Influence of climatic conditions on tympanic temperature and milk production in grazing cows

The present study aimed to analyze large volumes of tympanic temperature (TT) data to identify its use as a physiological indicator of climatic conditions and its relationship with milk production in grazing cows under tropical lowland conditions. Three dairy farms and 21 multiparous early lactation cows were included in the study. Seven animals were equipped with tympanic temperature wireless sensors within each farm, and permanent information was collected hourly for 22 days on average. Ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (PP), and THI information were obtained from meteorological stations located close to each farm. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and random coefficient regression models (P < 0.05). TT presented moderate and significant correlations with AT (0.35 to 0.49), SR (0.25 to 0.32), THI (0.35 to 0.49), and RH (-0.35 to -0.49). Climatic variables like AT, PP, SR, and WS were the most contributing factors to TT prediction (R2 =0.42 to 0.86). Grazing dairy cows in tropical scenarios accumulate heat during the day and dissipate it at nighttime, although higher producing animals deal with more problems to reach thermal homeostasis. Correlations between TT and daily milk production varied according to animal yield; however, higher TT values were related to the most productive cows. The effect of TT on milk production prediction was not conclusive among farms, possibly by animal management or others characteristics of the systems. TT determination through remote sensors allows a reliable diagnosis of the physiological temperature response to climatic conditions.

Influence of climatic conditions on tympanic temperature and milk production in grazing cows

The present study aimed to analyze large volumes of tympanic temperature (TT) data to identify its use as a physiological indicator of climatic conditions and its relationship with milk production in grazing cows under tropical lowland conditions. Three dairy farms and 21 multiparous early lactation cows were included in the study. Seven animals were equipped with tympanic temperature wireless sensors within each farm, and permanent information was collected hourly for 22 days on average. Ambient temperature (AT), relative humidity (RH), wind speed (WS), precipitation (PP), and THI information were obtained from meteorological stations located close to each farm. Statistical analyses included Spearman correlations and random coefficient regression models (P < 0.05). TT presented moderate and significant correlations with AT (0.35 to 0.49), SR (0.25 to 0.32), THI (0.35 to 0.49), and RH (-0.35 to -0.49). Climatic variables like AT, PP, SR, and WS were the most contributing factors to TT prediction (R2 =0.42 to 0.86). Grazing dairy cows in tropical scenarios accumulate heat during the day and dissipate it at nighttime, although higher producing animals deal with more problems to reach thermal homeostasis. Correlations between TT and daily milk production varied according to animal yield; however, higher TT values were related to the most productive cows. The effect of TT on milk production prediction was not conclusive among farms, possibly by animal management or others characteristics of the systems. TT determination through remote sensors allows a reliable diagnosis of the physiological temperature response to climatic conditions.(AU)

Temperature measurements in cats using digital, mercury and tympanic infrared thermometers / Mensurações de temperatura em gatos utilizando os termômetros digital, de mercúrio e timpânico infravermelho

With a view to reducing stress and discomfort and improving the practicality of making temperature measurements on cats, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a tympanic infrared thermometer (TIT), which is an easy-to-use device for measuring temperatures quickly, comfortably and more hygienically. For this, were selected 120 domestic cats living in Sousa, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Among them, 100 were normothermic, ten were hypothermic and ten were hyperthermic. None of them had any clinical signs of external or internal otitis. The measurements using the digital thermometer were higher than those using the TIT (P < 0.05), in the normothermic and hyperthermic cats. In the hypothermic cats, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) in mean values from the three types of thermometer. The values obtained using the mercury thermometer did not differ (P ≥ 0.05) from the values obtained using the other thermometers. There was a strong positive correlation in almost all the evaluations between the three thermometers, except for digital versus TIT for hyperthermic cats (r < 0.75). Because of the discrepancy between the values obtained by the TIT and the digital rectal thermometer, we suggest that further studies should be carried out in order to establish a temperature correction table for the TIT, so that it can be better used in veterinary medicine.

Com o objetivo de reduzir o estresse, desconforto e melhorar a praticidade da medição da temperatura em gatos, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um termômetro timpânico infravermelho (TTI), que é um dispositivo de fácil utilização para medição de temperatura de forma rápida, confortável e higiênica. Para isso, foram selecionados 120 gatos domésticos criados no município de Sousa, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Dentre eles, 100 eram normotérmicos, dez hipotérmicos e dez hipertérmicos. Nenhum deles apresentava sinais clínicos de otite externa ou interna.

Temperature measurements in cats using digital, mercury and tympanic infrared thermometers / Mensurações de temperatura em gatos utilizando os termômetros digital, de mercúrio e timpânico infravermelho

With a view to reducing stress and discomfort and improving the practicality of making temperature measurements on cats, the aim of this study was to evaluate the use of a tympanic infrared thermometer (TIT), which is an easy-to-use device for measuring temperatures quickly, comfortably and more hygienically. For this, were selected 120 domestic cats living in Sousa, Paraíba, northeastern Brazil. Among them, 100 were normothermic, ten were hypothermic and ten were hyperthermic. None of them had any clinical signs of external or internal otitis. The measurements using the digital thermometer were higher than those using the TIT (P < 0.05), in the normothermic and hyperthermic cats. In the hypothermic cats, there was no difference (P ≥ 0.05) in mean values from the three types of thermometer. The values obtained using the mercury thermometer did not differ (P ≥ 0.05) from the values obtained using the other thermometers. There was a strong positive correlation in almost all the evaluations between the three thermometers, except for digital versus TIT for hyperthermic cats (r < 0.75). Because of the discrepancy between the values obtained by the TIT and the digital rectal thermometer, we suggest that further studies should be carried out in order to establish a temperature correction table for the TIT, so that it can be better used in veterinary medicine.(AU)

