Energy utilization of by-products from the soybean oil industry by broiler chickens: acidulated soapstock, lecithin, glycerol and their mixture

Acidulated soy soapstock (ASS) and lecithin (LEC) are by-products from processing soy oil (SO) for human consumption, whereas glycerol (GLY) can be obtained through the transesterification of vegetable oils during the production of biodiesel. These are valuable by-products for poultry feeds that have been underutilized in many parts of the world. One study was conducted to estimate the AMEn of ASS, LEC, GLY as well as of their mixture (MIX: 85% ASS, 5% LEC and 10% GLY). Two hundred and sixty Cobb 500 female broilers of 20 days of age were housed in steel wire battery cages in a controlled temperature room for broilers. A completely randomized (energy sources x fat inclusion level) factorial design was applied, with 4 replicates of three birds per treatment. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet without supplemental fat or with the addition of 2, 4, or 6 % of the four energy sources. Total excreta collection was performed from 26 to 28 days. The AMEn values of by-products were calculated using regression analysis as well as by the difference method. The average AMEn values calculated by regression analysis were: 9,232, 7,502, 5,447 and 8,404, whereas results with the difference method were: 7,951, 6,579, 3,979 and 8,101 kcal/kg for, in both cases for ASS, LEC, GLY and MIX, respectively. It is concluded that these energy sources can be for broilers and that there are significant differences between the methods used to estimate AMEn of fats.

Energy utilization of by-products from the soybean oil industry by broiler chickens: acidulated soapstock, lecithin, glycerol and their mixture

Acidulated soy soapstock (ASS) and lecithin (LEC) are by-products from processing soy oil (SO) for human consumption, whereas glycerol (GLY) can be obtained through the transesterification of vegetable oils during the production of biodiesel. These are valuable by-products for poultry feeds that have been underutilized in many parts of the world. One study was conducted to estimate the AMEn of ASS, LEC, GLY as well as of their mixture (MIX: 85% ASS, 5% LEC and 10% GLY). Two hundred and sixty Cobb 500 female broilers of 20 days of age were housed in steel wire battery cages in a controlled temperature room for broilers. A completely randomized (energy sources x fat inclusion level) factorial design was applied, with 4 replicates of three birds per treatment. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet without supplemental fat or with the addition of 2, 4, or 6 % of the four energy sources. Total excreta collection was performed from 26 to 28 days. The AMEn values of by-products were calculated using regression analysis as well as by the difference method. The average AMEn values calculated by regression analysis were: 9,232, 7,502, 5,447 and 8,404, whereas results with the difference method were: 7,951, 6,579, 3,979 and 8,101 kcal/kg for, in both cases for ASS, LEC, GLY and MIX, respectively. It is concluded that these energy sources can be for broilers and that there are significant differences between the methods used to estimate AMEn of fats.

Energy utilization of by-products from the soybean oil industry by broiler chickens: acidulated soapstock, lecithin, glycerol and their mixture

Acidulated soy soapstock (ASS) and lecithin (LEC) are by-products from processing soy oil (SO) for human consumption, whereas glycerol (GLY) can be obtained through the transesterification of vegetable oils during the production of biodiesel. These are valuable by-products for poultry feeds that have been underutilized in many parts of the world. One study was conducted to estimate the AMEn of ASS, LEC, GLY as well as of their mixture (MIX: 85% ASS, 5% LEC and 10% GLY). Two hundred and sixty Cobb 500 female broilers of 20 days of age were housed in steel wire battery cages in a controlled temperature room for broilers. A completely randomized (energy sources x fat inclusion level) factorial design was applied, with 4 replicates of three birds per treatment. Birds were fed a corn-soybean meal control diet without supplemental fat or with the addition of 2, 4, or 6 % of the four energy sources. Total excreta collection was performed from 26 to 28 days. The AMEn values of by-products were calculated using regression analysis as well as by the difference method. The average AMEn values calculated by regression analysis were: 9,232, 7,502, 5,447 and 8,404, whereas results with the difference method were: 7,951, 6,579, 3,979 and 8,101 kcal/kg for, in both cases for ASS, LEC, GLY and MIX, respectively. It is concluded that these energy sources can be for broilers and that there are significant differences between the methods used to estimate AMEn of fats.(AU)

UTILIZAÇÃO DE SUBPRODUTOS DA INDÚSTRIA DO ÓLEO DE SOJA E BIODIESEL E SUAS MISTURAS EM DIFERENTES PROPORÇÕES NA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

A presente tese foi desenvolvida com objetivo de avaliar a utilização dos subprodutos do processamento do óleo de soja (OS) (óleo ácido de soja -OAS, lecitina - LEC) e do biodiesel (glicerol - GLI) na alimentação de frangos de corte. Dois estudos foram conduzidos para determinar EMA destes subprodutos e suas combinações. Foram usados 390 frangos de corte machos com 21 d para cada experimento distribuídos em um delineamento experimental inteiramente casualizado com arranjo fatorial com 4 fontes de gordura e 3 níveis de inclusão mais uma dieta basal sem suplementação de gordura. Cada experimento foi composto por 13 tratamentos dietéticos com 6 repetições de 5 aves por repetição. No primeiro ensaio foi usado: OAS, GLI e LEC, bem como uma mistura contendo 85% OAS, 10% GLI e 5% LEC (MIS). As proporções das fontes de energia na mistura foram semelhantes à encontrada no óleo de soja bruto. No segundo ensaio foi usado quatro diferentes misturas destas fontes de energia sendo elas: 85% OAS e 10% GLI; 80% OAS e 15% GLI; 75% OAS e 20% GLI e 70% OAS e 25% GLI, em todas as misturas estabeleceu-se 5% LEC. Os tratamentos dietéticos foram formados pela adição de cada fonte energética suplementar aos níveis de 0% (100% da dieta basal (DB), 2% (98% DB + 2% fonte de energia), 4% (96% DB + 4% fonte de energia) ou 6% (94% DB + 6% fonte de energia). Nos dois ensaios foi realizado coleta total de excretas por 72h. Aos 28 dias de idade no final do período experimental um frango por repetição foi abatido para coleta do fígado e coleta de sangue para análise de glicerol e triglicérides plasmático e enzima hepática glicerol quinase. Para os dois experimentos houve diferença estatística entre as fontes energéticas (P<0,05). No primeiro ensaio a mistura das três fontes (85:10:5) mostrou melhor valor de EMA, no entanto no segundo experimento a mistura de 80% OAS 15% GLI e 5% LEC apresentou melhor valor quando comparado as demais misturas. Para a concentração de glicerol e triglicerídeos plasmático, assim como para a atividade da enzima glicerol quinase, houve interação entre as fontes e o nível de inclusão (P<0,05). A medida que aumentou o nível de inclusão aumentou-se a concentração de glicerol no plasma e diminuiu a atividade da enzima, no entanto, isto não foi suficiente para saturar a enzima. Em conclusão, os tratamentos mostraram que a mistura de subprodutos do óleo de soja e do biodiesel podem ser usadas como fontes energéticas em dietas de frangos de corte sem acarretar problemas no metabolismo normal do glicerol.

