Genetic differentiation of five sea cucumber species from the Red Sea, Hurghada, Egypt / Diferenciação genética de cinco espécies de pepino-do-mar do Mar Vermelho, Hurghada, Egito

This study aimed to assess the genetic differentiation and relationship among five sea cucumber species from the Red Sea in Egypt, namely Holothuria atra, H. impatiens, H. leucospilota, Actinopyga crassa and A. mauritiana, using Inter Simple Sequence Repeated (ISSR) and Start Codon Targeted (SCoT) markers. A collection of 100 specimens, with 20 individuals per species, was gathered for the analysis. With ten ISSR primers, 135 amplified bands were detected, including 11 distinct species-specific bands, indicating high-level polymorphism among species. Using ten SCoT primers, 151 amplicons were generated, including 30 species-specific bands, with 52% polymorphic bands indicating high-level polymorphism among species. The degree of genetic similarity (GS) among the different genotypes of species was calculated based on ISSR bands analysis, which ranged from 93% between H. atra and H. impatiens to 86% between H. atra and A. crassa. The highest genetic similarity was observed between H. atra and H. impatiens (90%), while the lowest was identified between A. crassa and A. mauritiana (75%) using SCoT bands. Notably, the ISSR and SCoT-based DNA analysis revealed similar genetic relationships between H. atra and H. impatiens compared to other sea cucumber species studied. This study provides new insights into the genetic diversity and relationship among sea cucumber species in the Red Sea, which could have implications for their conservation and management.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a diferenciação genética e a relação entre cinco espécies de pepinos-do-mar do Mar Vermelho no Egito, quais sejam, Holothuria atra, Holothuria impatiens, Holothuria leucospilota, Actinopyga crassa e Actinopyga mauritiana, usando marcadores Inter Simple Sequence Repeated (ISSR) e Start Codon Targeted (SCoT). Uma coleção de 100 espécimes, com 20 indivíduos por espécie, foi reunida para análise. Com 10 primers ISSR, 135 bandas amplificadas foram detectadas, incluindo 11 bandas específicas de espécies distintas, indicando polimorfismo de alto nível entre as espécies. Usando 10 primers SCoT, 151 amplicons foram gerados, incluindo 30 bandas específicas da espécie, com 52% de bandas polimórficas indicando polimorfismo de alto nível entre as espécies. O grau de similaridade genética (GS) entre os diferentes genótipos das espécies foi calculado com base na análise das bandas ISSR, que variou de 93% entre H. atra e H. impatiens a 86% entre H. atra e A. crassa. A maior similaridade genética foi observada entre H. atra e H. impatiens (90%), enquanto a menor foi identificada entre A. crassa e A. mauritiana (75%) usando bandas SCoT. Notavelmente, a análise de DNA baseada em ISSR e SCoT revelou relações genéticas semelhantes entre H. atra e H. impatiens em comparação com outras espécies de pepino-do-mar estudadas. Este estudo fornece novas informações sobre a diversidade genética e a relação entre as espécies de pepino-do-mar no Mar Vermelho, o que pode ter implicações para sua conservação e manejo.

Description and phylogenetic position of a new species of Rhyacoglanis (Siluriformes: Pseudopimelodidae) from the Jamanxim River basin

In this study, a new species of Rhyacoglanis is described from the Jamanxim River basin, Tapajós River basin. The new species differs from congeners based on the combination of the following diagnostic characters: two oblique dark bands formed by an agglomerate of melanophores on the predorsal region; dorsal confluence between the dark subdorsal and subadipose bands in large juveniles and adults; ventral confluence between the dark subadipose and caudal peduncle bands; body without conspicuous dark brown spots; complete dark band on caudal peduncle; body with three dark bands; a thin dark caudal-fin band; pectoral-fin spine with anterior serrae distributed along the entire margin; the posterior tip of the post-cleithral process reaching vertical through the base of the dorsal-fin spine; and hypural 5 free of hypural 3 and 4 and pointed caudal-fin lobes. Additionally, our molecular phylogenetic results using ultraconserved elements (UCEs) corroborate the new species as Rhyacoglanis and sister to an undescribed species of Rhyacoglanis from the Xingu River basin. Moreover, as pointed out in previous studies, we confirm Cruciglanis as a sister group to Pseudopimelodus plus Rhyacoglanis.(AU)