Com o objetivo de reduzir o estresse, desconforto e melhorar a praticidade da medição da temperatura em gatos, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o uso de um termômetro timpânico infravermelho (TTI), que é um dispositivo de fácil utilização para medição de temperatura de forma rápida, confortável e higiênica. Para isso, foram selecionados 120 gatos domésticos criados no município de Sousa, Paraíba, Nordeste do Brasil. Dentre eles, 100 eram normotérmicos, dez hipotérmicos e dez hipertérmicos. Nenhum deles apresentava sinais clínicos de otite externa ou interna.(AU)

Osteopatia craniomandibular em cães sem raça definida / Craniomandibular osteopathy in mixed breed dogs

Background: Craniomandibular osteopathy (CMO) is a degenerative, osteopetrotic, and self-limiting bone disease that is rare in the canine species. The most affected bones and joints are the branches of the mandible, tympanic bulla, and temporomandibular joint (TMJ) with generalized thickening of the bone trabeculae, increased lines of bone cementation, and bone proliferation. The aim of the present study was to evaluate 2 cases of CMO in mixed-breed dogs belonging to the same litter sent to the Laboratório Regional de Diagnóstico, Faculdade de Veterinária, Universidade Federal de Pelotas (LRD / FV / UFPel). Cases: Three dogs (mixed-breed, 2 females and 1 male) belonging to the same litter presented at eight months of age with increases in volume and pain in the face, difficulties in moving the jaw, anorexia, and sialorrhea. The 2 bitches were euthanized and sent to LRD / FV / UFPel for necropsy. The animals underwent radiography of the left and right lateral and dorsoventral lateral projections in the imaging sector of the Hospital de Clínicas Veterinária (HCV) at UFPel. During the necropsy, fragments of organs from the abdominal and thoracic cavities, as well as the central nervous system and head bones, were collected and fixed in 10% buffered formalin. The tissue samples were cleaved, processed routinely, embedded in paraffin, cut into sections of 3 µm thickness, and stained using hematoxylin and eosin (HE). The bone fragments were decalcified in a 50/50 solution of 8% hydrochloric acid and 8% formic acid and subsequently cleaved and stained with HE. The head and jaw of one of the canines were dissected and subjected to maceration in water at room temperature. Radiographic examination of the 2 remaining animals showed irregular and exuberant bone proliferation in the mandible and temporomandibular region. In the tympanic bullae, occipital bone, and zygomatic process, thickening of the structures was observed with increased opacity. On necropsy, the canines were cachectic with marked muscle atrophy and increased volume of the mandibular branches and head bones, in addition to marked edema in the adjacent subcutaneous tissue. The regional lymph nodes were enlarged, and in one of the animals, bilateral lesions in the femurs were also observed. In the head subjected to biological maceration, areas of bone proliferation and rarefaction were observed, with increased volume and destruction of the TMJ. On histopathological evaluation of the ventral portion of the mandibular bodies, a network of bony trabeculae was observed, composed of a chondroid matrix with different degrees of mineralization. The cortical portion of the bones exhibited loss of lamellar compactness, with greater spread of the bone trabeculae. The bone trabeculae were perpendicular to the long axis of the cortical of the mandible and were distributed in the medullary spaces, presenting some dense foci of inflammatory infiltrates composed predominantly of neutrophils, lymphocytes, and plasma cells. Discussion: The breeds most predisposed to developing CMO are West Highland White Terrier and Scottish Terrier; however, the disease has also been described in other non-Terrier breed. Nevertheless, there are no descriptions in the literature of mixed-breed dogs, with this report being the first of CMO in mixed-breed dogs. The bones most frequently affected in CMO are those of the head. In Terrier dogs, the TMJ is also affected. In the cases of this study, severe CMO occurred, affecting both the head bones and TMJ, and in 1 of the canines, it also affected the femurs. Although CMO has not previously been reported in mixed-breed dogs, the condition can seriously affect these animals, and differential diagnosis should always be made.(AU)

Condições clínicas do conduto auditivo externo e da membrana timpânica por meio de otoscopia em cães / Clinical conditions of external hearing conduct and timpanic membrane through otoscopy in dogs

