Anestesia intravenosa parcial (AIVP) em uma lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) neonata / Partial intravenous anesthesia (PIVA) in a neonate maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus)

Background: The maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) is the largest canid in South America and the only representative of its genus. The scientific literature presents studies referring to the management and anaesthesia of the species but is scarce in case of emergency procedures, and to date, there are no reports of anaesthesia for emergency procedures in a neonatal maned wolf. Thus, this study aimed to report xenotransfusion and emergency anaesthesia for thoracic limb amputation in an approximately 8-days-old maned wolf pup. Case: A maned wolf pup, approximately 8-day-old, with a history of an accident with an agricultural machine, was referred to the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Paraná - Palotina Sector (HVP - UFPR) with a grade III open fracture of left radius and ulna. At the physical evaluation, bullous rales were observed in the right caudal lobe on pulmonary auscultation, hypoglycemia and severe dehydration, the latter being determined by the occurrence of enophthalmos, increased capillary refill time and skin turgor (3 s). The hemogram revealed regenerative hypochromic macrocytic anaemia, thrombocytopenia and leukopenia, and the chest radiograph showed alveolar pattern opacification, associated with the presence of air bronchograms in the caudal lobes, more evident on the right side, suggestive of pulmonary contusion. Considering the laboratory alterations and the need for amputation of the thoracic limb, xenotransfusion was chosen before the anaesthetic procedure. The animal was pre-medicated with methadone 0.2 mg/kg and anaesthetic induction was performed with propofol titrated to effect, requiring 10 mg/kg. This was followed by endotracheal intubation and anaesthetic maintenance using the partial intravenous technique with an infusion of 5 µg/kg/h of remifentanil and Isoflurane vaporised through a non-rebreathing system in oxygen at 0.6. Anaesthetic monitoring included heart rate and electrocardiogram tracing, respiratory rate, oxyhemoglobin saturation, end-tidal partial pressure of carbon dioxide, systemic blood pressure by the oscillometric method, and oesophageal body temperature. Although the blood tests after the transfusion showed an increase in hematocrit, changes suggestive of a delayed hemolytic reaction because of the transfusion were also noticed. Discussion: Preanesthetic stabilisation is critical, as anaesthesia of unstable patients may result in a higher risk of anaesthetic complications. Critically ill patients may present systemic imbalances that can trigger pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic changes of anaesthetics and analgesics. Neonates have several marked physiological differences, since some organs are still immature, have a high body volume of water, and present a reduced amount of total fat and concentrations of circulating proteins, making it necessary to adjust protocols and doses used for these patients. Blood transfusion between the same species is always the best option, though xenotransfusion becomes an option when there is no homologous donor available. However, it can present a great risk to life, as there is a lack of studies regarding the blood typing of the species and blood compatibility tests. We concluded that there was an increase in hematocrit after 24 h of xenotransfusion and, even with signs of delayed hemolytic reaction observed in the blood test, the patient did not show specific clinical signs of transfusion reaction. The pup was sensitive to methadone but required a high dose of propofol for anaesthetic induction. The use of methadone as a pre-anaesthetic agent and the infusion of remifentanil provided adequate analgesia based on the parameters evaluated.

Tratamento de tromboembolismo e preparo para implantação de prótese osteointegrada com oxigenioterapia hiperbárica em uma gata / Treatment of tromboembolism and preparation for an osseointegrated prothesis fixation with hyperbaric oxygen therapy in a kitten

