofauna. Thus, we analyzed the fish habitat associations along the headwater-mouth gradient of a coastal Atlantic stream. We categorized the sampling sites into habitat units, so that in the middle reach these categories were statistically differentiated into riffles, runs and pools. Samplings were carried out quarterly from May 2009 to February 2010 using electrofishing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated an environmental gradient from higher water velocity and rocky bottom to deeper and sandy areas in the headwater-mouth direction. A total of 1,495 individuals belonging to 27 species were captured, being 13, 18 and 22 from headwater, middle and mouth reaches, respectively. Shannon diversity was slightly higher in the middle reach, while beta diversity showed higher rates of addition than turnover in species along the longitudinal gradient. Fish structure, evaluated by DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) scores, showed significant differences between upper reaches and mouth reach, but the middle riffles did not differ from headwater habitats. In the middle reach, mesohabitat analysis distinguished riffles, with higher abundance of fast-water crenuchids, from pools, with a higher abundance of lentic-water characids. These results suggest that environmental differences along the stream determine the wider structural patterns. However, the middle reach amassed species from upper areas and lowlands in structured fish mesohabitat associations, possibly implying distinct local ecological interactions. These findings contribute to the assessment of stream conservation status and to recognize eventual direct impacts on fish structures along longitudinal gradients.

Fish habitat associations along a longitudinal gradient in a preserved coastal Atlantic stream, Brazil

Habitat conditions at multiple scales are one of the major factors structuring ichthyofauna. Thus, we analyzed the fish habitat associations along the headwater-mouth gradient of a coastal Atlantic stream. We categorized the sampling sites into habitat units, so that in the middle reach these categories were statistically differentiated into riffles, runs and pools. Samplings were carried out quarterly from May 2009 to February 2010 using electrofishing. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated an environmental gradient from higher water velocity and rocky bottom to deeper and sandy areas in the headwater-mouth direction. A total of 1,495 individuals belonging to 27 species were captured, being 13, 18 and 22 from headwater, middle and mouth reaches, respectively. Shannon diversity was slightly higher in the middle reach, while beta diversity showed higher rates of addition than turnover in species along the longitudinal gradient. Fish structure, evaluated by DCA (detrended correspondence analysis) scores, showed significant differences between upper reaches and mouth reach, but the middle riffles did not differ from headwater habitats. In the middle reach, mesohabitat analysis distinguished riffles, with higher abundance of fast-water crenuchids, from pools, with a higher abundance of lentic-water characids. These results suggest that environmental differences along the stream determine the wider structural patterns. However, the middle reach amassed species from upper areas and lowlands in structured fish mesohabitat associations, possibly implying distinct local ecological interactions. These findings contribute to the assessment of stream conservation status and to recognize eventual direct impacts on fish structures along longitudinal gradients.(AU)

Genome association study through nonlinear mixed models revealed new candidate genes for pig growth curves

Genome association analyses have been successful in identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pig body weights measured at a single age. However, when considering the whole weight trajectories over time in the context of genome association analyses, it is important to look at the markers that affect growth curve parameters. The easiest way to consider them is via the two-step method, in which the growth curve parameters and marker effects are estimated separately, thereby resulting in a reduction of the statistical power and the precision of estimates. One efficient solution is to adopt nonlinear mixed models (NMM), which enables a joint modeling of the individual growth curves and marker effects. Our aim was to propose a genome association analysis for growth curves in pigs based on NMM as well as to compare it with the traditional two-step method. In addition, we also aimed to identify the nearest candidate genes related to significant SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers. The NMM presented a higher number of significant SNPs for adult weight (A) and maturity rate (K), and provided a direct way to test SNP significance simultaneously for both the A and K parameters. Furthermore, all significant SNPs from the two-step method were also reported in the NMM analysis. The ontology of the three candidate genes (SH3BGRL2, MAPK14, and MYL9) derived from significant SNPs (simultaneously affecting A and K) allows us to make inferences with regards to their contribution to the pig growth process in the population studied.