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar as condições clínicas do conduto auditivo e da membrana timpânica (MT) através do exame otoscópico, correlacionando a utilização de ceruminolíticos e soluções tópica para a visualização das estruturas supracitadas. Realizou-se exames otoscópicos em 20 cães adultos, SRD, divididos em três grupos. Grupo Controle ou I (GI): cinco animais não receberam nenhum tipo de tratamento prévio à realização do exame otoscópico; Grupo II (GII): 10 cães receberam tratamento bilateral com ceruminolítico, composto por hidroxiquinolina (0,4 mg/mL) e trolamina (140 mg/L), nos três dias que antecederam aos exames; Grupo III (GIII): cinco cães receberam o mesmo tratamento do GII adicionando-se a lavagem bilateral dos ouvidos com solução fisiológica em temperatura ambiente (25 ºC) ao momento do exame. Procedeu-se a avaliação do conduto auditivo e da MT, realizando-se contenções física, seguida de química em todos os animais. Na avaliação da orelha encontrou-se odor fétido em 5,0% dos cães. No conduto auditivo, observou-se hiperemia em 40,0%, estenose em 20,0% e exsudato sanguinolento em 10,0% dos cães. Obstruções totais ou parciais dos condutos auditivos pelo excesso de cerúmen representaram 42,5% e 25,0% dos ouvidos; respectivamente. A MT foi observada em 45,0% dos cães, sendo 60% dos animais pertencentes ao GI, 50,0% do GII e 20,0% do GIII. Quando associada à hiperemia no conduto auditivo, a visualização da MT foi possível em 37,5% e nos casos de estenose foi visualizada em apenas 25,0% dos cães. Concluiu-se que o excesso de cerúmen e estenose do conduto auditivo foram as condições clínicas que mais interferiram na visualização das estruturas, independente do grupo ao qual os animais pertenciam, e limitaram a utilização do exame otoscópico como método diagnóstico. O uso de soluções tópicas no tratamento prévio à realização do exame otológico não demostrou ganho na visualização da MT dos cães, necessitando de melhorias nas técnicas utilizadas.

The objectives of the study was evaluated the clinical conditions of the ear canal and the tympanic membrane (TM) through otoscopic examination, correlating the use of ceruminolytics and topical solutions with visualization of the structures mentioned above. Otoscopic examinations were performed on 20 adult dogs, random breeded, divided into three groups. Control Group or I (GI): five animals didn’t receive any type of prior treatment to the otoscopic examination; Group II (GII): 10 dogs received bilateral treatment with ceruminolytic in the three days before the exams; Group III (GIII): five dogs received the same treatment as GII, adding bilateral lavage of the ears with physiological solution at room temperature (25 ºC) at the time of examination. The ear canal and TM were evaluated, and physical and chemical restraints were performed. In the evaluation of the ear was found fetid odor in 5.0% of the dogs. In the ear canal, hyperemia was observed in 40.0%, stenosis in 20.0% and bloody exudate in 10.0% of the dogs. Total or partial obstructions of the ear canal due to excess cerumen represented 42.5% and 25.0% of the ears; respectively. MT was observed in 45.0% of the dogs, 60% of the animals belonging to GI, 50.0% of GII and 20.0% of GIII. When associated with hyperemia in the ear canal, visualization of TM was possible in 37.5% and in cases of stenosis was visualized in only 25.0% of dogs. It was concluded that the excess of cerumen and stenosis of the ear canal were the clinical conditions that most interfered in the visualization of the structures and limited the use of otoscopic examination as diagnostic method. The use of topical solutions in the treatment prior to the otological examination did not demonstrate a gain in the TM of the dogs, requiring improvements in the techniques used.

Condições clínicas do conduto auditivo externo e da membrana timpânica por meio de otoscopia em cães / Clinical conditions of external hearing conduct and timpanic membrane through otoscopy in dogs

Os objetivos do estudo foram avaliar as condições clínicas do conduto auditivo e da membrana timpânica (MT) através do exame otoscópico, correlacionando a utilização de ceruminolíticos e soluções tópica para a visualização das estruturas supracitadas. Realizou-se exames otoscópicos em 20 cães adultos, SRD, divididos em três grupos. Grupo Controle ou I (GI): cinco animais não receberam nenhum tipo de tratamento prévio à realização do exame otoscópico; Grupo II (GII): 10 cães receberam tratamento bilateral com ceruminolítico, composto por hidroxiquinolina (0,4 mg/mL) e trolamina (140 mg/L), nos três dias que antecederam aos exames; Grupo III (GIII): cinco cães receberam o mesmo tratamento do GII adicionando-se a lavagem bilateral dos ouvidos com solução fisiológica em temperatura ambiente (25 ºC) ao momento do exame. Procedeu-se a avaliação do conduto auditivo e da MT, realizando-se contenções física, seguida de química em todos os animais. Na avaliação da orelha encontrou-se odor fétido em 5,0% dos cães. No conduto auditivo, observou-se hiperemia em 40,0%, estenose em 20,0% e exsudato sanguinolento em 10,0% dos cães. Obstruções totais ou parciais dos condutos auditivos pelo excesso de cerúmen representaram 42,5% e 25,0% dos ouvidos; respectivamente. A MT foi observada em 45,0% dos cães, sendo 60% dos animais pertencentes ao GI, 50,0% do GII e 20,0% do GIII. Quando associada à hiperemia no conduto auditivo, a visualização da MT foi possível em 37,5% e nos casos de estenose foi visualizada em apenas 25,0% dos cães. Concluiu-se que o excesso de cerúmen e estenose do conduto auditivo foram as condições clínicas que mais interferiram na visualização das estruturas, independente do grupo ao qual os animais pertenciam, e limitaram a utilização do exame otoscópico como método diagnóstico. O uso de soluções tópicas no tratamento prévio à realização do exame otológico não demostrou ganho na visualização da MT dos cães, necessitando de melhorias nas técnicas utilizadas. (AU)