Background: Ischemic neuromyopathy is the most common reason for amputation in cats. In veterinary medicine, the use of prosthetic limbs is not widespread; therefore, in most cases total limb amputation is indicated. However, hyperbaric oxygen therapy (HBOT) is an alternative with several benefits for the treatment of vascular disorders with reperfusion, ischemia, and infection. Therefore, this study aimed to report the positive effects of HBOT on the treatment of ischemic neuromyopathy secondary to arterial thromboembolism on the patient's clinical improvement, and on the preparation of the patient for insertion of an osseointegrated prosthesis. Case: A 6-month-old mixed-breed kitten returned for treatment after undergoing surgery seven days earlier for reduction of traumatic diaphragmatic hernia, during which it suffered a cardiorespiratory arrest. The patient presented with acute pelvic limb paralysis with 24-h evolution, absent femoral pulse, plantar cushions and dorsal part of the limbs cold and pale. After supportive therapy and diagnosis of aortic thromboembolism by arterial Doppler, the patient started adjunctive treatment with HBOT from the first day of hospitalization. Sessions took place in an exclusive hyperbaric chamber for animals and lasted 60 min at a pressure of 2.5 absolute atmospheres and 100% oxygen, initially every 12 h. However, during the first 5 days of hospitalization, the distal region of both pelvic limbs began to show tissue devitalization and edema, and hematologic parameters showed changes on the 7th day. The right pelvic limb (RPL) showed more involvement of superficial tissues, extending to the tarsometatarsal joint region. After 8 days of hospitalization, the devitalized tissue was debrided. The RPL had an extensive devitalized area with exposed bone in the phalanges and necrosis in the pads. The left pelvic limb (LPL) suffered minor complications, with involvement of the phalangeal region. After 12 days, with HBOT every 48 h, exuberant granulation tissue was observed. After 17 days, the patient was discharged, and HBOT sessions were performed weekly. Gangrene of the midfoot and lack of proprioception were observed in RPL, while LPL showed bone divulsion of the 1st, 3rd, and 4th phalanges. Because of the poor prognosis for limb viability, the RPL was partially amputated, and a self-threaded intraosseous prosthesis was inserted. Discussion: The cardiorespiratory arrest that occurred during the surgical procedure to reduce the diaphragmatic hernia without thromboprophylaxis may have contributed to the peripheral ischemia. HBOT was proposed for the adjuvant treatment of ischemic injury because it is especially indicated for cases of ischemia-reperfusion injury. The main hematological parameters were evaluated at an average interval of 7 days. While the platelet count and hematocrit increased, the leukocytosis decreased. This demonstrates the benefit of oxygen therapy in the reported patient. The use of HBOT in orthopedic injuries is known to result mainly in stimulation of osteoblasts, promoting osseointegration of the prosthesis. We conclude that the adjuvant treatment with HBOT helped to preserve a large segment of both pelvic limbs, prevent the progression of necrosis, and provide a healthy bed for fixation of an osseointegrated prosthesis in the RPL, resulting in clinical improvement of the patient.

Fratura de úmero em uma curicaca (Theristicus caudatus) - manejo anestésico e cirúrgico / Humerus fracture in a buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) - anesthesia and surgical procedures

Background: The medical science of birds, with the exception of aviculture, has a very short history compared to other subdisciplines of veterinary medicine. With this in mind, the current work aims to report the case of a buff-necked ibis with an open fracture of the left humerus, presenting the surgical treatment and anesthetic protocol used, in order to contribute to the avian medical literature. Case: An adult buff-necked ibis (Theristicus caudatus) was referred to the University Veterinary Hospital with an open fracture of the left humeral shaft, 7 days after rescue. During the physical examination, a skin lesion was identified in the fracture area, with signs of low vascularization, devitalization, necrotic tissues, and purulent secretions being noted. On radiographic examination, the fracture was classified as comminuted, with exposure of the left humeral shaft. After evaluating the limb, it was decided to amputate the wing, and 24 h later, the patient was referred to the operating room after fasting for 4 h. As pre-anesthetic medication, ketamine (20 mg/kg) and midazolam (1 mg/kg) were administered, both intramuscularly. Orotracheal intubation was performed, after which the tracheal tube was connected to a Baraka-type gas-free system and the supply of isoflurane was started through a universal vaporizer, diluted in 100% oxygen. For transoperative analgesia, brachial plexus block was performed using 2% lidocaine (2 mg/kg). During the surgical procedure, an incision was made in the skin and subcutaneous tissue in the middle third of the left humerus, and detachment of the greater deltoid muscle was performed with a periosteal elevator, followed by excision of the tensor propatagialis. In the ventrodorsal region, circular ligation of the brachial vein, ulnar vein and artery, and median-ulnar nerve was carried out, and disarticulation of the scapulacoracoid-humeral region. Subsequently, abolition of dead space and a myorrhaphy were performed, followed by demorrhaphy. In the immediate post-operative period, morphine (5 mg/kg), meloxicam (0.1 mg/kg), and enrofloxacin (10 mg/kg) were administered intramuscularly. The patient was discharged from the hospital 6 h after the end of the surgical procedure. Discussion: Interest in the conservation of wild birds is one of the causes of the increased demand for anesthetic and surgical procedures in these species. However, it is a challenge for professionals in the field. The use of analgesics is recommended for reasons of well-being, but also because of the possibility of reducing the concentration of inhalational anesthetics in surgical procedures. Ketamine associated with midazolam promotes sufficient sedation and muscle relaxation in the patient, enabling safe preoperative management, in addition to reducing the amount of inhaled anesthetics used during the transoperative period. Isofluorane promotes safe general anesthesia for birds and has an advantage over injectable drugs, as it provides better dynamic control of anesthetic depth in these species. The brachial plexus block performed is a simple procedure that promotes quality anesthesia and analgesia in the perioperative period. The choice for amputation was due to the absence of musculature for closure, severe skin, muscle, and bone devitalization, and the infectious process in the region, factors that would prevent osteosynthesis. Although amputation through the bone is preferable, the disarticulation technique was used due to the absence of a healthy proximal humeral fragment. The patient's death can be explained by the poor nutritional status the bird was in, as it presented an open fracture with severe contamination, a concomitant injury that occurred during the possible trauma, and the excessive time between the day of the trauma and the day of medical attendance. However, the surgical and anesthetic procedures were adequate and satisfactory for the patient. The importance of identifying and treating diseases secondary to contaminated fractures in these species is emphasized.