Neste estudo, uma nova espécie de Rhyacoglanis é descrita para a bacia do rio Jamanxim, bacia do rio Tapajós. A nova espécie difere de congêneres com base na combinação dos seguintes caracteres diagnósticos: duas faixas escuras oblíquas formadas por um aglomerado de melanóforos na região predorsal, confluência dorsal entre as faixas subdorsais escuras e subadiposas em adultos grandes, confluência ventral entre as faixas subadiposas escuras e do pedúnculo caudal em adultos grandes, corpo sem manchas escuras proeminentes de cor marrom, faixa escura completa no pedúnculo caudal, corpo com três faixas escuras e uma fina faixa escura na nadadeira caudal, espinho da nadadeira peitoral com serrilhas anteriores distribuídas ao longo de toda a margem, extremidade posterior do processo pós-cleitral atingindo verticalmente a base do espinho da nadadeira dorsal, hipural 5 livre dos hipurais 3 e 4 e lobos da nadadeira caudal pontiagudos. Adicionalmente, nossos resultados filogenéticos moleculares utilizando elementos ultraconservados (UCEs) corroboram a nova espécie como Rhyacoglanis é irmã de uma espécie não descrita de Rhyacoglanis da bacia do rio Xingu. Além disso, como apontado em estudos anteriores, confirmamos que Cruciglanis é um grupo irmão de Pseudopimelodus mais Rhyacoglanis.(AU)

Tracking of thermal microbial shock proteins and genomic variation of Bacillus cereus due to some abiotic stresses / Rastreamento de proteínas de choque microbiano térmico e variação genômica de Bacillus cereus devido a alguns estresses abióticos

Bacillus cereus is considered the most potent bacterial strain in terms of the increment in induced proteins during thermal treatment at 52 °C for 90 min. Protein production in food-born microorganism (Bacillus cereus) recovered from contaminated food was investigated in response to heat shock treatment. Bacterial tolerance towards pH, salinity, and temperature at various levels was also investigated. Heat-shock proteins (HSPs) produced when exposed to 52 °C for up to 60 minutes led to significant differences (30%) above the untreated control (37 °C), and the maximum difference was recorded at 52°C at 90 minutes. ISSR detected a higher number of bands/primer than RAPD (13.7 vs. 12.7, respectively), and more polymorphic bands (10.7 vs. 8.4 bands/primer, respectively). The untreated bacterial strain did not grow at pH levels lower than 3, whereas the thermally treated strain grew significantly at pH two. A consistent increase in HSPs was observed, with a gradual increase in salinity of less than 16%. Surprisingly, the gradual increase in temperature did not induce tolerance against higher temperatures. However, a significant growth rate was noticed in response to heat-shocked treatments. The untreated Bacillus cereus demonstrated antibiotic resistance to gentamycin and clindamycin (1.54 and 1.65 cm, respectively), much lower than the corresponding inhibition areas with preheat-treated test pathogen which were recorded (2.37 and 2.49 cm, respectively).

Bacillus cereus é considerada a cepa bacteriana mais potente em termos de incremento de proteínas induzidas durante o tratamento térmico a 52 °C por 90 min. A produção de proteínas em microorganismos de origem alimentar (Bacillus cereus) recuperados de alimentos contaminados foi investigada em resposta ao tratamento de choque térmico. A tolerância bacteriana ao pH, salinidade e temperatura em vários níveis também foram investigadas. Proteínas de choque térmico (HSPs) produzidas quando expostas a 52 °C por até 60 minutos levaram a diferenças significativas (30%) acima do controle não tratado (37 °C), e a diferença máxima foi registrada a 52 °C em 90 minutos . O ISSR detectou um maior número de bandas/iniciador do que o RAPD (13,7 vs. 12,7, respectivamente) e mais bandas polimórficas (10,7 vs. 8,4 bandas/iniciador, respectivamente). A cepa bacteriana não tratada não cresceu em níveis de pH abaixo de 3, enquanto a cepa tratada termicamente cresceu significativamente em pH dois. Observou-se aumento consistente de HSPs, com aumento gradual da salinidade inferior a 16%. Surpreendentemente, o aumento gradual da temperatura não induziu tolerância a temperaturas mais altas. No entanto, uma taxa de crescimento significativa foi observada em resposta aos tratamentos de choque térmico. O Bacillus cereus não tratado demonstrou resistência antibiótica à gentamicina e clindamicina (1,54 e 1,65 cm, respectivamente), muito menor do que as áreas de inibição correspondentes com patógeno de teste pré-tratado que foram registradas (2,37 e 2,49 cm, respectivamente).