The objectives of the study was evaluated the clinical conditions of the ear canal and the tympanic membrane (TM) through otoscopic examination, correlating the use of ceruminolytics and topical solutions with visualization of the structures mentioned above. Otoscopic examinations were performed on 20 adult dogs, random breeded, divided into three groups. Control Group or I (GI): five animals didnt receive any type of prior treatment to the otoscopic examination; Group II (GII): 10 dogs received bilateral treatment with ceruminolytic in the three days before the exams; Group III (GIII): five dogs received the same treatment as GII, adding bilateral lavage of the ears with physiological solution at room temperature (25 ºC) at the time of examination. The ear canal and TM were evaluated, and physical and chemical restraints were performed. In the evaluation of the ear was found fetid odor in 5.0% of the dogs. In the ear canal, hyperemia was observed in 40.0%, stenosis in 20.0% and bloody exudate in 10.0% of the dogs. Total or partial obstructions of the ear canal due to excess cerumen represented 42.5% and 25.0% of the ears; respectively. MT was observed in 45.0% of the dogs, 60% of the animals belonging to GI, 50.0% of GII and 20.0% of GIII. When associated with hyperemia in the ear canal, visualization of TM was possible in 37.5% and in cases of stenosis was visualized in only 25.0% of dogs. It was concluded that the excess of cerumen and stenosis of the ear canal were the clinical conditions that most interfered in the visualization of the structures and limited the use of otoscopic examination as diagnostic method. The use of topical solutions in the treatment prior to the otological examination did not demonstrate a gain in the TM of the dogs, requiring improvements in the techniques used. (AU)

Tympanic, surface and rectal temperatures and respiratory rate of Santa Inês sheep and their crossbreds with Ile de France and Suffolk in Piracicaba, Brazil / Temperatura timpânica, superficial e retal e frequência respiratória de ovinos da raça Santa Inês e seus cruzamentos com Ile de France e Suffolk em Piracicaba, Brasil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of Santa Ines and its crossbreeds with Suffolk races and Ile de France in Piracicaba, Brazil. Eighteen ewes were used assigned to a completely randomized design in a factorial diagram (3 x 3, 3 breed group: Santa Inês (SI); ½ Santa Inês + ½ Suffolk (Su x SI), and ½ Santa Inês + ½ Ile de France (Ile x SI) and 3 times of observation: 07:00, 13:00 and 19:00 hours) with 6 repetitions. The ewes were used to evaluate: rectal temperature (RT), superficial temperature (ST), eardrum temperature (ET) and respiratory frequency (RF). The ST showed difference (P 0.05) among genetic groups, being Ile x SI the group that showed the lower mean at 07:00 and the greater at 13:00. For the ET the Santa Inês presented the lower mean (P 0.05) than the others, at 13:00 and 19:00. The group Su x SI was greater RT (P 0.05) than SI. The lowest RT was registered at the morning. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the 13:00 and the 19:00. The crossbreeding Ile x SI show greater heat tolerance than Su x SI.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas da raça Santa Inês e seus mestiços com as raças Suffolk e Ile de France, em Piracicaba, Brasil. Foram utilizadas dezoitoovelhas distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo 3 grupos raciais: Santa Inês (SI); ½ Santa Inês + ½ Suffolk (Su x SI), ½ Santa Inês + ½ Ile de France (Ile x SI) e 3 horários de observação: 7:00, 13:00 e 19:00 horas, com 6 repetições. Foram estudadas: temperatura retal (TR), temperatura superficial (TS), temperatura timpânica (TT) e frequência respiratória (FR). Os animais do grupo racial Ile x SI apresentaram menor TS às 7:00 horas em relação aos demais grupos raciais (P<0,05), entretanto apresentaram maior TS às 13:00 horas (P<0,05). A TT às 13:00 e 19:00 horas dosanimais da raça Santa Inês foi inferior a dos demais grupos raciais (P<0,05). A TR das ovelhas do cruzamento Su x SI foi superior (P<0,05) a das ovelhas SI, não havendo diferença entre as ovelhas Su x SI e Ile x SI, bem como entre as ovelhas SI e Ile x SI. Para todos os grupos raciais a menor TR foi registrada pela manhã, não havendo diferença entre os horários das 13:00 e 19:00 horas. Os animais ½ Santa Inês + ½ Ile de France apresentam maior tolerância ao calor emrelação aos mestiços ½ Santa Inês + ½ Suffolk.(AU)

Tympanic, surface and rectal temperatures and respiratory rate of Santa Inês sheep and their crossbreds with Ile de France and Suffolk in Piracicaba, Brazil / Temperatura timpânica, superficial e retal e frequência respiratória de ovinos da raça Santa Inês e seus cruzamentos com Ile de France e Suffolk em Piracicaba, Brasil

The aim of this study was to evaluate the physiological responses of Santa Ines and its crossbreeds with Suffolk races and Ile de France in Piracicaba, Brazil. Eighteen ewes were used assigned to a completely randomized design in a factorial diagram (3 x 3, 3 breed group: Santa Inês (SI); ½ Santa Inês + ½ Suffolk (Su x SI), and ½ Santa Inês + ½ Ile de France (Ile x SI) and 3 times of observation: 07:00, 13:00 and 19:00 hours) with 6 repetitions. The ewes were used to evaluate: rectal temperature (RT), superficial temperature (ST), eardrum temperature (ET) and respiratory frequency (RF). The ST showed difference (P 0.05) among genetic groups, being Ile x SI the group that showed the lower mean at 07:00 and the greater at 13:00. For the ET the Santa Inês presented the lower mean (P 0.05) than the others, at 13:00 and 19:00. The group Su x SI was greater RT (P 0.05) than SI. The lowest RT was registered at the morning. There was no difference (P>0.05) between the 13:00 and the 19:00. The crossbreeding Ile x SI show greater heat tolerance than Su x SI.