Anestesia regional intravenosa (bloqueio de Bier) em urubu-de-cabeça-preta (Coragyps atratus) submetido à amputação de dígito / Regional intravenous anaesthesia (Bier's block) in black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus) submitted to digit amputation

Background: The Coragyps atratus flies long distances in search of food and has a marked behaviour of food competition. Since they are frequently found in areas of recent human occupation, they are subject to trauma, which may require surgical interventions. Locoregional blocks are used as part of a balanced-anaesthesia protocol and are currently being evaluated in birds, with brachial plexus block being the main technique described in the literature. However, to our knowledge, this is the first description of intravenous regional anaesthesia (Bier's block) in a vulture. Thus, we aim to report the use of Bier's block with 1% lidocaine, in a black-headed vulture submitted to digit amputation. Case: A black-headed vulture (Coragyps atratus), weighing 2 kg, was rescued and referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to its inability to fly. Physical examination revealed a swollen digit in the right pelvic limb. Radiographic examination confirmed the intermediate phalanx fracture of the 4th digit of the right pelvic limb with signs suggestive of advanced osteomyelitis. The animal was referred to surgery for amputation of the affected digit. Before surgery, water and food were withdrawn for 12 h. Pre-anaesthetic medication consisted of 1 mg/kg midazolam and 0.5 mg/kg morphine intramuscularly (IM). Anaesthetic induction was performed through face mask with isoflurane, followed by orotracheal intubation with a 3 mm-endotracheal tube. Anaesthesia was maintained with isoflurane through a non-rebreathing circuit in 100% oxygen. Using a multiparametric monitor, heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), end-tidal CO2 (EtCO2 ), oxyhemoglobin saturation (SpO2 ), electrocardiography (ECG), systolic blood pressure (SBP) and core temperature (CT) were evaluated. Antisepsis of the right pelvic limb was performed and an elastic band was applied around the distal region of the affected tibia to serve as a tourniquet. A scalp vein set was used to access the lateral saphenous vein in the region distal to the tourniquet, and 5 mg/ kg lidocaine 1% was injected intravenously. The patient remained stable during the procedure, with no need for analgesic rescue. The tourniquet was gradually released 40 min past its application, being completely removed after 45 min of surgery. The anaesthetic supply was interrupted, with extubation after 4 min; the patient had satisfactory anaesthetic recovery. Discussion: The present report describes the success in using the technique of intravenous regional anaesthesia with 1% lidocaine for digit amputation performed on a specimen of black-headed vulture. The pre-anaesthetic medication provided analgesia, satisfactory sedation for venoclysis, and anaesthetic induction without complications. Anaesthetic induction and maintenance in birds are preferably performed with inhaled anaesthetics, thus the choice of mask induction. Despite the reduction in RR soon after induction, the patient remained on spontaneous ventilation. Bier's block using 5 mg/kg lidocaine showed to be an easy and safe technique in vultures, but doses up to 6 mg/kg lidocaine are not associated with adverse effects in birds. The intravenous regional anaesthesia technique described in this manuscript promoted adequate analgesia for the digit amputation procedure in black-headed vultures and allowed hemodynamic stability without significant anaesthetic complications. Thus, the present report points to the potential use of this locoregional block in other birds.

Amputation of the front medial digit of a Holstein cow - successful parturition and milk production