Effect of thinning eucalyptus trees on soybean productivity in integrated crop-livestock-forestry systems / Efeito do desbaste das árvores de eucalipto sobre rendimento da soja em sistemas de integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta

The aim of the study was to evaluate the effects of integrated crop-livestock-forestry (ICLF) systems and the thinning of eucalyptus trees on the agronomical performance of soybean. Treatments consisted of cultivation under: crops under full sunlight (CFS) conditions; ICLF with triple-row tree configuration (ICLFT) in which trees were submitted to selective thinning in the fifth year after planting through removal of 50% of trees while maintaining triple-row bands; and ICLF with single-row tree band configuration (ICLFS) in which the lateral rows of the triple-row tree bands were subjected to systematic thinning at the fourth year after planting. The physiological and agronomical variables of the soybean crop were evaluated at the R5 and R8 reproductive stages during the eighth harvesting season (2018/2019). Soybean sampling was carried out at five random positions in the CFS and in four transects at distances of 3, 6, 10 and 15 m from the tree bands in both the north and south faces of the ICLF systems. There were no differences between soybean grown under the ICLF and CFS systems with respect to specific leaf area, plant density, lodging index and mass of a thousand grains. However, the ICLF increased dry leaf mass and leaf area index and reduced soybean plant heights. Soybean productivity was reduced by 26% in ICLF-T and 14% in ICLF-S, that is, a 12% reduction in the productivity loss with systematic thinning. It is concluded that ICLF reduces soybean productivity in the effective grain production area of the system, regardless of the degree of thinning, although systematic thinning by removing the lateral tree lines to conversion of triple-rows into single-rows minimizes the loss of soybean grain yield.

O objetivo do trabalho foi avaliar o efeito da integração lavoura-pecuária-floresta (ILPF) e do desbaste das árvores de eucalipto sobre o desempenho agronômico da soja. Os tratamentos consistiram em cultivo convencional a pleno sol (CPS), ILPF com configuração de fileira tripla (ILPF-T), em que as fileiras triplas de árvores foram submetidas ao desbaste seletivo no quinto ano após o plantio por meio da remoção de 50% das árvores e ILPF com configuração de fileira simples (ILPF-S), em que as faixas triplas de árvores foram submetidas ao desbaste sistemático no quarto ano após o plantio resultando em fileiras simples. As variáveis fisiológicas e agronômicas da soja foram avaliadas nos estágios reprodutivos R5 e R8 durante a oitava safra (2018/2019). As amostragens de soja foram realizadas em cinco posições aleatórias no CPS, enquanto as coletas foram realizadas em quatro transectos a distâncias de 3, 6, 10 e 15 m das faixas das árvores nas faces norte e sul dos sistemas ILPF. Não houve diferenças entre a soja cultivada nos sistemas ILPF e CPS em relação à área foliar específica, densidade de plantas, índice de acamamento e massa de mil grãos. No entanto, a ILPF aumentou a massa de folhas secas e o índice de área foliar e reduziu as alturas das plantas de soja. No desbaste seletivo de 50% das árvores (ILPF-T) a perda de produtividade da soja foi de 26%, enquanto no desbaste sistemático (ILPF-S) ela foi de 14%, ou seja, redução de 12% na perda de produtividade da soja. Portanto, a ILPF reduz o rendimento de grãos da soja independente da intensidade do desbaste realizado e o desbaste sistemático, com remoção das linhas laterais para conversão do sistema para linhas simples (ILPF-S) proporciona menor perda de rendimento de grãos da soja.

A new species of Loricaria (Loricariidae: Loricariinae) from the upper Amazon River basin, Colombia

A new species of Loricaria is described from the upper Amazon River basin, Colombia. The new species is distinguished from its congeners primarily by having the dorsal portion of head with uniform black or dark brown coloration extending to three or four plates posterior to dorsal fin base, or with two longitudinal bands from tip of the snout to origin of dorsal fin; abdominal plates tightly joined and completely covering the median abdominal space and pectoral girdle; and pectoral and dorsal fins totally black or dark brown, without bands, spots, or blotches. The new species is further distinguished by plate counts, and body measurements. An analysis of genetic distances using the cytochrome oxidase c subunit 1 marker of the mitochondrial genome showed a clear differentiation between the new species and Loricaria cataphracta (5.8-7.6%), L. nickeriensis (5.7-6.1%), and L. simillima (2.7-7.0%). Species delimitation analyses were carried out, which further supported the new species as a divergent lineage within the genus. Fish species diversity of the upper Amazon River basin and taxonomic issues related to L. simillima are included as part of the discussion.(AU)