Genome association study through nonlinear mixed models revealed new candidate genes for pig growth curves

Genome association analyses have been successful in identifying quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for pig body weights measured at a single age. However, when considering the whole weight trajectories over time in the context of genome association analyses, it is important to look at the markers that affect growth curve parameters. The easiest way to consider them is via the two-step method, in which the growth curve parameters and marker effects are estimated separately, thereby resulting in a reduction of the statistical power and the precision of estimates. One efficient solution is to adopt nonlinear mixed models (NMM), which enables a joint modeling of the individual growth curves and marker effects. Our aim was to propose a genome association analysis for growth curves in pigs based on NMM as well as to compare it with the traditional two-step method. In addition, we also aimed to identify the nearest candidate genes related to significant SNP (single nucleotide polymorphism) markers. The NMM presented a higher number of significant SNPs for adult weight (A) and maturity rate (K), and provided a direct way to test SNP significance simultaneously for both the A and K parameters. Furthermore, all significant SNPs from the two-step method were also reported in the NMM analysis. The ontology of the three candidate genes (SH3BGRL2, MAPK14, and MYL9) derived from significant SNPs (simultaneously affecting A and K) allows us to make inferences with regards to their contribution to the pig growth process in the population studied.(AU)

Longitudinal evaluation of humoral immune response and merozoite surface antigen diversity in calves naturally infected with Babesia bovis, in São Paulo, Brazil / Avaliação longitudinal da resposta immune humoral e diversidade de antígenos de superfície de merozoítos em bezerros naturalmente infectados com Babesia bovis, em São Paulo, Brasil

Babesiosis is an economically important infectious disease affecting cattle worldwide. In order to longitudinally evaluate the humoral immune response against Babesia bovis and the merozoite surface antigen diversity of B. bovis among naturally infected calves in Taiaçu, Brazil, serum and DNA samples from 15 calves were obtained quarterly, from their birth to 12 months of age. Anti-B. bovis IgG antibodies were detected by means of the indirect fluorescent antibody test (IFAT) and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The polymerase chain reaction (PCR) was used to investigate the genetic diversity of B. bovis, based on the genes that encode merozoite surface antigens (MSA-1, MSA-2b and MSA-2c). The serological results demonstrated that up to six months of age, all the calves developed active immunity against B. bovis. Among the 75 DNA samples evaluated, 2, 4 and 5 sequences of the genes msa-1, msa-2b and msa-2c were obtained. The present study demonstrated that the msa-1 and msa-2b genes sequences amplified from blood DNA of calves positive to B. bovis from Taiaçu were genetically distinct, and that msa-2c was conserved. All animals were serologically positive to ELISA and IFAT, which used full repertoire of parasite antigens in despite of the genetic diversity of MSAs.(AU)

A babesiose é uma doença infecciosa economicamente importante que afeta o gado bovino em todo o mundo. Para avaliar longitudinalmente a resposta imune humoral contra B. bovis e a diversidade genética de antígenos de superfície de merozoítos de B. bovis, entre bezerros naturalmente infectados em Taiaçu, Brasil, amostras de soro e DNA de 15 bezerros, foram obtidos trimestralmente, desde o nascimento até aos 12 meses de idade. Os anticorpos IgG para B. bovis foram detectados pelos testes de Imunofluorescência Indireta e Ensaio de Imunoadsorção Enzimático Indireto. A Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase foi utilizada para investigar a diversidade genética de B. bovis, com base em genes que codificam antígenos de superfície de merozoítos (MSA-1, MSA-2b e MSA-2c). Os resultados da sorologia demonstraram que até seis meses de idade todos os bezerros desenvolveram imunidade ativa contra B. bovis. Entre as 75 amostras de DNA avaliadas, foram obtidas 2, 4 e 5 sequências dos genes msa-1, msa-2b e msa-2c. O presente trabalho demonstrou que as sequências dos genes msa-1 e msa-2b amplificadas do DNA do sangue de amostras positivas a B. bovis de bezerros de Taiaçu foram geneticamente distintas, e msa-2c conservadas. Todos os animais foram soropositivos ao ELISA e ao IFAT, os quais utilizaram o repertório completo de antígenos parasitários, apesar da diversidade genética dos MSAs.(AU)