Background: Diseases of the bovine digit and hoof remain major problems in dairy farming and the beef cow industry. Severe claudication accompanying swelling and pain at the lesion is often observed in deep digital sepsis, septic arthritis, severe sole ulcers, and chronic interdigital phlegmon. In addition, digital amputation is often performed in cases of white line disease or severe trauma, such as bone fractures. There are few reports of amputation of the medial digit of the bovine front hoof. In this case, amputation of the medial digit of the front leg of a pregnant cow was performed; its hospitalization and return to productivity is reported. Case: The bovine was a 9-year-old Holstein cow in the 6th month of pregnancy, weighing 671 kg. Upon admission, the cow could not bear weight on its right front leg, and swelling and a purulent discharge were observed in the coronary area of the medial digit. X-ray examination results indicated a periosteal reaction centered on the 3rd phalanx of the medial digit of its right front leg hoof and slight periosteal reactions at the adaxial sides of the middle and proximal phalanges, strongly suggestive of septic arthritis caused by infection. According to the X-ray examination results, no abnormalities of the lateral digit of the front right hoof were observed; thus, it was estimated that the post-amputation hoof would be able to bear weight. Therefore, a decision was made to perform immediate amputation of the medial digit of the right front leg hoof to reduce pain for improved delivery of the offspring and improved milk production during the lactation period, rather than allowing the lesion progress until the dry period or the expected date of delivery. According to the X-ray examination results, amputation of the 1st phalanx alone was expected to suffice for removal of the cause of the pain; thus, a decision was made to perform amputation at the edge adjacent to the 2nd phalanx. The right front medial digit was prepared for aseptic surgery, and infiltration anesthesia was performed. An incision was made with a surgical knife at the interdigit of the right front limb. A wire saw was inserted into the site to cut the 2nd phalanx in the anti-axial direction down to the skin to resect the lesion. White viscous pus was discharged at the resection site; therefore, the wound was lavaged with tap water and packed with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze. The wound was also covered with a diaper and dressed with non-elastic and elastic bandages. The dressing was changed daily to aid wound healing. No problems were observed in the standing-up motion or other relevant movements immediately after the surgery. Granulation tissue formed rapidly, approximately 2 weeks after the surgery, and the lesion dried gradually. Approximately one month after the surgery, the subject exhibited little difficulty in both standing up and walking. The subject successfully delivered its 7th offspring at the farm on postoperative day 93. Discussion: The animal of this study was a 9-year-old, pregnant cow, and although amputation of the front medial digit is a relatively rare procedure, the cow was able to deliver and return to production, owing to sufficient postoperative treatment and care. The case also demonstrated the advantage of X-ray examination in bovine hoof diseases for accurate diagnosis, precise operation, and prognostic assessment.

Eletrocussão em Preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - abordagem clínica e cirúrgica / Electrocution in a sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - clinical and surgical approach

Background: High voltage electric shock causes serious injury to the body, which can lead to a fatal condition. Sloths are commonly the target of this type of accident and factors such as the degree of tissue impairment and late medical care can contribute to the death of the animal or the indication of euthanasia. In this way, the present study aims to describe the treatment strategies in Choloepus didactylus victim of high voltage electrocution. Case: A female sloth weighing 6.15 kg was treated at the Wild Animals Sector of the Veterinary Hospital (HV-SAS) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) victim of high voltage electric shock with burn on the right side face, stomatitis, glossitis, lesions extensive and bullous lesions in the thoracic and pelvic limbs, in addition to an open fracture in the radioulnar joint of the left limb with signs of necrosis. After patient stabilization (fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, pain control, cleaning and wound dressing), the patient was transfered to the impatient room. The main treatment strategies adopted were surgery, drug therapy, food and occupational therapy. The day after the patient's arrival, the amputation of the left thoracic limb was performed. On the third day of hospitalization, the right thoracic and pelvic limbs were also amputated, and on the tenth day, debridement of the right lateral face was performed. As for drug therapy, the following drugs were used postoperatively: ceftriaxone (40 mg/kg, BID, for 47 days), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, BID, for 4 days), silymarin (15 mg/kg, BID, for 30 days), morphine (0.4 mg/kg, BID, for 14 days; 0.8 mg/kg, SID, for 22 days) and dressing wounds on the lateral face and surgical stumps with ointment of collagenase with chloramphenicol. In food management, the animal had good acceptance of a mixture of fruits, vegetables and animal protein in a pasty presentation. The treatment by occupational therapy included basic care such as exercising, sunbathing, and desensitizing the surgical stumps (massage therapy). In conclusion, after five months, the therapeutic protocol implemented resulted in the clinical improvement of the animal, as it allowed the complete healing of the lesions on the face and surgical stumps. In addition, the care taken with the surgical stumps allowed the animal to use them as support for its locomotion. Discussion: Amputation and debridement surgeries were effective in treating electrocuted patients and should be considered when tissue is compromised, which justifies the surgical protocol adopted in this study. They were based on reports in humans, since in wild animals, although many are victims of this type of trauma, little is known about the appropriate therapeutic approach for each species. Surgical interventions associated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone were efficient for controlling the infection, since this antibiotic has a broad spectrum of activity, being used mainly in skin and soft tissue and/or bone infections, which justified its use in that patient. As for nutritional therapy, supplementation with animal protein may have contributed to the clinical improvement of the animal, since they are excellent components for tissue recovery in patients who suffered losses from burns caused by electric shocks. Stump desensitization is indicated as a treatment for neuropathic pain in amputees, and in the present study, it was essential for the animal to use the limb for locomotion. The exercises in a grassy area associated with sunbathing added as a stimulus to the patient's movement.