Objetivou-se avaliar as respostas fisiológicas da raça Santa Inês e seus mestiços com as raças Suffolk e Ile de France, em Piracicaba, Brasil. Foram utilizadas dezoitoovelhas distribuídas em delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado no esquema fatorial 3 x 3, sendo 3 grupos raciais: Santa Inês (SI); ½ Santa Inês + ½ Suffolk (Su x SI), ½ Santa Inês + ½ Ile de France (Ile x SI) e 3 horários de observação: 7:00, 13:00 e 19:00 horas, com 6 repetições. Foram estudadas: temperatura retal (TR), temperatura superficial (TS), temperatura timpânica (TT) e frequência respiratória (FR). Os animais do grupo racial Ile x SI apresentaram menor TS às 7:00 horas em relação aos demais grupos raciais (P<0,05), entretanto apresentaram maior TS às 13:00 horas (P<0,05). A TT às 13:00 e 19:00 horas dosanimais da raça Santa Inês foi inferior a dos demais grupos raciais (P<0,05). A TR das ovelhas do cruzamento Su x SI foi superior (P<0,05) a das ovelhas SI, não havendo diferença entre as ovelhas Su x SI e Ile x SI, bem como entre as ovelhas SI e Ile x SI. Para todos os grupos raciais a menor TR foi registrada pela manhã, não havendo diferença entre os horários das 13:00 e 19:00 horas. Os animais ½ Santa Inês + ½ Ile de France apresentam maior tolerância ao calor emrelação aos mestiços ½ Santa Inês + ½ Suffolk.

Tympanic temperature as an indicator of heat stress in pregnant dairy sheep Lacaune breed / emperatura timpânica como indicador de estresse por calor em ovelhas leiteiras da raça Lacaune prenhas

In the last decade sheep production grew significantly and the sheep are one of the most exploited species in the world. West of Santa Catarina shows growth in the exploitation of these species especially dairy breeds. Adverse weather conditions may cause heat stress in animals which causes losses in productive and reproductive indexes. The body temperature is the main variable used to evaluate heat stress. Thus, infrared equipment is used because it is a noninvasive technique. The aim of this study was to evaluate the use of tympanic temperature as indicator of thermoregulatory state of dairy sheep. The study was conducted in Chapecó - SC, in February of 2014, for 15 days. Eighteen pregnant sheep (60 days of gestation) with average age of three and five years old were used. Environmental variables dry bulb temperature (Db) and wet bulb temperature (Wb) were taken hourly and the temperature and humidity index (THI) calculated. Respiratory rate (RR), tympanic temperature (TT) and rectal temperature (RT) were measured during the morning and afternoon. Mean values and standard deviations of environmental and physiological variables were calculated for general characterization of the data. The physiological and environmental data were used to analysis of Pearson correlation. The values of environmental and physiological variables were higher in the afternoon compared to the morning

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Application of fuzzy logic on correlation between piglets surface temperature and thermal comfort for Piracicaba / Aplicação da lógica fuzzy na correlação entre temperatura superficial de suínos em fase de creche e conforto térmico para região de Piracicaba

The constant influence of the human-being in animal management activities, besides increasing the cost of production, becomes a source of animal stress; which generates the most important signs of the process, acting as a bio-sensor that needs to be measured in a continuous and direct way. From the many available options to obtain an animal temperature parameter, the measurement of external temperature proves to be a less invasive method. Fuzzy system, based on fuzzy logic, works with inaccurate information and converts them into a mathematical language with easy computational implementation. Therefore, this work aims to use fuzzy logic as a tool for assessing the degree of swine thermal comfort, using variables data entry related to the environment and the animal. For this purpose, a simulation using Microsoft Excel software was performed with the possible environmental conditions of the region of Piracicaba (Dry Bulb Temperature - Ts and Relative Humidity - UR), interacting with the local altitude (z) and potential tympanic piglets temperatures (TiF) using equations 1 and 2 adapted from Mostaço (2014). After performing the simulations, Rectal Temperature (TR) and respiratory frequency (FR) data obtained were crossed with FR, TR and critical temperatures for condition of thermal comfort of piglets (5th to 8th week) values, proposed by Mostaço (2014) through the fuzzy logical t

O artigo não apresenta resumo em português.

Morphological findings in the tracheal epithelium of dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases under use of an endotracheal tube or laryngeal mask airway / Alterações morfológicas no epitélio traqueal de cães expostos à inalação de gases pouco condicionados, sob ventilação com tubo traqueal ou máscara laríngea