Longitudinal data assessment of global stability index in kale leaves

Kale plants are usually sold in natura in street markets and malls. Kale leaves can have their appearance compromised by dehydration and discoloration due to increased post-harvest time exposure. We aimed to analyze the Global Stability Index (GSI) in kale accessions by means of repeated measurement analysis and curve grouping as a complementary form of superior sample identification with regard to post-harvest preservation. Thirty kale accessions were evaluated using a randomized block design with four blocks and five plants per plot. Two commercial leaves per plant were collected, and kept on workbenches in the shade at a temperature of 18 ± 1 °C. Subsequently, the degrees of discoloration and dehydration, total chlorophyll content, and accumulated fresh mass loss were evaluated over a 15-day period. From these data, the GSI was calculated for each day of evaluation. In addition, using mixed models, thirteen co-variance structures were tested. For graphical analysis, thirteen linear and non-linear models were assessed followed by curve grouping using multivariate analysis. The GSI was efficient for differentiating accessions, which became an important tool in post-harvest studies. GSI values were not equally correlated, therefore the use of mixed models became an important approach. The unstructured matrix was the best fit to model the dependence of error. The Melow I model was the best fit for studying the GSI. The accessions UFVJM-10, UFLA-1, COM-1, UFVJM-32, COM-3, UFVJM-8, UFVJM-36 and UFVJM-24, belonging to 3 and 5 clusters, are recommended for crop cultivation and as parental material in breeding programs.

Longitudinal data assessment of global stability index in kale leaves

Kale plants are usually sold in natura in street markets and malls. Kale leaves can have their appearance compromised by dehydration and discoloration due to increased post-harvest time exposure. We aimed to analyze the Global Stability Index (GSI) in kale accessions by means of repeated measurement analysis and curve grouping as a complementary form of superior sample identification with regard to post-harvest preservation. Thirty kale accessions were evaluated using a randomized block design with four blocks and five plants per plot. Two commercial leaves per plant were collected, and kept on workbenches in the shade at a temperature of 18 ± 1 °C. Subsequently, the degrees of discoloration and dehydration, total chlorophyll content, and accumulated fresh mass loss were evaluated over a 15-day period. From these data, the GSI was calculated for each day of evaluation. In addition, using mixed models, thirteen co-variance structures were tested. For graphical analysis, thirteen linear and non-linear models were assessed followed by curve grouping using multivariate analysis. The GSI was efficient for differentiating accessions, which became an important tool in post-harvest studies. GSI values were not equally correlated, therefore the use of mixed models became an important approach. The unstructured matrix was the best fit to model the dependence of error. The Melow I model was the best fit for studying the GSI. The accessions UFVJM-10, UFLA-1, COM-1, UFVJM-32, COM-3, UFVJM-8, UFVJM-36 and UFVJM-24, belonging to 3 and 5 clusters, are recommended for crop cultivation and as parental material in breeding programs.(AU)

CARACTERIZAÇÃO CLÍNICA, EPIDEMIOLÓGICA E LABORATORIAL DOS PACIENTES HIV EM INÍCIO DE TERAPIA ANTIRRETROVIRAL NO HOSPITAL UNIVERSITÁRIO DO TOCANTINS, 2019.