Lumbar paravertebral block in a rabbit (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submitted to pelvic limb amputation: case report / Bloqueio paravertebral lombar em coelho (Oryctolagus cuniculus) submetido à amputação de membro pélvico: relato de caso

The concern about pain management in exotic mammals is increasing. However, only a few studies describe locoregional anesthesia techniques in rabbits. Thus, this report aims to describe the lumbar paravertebral block, guided by peripheral nerve stimulation, in a rabbit undergoing mid-femoral amputation. We received a one-year-old rabbit weighing 1.27kg with a history of non-union of the right femur and osteomyelitis. The animal came to us for high pelvic limb amputation. After premedication with ketamine, midazolam, and morphine, the patient was maintained under general anesthesia in a non-rebreathing circuit under spontaneous ventilation with isoflurane vaporized in 0.6 oxygen. Using a peripheral nerve stimulator, we performed the lumbar paravertebral block, positioning the needle between the L5 and L6 vertebrae and injecting 0.2mL/kg bupivacaine. The patient remained stable throughout the procedure, without the need for analgesic rescue with opioids during surgery and postoperatively. The discharge occurred after 24 hours. The lumbar paravertebral block proved efficient for trans and postoperative analgesia for high pelvic limbic amputation in rabbits.

A preocupação quanto ao manejo da dor em mamíferos exóticos é crescente, entretanto existem poucos estudos que descrevem o uso de técnicas de anestesia locorregional em coelhos. Assim, este relato tem por objetivo descrever o bloqueio paravertebral lombar guiado por neurolocalizador em um coelho submetido à amputação mediofemoral. Um coelho de um ano de idade e 1,27kg foi atendido com histórico de não união de fêmur direito e osteomielite, sendo encaminhado para amputação alta do membro pélvico. Após pré-medicação com cetamina, midazolam e morfina, o paciente foi mantido sob anestesia geral em circuito sem reinalação de gases, sob ventilação espontânea com isoflurano vaporizado em 0,6 de oxigênio. O bloqueio do plexo lombar foi realizado pela abordagem paravertebral, com o auxílio de neurolocalizador, sendo a agulha posicionada entre as vértebras L5 e L6 e injeção de 0,2mL/kg de bupivacaína 0,5%. O paciente manteve-se estável durante todo o procedimento, sem a necessidade de resgate analgésico com opioides no trans e no pós-operatório. O paciente recebeu alta médica após 24 horas. O bloqueio lombar paravertebral demonstrou-se eficiente para analgesia trans e pós-operatória no procedimento de amputação alta de membro pélvico de coelho.

Lipoma infiltrativo em membro torácico esquerdo e parte do tórax de um Shin Tzu / Infiltrative lipoma covering the left thoracic member and part of the chest in Shih Tzu

O lipoma infiltrativo é uma neoplasia benigna rara que acomete os adipócitos. Apresenta etiologia desconhecida, sem raça predisponente. É altamente agressivo, não metastático e com índices de recidivas significativos. Um cão da raça Shih Tzu, macho, castrado e com 7 anos e 7 meses foi atendido na clínica veterinária da Universidade Salvador, com queixa de tumoração em membro torácico esquerdo, presente já há 5 anos. Exames de imagem, histopatológico e cirurgia confirmaram o diagnóstico de lipoma infiltrativo em tórax e membro torácico esquerdo. O tratamento preconizado foi amputação do membro devido a magnitude da infiltração. Para o pós-operatório foi realizada fisioterapia e acompanhamento. A recidiva, em região dorsal, se deu após 82 dias de cirurgia e novamente se optou pelo procedimento cirúrgico.

Infiltrative lipoma is a rare benign neoplasm that affects adipocytes. It has unknown etiology, with no predisposing race. It is highly aggressive, non-metastatic and with significant relapse rates. A Shih Tzu dog, male, neutered, 7 years and 7 months old, was seen at the veterinary clinic of Salvador University, complaining of tumor in the left thoracic limb. Imaging, surgery and histopathological exams to confirm the diagnosis of infiltrative lipoma in the chest and left thoracic limb presente for 5 years. The recommended treatment was amputation of the limb due to the magnitude of the infiltration. In the postoperative period, physiotherapy and follow-up were performed, recurrence in the dorsal region occurred 82 days after the surgery and the surgical procedure was again chosen.

Pelvic limb amputation in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) traumatized by an agricultural harvester

Background: The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) returned to the category of vulnerable by the 2014 IUCN /SSC, due to the population reduction, less than 30%. The main reasons are: environmental degradation and fragmentation,being run over, burning, attacks by hunting dogs, illegal trade and diseases. It is very common to find these fractured patientsand the treatment is mostly surgical. Amputation is indicated when there are extensive lacerations and when reconstructivesurgery is not possible. The objective is to report a viable treatment option in fractured wild patients, contributing to thepreservation of the species.Case: It was received at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Halim Atique - UNIRP an young female giant anteater (M. tridactyla)weighing 5.75 kg, brought by the Environmental Forestry Police of the municipality of São José do Rio Preto - SP, foundin the region of Olímpia at a gas station. The animal was traumatized by an agricultural harvester, with partial traumaticamputation in the left pelvic limb and tail. In the preoperative period, the patient was admitted to hospital under assistedcare, analgesia and all the necessary support for stabilization. High amputation was performed, with hip disarticulationand treatment of the tail wound, which was initially opted for healing in the first intention, where sutures were used toapproach the edges of the wound, but presented dehiscence and was treated as a second intention. There were almost 2months of care with specific food, cleaning of the enclosures, medications and dressings. After 57 days of hospitalization,the patient was transferred to the Municipal Zoo of São José do Rio Preto - SP, where it...(AU)