This thesis was carried out to evaluate the utilization of soybean oil (SO) (acidulated soap stock - ASS, lecithin - LEC) and biodiesel (glycerol - GLY) in broiler feeds. Two studies were conducted to determine AME these byproducts and their combinations. At total of 390 21-d-old male broilers were utilized for each experiment distributed in a completely randomized design with factorial arrangement of 4 fat sources and 3 levels of inclusion plus the basal diet without any fat source. Each study contained 13 dietary treatments with 6 replicates of 5 chickens per replicate. In the first experiment, the fat sources used were OAS, GLY and, LEC as well as a mixture (MIX) containing 85%, 10% and 5% respectively. The proportions of energy sources in the mix were similar to that found in crude soybean oil. In the second experiment, it was used four different mixtures of these energy sources, which are, 85% ASS: 10% GLY; 80% ASS: 15% GLY; 75% ASS: 20% GLY and 70% ASS: 25% GLY in all mixtures was fixed 5% LEC. The experimental treatments consisted of addition of each supplemental fat source at the levels of 0% (100% of basal diet (BD)), 2% (98% BD + 2% fat source), 4% (96% BD + 4% fat source) or 6% (94% BD + 6% fat source). The total excreta collection was conducted for 72h. At 28 days of age, the end of the study period one chicken by repetition was slaughtered to collect the liver and blood collection for analysis of plasmatic glycerol and triglycerides and the liver was used for analysis of glycerol kinase enzyme. For both experiments was observed statistical difference between energy sources (P <0.05) in the first experiment the mixture of the three sources (85:10: 5) showed best value of AME, however, in the second experiment the mixture of 80% OAS GLI 15% and 5% LEC showed better value when compared to the other mixtures. For the concentration of plasma glycerol and triglycerides, as well as the activity of the enzyme glycerol kinase, there was an interaction between the sources and the inclusion level (P <0.05). As we increased the level of inclusion increased the concentration of glycerol in plasma and decreased enzyme activity, however, this was not enough to saturate the enzyme. In conclusion, the treatment showed that the mixture of soybean oil and biodiesel by-products could be used as energy sources in broiler diets without causing problems in the normal metabolism of the glycerol.

Supplementation of glycerol or lecithin in different levels of free fat acids in broiler diets / Suplementação de glicerol ou de lecitina em diferentes níveis de ácidos graxos livres em dietas para frangos de corte

A metabolism trial was carried out with 95 male broilers, 24 day-old, of commercial line, subjected to 18+1 treatments with 5 replications. Three levels of free fat acid (FFA) inclusion by the usage of soybean oil (SO), acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS), and the mixture between the two oils (50:50%), in two levels of inclusion (4 and 8%) in the basal diet (BD) and the supplementation of glycerol or emulsifier (0.5%), in substitution to starch were tested. The trial was conducted for 8 days. Birds performance, metabolizability coefficient of dry matter (MCDM), fat (MCCF) and energy (MCCE) were evaluated and the comparison among oils and supplements. The performance and the metabolism were not affected (P>0.05) by FFA levels or supplements tested.  It was observed that the use of lecithin improved added crude fat metabolism (P

Realizou-se um experimento com 95 frangos de corte machos de 24 dias de idade, de linhagem comercial, submetidos a 18+1 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Testaram-se três níveis de inclusão de ácidos graxos livres (AGL),  pelo uso de óleo degomado de soja (ODS), óleo ácido de soja (OAS) e a mistura entre os dois óleos (50:50%), em dois níveis de inclusão de óleo (4 e 8%) na dieta basal e a suplementação glicerol ou lecitina (0,5%) em substituição ao amido. Desenvolveu-se o ensaio em oito dias, com avaliação do desempenho das aves, do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS), da gordura bruta (CMGB) e da energia bruta (CMEB) das dietas e comparação dos óleos e suplementos. O desempenho e o metabolismo não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de AGL ou suplementos testados. Observou-se que o uso de lecitina proporcionou melhor aproveitamento da gordura bruta adicionada às dietas (P

Desempenho, metabolismo e níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicerídeos em frangos de corte alimentados com óleo ácido e óleo de soja

Three experiments (EXP) were carried on; in two of them the focus was performance and the third consisted in a metabolism study. The first EXP used 384 male Cobb 500 strain chicks and was conducted from one to 20 days of age. The second EXP was conducted with the same birds after all of them were homogenized, from 21 to 34 days, using 256 broilers. The metabolism assay utilized 32 broilers and was carried on from 21 to 34 days. Acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS) and soybean oil (SO) included in four levels (2; 3; 4 and 5%) were compared, forming eight treatments with four replication each, arranged in a 2x4 factorial. Performance, diet coefficient of metabolism of dry matter (CMDM), of crude fat (CMCF) and of gross energy (CMCE) and also the contents of triglycerides and blood serum cholesterol on the 34th day were evaluated. There was no interaction between oil type and inclusion levels for any response. Increasing oil level in the diet higher body weight (P 0.01) and better feed conversion (FC) (P 0.01) were observed. Only in the first performance EXP, but not in the EXP from 21 to 34 days, reduction in feed intake (P 0.01) by adding oil was observed. In the metabolism assay, birds receiving ASS presented better CMDM (P 0.01), related to SO. Increasing in oil level improved CMDM (P 0.01) and CMCF (P 0.01) of the diets. Higher levels of triglycerides were noticed in the blood serum of birds receaving higher levels of oil (P 0.01). The ASS showed RE of 93 and 90% in the performance EXP from 1 to 20 and 21 to 34 days, respectively, based on FC and of 95%, compared to SO, based on regression analysis between oil level added (X) and CMCF (Y), determined in the metabolism assay. ASS is a good energetic source for broiler diets, presenting energetic value a bit lower of the SO.