Se describe una nueva especie de Loricaria de la cuenca alta del río Amazonas, Colombia. La nueva especie se distingue de sus congéneres principalmente por presentar la parte dorsal de la cabeza con un color uniforme negro o marrón oscuro que se extiende a tres o cuatro placas posteriores a la base de la aleta dorsal, o con dos franjas longitudinales desde la punta del hocico hasta el origen de la aleta dorsal; placas abdominales unidas y cubriendo completamente la porción central del abdomen y la cintura pectoral; y aletas pectorales y dorsal completamente negras o marrón oscuro, sin bandas ni manchas. La nueva especie se distingue además por conteos de placas y medidas corporales. Un análisis de distancias genéticas utilizando el marcador de la subunidad 1 del citocromo oxidasa c del genoma mitocondrial mostró una clara diferenciación entre la nueva especie y Loricariacataphracta (5,8-7,6%), L. nickeriensis (5,7-6,1%) y L. simillima (2,7-7,0%). Adicionalmente se realizaron análisis de delimitación de especies, lo que mostró información adicional para reconocer la nueva especie como un linaje divergente dentro del género. La diversidad de especies de peces en la parte superior del río Amazonas y cuestiones taxonómicas relacionadas con L. simillima se incluyen como parte de la discusión.(AU)

Congenital extrahepatic portosystemic deviation of gastric vein with azygos in a bitch

Background: Portosystemic shunt (PSS), an alteration commonly found in toy dogs, is caused by an anastomosis between the systemic and portal circulation, interfering with the metabolism of several toxins. It can be of congenital or acquired origin and is classified as intra- or extrahepatic. Clinical signs include the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, and urinary system according to the fraction of the shunt. It is diagnosed by several imaging tests and exploratory laparotomy. Therapy involves drug therapy and/or surgical correction of the anomalous vessels. Thus, the aim is to present an unusual case of extrahepatic cPSS originating from the left gastric vein and insertion into the azygos vein. Case: A 2-year-old female toy poodle, spayed, weighing 2.7 kg was treated with a history of recurrent cystitis and neurological signs such as focal seizures, ataxia, tremors, blindness, lethargy, head pressing, and compulsive gait. Complementary tests revealed normochromic microcytic anemia, neutrophilia-induced leukocytosis, monocytosis, and lymphopenia. Biochemical analysis revealed hypoproteinemia due to hypoglobulinemia, an increase in alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, alkaline phosphatase, and gamma-glutamyl transferase, and a decrease in urea. In the urinalysis, ammonium biurate crystals were detected, and Doppler ultrasound revealed microhepathy and the presence of an anomalous gastrosplenic vein inserted into the azygos vein, a finding compatible with the congenital extrahepatic PSS. Abdominal tomography confirmed vascular deviation with a sinuous path originating from the left gastric and splenic veins, inserting into the azygos vein, measuring approximately 5.95 cm in length. Cranial tomography revealed changes consistent with hepatic encephalopathy. Drug therapy was performed with hydration, liver chow, lactulose, probiotics, metronidazole, S-adenosyl-L-methionine, and ursodeoxycholic acid, and after 15 days, surgery was performed to place a 3.5 mm ameroid constrictor ring for gradual occlusion of the anomalous vessel. The animal recovered well, and a control abdominal ultrasound was repeated 30 days after the procedure, noting that the constrictor had not yet fully occluded the deviation. Doppler imaging revealed a favorable evolution with an increase in the diameter of the portal vein in the hepatopetal direction. The patient was followed-up for a year and had a normal and healthy life. Discussion: Extrahepatic PSS is frequently diagnosed in purebred and toy dogs, commonly occurring between the portal vein and one of its tributaries, with a lower frequency of anomalous vessels between the azygos veins, as in the present report. The patient's age and clinical signs were compatible with the disease, in addition to ammonia biurate crystals and hematological and biochemical alterations. The neurological clinical signs observed were compatible with hepatic encephalopathy secondary to congenital PSS. The imaging examinations facilitated the identification of the extrahepatic vascular anomaly, with the tomography being more accurate and helping in proper surgical planning. Clinical treatment should be performed for presurgical stabilization, and occlusion can be performed by placing cellophane bands or an ameroid constrictor, which is the technique of choice for congenital PSS, as it allows for slow constriction to avoid acute portal hypertension, as in this case, emphasizing that anesthesia in animals with portosystemic shunts must be performed with care.