A infecção pelo HIV configura-se como uma problemática contemporânea de destaque na saúde pública. O comportamento da infecção do HIV na região Norte do Brasil contrasta com outras regiões, apresentando tendências de elevação do número de casos novos e óbitos anualmente. O objetivo do estudo foi caracterizar e descrever os pacientes que iniciaram o uso de terapia antirretroviral atendidos no Hospital de Doenças Tropicais da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (HDT-UFT), situado no município de Araguaína, Norte do estado do Tocantins, no ano 2019. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiológico com caráter: retrospectivo, documental, transversal, descritivo e com abordagem quantitativa. No período verificou-se que 119 pacientes iniciaram o uso de terapia antirretroviral (TARV), dos quais 98 pacientes foram incluídos neste estudo, foram excluídos 21 pacientes por não atenderem os critérios de inclusão. O estudo demonstrou predominância de indivíduos do sexo masculino (74,5%), solteiros (72,2%) com faixa etária de 18 a 39 anos (75,5%). A escolaridade predominante foi para o Ensino Médio Completo (38,1%), sendo observado o vínculo empregatício formal em (56,9%). Os integrantes da pesquisa residiam em três diferentes estados: Tocantins (93,9%), Pará (5,1%) e Maranhão (1,0%) e a maioria em zona urbana (96,9%). O modo de transmissão do HIV foi (100%) sexual e com a categoria de exposição predominante heterossexual (59,3%). A mediana da carga viral no início da TARV foi de 18.733 cópias/ml. A mediana da contagem de LT-CD4+, importante célula de defesa humana, no momento do início da TARV foi de 347cél/mm3, evidenciando que 51,02% do total das Pessoas Vivendo com HIV (PVHIV) foram diagnosticados de forma tardia. Não houve associação entre as características epidemiológicas e a contagem de LT-CD4+. Do total de participantes analisados, 53,1% apresentavam pelo menos uma intercorrência clinica registrada no início da TARV. Referente aos parâmetros dos exames laboratoriais, foi observada uma menor média nos participantes com contagem de LT-CD4+ < 350 cél/mm3. Destaca-se uma Infecção Sexualmente Transmissível (IST) associada ao marcador sorológico da sífilis com 26% dos testes reagentes. Com base nas características descritas a partir dos dados obtidos, evidencia-se que serão necessárias ações que visem o diagnóstico oportuno para HIV e outras infecções sexualmente transmissíveis a fim de evitar que os pacientes cheguem aos serviços de saúde em fases avançadas de deterioração imunológica e/ou com a presença de coinfecções.

HIV infection is a prominent contemporary issue in public health. The behavior of HIV infection in the Northern region of Brazil contrasts with other regions, showing an upward trend in the number of new cases and deaths annually. The aim of the study was to characterize and describe patients who started using antiretroviral therapy treated at the Hospital for Tropical Diseases of the Federal University of Tocantins (HDT-UFT), located in the municipality of Araguaína, North of the state of Tocantins, in 2019. This is an epidemiological study with a retrospective, documentary, cross- sectional, descriptive and quantitative approach. In the period, it was found that 119 patients started using antiretroviral therapy (ART), of which 98 patients were included in this study, 21 patients were excluded for not meeting the inclusion criteria. The study showed a predominance of male individuals (74.5%), single (72.2%) aged 18 to 39 years (75.5%). The predominant education was for Complete High School (38.1%), with formal employment in (56.9%). The members of the survey lived in three different states: Tocantins (93.9%), Pará (5.1%) and Maranhão (1.0%) and the majority in urban areas (96.9%). The mode of HIV transmission was (100%) sexual and with the predominantly heterosexual exposure category (59.3%). The median viral load at the start of ART was 18,733 copies/ml. The median count of LT-CD4+, an important human defense cell, at the time of initiation of ART was 347cell/mm3, showing that 51.02% of all People Living with HIV (PLHIV) were diagnosed late. Not there was an association between epidemiological characteristics and LT-CD4+ count. Of the total number of participants analyzed, 53.1% had at least one clinical complication recorded at the beginning of ART. Regarding the parameters of laboratory tests, a lower mean was observed in participants with LT-CD4+ count < 350 cells/mm3. A Sexually Transmitted Infection (STI) associated with the serological marker of syphilis stands out, with 26% of the reagent tests. Based on the characteristics described from the data obtained, it is evident that actions aimed at timely diagnosis for HIV and other sexually transmitted infections will be necessary in order to prevent patients from reaching health services in advanced stages of immunological deterioration and/ or with the presence of coinfections.