Neste trabalho são relatados três experimentos (EXP) realizados, sendo dois de desempenho e um de metabolismo. O primeiro experimento de desempenho utilizou 384 pintos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb 500, e foi conduzido com animais de um a 20 dias de idade. O segundo EXP de desempenho foi realizado com as mesmas aves, após homogeneização de todas elas, com 21 a 34 dias de idade, utilizando-se 256 frangos. O ensaio de metabolismo usou 32 frangos e foi realizado com animais de 21 a 34 dias de idade. Testou-se o óleo ácido de soja (OAS) e o óleo degomado de soja (ODS) incluídos na dieta em quatro níveis (2, 3, 4 e 5%), constituindo oito tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, dispostos em fatorial 2x4. Foram avaliados o desempenho e o metabolismo das aves e o coeficiente de metabolismo da matéria seca (CMMS), da gordura bruta (CMGB) e da energia bruta (CMEB) das dietas, além de teores de triglicerídios e colesterol sanguíneo no 34o dia de idade. Nenhuma interação foi observada entre os óleos e os níveis utilizados (P>0,05). Com o aumento do nível de óleo na dieta, observou-se maior peso final das aves (P 0,01) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P 0,01). No EXP de desempenho com animais de um a 21 dias, ocorreu redução no consumo de ração (P 0,01) com a adição de óleo, mas não no EXP com animais de 21 a 34 dias. No ensaio de metabolismo, aves que receberam OAS apresentaram melhor CMMS (P 0,01) em relação ao ODS. O aumento do nível de inclusão de óleo, independentemente do tipo, melhorou o CMMS (P 0,01) e o CMGB (P 0, 01) das dietas. Observou-se maiores níveis de triglicerídios no sangue das aves com maiores níveis de óleo (P 0,01). O OAS mostrou eficiência relativa de 93 e 90% nos EXP de desempenho com animais de um a 20 e de 21 e 34 dias, respectivamente, com base na CA e de 95%, comparado ao ODS, com base em análise de regressão entre o nível de óleo adicionado (X) e o CMGB (Y) determinado no ensaio de metabolismo. O OAS é uma boa fonte energética para uso em dietas de frangos de corte, apresentando valor energético um pouco inferior ao ODS.

Desempenho, metabolismo e níveis plasmáticos de colesterol e triglicerídeos em frangos de corte alimentados com óleo ácido e óleo de soja

Three experiments (EXP) were carried on; in two of them the focus was performance and the third consisted in a metabolism study. The first EXP used 384 male Cobb 500 strain chicks and was conducted from one to 20 days of age. The second EXP was conducted with the same birds after all of them were homogenized, from 21 to 34 days, using 256 broilers. The metabolism assay utilized 32 broilers and was carried on from 21 to 34 days. Acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS) and soybean oil (SO) included in four levels (2; 3; 4 and 5%) were compared, forming eight treatments with four replication each, arranged in a 2x4 factorial. Performance, diet coefficient of metabolism of dry matter (CMDM), of crude fat (CMCF) and of gross energy (CMCE) and also the contents of triglycerides and blood serum cholesterol on the 34th day were evaluated. There was no interaction between oil type and inclusion levels for any response. Increasing oil level in the diet higher body weight (P 0.01) and better feed conversion (FC) (P 0.01) were observed. Only in the first performance EXP, but not in the EXP from 21 to 34 days, reduction in feed intake (P 0.01) by adding oil was observed. In the metabolism assay, birds receiving ASS presented better CMDM (P 0.01), related to SO. Increasing in oil level improved CMDM (P 0.01) and CMCF (P 0.01) of the diets. Higher levels of triglycerides were noticed in the blood serum of birds receaving higher levels of oil (P 0.01). The ASS showed RE of 93 and 90% in the performance EXP from 1 to 20 and 21 to 34 days, respectively, based on FC and of 95%, compared to SO, based on regression analysis between oil level added (X) and CMCF (Y), determined in the metabolism assay. ASS is a good energetic source for broiler diets, presenting energetic value a bit lower of the SO.

Neste trabalho são relatados três experimentos (EXP) realizados, sendo dois de desempenho e um de metabolismo. O primeiro experimento de desempenho utilizou 384 pintos de corte machos, da linhagem Cobb 500, e foi conduzido com animais de um a 20 dias de idade. O segundo EXP de desempenho foi realizado com as mesmas aves, após homogeneização de todas elas, com 21 a 34 dias de idade, utilizando-se 256 frangos. O ensaio de metabolismo usou 32 frangos e foi realizado com animais de 21 a 34 dias de idade. Testou-se o óleo ácido de soja (OAS) e o óleo degomado de soja (ODS) incluídos na dieta em quatro níveis (2, 3, 4 e 5%), constituindo oito tratamentos com quatro repetições cada, dispostos em fatorial 2x4. Foram avaliados o desempenho e o metabolismo das aves e o coeficiente de metabolismo da matéria seca (CMMS), da gordura bruta (CMGB) e da energia bruta (CMEB) das dietas, além de teores de triglicerídios e colesterol sanguíneo no 34o dia de idade. Nenhuma interação foi observada entre os óleos e os níveis utilizados (P>0,05). Com o aumento do nível de óleo na dieta, observou-se maior peso final das aves (P 0,01) e melhor conversão alimentar (CA) (P 0,01). No EXP de desempenho com animais de um a 21 dias, ocorreu redução no consumo de ração (P 0,01) com a adição de óleo, mas não no EXP com animais de 21 a 34 dias. No ensaio de metabolismo, aves que receberam OAS apresentaram melhor CMMS (P 0,01) em relação ao ODS. O aumento do nível de inclusão de óleo, independentemente do tipo, melhorou o CMMS (P 0,01) e o CMGB (P 0, 01) das dietas. Observou-se maiores níveis de triglicerídios no sangue das aves com maiores níveis de óleo (P 0,01). O OAS mostrou eficiência relativa de 93 e 90% nos EXP de desempenho com animais de um a 20 e de 21 e 34 dias, respectivamente, com base na CA e de 95%, comparado ao ODS, com base em análise de regressão entre o nível de óleo adicionado (X) e o CMGB (Y) determinado no ensaio de metabolismo. O OAS é uma boa fonte energética para uso em dietas de frangos de corte, apresentando valor energético um pouco inferior ao ODS.