Pelvic limb amputation in a giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) traumatized by an agricultural harvester

Background: The giant anteater (Myrmecophaga tridactyla) returned to the category of vulnerable by the 2014 IUCN /SSC, due to the population reduction, less than 30%. The main reasons are: environmental degradation and fragmentation,being run over, burning, attacks by hunting dogs, illegal trade and diseases. It is very common to find these fractured patientsand the treatment is mostly surgical. Amputation is indicated when there are extensive lacerations and when reconstructivesurgery is not possible. The objective is to report a viable treatment option in fractured wild patients, contributing to thepreservation of the species.Case: It was received at the Veterinary Hospital Dr. Halim Atique - UNIRP an young female giant anteater (M. tridactyla)weighing 5.75 kg, brought by the Environmental Forestry Police of the municipality of São José do Rio Preto - SP, foundin the region of Olímpia at a gas station. The animal was traumatized by an agricultural harvester, with partial traumaticamputation in the left pelvic limb and tail. In the preoperative period, the patient was admitted to hospital under assistedcare, analgesia and all the necessary support for stabilization. High amputation was performed, with hip disarticulationand treatment of the tail wound, which was initially opted for healing in the first intention, where sutures were used toapproach the edges of the wound, but presented dehiscence and was treated as a second intention. There were almost 2months of care with specific food, cleaning of the enclosures, medications and dressings. After 57 days of hospitalization,the patient was transferred to the Municipal Zoo of São José do Rio Preto - SP, where it...

Clinical and morphological justification of the treatment of purulonecrotic lesion in deep structures of limb distal segment in pig: case report / [Justificativa clínica e morfológica do tratamento de lesão purulonecrótica em estruturas profundas do segmento distal de membros em porco: relato de caso]

Surgical pathology of the musculoskeletal system, and in particular the diseases of the limb distal segment in pigs are quite common. Their significant spread leads to economic losses due to culling, compulsory slaughter, short-received pig production and pig crop. The purpose of this work was to reveal clinical and morphological features of limb distal segment diseases in pigs and to study the possibility of preserving their health and productivity. The conservative treatment of purulonecrotic lesions in the deep structures of the limb distal segment in pigs is not promising. It is shown that the best way to treat a given pathology is amputation of a sick limb. The technique of carrying out exarticulation of talus shin consists in separation of soft tissues, capsule and ligaments, ligation of vessels, formation of stump. The postoperative recovery period of the animal body is 25 days.(AU)

A patologia cirúrgica do sistema musculoesquelético e, em particular, as doenças do segmento distal dos membros em suínos são bastante comuns. A sua propagação significativa leva a perdas econômicas devido ao abate seletivo, abate obrigatório, produção de suínos pouco recebida e colheita de suínos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revelar características clínicas e morfológicas das doenças do segmento distal de membros em suínos e estudar a possibilidade de preservar sua saúde e produtividade. O tratamento conservador das lesões purulonecróticas nas estruturas profundas do segmento distal do membro em porcos não é promissor. Fica estabelecido que a melhor forma de tratar uma determinada patologia é a amputação de um membro doente. A técnica de realizar a exarticulação da canela do talos consiste na separação dos tecidos moles, cápsula e ligamentos, ligadura dos vasos, formação do coto. O período de recuperação pós-operatória do corpo do animal é de 25 dias.(AU)

Comparison between infrared and hot-blade beak trimming methods in white and brown pullets: performance, organ and bone development / [Comparativo entre debicagem infravermelha e por lâmina-quente em linhagens de frangas leves e semi-pesadas: desempenho, desenvolvimento ósseo e de órgãos]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate infrared beak trimming versus hot-blade beak trimming on performance, organ and bone development of laying pullets, using 240 birds, at 0-16 weeks of age, from two strains (white layer - Hy-Line W36 and brown layer - Hy-Line Brown). Infrared debeaking was performed on the first day of life in the hatchery, whereas hot-blade beak trimming was performed at eight days of age. Zootechnical performance at 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age was analyzed. At the end of the trial, one Bird per experimental unit was euthanized for liver, gizzard, proventriculus, heart and small intestine relative weight evaluation. Both tibiotarsus were collected to measure bone breaking resistance, bone mineral content and bone densitometry. There was higher body weight and feed intake in both bird strains submitted to infrared beak trimming. Additionally, hot-blade white layers presented lower body development and feed intake. The debeaking methods did not influence relative organ weights or tibiotarsus parameters evaluated. We conclude that the infrared beak trimming method promotes better pullet body development than the conventional hot-blade method, improving feed intake, without compromising organ and bone development, being a more adequate debeaking method to be used in layer production.(AU)