Eco-friendly fungicide based on chitosan and pecan nut oil: development and evaluation in anthracnose control

Industrial processing of pecan nuts results in edible oil ­ with fractions of fatty acids, polyphenols and phytosterols - that may be used for managing phytopathogens. Besides, chitosan may interfere with pathogen development directly and/or activate mechanisms of defense in plant tissues. This study aimed at developing a novel, natural and eco-friendly fungicide based on pecan nut oil immobilized in chitosan and at evaluating its activity against Colletotrichum gloeosporioides, an agent of anthracnose in guava trees and other fruit trees. Changes in the immobilized material exhibited at bands were identified by infrared spectroscopy. Additionally, micrographs by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) showed efficient changes in the immobilized material, by comparison with the polymer chitosan. Decreases in Colletotrichum gloeosporioides sporulation in vitro were 37% in the case of pecan nut oil immobilized in chitosan (IO) and 39% in the case of non-immobilized pecan nut oil (NIO). These results are positive because this fungus produces a large number of spores which may disseminate and survive on surfaces of plant tissues infected by anthracnose. Immobilization of pecan oil in chitosan showed benefits in the synthesis of a novel, stable and eco-friendly material which may be applied to guava trees to control anthracnose.(AU)

A new species of Characidium (Characiformes: Crenuchidae) from the rio Doce basin, Brazil

A new species of Characidium is described from the tributaries of the upper and middle rio Doce basin, Minas Gerais, Brazil. The new species is distinguished from most congeners, except C. cricarense, C. hasemani, C. helmeri, C. kalunga, C. pterostictum, C. schubarti, C. summus, and C. travassosi by lacking scales in the area between the anterior limit of the isthmus and the anterior margin of cleithrum. The new species differs from the aforementioned species by a series of characters, including the presence of the adipose fin, 2­-4 scales between the anus and anal fin, two rows of dentary teeth, presence of the parietal branch of the supraorbital canal, 4 scale rows above the lateral line, and absence of two conspicuous inclined dark bands on each caudal-fin lobe. The new species further differs from most congeners with an unscaled ventral surface of the isthmus by the presence of 33-34 pored scales on the lateral line and by the dark dashes on the caudal fin-rays not forming well-defined bands.(AU)

Uma nova espécie de Characidium é descrita de afluentes do alto e médio curso da bacia do rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil. A nova espécie se distingue da maioria das congêneres, exceto C. cricarense, C. hasemani, C. helmeri, C. kalunga, C. pterostictum, C. schubarti, C. summus e C. travassosi pela falta de escamas na área entre o limite anterior do istmo e a margem anterior do cleitro. A nova espécie difere das espécies acima mencionadas por uma série de caracteres, incluindo a presença de nadadeira adiposa, 2-4 escamas entre o ânus e a nadadeira anal, duas séries de dentes no dentário, ramo parietal do canal supraorbital presente, 4 séries de escamas acima da linha lateral e ausência de duas bandas escuras inclinadas em cada lobo da nadadeira caudal. A nova espécie difere ainda mais da maioria das congêneres com superfície ventral sem escamas no istmo por ter 33-34 escamas perfuradas na linha lateral e traços escuros nos raios da nadadeira caudal não formando bandas bem definidas.(AU)