Water intake and digestive metabolism of broilers fed all-vegetable diets containing acidulated soybean soapstock

A study was conducted to compare live performance and digestive metabolism of broiler chickens fed all-vegetable diets (All-Veg) compared to a regular diet including animal by-products. Three feeds were formulated and provided to broilers according to the feeding program: pre-starter from 1 to 10 days, starter from 11 to 21 days, and grower from 21 to 35 days. All feeds had corn and soybean meal as major ingredients; however, two of them were all-vegetable diets having either Degummed Soybean Oil (DSO) or Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS) as fat sources. The third diet included poultry by-product and poultry fat. A total number of 360 day-old broiler chicks were allocated to 1m² battery cages, 10 chicks in each, and 12 replicates per treatment. Live performance was similar between groups of birds receiving the different diets with the exception of weight gain, which was increased for birds fed the All-Veg diet with ASS. Birds fed All-Veg diets had increased water intake and produced more excreta with a concurrent reduced feed metabolizability at both ages, regardless of fat source. Metabolizable Energy was not different for the three diets.

Water intake and digestive metabolism of broilers fed all-vegetable diets containing acidulated soybean soapstock

A study was conducted to compare live performance and digestive metabolism of broiler chickens fed all-vegetable diets (All-Veg) compared to a regular diet including animal by-products. Three feeds were formulated and provided to broilers according to the feeding program: pre-starter from 1 to 10 days, starter from 11 to 21 days, and grower from 21 to 35 days. All feeds had corn and soybean meal as major ingredients; however, two of them were all-vegetable diets having either Degummed Soybean Oil (DSO) or Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS) as fat sources. The third diet included poultry by-product and poultry fat. A total number of 360 day-old broiler chicks were allocated to 1m² battery cages, 10 chicks in each, and 12 replicates per treatment. Live performance was similar between groups of birds receiving the different diets with the exception of weight gain, which was increased for birds fed the All-Veg diet with ASS. Birds fed All-Veg diets had increased water intake and produced more excreta with a concurrent reduced feed metabolizability at both ages, regardless of fat source. Metabolizable Energy was not different for the three diets.

Performance of broilers fed increased levels energy in the pre-starter diet and on subsequent feeding programs having with acidulated soybean soapstock supplementation

This study aimed to evaluate broiler responses to increases in feed energy (2,870, 3,000 and 3,100 kcal ME/kg) and the inclusion of Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS) when compared to Degummed Soybean Oil (DSO) in feeds from placement to 7 days of age. From 7 to 42 days ASS or DSO were included in diets that contained similar energy and nutrient levels. Metabolizable energy values used to formulate the diets for ASS and DSO were 8,351 and 7,701 kcal ME/kg in the first week and 9,314 and 8,559 kcal ME/kg afterwards, respectively. Diets were based on corn and soybean meal and were fed to 1,600 one-d-old male broiler chicks randomly placed in 40 floor pens. No differences in performance due to fat source were seen at 7 days. However, the increase in energy levels to 3,100 kcal ME/kg reduced feed intake, whereas feed conversion was improved with energy at 3,000 kcal ME/kg. Live performance, and the yields of carcass and commercial cuts were not affected by the type of fat included in the feeds from 7 to 42 days, except for increased body weight at 21 and 35 days with ASS supplementation. Litter moisture at 7, 21, 35 and 42 days was not affected by any of the factors and there were no residual effects of treatments at 21, 35 and 42 days of age. On the other hand, body weight at 35 days was affected by the interaction of diets fed in the first week with those provided afterwards. The results showed that ME values used for DSO and ASS are adequate and that ASS may be used as fat source in broiler feeds from placement to 42 days of age.

Performance of broilers fed increased levels energy in the pre-starter diet and on subsequent feeding programs having with acidulated soybean soapstock supplementation

This study aimed to evaluate broiler responses to increases in feed energy (2,870, 3,000 and 3,100 kcal ME/kg) and the inclusion of Acidulated Soybean Soapstock (ASS) when compared to Degummed Soybean Oil (DSO) in feeds from placement to 7 days of age. From 7 to 42 days ASS or DSO were included in diets that contained similar energy and nutrient levels. Metabolizable energy values used to formulate the diets for ASS and DSO were 8,351 and 7,701 kcal ME/kg in the first week and 9,314 and 8,559 kcal ME/kg afterwards, respectively. Diets were based on corn and soybean meal and were fed to 1,600 one-d-old male broiler chicks randomly placed in 40 floor pens. No differences in performance due to fat source were seen at 7 days. However, the increase in energy levels to 3,100 kcal ME/kg reduced feed intake, whereas feed conversion was improved with energy at 3,000 kcal ME/kg. Live performance, and the yields of carcass and commercial cuts were not affected by the type of fat included in the feeds from 7 to 42 days, except for increased body weight at 21 and 35 days with ASS supplementation. Litter moisture at 7, 21, 35 and 42 days was not affected by any of the factors and there were no residual effects of treatments at 21, 35 and 42 days of age. On the other hand, body weight at 35 days was affected by the interaction of diets fed in the first week with those provided afterwards. The results showed that ME values used for DSO and ASS are adequate and that ASS may be used as fat source in broiler feeds from placement to 42 days of age.