Para avaliar a debicagem infravermelha versus a debicagem pelo método da lâmina quente no desempenho, no desenvolvimento de órgãos e na qualidade óssea de poedeiras em recria, foram utilizadas 240 aves, entre zero e 16 semanas de idade, em duas linhagens (branca - Hy-Line W36 e vermelha - Hy-Line Brown). A debicagem por infravermelho foi realizada no primeiro dia de vida no incubatório, enquanto a debicagem com lâmina quente foi realizada aos oito dias de idade. Analisou-se o desempenho zootécnico na sexta, nona, 12ª e 15ª semanas de idade. No final do estudo, uma ave por unidade experimental foi eutanasiada para avaliação do peso relativo do fígado, da moela, do proventrículo, do coração e do intestino delgado, e ossos do tibiotarso foram coletados para avaliação da resistência à ruptura, do conteúdo mineral e da densitometria óssea. Houve maior peso corporal e consumo alimentar nas aves pertencentes às duas linhagens quando submetidas à debicagem por infravermelho, sem haver influência sobre o peso relativo dos órgãos e a qualidade óssea. Conclui-se que o método de debicagem por radiação infravermelha promove melhor desenvolvimento corporal das frangas em relação à debicagem por lâmina quente, melhorando consumo de ração, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento de órgãos e ossos, sendo mais adequada para utilização na avicultura de postura comercial.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.(AU)

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calf’s forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calfs forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...(AU)

Anestesia multimodal em agapornis personata submetido a amputação de asa / Multimodal anesthesia in Agapornis personata submitted to wing amputation

Existem poucos estudos para padronizar farmacologicamente o uso de drogas anestésica em aves, sendo comum serem encontradas diferentes condutas profissionais. O presente estudo relata um procedimento anestésico de um psitacídeo de 9 meses atendido no setor de Animais Silvestres e Exóticos do Hospital Veterinário da UFBA. A ave foi submetida a anestesia geral para amputação da asa esquerda, mantida sob anestesia inalatória com isufluorano via máscara orofacial, além de um protocolo pré-anestésico composto pelo butorfanol (1 mg/kg) e midazolam (0,4 mg/kg). A lidocaína sem vasoconstritor (2 mg/kg) foi utilizada na anestesia local para otimizar o procedimento. O animal foi monitorado durante todo o trans e pós-operatório, mantendo um plano anestésico adequado. A recuperação foi segura e relativamente rápida. O animal teve alta no mesmo dia, estando estável e alerta. O proprietário relatou que a ave não demonstrou sinais de dor, mantendo normal a ingestão de água e alimento menos de 24h após a alta. A partir do exposto, o processo anestésico foi bem-sucedido e o prognóstico é bom. Dessa maneira, o presente trabalho contribui com dados importantes para a comunidade científica da área, visto que o protocolo anestésico em aves ainda é pouco relatado.

There are few studies to pharmacologically standardize the use of anesthetic drugs in birds, and it is common to find different professional behaviors. The present study reports an anesthetic procedure of a 9-month parrot attended at the Wild and Exotic Animals sector of the UFBA Veterinary Hospital. The bird underwent general anesthesia for left wing amputation, maintained under inhalation anesthesia with isufluorane via orofacial mask, in addition to a pre-anesthetic protocol consisting of butorphanol (1 mg / kg) and midazolam (0.4 mg / kg). Lidocaine without vasoconstrictor (2 mg / kg) was used in local anesthesia to optimize the procedure. The animal was monitored throughout the trans and postoperative periods, maintaining an adequate anesthetic plan. Recovery was safe and relatively fast. The animal was discharged on the same day, being stable and alert. The owner reported that the bird showed no signs of pain, maintaining normal food and water intake less than 24 hours after discharge. From the above, the anesthetic process was successful and the prognosis is good. Thus, the present study contributes important data to the scientific community in the area, since the anesthetic protocol in birds is still poorly reported.