Pelger-Huёt anomaly in a bitch Basenji

Background: Pelger-Huët anomaly (PHA) is characterized by morphological changes in all granulocytes, being more evident in neutrophils. Granulocytic function in these animals remains unchanged. Hereditary form of PHA should be differentiated from pseudo-PHA,a condition acquired from infections and/or inflammation conditions. Recognition of PHA is important to avoid misleading leukogram interpretation, since hyposegmentation of neutrophils can be confused with left shift, making it necessary to carry out diagnostic tests and treatment for the disease that is generating the deviation. The objective of this case report was to demonstrate the importance of laboratory diagnosis in PHA. Case: A 11-month-old bitch Basenji, was presented to perform preoperative evaluation for elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy at Veterinary Hospital (HUVET) of the Universidade Federal Fluminense (UFF). Tutor reported that animal was healthy, vaccination status was current, had deworming protocol applied and had not made use of medications recently. Animal presented normophagy, normodipsia, normuria and normochezia. Upon physical examination, animal was alert consciousness level, with adequate hydration, hyperemic oral mucosa, a less than 2 s capillary perfusion time, normal lymph nodes (submandibular, pre-scapular, inguinal and popliteal), rectal temperature of 39.2°C, heart rate of 160 beats per minute and respiratory rate of 60 movements per minute, possibly due to the animal's agitated state. Abdominal palpation showed no changes. Physical examination presented no alterations. Preoperative exams included complete blood count (CBC) and biochemistry profile (ALT, AP, glucose, creatinine, urea, total proteins and fractions). Samples were sent to Hospital's Veterinary Clinical Pathology Laboratory (LABHUVET/UFF) for analysis. CBC was performed using automatic method. Blood smears were stained with hematological stain and then a cytomorphological evaluation was performed. The first CBC revealed 23% of neutrophils with nuclear hyposegmentation and 44% of neutrophils were bands. A follow up was performed after 9 months, and a Complete Blood Count was performed again in which 12% of neutrophils showed nuclear hyposegmentation with mature chromatin pattern, 40% of neutrophils were bands, 1% of meta-myelotcytes neutrophils, 1% of myelocytes neutrophils and, also, eosinophils with nuclear hyposegmentation. Animal was healthy, and had no alterations on physical examination suggesting a diagnosis of PHA. Discussion: Recognition of PHA is important to avoid misleading leukogram interpretation, since neutrophils hyposegmentation can be confused with left shift, which is considered severe with poor prognosis, making it necessary to carry out diagnostic tests and treatment for the disease that is generating the deviation. The diagnosis of PHA was considered by the shape of the leukocytes nuclei, without evidence of inflammatory disease, during the patient follow up. Therefore, this anomaly should be considered as a differential diagnosis of left shift, thus avoiding unnecessary clinical and therapeutic procedures. Guidance in face of this hereditary hematological syndrome is important. The responsible guardian of the animal must not allow it to act as a breeder in order to interrupt possible transmission of this anomaly to offspring, because there is a fatal form when it comes to homozygotes.

Protocolo para diagnóstico molecular de imunodeficiência e leucemia em gatos domésticos / Protocol for molecular diagnosis of immunodeficiency and leukemia, in domestic cats

Diversas afecções que acometem os felinos domésticos, como as retroviroses, não possuem tratamento efetivo. Tal fato torna relevante o estudo dessas doenças, em virtude da baixa eficácia de cura e caráter majoritariamente vitalício. Entre as retroviroses que mais acometem os felinos estão a imunodeficiência felina (FIV) e a leucemia felina (FeLV). O diagnóstico é obtido pela associação do exame clínico, geralmente inconclusivo, com exames laboratoriais complementares. Testes moleculares, como a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR), são eficientes para a detecção do DNA proviral e podem ser utilizados na rotina diagnóstica. Diante disso, o objetivo deste estudo foi comprovar a eficiência do protocolo molecular Nested PCR para diagnosticar FIV e FeLV. Para tal, amostras de sangue e/ou medula de 41 gatos domésticos foram coletadas por meio de punção venosa ou de medula e encaminhadas ao laboratório Oncells Biotecnologia. Os seguintes pares de primers foram adotados para o Nested PCR: FF1 e FF2 para o primeiro ciclo, com um amplicon de 1325pb para FIV e 490pb para a FeLV. Para o segundo foi utilizada a combinação F14, F15, FE4 e FE7, com um amplicon de 1138pb para FIV e 306pb para FeLV. As bandas correspondentes às esperadas para FeLV foram detectadas pela observação dos géis, porém, além de outras bandas inespecíficas, não foram observadas bandas correspondentes à FIV. Os resultados confirmam a capacidade de detecção do patógeno da FeLV pela técnica empregada. No entanto, novos ajustes do protocolo são necessários.

Several affections that affect domestic cats, such as retroviruses, do not have effective treatment. This fact makes the study of these diseases relevant, due to the low healing efficacy and mostly lifelong character. Among the retroviruses that most affect felines are feline immunodeficiency (FIV) and feline leukemia (FeLV). The diagnosis is obtained by associating the clinical examination, which is generally inconclusive, with complementary laboratory tests. Molecular tests, such as the polymerase chain reaction (PCR), are efficient for proviral DNA detection and can be used in the diagnostic routine. Therefore, this study aimed to prove the efficiency of the molecular protocol Nested PCR to diagnose FIV and FeLV. For this purpose, blood and/ or bone marrow samples from 41 domestic cats were collected through venipuncture or bone marrow and sent to the Oncells Biotechnology laboratory. The following primer pairs were adopted for the Nested PCR: FF1 and FF2 for the first cycle, with an amplicon of 1325bp for FIV and 490bp for FeLV. For the second, the combination F14, F15, FE4, and FE7 was used, with an amplicon of 1138bp for FIV and 306bp for FeLV. The bands corresponding to those expected for FeLV were detected by observing the gels; however, in addition to other non-specific bands, bands corresponding to FIV were not observed. The results confirm the ability to detect the FeLV pathogen by the technique employed. Nevertheless new protocol adjustments are required.