Rendimento, composição e teor de ácidos graxos da carcaça de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes lipídicas / Carcass yield, composition and fat acid percentage of carcass for broiler fed on different lipid source diets

Avaliou-se o efeito de diferentes fontes de lipídios da dieta (óleo degomado de soja, óleo de vísceras de aves, óleo ácido de soja, mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo de vísceras e mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo ácido de soja) sobre rendimento, composição de peito, coxa e carcaça inteira e perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça inteira de frangos de corte. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de uma ave cada. Não houve diferenças entre os tratamentos (P>0,05) para rendimentos de carcaça e cortes, composição de proteína bruta, umidade e extrato etéreo da carcaça inteira e da musculatura da coxa e do peito. As aves alimentadas com dietas com óleo de vísceras apresentaram maior percentual de ácidos graxos monoinsaturados na carcaça do que as alimentadas com dietas contendo as demais fontes lipídicas. A deposição de ácidos graxos poliinsaturados foi influenciada pela fonte lipídica das dietas. O perfil de ácidos graxos da carcaça inteira de frangos de corte foi influenciado pela fonte lipídica da dieta.(AU)

A completely randomized design, with six replicates of one bird per experimental unit was used to evaluate the effect of different fat sources of diets (soybean oil, poultry fat, acidulated soybean oil soapstock and a mix of soybean oil plus poultry fat and soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock) on carcass yield, composition of the breast, thigh and whole chicken and fatty acid profile of the whole carcass of broilers. No effects of fat source on carcass yield and cuts, composition of crude protein, humidity and ether extract of the whole chicken, whole leg and breast were observed (P>0,05). The birds fed on poultry fat diet showed a higher percentage of monounsaturated fatty acid on the carcass than birds fed on diets with the others fat sources. The deposition of polyunsaturated fatty acids was influenced by fat source added to the diet. The fatty acid profile of the whole carcass of broilers was influenced by the fat source added to the diets.(AU)

Efeito de fontes lipídicas sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte / Effect of lipid sources of diets on broiler performance

Avaliou-se o efeito de fontes lipídicas (óleo degomado de soja, óleo de vísceras de aves, óleo ácido de soja, mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo de vísceras e mistura de 50% de óleo de soja e 50% de óleo ácido de soja) adicionadas às rações sobre o desempenho de frangos de corte, machos, da linhagem Ross. Os tratamentos foram definidos de acordo com a fonte de lipídio, e o período de criação foi de 1 a 45 dias de idade. As rações, para cada fase de criação, foram isonutritivas. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente ao acaso, com cinco tratamentos e seis repetições com 30 aves cada. As aves que receberam óleo de soja ganharam mais peso quando comparadas com as que receberam óleo ácido de soja (P<0,05). O consumo de ração das aves alimentadas com óleo de soja foi maior em relação ao das alimentadas com rações contendo óleo ácido de soja e mistura de óleo de soja com óleo ácido de soja. Quanto à conversão alimentar e à viabilidade, não foram observadas diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos (P>0,05). A utilização do óleo de soja nas rações melhorou o desempenho de frangos de corte quando comparado com o uso do óleo ácido de soja.(AU)

A completely randomized design with six replicates of 30 birds per experimental unit was used to evaluate the effect of five fat sources of diets (soybean oil, poultry fat, acidulated soybean oil soapstock and a mix of soybean oil plus poultry fat and soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock) on the performance of male Ross broilers, during the growing period (1-45 days of age). The diets for each phase were isonutritional. Broilers fed on soybean oil showed higher weight gain in comparison to the birds fed on diets containing acidulated soybean oil soapstock (P<0.05), but no differences were observed among the other treatments. The feed intake of birds fed on soybean oil was higher compared to the birds fed on acidulated soybean soapstock diet and mix of soybean oil plus acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet. No treatment effect was observed for feed:weight gain ratio and viability. Soybean oil diet resulted in better broiler performance in comparison to acidulated soybean oil soapstock diet.(AU)

Utilização da Energia de Dietas para Frangos de Corte Formuladas com Óleo Ácido de Soja

Acidulated soapstock, a by-product from the vegetable oil industry has been widely used in poultry nutrition. It is produced by the acid treatment of the residue left after refining vegetable oils. Several concerns exist on the use of this product, such as: adulteration, peroxidation, impurity, and uncertain energetic value. The current experiment focused on the use of the acidulated soapstock in broiler feeds compared with soybean oil. Feeds formulated with 4 and 8% added acidulated soapstock or soybean oil or their mixture in the ratios of 2 : 2 and 4 : 4 % were given to 7 day-old broiler chicks to 42 days of age placed in heated batteries. Birds receiving the diets with acidulated soapstock plus soybean oil had lower body weight at the end of the experiment when compared with birds on the treatments exclusively prepared with acidulated soapstock or soybean oil. This response was independent of the level of oil inclusion. Birds on the lower inclusion level consumed more feed, regardless of the oil source and showed poorer feed conversions, but did not show reduction in body weight when compared to the higher level of inclusion. Acidulated soapstock demonstrated an excellent potential as an energy supplement to be used in broiler feeds and had its energetic value determined as 8.114 kcal EMAn/kg DM, 5% below the value determined for soybean oil.

O produto comercialmente chamado "óleo ácido de soja", resulta da acidificação da borra residual do processo de refino do óleo de soja. Este tem sido muito utilizado na indústria de rações animais, ainda que com vários questinamentos a cerca de sua eficiência, tais como a adulteração com outros ácidos graxos de baixo valor nutricional, nível de peroxidação, presença de impurezas, e valores energéticos não confiáveis. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o desempenho de frangos de corte consumindo dietas contendo óleo de soja ou óleo ácido de soja nos níveis de 4 e 8% ou a mistura das duas fontes em partes iguais de 2 e 4% cada. Essas dietas foram fornecidas para frangos de corte alojados em baterias climatizadas a partir dos 7 dias de idade. As aves que receberam misturas equivalentes de óleo ácido de soja e óleo de soja apresentaram menor peso corporal no final do experimento (aos 42 dias) quando comparadas com aquelas que consumiram apenas óleo ou óleo ácido de soja, independentemente do nível adicionado. O nível de inclusão de óleo de soja ou óleo ácido de soja não influenciou o peso final das aves. Foi verificado maior consumo de ração pelos animais que receberam dietas de menor nível de inclusão, o que contribuiu para piorar a conversão alimentar dos mesmos. O óleo ácido de soja demonstrou ser uma fonte energética alternativa de alto potencial econômico para uso em dietas comerciais para frangos de corte, apresentando valor energético de 8.114 kcal EMAn/kg de MS, valor 5% inferior ao determinado para o óleo de soja degomado.