Bloqueio do plexo braquial com uso de neuroestimulador em coruja-orelhuda (Asio clamator) submetida à amputação de asa / Brachial plexus block with use of a neurostimulator in a striped owl (Asio clamator) undergoing wing amputation

Background: The use of distinct drugs and techniques for establishing balanced anesthesia protocols has shown promisingresults in birds. The techniques of locoregional block can be incorporated to these protocols, thereby providing intra- andpost-operative analgesia and reducing the requirement for general anesthesia. Additionally, the use of neurostimulatorsincreases the chances of success and reduces the risk of toxicity; however, there are limited reports in the literature of itsapplicability in wild birds. Therefore, the aim of this study was to describe the brachial plexus block technique guidedusing a neurolocalizer in a striped owl (Asio clamator) submitted for right wing amputation.Case: A striped owl weighing 400 g with a history of exposed fracture of the right wing was supplied by the clinical sectorat the Veterinarian Hospital of the Federal University of Bahia. Following hydration and stabilization of vital signs, theanimal was referred to the surgical center for amputation of the limb. Dexmedetomidine (10 µg.kg−1 IM) was administeredas premedication, and after 20 min, anesthetic induction was performed using sevoflurane (FiO2 = 100%) via a mask followed by maintenance using the same drug. The animal was positioned in a left lateral decubitus position with access to thebrachial plexus determined by palpation and identification of the border of the following muscles: pectoral, cranial branchof the brachial biceps, and dorsal branch of the ventral serratus. The brachial plexus nerves are situated in the subcutaneous site craniodorsal to the axillary depression. For the block, a neurolocalizer was used, fixing the positive electrode toapproximately 5 cm from the needle insertion site (21G × 2’”) in the axillary depression, which remained connected to theneurostimulator by the second electrode. At first, the needle was attached to the peripheral nerve stimulator using a pulsefrequency of 1 Hz with an...

Forelimb amputation and long-term follow-Up in a female donkey

Background: Limb amputation may be a life-saving procedure for animals and minimally impact their comfort and qualityof life, as previously reported in pets. This procedure is an appropriate alternative to euthanasia when catastrophic injury toa limb prevents its successful restoration. In horses, limb amputation has been performed for the past 40 years. Althoughin the reviewed literature there are no scientific reports of limb amputation in donkeys. This paper aimed to report a successful forelimb amputation and long-term follow-up in a female donkey.Case: A 10-month-old and 95 kg female Nordestino donkey was evaluated for a wound with bone exposition on the leftforelimb. Physical examination revealed that the donkey was alert with moderate body condition score, tachycardia, tachypnea, and a medial wound revealing the necrotic aspect of the left radius. Radiographic examination presented Salter-Harristype 1 exposed radius fracture. Hematology revealed normocytic and normochromic anemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia.Due to the catastrophic injury and no forecast for building a prosthesis, the donkey underwent general anesthesia for leftforelimb amputation through the midhumerus diaphysis. A fish-mouth skin incision was performed on the midhumerus,the underlying musculature was dissected and the vessels ligated until the bone could be accessed. Then, a sterile sawwire was used to transect it, and bone edges were rounded. Muscle and fascia were harvested with the skin to provideadditional padding at the end of the stump. Postoperatively, the donkey was submitted to broad spectrum antibiotic, antiinflammatory and analgesic therapy, and tetanus prophylaxis. Preventative treatment for overload laminitis included frogsupport pads and resting leagues on all three legs. No short-term complications were observed and the donkey made a fullrecovery. Long-term complications included fistula formation on the stump, and distal interphalangeal joint...

Forelimb amputation and long-term follow-Up in a female donkey

Background: Limb amputation may be a life-saving procedure for animals and minimally impact their comfort and qualityof life, as previously reported in pets. This procedure is an appropriate alternative to euthanasia when catastrophic injury toa limb prevents its successful restoration. In horses, limb amputation has been performed for the past 40 years. Althoughin the reviewed literature there are no scientific reports of limb amputation in donkeys. This paper aimed to report a successful forelimb amputation and long-term follow-up in a female donkey.Case: A 10-month-old and 95 kg female Nordestino donkey was evaluated for a wound with bone exposition on the leftforelimb. Physical examination revealed that the donkey was alert with moderate body condition score, tachycardia, tachypnea, and a medial wound revealing the necrotic aspect of the left radius. Radiographic examination presented Salter-Harristype 1 exposed radius fracture. Hematology revealed normocytic and normochromic anemia, and hyperfibrinogenemia.Due to the catastrophic injury and no forecast for building a prosthesis, the donkey underwent general anesthesia for leftforelimb amputation through the midhumerus diaphysis. A fish-mouth skin incision was performed on the midhumerus,the underlying musculature was dissected and the vessels ligated until the bone could be accessed. Then, a sterile sawwire was used to transect it, and bone edges were rounded. Muscle and fascia were harvested with the skin to provideadditional padding at the end of the stump. Postoperatively, the donkey was submitted to broad spectrum antibiotic, antiinflammatory and analgesic therapy, and tetanus prophylaxis. Preventative treatment for overload laminitis included frogsupport pads and resting leagues on all three legs. No short-term complications were observed and the donkey made a fullrecovery. Long-term complications included fistula formation on the stump, and distal interphalangeal joint...(AU)