PURPOSE: To study morphological findings in the tracheal epithelium of dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases under use of an endotracheal tube (ET) or laryngeal mask airway (LMA). METHODS: Twelve dogs randomly were allocated to two groups: ET group (n-6) and LMA group (n-6), anaesthetized and mechanically ventilated, without CO2 reabsorption. Haemodynamic and ventilatory parameters, tympanic temperature, temperature, relative and absolute humidity of the ambient and inhaled gases were analyzed during three hours. The animals were submitted to euthanasia and biopsies were carried out along the tracheal segment to morphological study. Three healthy dogs were used to morphological control. RESULTS: Inhaled gas temperature was maintained between 24ºC and 26ºC, relative humidity between 10% and 12%, and absolute humidity between 2 - 3 mg H2O.L-1 with no significant differences between groups. In both groups, histological analysis showed epithelial inflammation and congestion in the corion and scanning electron microscopy showed ciliary grouping and disorganization. Transmission electron microscopy showed higher alterations in ET group than LMA group as widening of cell junctions, ciliary disorientation, cytoplasmic vacuolization, nuclear abnormalities, picnosis and chromatin condensation. CONCLUSION: LMA determined less pronounced changes in the tracheal epithelium in dogs exposed to the inhalation of poorly conditioned gases.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar as alterações morfológicas no epitélio traqueal de cães expostos à inalação de gases pouco condicionados, sob ventilação com tubo traqueal (TT) ou máscara laríngea (ML). MÉTODOS: Doze cães adultos foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos: grupo TT (n-6) e grupo ML (n-6), submetidos à anestesia venosa e ventilação mecânica, em sistema sem reabsorção de CO2. Foram registrados parâmetros hemodinâmicos e ventilatórios, temperatura timpânica, temperatura, umidade relativa e absoluta do ar ambiente e dos gases inalados durante 3 horas. Ao término do experimento, os animais foram submetidos a eutanásia e realizadas biópsias ao longo do segmento traqueal para estudo morfológico. Três cães saudáveis foram utilizados para controle morfológico. RESULTADOS: A temperatura dos gases inalados manteve-se entre 24ºC e 26ºC, a umidade relativa entre 10% e 12%, e umidade absoluta entre 2 -3 mg H2O.L-1 sem diferença significativa entre os grupos. Em ambos os grupos a análise histológica evidenciou processo inflamatório epitelial e congestão no córion, e a microscopia eletrônica de varredura mostrou agrupamento e desorganização ciliar. A microscopia eletrônica de transmissão detectou maiores alterações no grupo TT do que no ML, como alargamento das junções intercelulares, desorientação ciliar, vacuolização citoplasmática, alterações nucleares como pcinose e condensação da cromatina. CONCLUSÃO: A máscara laríngea determinou alterações menos pronunciadas no epitélio traqueal de cães expostos à inalação de gases pouco condicionados.(AU)

Os cães de mulheres são menos estressados e mais saudáveis do que os cães de homens? Uma investigação na sala de espera de um hospital veterinário / Are women's dogs less stressed and healthier than men's dogs? An investigation in the waiting room of a veterinary hospital

Cães são capazes de discriminar vários comportamentos humanos, comportando-se de maneira correspondente. Alguns estudos demonstraram que os cães possuem propensões a serem mais sociáveis e menos estressados quando manipulados por mulheres em relação aos cães manipulados por homens. Investigou-se neste estudo se os cães acompanhados mulheres ou homens, respondiam emocionalmente de forma diferente mas de acordo com o nível de ativação emocional dos seus donos. O estudo ocorreu em um ambiente pouco familiar, na ante-sala de atendimento hospitalar, avaliando-se a reação ao estresse de humanos e seus cães. Investigou-se nas proprietárias e nos proprietários dados demográficos e afinidades em relação aos cães através de questionários. Mensurou-se ainda a pulsação e a pressão arterial. Nos cães avaliou-se o comportamento emocional e alguns parâmetros fisiológicos relacionados ao estresse: batimento cardíaco, temperatura timpânica e hemograma completo. Os resultados indicam que há uma correspondência entre o nível de ativação emocional das proprietárias e dos proprietários e seus respectivos cães. Ademais os cães de mulheres pareceram mais saudáveis do que os cães de homens. Conclui-se que as mulheres e os homens influenciam diferentemente os seus cães conforme suas propensões comportamentais e fisiológicas na resposta ao estresse.

Dogs are able of discriminate several human behaviors, behaving of corresponding way. Some studies showed that the dogs possess propensities to be more sociable and less stressed when manipulated by women regarding the dogs manipulated by men. We investigated in this study if the dogs accompanied women or men, showed a similar level of emotional reactions in agreement with the level of emotional reaction of his owners. The study occurred in an unfamiliar environment, in the attendant room of a veterinary hospital, where we evaluated the physiological, behavioral and psychological reaction to the stress of humans and his dogs. Owners answered three questionnaires about demographic data and affinities regarding the dogs themselves. We recorded pulse and blood pressure of the owners. We evaluated the emotional behavior of dogs for ten minutes. Physiological parameters related to the stress were recorded in dogs: cardiac rate and tympanic temperature. After that, we carried on a venopunction to complete hemogram. The results were suggestive of there could be a relationship between the level of emotional reaction of the owners and his respective dogs. Dogs of women were emotionally less reactive than men's dogs. Therefore, the women's dogs seem healthier than the dogs of men. We concluded that women and men influence its dogs differently in agreement its behavioral and physiological responses to stress.

COMPARISON BETWEEN THE RECTAL TEMPERATURE AND THE TYMPANIC MEMBRANE TEMPERATURE AT NORMOTHERMIC CATS (Felis catus) / COMPARAÇÃO ENTRE A TEMPERATURA RETAL E A TEMPERATURA DA MEMBRANA TIMPÂNICA EM GATOS (Felis catus) NORMOTÉRMICOS

The veterinary tympanic thermometer of infrared rays is an alternative apparatus for the measurement of the body temperature, but it has not been appropriately explored to check its equivalence with the rectal temperature measurement using a traditional clinical thermometer. The tympanic and rectal temperatures were compared in 41 normothermic cats. Data of the environmental temperature and humidity were collected for match with the thermal data of the animals. The rectal temperature was substantially warmer than the tympanic temperatures of both, right and left ears. Right tympanic and left tympanic temperature did not differ. There was no correlation between of the different body regions temperatures. Microclimatic factors were not associated to the variation of both, the rectal and tympanic temperature. The inequality between the rectal and tympanic temperatures can be due to anatomical and physiological characteristics of those body regions. Despite the highest cost of the tympanic thermometer, it seems more advantageous in relation to the traditional clinical thermometer, due the fast and practical application in the clinical checking of cats.  KEY WORDS: Felis catus, rectal temperature, thermometer, tympanic temperature.