Utilização da Energia de Dietas para Frangos de Corte Formuladas com Óleo Ácido de Soja

Acidulated soapstock, a by-product from the vegetable oil industry has been widely used in poultry nutrition. It is produced by the acid treatment of the residue left after refining vegetable oils. Several concerns exist on the use of this product, such as: adulteration, peroxidation, impurity, and uncertain energetic value. The current experiment focused on the use of the acidulated soapstock in broiler feeds compared with soybean oil. Feeds formulated with 4 and 8% added acidulated soapstock or soybean oil or their mixture in the ratios of 2 : 2 and 4 : 4 % were given to 7 day-old broiler chicks to 42 days of age placed in heated batteries. Birds receiving the diets with acidulated soapstock plus soybean oil had lower body weight at the end of the experiment when compared with birds on the treatments exclusively prepared with acidulated soapstock or soybean oil. This response was independent of the level of oil inclusion. Birds on the lower inclusion level consumed more feed, regardless of the oil source and showed poorer feed conversions, but did not show reduction in body weight when compared to the higher level of inclusion. Acidulated soapstock demonstrated an excellent potential as an energy supplement to be used in broiler feeds and had its energetic value determined as 8.114 kcal EMAn/kg DM, 5% below the value determined for soybean oil.

O produto comercialmente chamado "óleo ácido de soja", resulta da acidificação da borra residual do processo de refino do óleo de soja. Este tem sido muito utilizado na indústria de rações animais, ainda que com vários questinamentos a cerca de sua eficiência, tais como a adulteração com outros ácidos graxos de baixo valor nutricional, nível de peroxidação, presença de impurezas, e valores energéticos não confiáveis. Neste estudo, foi avaliado o desempenho de frangos de corte consumindo dietas contendo óleo de soja ou óleo ácido de soja nos níveis de 4 e 8% ou a mistura das duas fontes em partes iguais de 2 e 4% cada. Essas dietas foram fornecidas para frangos de corte alojados em baterias climatizadas a partir dos 7 dias de idade. As aves que receberam misturas equivalentes de óleo ácido de soja e óleo de soja apresentaram menor peso corporal no final do experimento (aos 42 dias) quando comparadas com aquelas que consumiram apenas óleo ou óleo ácido de soja, independentemente do nível adicionado. O nível de inclusão de óleo de soja ou óleo ácido de soja não influenciou o peso final das aves. Foi verificado maior consumo de ração pelos animais que receberam dietas de menor nível de inclusão, o que contribuiu para piorar a conversão alimentar dos mesmos. O óleo ácido de soja demonstrou ser uma fonte energética alternativa de alto potencial econômico para uso em dietas comerciais para frangos de corte, apresentando valor energético de 8.114 kcal EMAn/kg de MS, valor 5% inferior ao determinado para o óleo de soja degomado.

Óleo de Soja, Óleo Ácido de Soja e Sebo Bovino Como Fontes de Gordura em Rações de Frangos de Corte

The objective of this research was to evaluate less expensive fat sources as alternatives to soybean oil in broiler diets. A total of 1,440 day-old male Ross chicks were raised to 42 days of age in a randomized block design of six treatments and six replicates, fed diets containing 4% supplemental fat from the sources: soybean oil (SOY4), beef tallow (TAL4), acidulated soapstock (SOAP4), mixtures 2%:2% (SOAP2/TAL2), (SOAP2/SOY2) and (SOY2/TAL2). Liveweight, weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and viability were analyzed using non-orthogonal contrasts: 1- SOY4 X (SOAP4 + TAL4 + SOAP2/TAL2); 2- SOY4 X (SOAP2/SOY2 + SOY2/TAL2); 3- SOAP2/SOY2 X SOY2/TAL2; 4- SOAP4 X SOAP2/SOY2; 5- SOAP4 X SOAP2/TAL2. Liveweight, weight gain and feed:gain of SOY4 were better (p .05) than those devoid of soybean oil in the diet, but feed intake, and viability did not differ. The mixtures containing 2% soybean oil (contrast 2) resulted in performance similar to SOY4 in all variables (p>.05) and soybean oil in the mixture equally improved the results of the alternative sources (contrast 3). The performance of birds fed SOAP4 was inferior to those fed SOAP2/SOY2 (p .06) but was similar to those fed SOAP2/TAL2 . The abdominal fat did not differ among the treatments, but abdominal fats reflected the composition of the different fats. These results confirmed the superiority of soybean oil relative to the other fat sources fed to broiler and demonstrated that the quality of acidulated soapstock and beef tallow may be improved when used in 1:1 mixtures with soybean oil.

O experimento avaliou o desempenho de frangos de corte suplementados em 4% na ração com três fontes de gordura: óleo ácido de soja (OAS4) e sebo bovino (SEBO4), óleo de soja (SOJA4) e misturas de 2% entre estas: (OAS2/SEBO2), (OAS2/SOJA2) e (SOJA2/SEBO2). Foram utilizados blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos, 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso vivo (PV), conversão alimentar (CA), fator de produção (FP) e viabilidade (VB), aos 42 dias de idade. Para análise, foram utilizados contrastes não ortogonais: 1- SOJA4 X (OAS4 + SEBO4 + OAS2/SEBO2); 2- SOJA4 X (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2); 3- OAS2/SOJA2 X SOJA2/SEBO2; 4- OAS4 X OAS2/SOJA2; 5- OAS4 X OAS2/SEBO2. No contraste 1, observou-se um menor CR, melhor CA, superior GP, PV e FP para SOJA4 em relação a média OAS4, SEBO4 e OAS2/SEBO2. A comparação do SOJA4 com (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2) do contraste 2 não foi significativa. O contraste 3 não indicou diferença entre OAS2/SOJA2 e SOJA2/SEBO2, exceto para VB. No contraste 4, OAS2/SOJA2 resultou em maior GP, PV e FP e melhor CA que OAS4. A mistura (OAS2/SEBO2) não foi vantajosa ao OAS4 para as variáveis (contraste 5). A gordura abdominal não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, somente a composição dos ácidos graxos das gorduras. O óleo de soja proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves, tanto em misturas 1:1 quanto como fonte única adicionada à ração. O óleo ácido de soja, o sebo e a mistura destes resultaram em depressão do desempenho das aves.