ASPECTOS CLÍNICOS E EPIDEMIOLÓGICOS DE GESTANTES VIVENDO COM HIV ATENDIDAS NO HOSPITAL DE DOENÇAS TROPICAIS DA UNIVERSIDADE FEDERAL DO TOCANTINS

Milhares de pessoas foram infectadas pelo vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) desde o início da epidemia, e diversas morreram em decorrência das complicações desta, a qual tem se tornado crescente na população feminina devido ao aumento da transmissão heterossexual.As mulheres que se encontram em idade reprodutiva apresentam maior possibilidade de engravidarem e quando infectadas, há a necessidade de cuidados para a prevenção da infecção materno-infantil, a qual é responsável pela maioria da infecção em menores de 13 anos. Foiapresentada neste trabalho uma revisão de literatura acerca do tema, abordando o histórico da infecção pelo HIV, a etiologia, epidemiologia, patogenia, os aspectos clínicos, o diagnóstico da infecção,o tratamento especialmente em gestantes, e as medidas de prevenção e controle tanto da infecção como da transmissão vertical. Apresentou-se ainda um estudo epidemiológico e clínico em gestantes portadoras do HIV que foram atendidas no hospital de Doenças Tropicais da Universidade Federal do Tocantins (HDT-UFT) durante o período de 2015 a 2019 com o intuito de conhecer as características das gestantes infectadas. A coleta de dados ocorreu no HDT-UFT por meio da análise dos prontuários clínicos,em que apósa tabulação foram submetidos à análise estatística, considerando a frequência absoluta e percentual. Para as variáveis qualitativas fez um estudo de dispersão através do teste exato de Fisher e Qui-quadrado e para as variáveis quantitativas fez-se o teste F, utilizando-se os tratamentos carga viral detectável e não detectável, cuja probabilidade de erro tipo 1 foi de 0,05. A média de idade das 85 gestantes foi de 26 anos, sendo a faixa etária de 26 a 34 anos observada na maioria destas (48,24%). O grau de instrução predominante foi o Ensino Médio Completo (37,64%) e a cor autodeclarada foi a parda (91,76%). Estas eram oriundas de três estados: Tocantins (90,58%), Pará (7,06%) e Maranhão (2,35%), e possuíam em sua maioria com parceiro fixo (80%), cuja maior parte desconhecia seu status sorológico (44,11%). Foi observada diferença significativa(p=0.0001) entre as gestantes com idade 25 anos e < 25 anos em relação à carga viral. Cerca de 56,47% destaseram diagnosticadas com HIV antes da gestação, 45,88%, iniciaram o acompanhamento no primeiro trimestre gestacional e 5,88% contraíram sífilis durante a gestação. A carga viral do HIV (CV-HIV) foi indetectável em 57,65% das gestantes, e a terapia antirretroviral (TARV) mais utilizada (50,60%) no tratamento do HIVabrangeu o uso dotenofovir (TDF), lamivudina (3TC) e efavirenz (EFZ),cuja adesão compreendeu 85,90% das gestantes estudadas, com um percentual de abandono de 14,10%. Constatou-se diferença significativa entre as variáveis diagnóstico do HIV (p=0.0133) e trimestre gestacional (p=0.0001), as quais influenciaram na carga viral do HIV. A importância da adesão às recomendações do ministério da saúde para prevenção da transmissão vertical é observada no fato de a maioria das gestantes estarem aderentes ao tratamento, possuírem baixos níveis de carga viral, evidenciando que estas se preocuparam com sua qualidade de vida e da criança, buscando um rápido atendimento e assim redução do risco de transmissão da infecção.