Estimation of leaf nitrogen levels in sugarcane using hyperspectral models / Modelagem hiperespectral na quantificação de nitrogênio foliar em cana-de-açúcar

Sugarcane is a good source of renewable energy and helps reduce the emission of greenhouse gases. Nitrogen has a critical role in plant growth; therefore, estimating nitrogen levels is essential, and remote sensing can improve fertilizer management. This field study selects wavelengths from hyperspectral data on a sugarcane canopy to generate models for estimating leaf nitrogen concentrations. The study was carried out in the municipalities of Piracicaba, Jaú, and Santa Maria da Serra, state of São Paulo, in the 2013/2014 growing season. The experiments were carried out using a completely randomized block design with split plots (three sugarcane varieties per plot [variety SP 81-3250 was common to all plots] and four nitrogen concentrations [0, 50, 100, and 150 kgha-¹] per subplot) and four repetitions. The wavelengths that best correlated with leaf nitrogen were selected usingsparse partial least square regression. The wavelength regionswere combinedby stepwise multiple linear regression. Spectral bands in the visible (700-705 nm), red-edge (710-720 nm), near-infrared (725, 925, 955, and 980 nm), and short-wave infrared (1355, 1420, 1595, 1600, 1605, and 1610 nm) regions were identified. The R² and RMSE of the model were 0.50 and 1.67 g.kg-¹, respectively. The adjusted R² and RMSE of the models for Piracicaba, Jaú, and Santa Maria were 0.31 (unreliable) and 1.30 g.kg-¹, 0.53 and 1.96 g.kg-¹, and 0.54 and 1.46 g.kg-¹, respectively. Our results showed that canopy hyperspectral reflectance can estimate leaf nitrogen concentrations and manage nitrogen application in sugarcane.

A cana-de-açúcar se destaca como uma das fontes de energia renovável frente às estratégias para reduzir a emissão de gases causadores do efeito estufa. O nitrogênio é um dos mais significativos devido ao seu impacto no crescimento de folhas e colmos. Portanto, o monitoramento eficiente do nitrogênio aplicado é essencial e o sensoriamento remoto se apresenta como uma alternativa na melhoria do gerenciamento da adubação. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo selecionar comprimentos de onda a partir de dados hiperespectrais de dossel da cana-de-açúcar para geração de modelos na predição da concentração de Nitrogênio. O estudo foi realizado em experimentos de campo instalados nos municípios de Piracicaba, Jaú e Santa Maria da Serra, estado São Paulo, na safra 2013/2014. Cada experimento foi alocado em blocos ao acaso, com parcelas subdivididas e quatro repetições, com variedades de cana-de-açúcar na parcela (três variedades por local, sendo a SP 81-3250 comum à todos) e doses de nitrogênio (0, 50, 100 e 150 kg.ha-1) na subparcela. Na seleção dos comprimentos de onda que melhor se correlacionam com o TFN foi utilizada a metodologia sPLS. Posteriormente, foi realizada a combinação linear dos comprimentos de onda selecionados pela metodologia sPLS, por meio de Regressão Linear Múltipla por Stepwise (SMLR). Foram identificadas bandas importantes nas regiões do visível (700 a 705 nm), red-edge(710 a 720 nm), infravermelho próximo (725, 925, 955 e 980 nm) e infravermelho de ondas curtas (1355, 1420, 1595, 1600, 1605 e 1610 nm). O modelo de predição de TFN teve valores de R² de 0,50 e o RMSE de 1,67 g.kg-¹. Os modelos gerados para Piracicaba, Jaú e Santa Maria obtiveram R² ajustados e RMSE, respectivamente, de 0,31 considerado não confiável (1,30 g.kg-¹), 0,53 (1,96 g.kg-¹) e 0,54 (1,46 g.kg-¹). Os sensores hiperespectrais de dossel podem ser utilizados para predição do TFN e monitoramento de aplicação de nitrogênio em cana-de-açúcar.