O termômetro timpânico veterinário de raios infravermelhos é uma alternativa prática para a mensuração da temperatura corporal, mas pouco tem sido explorado para verificar sua equivalência com a temperatura retal utilizando-se um termômetro clínico de haste. Compararam-se a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 41 gatos normotérmicos. Dados da temperatura e da umidade do ambiente foram coletados para pareamento com os dados térmicos dos animais. A temperatura retal foi mais elevada que as temperaturas timpânicas de ambos os ouvidos, que por sua vez não diferiram. Não houve correlação entre as temperaturas corporais mensuradas, e fatores microclimáticos parecem não estar associados à variação da temperatura retal ou timpânica. A não equivalência entre as temperaturas das membranas timpânicas e do reto pode ser devida às características anatômicas e fisiológicas dessas regiões corporais. Apesar do custo mais elevado, o termômetro timpânico parece ser mais vantajoso na clínica com gatos domésticos, por ser mais prático e mais rápido. PALAVRAS-CHAVES: Felis catus, temperatura retal, temperatura timpânica, termômetro.

Determinação da temperatura retal e frequência respiratória de suínos em fase de creche por meio da temperatura da superfície corporal em câmara climática / Determination of piglet's rectal temperature and respiratory rate through body surface temperature in a climatic chamber

A constante influência humana em atividades de manejo animal, além de aumentar os custos de produção, torna-se uma adicional fonte geradora de estresse sobre os animais. Nesse sentido, é necessária a busca pelo desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de acompanhamento, à distância e em tempo real, das condições físicas dos animais, em conjunto com o controle das instalações. Para a identificação da condição de conforto ou estresse calórico dos animais, alguns indicativos podem vir a auxiliar, tais como a temperatura retal (TR), sendo esse um bom indicador da temperatura do núcleo corporal, bem como, a frequência respiratória (FR). Porém, com a crescente preocupação em relação ao bem-estar animal, vários questionamentos são feitos acerca de métodos invasivos, motivando a busca por alternativas à mensuração da TR. Surge então, como variável alternativa, a temperatura da superfície corporal, buscando-se correlacioná-la com a TR e FR. Sendo assim, com essa pesquisa objetivou-se identificar a região mais adequada da superfície corporal dos suínos, em fase de creche, que apresente a melhor correlação com a TR e FR. Para tal, foi conduzido um experimento, dividido em duas etapas: etapa 1) pré-experimento, sendo conduzido com dois animais em câmara climática, variando-se as condições de temperatura e testando-se métodos de fixação de sensores e coleta de dados inicialmente propostos; e etapa 2) experimento principal. Este último foi conduzido em uma câmara climática, com cinco leitões da raça Landrace x Large White, com 30 dias de idade, provenientes de uma mesma ninhada e do mesmo sexo (fêmea). Variaram-se as condições de temperatura no interior da câmara climática de 14°C a 35,5°C, de modo a atingir situações de estresse tanto por frio quanto por calor, sendo calculada a entalpia para os propósitos do presente estudo. [...]

Human constant influence in handling activities, besides raising production costs, becomes another stress source for the animals. In this sense, it becomes necessary the development of alternative methods, that can remotely monitor, in real time, animal/'s physical conditions, together with remote facilities control. In terms of identifying comfort or stressful thermal situations for animals, some indicators can be handy, such as rectal temperature (RT), which is a good indicator of the core body temperature, as well as, the respiratory rate (RR). Although, with the raising concerns about animal welfare, several questions are raised against invasive methods, encouraging the search for alternatives to RT measuring. The determination of body surface temperature values, trying to correlate them to RT and RR, emerges as an alternative. Thus, it/'s aimed, with this research, to identify the most adequate swine body surface region, in nursery phase, which presents better correlation with RT and RR. For that, an experiment was conducted, divided in two stages: stage 1) pre-experiment, being conducted with two animals in a climate chamber, varying temperature conditions and testing sensor fixation and data collection methods previously proposed; and stage 2) main experiment. The last one was conducted in a climate chamber, with five Landrace x Large White piglets, 30 days aged, from the same litter and of the same sex (female). Temperature conditions inside the chamber were varied from 14°C to 35.5°C, attaining stressful situations both for cold and heat, being calculated the enthalpy for this study purposes. The statistical design used was the completely randomized, with one factor only, the ambient enthalpy, in seven levels (31.26; 39.56; 51.12; 59.24; 74.82; 82.96; 94.26 kJ.kg of dry air-1). Repeated measures were taken in 30 minutes intervals, in six different body regions: head (A), shoulder (B), loin (C), ham (D), ear (E) and tympanic (F). [...]