Óleo de Soja, Óleo Ácido de Soja e Sebo Bovino Como Fontes de Gordura em Rações de Frangos de Corte

The objective of this research was to evaluate less expensive fat sources as alternatives to soybean oil in broiler diets. A total of 1,440 day-old male Ross chicks were raised to 42 days of age in a randomized block design of six treatments and six replicates, fed diets containing 4% supplemental fat from the sources: soybean oil (SOY4), beef tallow (TAL4), acidulated soapstock (SOAP4), mixtures 2%:2% (SOAP2/TAL2), (SOAP2/SOY2) and (SOY2/TAL2). Liveweight, weight gain, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and viability were analyzed using non-orthogonal contrasts: 1- SOY4 X (SOAP4 + TAL4 + SOAP2/TAL2); 2- SOY4 X (SOAP2/SOY2 + SOY2/TAL2); 3- SOAP2/SOY2 X SOY2/TAL2; 4- SOAP4 X SOAP2/SOY2; 5- SOAP4 X SOAP2/TAL2. Liveweight, weight gain and feed:gain of SOY4 were better (p .05) than those devoid of soybean oil in the diet, but feed intake, and viability did not differ. The mixtures containing 2% soybean oil (contrast 2) resulted in performance similar to SOY4 in all variables (p>.05) and soybean oil in the mixture equally improved the results of the alternative sources (contrast 3). The performance of birds fed SOAP4 was inferior to those fed SOAP2/SOY2 (p .06) but was similar to those fed SOAP2/TAL2 . The abdominal fat did not differ among the treatments, but abdominal fats reflected the composition of the different fats. These results confirmed the superiority of soybean oil relative to the other fat sources fed to broiler and demonstrated that the quality of acidulated soapstock and beef tallow may be improved when used in 1:1 mixtures with soybean oil.

O experimento avaliou o desempenho de frangos de corte suplementados em 4% na ração com três fontes de gordura: óleo ácido de soja (OAS4) e sebo bovino (SEBO4), óleo de soja (SOJA4) e misturas de 2% entre estas: (OAS2/SEBO2), (OAS2/SOJA2) e (SOJA2/SEBO2). Foram utilizados blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos, 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela. Foram avaliadas as variáveis: consumo de ração (CR), ganho de peso (GP), peso vivo (PV), conversão alimentar (CA), fator de produção (FP) e viabilidade (VB), aos 42 dias de idade. Para análise, foram utilizados contrastes não ortogonais: 1- SOJA4 X (OAS4 + SEBO4 + OAS2/SEBO2); 2- SOJA4 X (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2); 3- OAS2/SOJA2 X SOJA2/SEBO2; 4- OAS4 X OAS2/SOJA2; 5- OAS4 X OAS2/SEBO2. No contraste 1, observou-se um menor CR, melhor CA, superior GP, PV e FP para SOJA4 em relação a média OAS4, SEBO4 e OAS2/SEBO2. A comparação do SOJA4 com (OAS2/SOJA2 + SOJA2/SEBO2) do contraste 2 não foi significativa. O contraste 3 não indicou diferença entre OAS2/SOJA2 e SOJA2/SEBO2, exceto para VB. No contraste 4, OAS2/SOJA2 resultou em maior GP, PV e FP e melhor CA que OAS4. A mistura (OAS2/SEBO2) não foi vantajosa ao OAS4 para as variáveis (contraste 5). A gordura abdominal não foi afetada pelos tratamentos, somente a composição dos ácidos graxos das gorduras. O óleo de soja proporcionou melhor desempenho das aves, tanto em misturas 1:1 quanto como fonte única adicionada à ração. O óleo ácido de soja, o sebo e a mistura destes resultaram em depressão do desempenho das aves.

SUPPLEMENTATION OF GLYCEROL OR LECITHIN IN DIFFERENT LEVELS OF FREE FAT ACIDS IN BROILER DIETS / SUPLEMENTAÇÃO DE GLICEROL OU DE LECITINA EM DIFERENTES NÍVEIS DE ÁCIDOS GRAXOS LIVRES EM DIETAS PARA FRANGOS DE CORTE

A metabolism trial was carried out with 95 male broilers, 24 day-old, of commercial line, subjected to 18+1 treatments with 5 replications. Three levels of free fat acid (FFA) inclusion by the usage of soybean oil (SO), acidulated soybean soapstock (ASS), and the mixture between the two oils (50:50%), in two levels of inclusion (4 and 8%) in the basal diet (BD) and the supplementation of glycerol or emulsifier (0.5%), in substitution to starch were tested. The trial was conducted for 8 days. Birds performance, metabolizability coefficient of dry matter (MCDM), fat (MCCF) and energy (MCCE) were evaluated and the comparison among oils and supplements. The performance and the metabolism were not affected (P>0.05) by FFA levels or supplements tested.  It was observed that the use of lecithin improved added crude fat metabolism (P

Realizou-se um experimento com 95 frangos de corte machos de 24 dias de idade, de linhagem comercial, submetidos a 18+1 tratamentos e cinco repetições. Testaram-se três níveis de inclusão de ácidos graxos livres (AGL),  pelo uso de óleo degomado de soja (ODS), óleo ácido de soja (OAS) e a mistura entre os dois óleos (50:50%), em dois níveis de inclusão de óleo (4 e 8%) na dieta basal e a suplementação glicerol ou lecitina (0,5%) em substituição ao amido. Desenvolveu-se o ensaio em oito dias, com avaliação do desempenho das aves, do coeficiente de metabolizabilidade da matéria seca (CMMS), da gordura bruta (CMGB) e da energia bruta (CMEB) das dietas e comparação dos óleos e suplementos. O desempenho e o metabolismo não foram afetados (P>0,05) pelos níveis de AGL ou suplementos testados. Observou-se que o uso de lecitina proporcionou melhor aproveitamento da gordura bruta adicionada às dietas (P