Thousands of people have been infected with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) since the beginning of the epidemic, and several have died as a result of its complications, which has been growing in the female population due to the increase in heterosexual transmission. Women who are of reproductive age are more likely to become pregnant and when infected, there is a need for care to prevent maternal and child infection, which is responsible for the majority of the infection in children under 13 years old. A literature review on the topic was presented in this work, addressing the history of HIV infection, the etiology, epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical aspects, diagnosis of the infection, treatment especially in pregnant women, and prevention and control measures both infection and vertical transmission. An epidemiological and clinical study was also presented in pregnant women with HIV who were seen at the Tropical Diseases Hospital of the Federal University of Tocantins (HDT-UFT) during the period from 2015 to 2019 in order to learn about the characteristics of the infected pregnant women. Data collection took place at HDT-UFT through the analysis of clinical records, in which, after tabulation, they were submitted to statistical analysis, considering the absolute and percentage frequency. For the qualitative variables, a dispersion study was carried out using Fisher's exact test and the Chi-square test, and for the quantitative variables, the F test was performed, using the treatments detectable and non-detectable viral load, whose type 1 error probability was 0.05. The average age of the 85 pregnant women was 26 years old, with the age group from 26 to 34 years old observed in most of them (48.24%). The predominant level of education was High School (37.64%) and the self-declared color was brown (91.76%). These were from three states: Tocantins (90.58%), Pará (7.06%) and Maranhão (2.35%), and they mostly had a steady partner (80%), most of whom were unaware of their status serological (44.11%). A significant difference was observed (p = 0.0001) between pregnant women aged 25 years and <25 years in relation to viral load. Approximately 56.47% of these were diagnosed with HIV before pregnancy, 45.88%, started follow-up in the first trimester of pregnancy and 5.88% contracted syphilis during pregnancy. The HIV viral load (CV-HIV) was undetectable in 57.65% of pregnant women, and the most used antiretroviral therapy (ART) (50.60%) in the treatment of HIV included the use of tenofovir (TDF), lamivudine ( 3TC) and efavirenz (EFZ), whose adherence comprised 85.90% of the studied pregnant women, with a dropout rate of 14.10%. There was a significant difference between the variables HIV diagnosis (p = 0.0133) and gestational trimester (p = 0.0001), which influenced the viral load of HIV. The importance of adhering to the recommendations of the Ministry of Health for the prevention of vertical transmission is observed in the fact that the majority of pregnant women are adherent to the treatment, have low levels of viral load, showing that they were concerned with their quality of life and that of the child, seeking rapid care and thus reducing the risk of transmission of the infection.

Toxoplasma gondii E INFECÇÕES SEXUALMENTE TRANSMISSÍVEIS (SÍFILIS, HCV, HIV) EM PESSOAS EM SITUAÇÃO DE RUA DE SÃO PAULO, SUDESTE DO BRASIL

Pessoas em situação de rua foram classificadas como um dos grupos mais vulneráveis do mundo, juntamente com refugiados e pessoas privadas de liberdade. A ausência de dados populacionais e epidemiológicos específicos da população em situação de rua faz com que as prevalências de enfermidades, bem como os índices de natalidade e mortalidade sejam subestimados. Porém, é sabido que há superexposição desses indivíduos e dificuldade de acesso à saúde. Além disso, há poucos estudos abordando o aspecto sanitário dessa população no Brasil e no mundo, tanto com relação a zoonoses, como infecções sexualmente transmissíveis. Sendo assim, neste estudo o objetivo foi avaliar a ocorrência de Toxoplasma gondii e infecções sexualmente transmissíveis Treponema palladium (sífilis), vírus da hepatite C (HCV) e vírus da imunodeficiência humana (HIV) em indivíduos em situação de rua que frequentavam um Centro de Acolhimento na cidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, Brasil. No primeiro capítulo da tese intitulado Serosurvey of anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in homeless persons of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil foi encontrada uma soropositividade para anti-T. gondii de 43/120 (35,8%) em pessoas em situação de rua, demonstrando uma prevalência menor do que na população em geral, provavelmente, devido ao hábito alimentar das pessoas em situação de rua de ingerir alimentos processados. No segundo capítulo Serosurvey of anti-Treponema pallidum (syphilis), anti-hepatitis C virus and anti-HIV antibodies in homeless persons of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil, o inquérito sorológico nos indivíduos revelou que 30/116 (25,9%) apresentaram anticorpos anti-sífilis (21/116 com cicatriz sorológica e 9/116 com sífilis ativa); 4/116 (3,4%) anti-HCV, com dois coinfectados com sífilis; e 2/116 (1,7%) anti-HIV, ambos coinfectados com sífilis. A prevalência de sífilis encontrada no estudo foi a maior relatada, até o momento, em pessoas em situação de rua no mundo, associando profundamente a sífilis à vulnerabilidade, falta de medidas preventivas e de tratamento. No capítulo três Vulnerabilidade e sífilis: uma meta-análise foi abordada a prevalência de sífilis em populações vulneráveis, sendo que a soroprevalência geral entre os grupos analisados foi de 5%; os profissionais do sexo obtiveram 9%, seguido de pessoas privadas de liberdade 8%, pessoas em situação de rua 5% e refugiados 1%. O local do estudo com maior prevalência foi a América do Sul 12%, seguido do continente Africano 10% e com relação ao tempo, a década atual (2011 a 2020) apresentou o menor percentual 3%. A soroprevalência dos quatro grupos populacionais estudados foi alta e maior que a da população geral; uma vez que, esses indivíduos encontram-se em extrema vulnerabilidade e, frequentemente, possuem histórico e/ou hábitos que podem estar associados ao risco para sífilis. Dessa forma, torna-se necessário que países desenvolvidos e subdesenvolvidos promovam e incentivem políticas públicas específicas para o controle da sífilis nessas populações, principalmente com relação a acesso aos sistemas de saúde para diagnóstico e tratamento. Os dados aqui apresentados contribuem com a comunidade científica, a fim de preencher as lacunas do conhecimento em saúde sobre essa população e, com isso, mitigar o efeito da invisibilidade social desse segmento populacional no planejamento das políticas públicas.