Determinação da temperatura retal e frequência respiratória de suínos em fase de creche por meio da temperatura da superfície corporal em câmara climática / Determination of piglet's rectal temperature and respiratory rate through body surface temperature in a climatic chamber

A constante influência humana em atividades de manejo animal, além de aumentar os custos de produção, torna-se uma adicional fonte geradora de estresse sobre os animais. Nesse sentido, é necessária a busca pelo desenvolvimento de métodos alternativos de acompanhamento, à distância e em tempo real, das condições físicas dos animais, em conjunto com o controle das instalações. Para a identificação da condição de conforto ou estresse calórico dos animais, alguns indicativos podem vir a auxiliar, tais como a temperatura retal (TR), sendo esse um bom indicador da temperatura do núcleo corporal, bem como, a frequência respiratória (FR). Porém, com a crescente preocupação em relação ao bem-estar animal, vários questionamentos são feitos acerca de métodos invasivos, motivando a busca por alternativas à mensuração da TR. Surge então, como variável alternativa, a temperatura da superfície corporal, buscando-se correlacioná-la com a TR e FR. Sendo assim, com essa pesquisa objetivou-se identificar a região mais adequada da superfície corporal dos suínos, em fase de creche, que apresente a melhor correlação com a TR e FR. Para tal, foi conduzido um experimento, dividido em duas etapas: etapa 1) pré-experimento, sendo conduzido com dois animais em câmara climática, variando-se as condições de temperatura e testando-se métodos de fixação de sensores e coleta de dados inicialmente propostos; e etapa 2) experimento principal. Este último foi conduzido em uma câmara climática, com cinco leitões da raça Landrace x Large White, com 30 dias de idade, provenientes de uma mesma ninhada e do mesmo sexo (fêmea). Variaram-se as condições de temperatura no interior da câmara climática de 14°C a 35,5°C, de modo a atingir situações de estresse tanto por frio quanto por calor, sendo calculada a entalpia para os propósitos do presente estudo. [...](AU)

Human constant influence in handling activities, besides raising production costs, becomes another stress source for the animals. In this sense, it becomes necessary the development of alternative methods, that can remotely monitor, in real time, animal\'s physical conditions, together with remote facilities control. In terms of identifying comfort or stressful thermal situations for animals, some indicators can be handy, such as rectal temperature (RT), which is a good indicator of the core body temperature, as well as, the respiratory rate (RR). Although, with the raising concerns about animal welfare, several questions are raised against invasive methods, encouraging the search for alternatives to RT measuring. The determination of body surface temperature values, trying to correlate them to RT and RR, emerges as an alternative. Thus, it\'s aimed, with this research, to identify the most adequate swine body surface region, in nursery phase, which presents better correlation with RT and RR. For that, an experiment was conducted, divided in two stages: stage 1) pre-experiment, being conducted with two animals in a climate chamber, varying temperature conditions and testing sensor fixation and data collection methods previously proposed; and stage 2) main experiment. The last one was conducted in a climate chamber, with five Landrace x Large White piglets, 30 days aged, from the same litter and of the same sex (female). Temperature conditions inside the chamber were varied from 14°C to 35.5°C, attaining stressful situations both for cold and heat, being calculated the enthalpy for this study purposes. The statistical design used was the completely randomized, with one factor only, the ambient enthalpy, in seven levels (31.26; 39.56; 51.12; 59.24; 74.82; 82.96; 94.26 kJ.kg of dry air-1). Repeated measures were taken in 30 minutes intervals, in six different body regions: head (A), shoulder (B), loin (C), ham (D), ear (E) and tympanic (F). [...](AU)

Há equivalência entre a temperatura da membrana timpânica e a temperatura retal em ovinos Santa Inês normotérmicos?

The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9°C, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39°C). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them.

A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9°C, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38°C). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.

Há equivalência entre a temperatura da membrana timpânica e a temperatura retal em ovinos Santa Inês normotérmicos?

The use of infrared thermometers to obtain the tympanic temperature in animals has become a convenient alternative in veterinarian medicine practice. In sheep, tympanic and rectal temperatures have not yet been compared enough. This study evaluated the equivalence between the tympanic and the rectal temperatures in sixteen Santa Ines sheep. During data collection, air temperature and humidity were monitored and there was no discernible correlation between these and the ovine body temperature. The analysis of the equivalence, as measured by the method of the difference amongst temperatures, resulted in lower tympanic temperature (between 35 and 36.9°C, for both ears) than the rectal temperature (between 38 and 39°C). The agreement limit of the comparisons between the rectal and tympanic temperatures was above values established previously in the literature. The anatomical site used for the temperature measurement and the type of thermometer used contributed to these temperature differences. The rectal and tympanic temperatures were independent, suggesting that there is no equivalence between them.

A utilização do termômetro de raios infravermelhos para a aferição da temperatura timpânica em animais tem se tornado uma alternativa prática na clínica veterinária. Em ovinos, a mensuração da temperatura timpânica não foi suficientemente comparada com a aferição da temperatura retal. Este estudo avaliou a equivalência entre a temperatura timpânica e a temperatura retal em 16 ovinos da raça Santa Inês. Durante a coleta de dados, a temperatura e a umidade relativa do ar foram monitoradas e não houve correlação entre estas e a temperatura corporal. A análise da equivalência, pelo método da diferença entre as temperaturas, resultou em temperaturas timpânicas mais baixas (entre 35 e 36,9°C, para ambos os ouvidos) que a temperatura retal (entre 39 e 38°C). Os limites de concordância das comparações entre a temperatura retal e as temperaturas timpânicas foram acima do valor pré-estabelecido. A localização anatômica dos locais aferidos e o tipo de termômetro contribuíram para as diferenças de temperatura. A temperatura retal e a temperatura timpânica foram independentes, sugerindo não haver equivalência entre ambas.