Determinação da energia metabolizável de gorduras e sua aplicação na formulação de dietas para frangos de corte / Apparent metabolizable energy determination of fat and formulated to diets broiler chicken

Foram realizados dois experimentos de metabolismo para a determinação da energia metabolizável aparente (EMA), energia metabolizável aparente corrigida para nitrogênio (EMAn) e digestibilidade aparente (DG) de diferentes gorduras para as fases pré-inicial, inicial, crescimento e final de frangos de corte. Um terceiro experimento foi realizado para avaliar o ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar e viabilidade de frangos de corte alimentados com dietas suplementadas com gorduras com valores energéticos determinados no experimentos de metabolismo. Nos experimentos de metabolismo os tratamentos consistiram de uma dieta referência e 5 dietas obtidas pela substituição de 10%, peso por peso, da dieta referência pelas seguintes gorduras e suas misturas: óleo de soja (OS), óleo ácido (OA), óleo de vísceras de aves (OV), 50% de óleo de soja com 50% de óleo ácido (OS50/OA50), 50% de óleo de soja com 50% de óleo de vísceras de aves (OS50/OV50) no primeiro experimento e as misturas: 75% de óleo de vísceras de aves com 25% óleo soja (OV75/OS25), 75% óleo de vísceras de aves com 25% óleo ácido (OV75/OA25), 50% de óleo ácido com 50% óleo de vísceras de aves (OA50/OV50), 75% de óleo ácido com 25% óleo de vísceras de aves (OA75/OV25), 75% de óleo ácido com 25% de óleo de soja (OA75/OS25) no segundo experimento. A dieta referência era baseada em milho e farelo de soja, formuladas sem gordura suplementar. Em cada experimento foram realizados 4 ensaios correspondentes às fases de criação. Utilizaram-se 4 repetições por tratamento em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso. No primeiro experimento os valores de EMA, EMAn e DG do OA mostraram-se inferiores (p<0,05) às demais gorduras. A EMA, EMAn e a DG do OS50/OA50 e do OS50/OV50 não apresentaram diferenças (p>0,05) em relação ao OV e OS nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento, porém na fase final, essas misturas resultaram em energias metabolizáveis similares ao OV, menores que o OS e superiores ao OA. A DG das dietas com misturas de gordura não diferiu (p>0,05) das dietas com OS e OV em todas as fases estudadas. No experimento 2 os valores de EMA, EMAn e DG para as misturas OA75/OV25, OA75/SO25, OA50/OV50 foram inferiores as demais gorduras nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento. A EMA, EMAn e a DG do OV75/OS25 foram superiores nas fases pré-inicial, inicial e crescimento. Em ambos os experimentos, os valores de EMA e EMAn das gorduras na fase pré-inicial foram inferiores quando comparados às demais fases. No terceiro experimento utilizaram-se as mesmas fases de criação e os valores de EMAn determinados nos experimentos anteriores. Os tratamentos selecionados foram OA, OS, OV, 75OA/25OS, 50OA/50OS e 50OV/50OS, com 6 repetições e 40 aves por parcela, alimentadas com rações isoprotéicas e isoenergéticas a base de milho e farelo de soja. Foram determinados o desempenho, peso e rendimento da carcaça, peito, coxa, sobrecoxa, gordura abdominal e fígado. O OS resultou em inferior desempenho, peso da carcaça, peito, coxa e sobrecoxa em relação aos demais tratamentos. Não houve diferenças significativas entre os tratamentos no acúmulo de gordura, peso do fígado, rendimentos da carcaça e das partes

Two metabolism trials were carried out to determine the apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and nitrogen-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) of fats and their mixtures. In trial 1 the treatments consisted of a basal diet and 5 diets obtained by substituting, weight by weight, 10% of the basal diets with the fat sources: soybean oil (SO), acidulated soapstock (AS), poultry offal fat (PF), 50% soybean oil and 50% acidulated soapstock (SO50/AS50), 50% soybean oil and 50% poultry offal fat (SO50/PF50). In trial 2, the following mixtures were fed: 75% poultry offal fat and 25% soybean oil (PF75/SO25), 75% poultry offal fat and 25% acidulated soapstock (PF75/AS25), 50% soapstock and 50% poultry offal fat (AS50/PF50), 75% acidulated soapstock and 25% poultry offal fat (AS75/PF25) and 75% acidulated soapstock and 25% soybean oil (AS75/SO25). The basal diet was based on corn and soybean meal, formulated with no added fat. Each treatment was replicated 4 times in a completely randomized design. In each trial there were 4 assays corresponding to the pre-starter (0-10 days), starter (11-21 days), grower (22-35 days) and finisher (36-42 days) phases. In trial 1, AME and AMEn values for AS were lower (p<0.05) than those for the other fats in all phases; this can be due to the elevated level of free fatty acids in AS. AME and AMEn of the mixture SO50/AS50, as well as the mixture (SO50/PF50), were not different from those of SO and PF in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases; however, in the finisher phase these mixtures resulted in metabolizable energy similar to PF (p>0.05), lower than SO and higher than AS (p<0.05). In trial 2, AME and AMEn values were lower in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases for the mixtures AS75/PF25, AS75/SO25 and AS50/SO50 (p<0.05). AME and AMEn were higher for PF75/SO25 in the pre-starter, starter and grower phases (p<0.05). In both trials the metabolizable energy was lower for birds in the pre-starter phase than in the other phases. In a performance trial diets were formulated using the AMEn of fats previously determined for pre-starter, starter, grower and finisher phases. Selected treatments were AS, SO, PF, AS75/SO25, AS50/SO50 and PF50/SO50 with 6 replicates and 40 birds per pen. Diets were isoproteic and isoenergetic. Growth performance and carcass and parts yield were determined. Treatments did not result in significant differences (p>0.05), except for SO which was inferior to the other treatments