Homeless persons have been classified as one of the most vulnerable group in the world, along with refugees and prisoners. The absence of specific population and epidemiological data on the homeless population causes the prevalence of illnesses, as well as the birth and mortality rates to be underestimated. However, it is known that there is overexposure of these individuals and difficulty access to health. In addition, there are few studies approaching the health of this population in Brazil and in the world, in relation to zoonoses and sexually transmitted infections. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the occurrence of Toxoplasma gondii and sexually transmitted infections - human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), Treponema palladium (syphilis) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) - in homeless persons in a major daytime attendance shelter of western São Paulo city, São Paulo, Brazil. The first chapter entitled Serosurvey of anti- Toxoplasma gondii antibodies in homeless persons of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil, seropositivity for anti-T. gondii was found in 43/120 (35.8%) homeless persons, showed a lower prevalence than in the general population, probably due to homeless diet habit of eating mainly processed food intake. The second chapter entitled Serosurvey of anti-Treponema pallidum (syphilis), anti-hepatitis C virus and anti-HIV antibodies in homeless persons of São Paulo city, southeastern Brazil, serosurvey in homeless persons revealed 30/116 (25.9%) anti-syphilis (21/116 with lifetime and 9/116 with active syphilis); 4/116 (3.4%) anti-HCV, with two co-infected individuals with lifetime syphilis; and 2/116 (1.7%) anti-HIV, both co-infected with lifetime syphilis. Syphilis prevalence found in the study was the highest to date worldwide in homeless persons, deeply associating syphilis to homeless vulnerability, lack of preventive measures and treatment. The chapter three "Vulnerability and syphilis: a meta-analysis", the prevalence of syphilis in vulnerable populations was addressed, with the general seroprevalence among the groups analyzed being 5%; sex workers obtained a prevalence of 9%, followed by persons deprived of liberty 8%, homeless persons 5% and refugees 1%. The highest seroprevalence was found in South America 12%, followed by the African continent 10% and with relation to time, the current decade (2011 to 2020) presented the lowest percentage 3%. The seroprevalence of the four population groups studied was high and higher than that of the general population; since, these individuals are in extreme vulnerability and they often have a historic and/or habits that may be associated with the risk for syphilis. Thus, it is necessary for developed and underdeveloped countries to promote and incentive specific public policies for the control of syphilis in these populations, especially with regard to access to health systems for diagnosis and treatment. The data presented herein contribute to the scientific community, in order to fill to the lacuna in health knowledge about the homeless population in Brazil and, thus, mitigate the effect of social invisibility of this population segment in the planning of public policies.