PCR-RLFP characterization of Leishmania spp. in domestic animals from the south-western border of Brazil / Caracterização de Leishmania spp. pela técnica de PCR-RFLP em animais domésticos da fronteira Oeste do Brasil

The aim of this study was to characterize Leishmania spp. from canine and feline samples using Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)- Restriction Fragment Length Polymorphism (RFLP). It was conducted in the southern region of Brazil, located at border crossings to Argentina and Uruguay. Samples were collected from 116 dogs (Canis lupus familiaris) and 89 cats (Felis catus). The PCR was performed to screen for an LT1 fragment from kinetoplast DNA (kDNA) target gene, and positive samples were subjected to a second PCR for an internal transcribed spacers (ITS1) region from ribosomal DNA (rDNA) target. RFLP was performed using the Haemophilus aegyptius (HAE III) restriction endonuclease (Fermentas ®). Positive samples by PCR ITS1 were sequenced and deposited in NCBI GenBank, and a phylogenetic analysis was developed. We found that 12.9% (15/116) of the samples from dogs were positive. All the 89 cat samples were negative. Positive samples were tested against Leishmania reference strains presenting different patterns in PCR-RFLP, and these samples showed bands denoting similarity to the standard species of Leishmania infantum, proven through sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. The RFLP technique, alone, was shown to be feasible for practical application and confirmation of the involved Leishmania spp.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar espécies de Leishmania em amostras de caninos e felinos, utilizando-se a reação em cadeia da polimerase (PCR)- polimorfismo de comprimento de fragmento de restrição (RFLP). O estudo foi realizado na região de fronteira no sul do Brasil, divisa com Argentina e Uruguai. Amostras foram coletadas de 116 cães (Canis lupus familiaris) e 89 gatos (Felis catus). A PCR foi realizada com o gene alvo do fragmento LT1 do DNA do cinetoplasto (kDNA) para triagem e, as amostras positivas foram submetidas a uma segunda PCR com alvo ITS1 no DNA ribossomal (rDNA). O RFLP foi realizado com a endonuclease de restrição Haemophilus aegyptius (HAE III) (Fermentas ®). As sequências positivas no PCR-ITS1 foram depositadas no NCBI GenBank, além disso, a análise filogenética foi realizada. Foram detectadas 12,9% (15/116) amostras positivas em cães. Das 89 amostras de gatos todas foram negativas. Cepas de referência de Leishmania, com padrões diferentes na PCR-RFLP, e amostras positivas apresentaram similaridade das bandas com as espécies padrão de Leishmania infantum, o que foi comprovado no sequenciamento e análise filogenética. A técnica de RFLP, sozinha, demonstrou viabilidade para a aplicação prática e a confirmação das espécies de Leishmania spp. envolvidas.(AU)

Correlation between vegetation indexes generated at Vitis Vinifera L. and soil, plant and production parameters for emergency application in decision making / Correlação entre indices de vegetação gerados em Vitis Vinifera L. e parâmetros de solo, planta e produção para aplicação emergencial na tomada de decisão

Correlation between proximal sensing techniques and laboratory results of qualitative variables plus agronomic attributes was evaluated of a 3,0 ha vineyard in the county of Muitos Capões, Northeast of Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil, in Vitis vinifera L. at 2017/2018 harvest, aiming to evaluate the replacement of conventional laboratory analysis in viticulture by Vegetation Indexes, at situations were laboratory access are unavailable. Based on bibliographic research, looking for vegetative indexes developed or used for canopy reflectance analysis on grapevines and whose working bands were within the spectral range provided by the equipment used, a total of 17 viable candidates were obtained. These chosen vegetation indices were correlated, through Pearson (5%), with agronomic soil attributes (apparent electrical conductivity, clay, pH in H2O, phosphorus, potassium, organic matter, aluminum, calcium, magnesium, effective CTC, CTC at pH 7.0, zinc, copper, sulfur and boron) for depths 0 -20 cm and 20-40 cm, and plant tissue (Nitrogen, phosphorus, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulfur, copper, zinc, iron, manganese and boron) , in addition to some key oenological and phytotechnical parameters for the quantification of wine production and quality. One hundred and thirty ninesignificant correlations were obtained from this cross, with 36 moderate coefficients between 19 parameter variables versus 12 of the indexes. We concluded that in cases where access or availability of laboratory analyzes is difficult or impracticable, the use of vegetation indices is possible if the correlation coefficients reach, at least, the moderate magnitude, serving as a support to decision making until the lack analytical structure to be remedied.

Avaliou-se a correlação entre as técnicas de sensoriamento proximal e os resultados laboratoriais de variáveis qualitativas, mais os atributos agronômicos do solo de um vinhedo de 3,0 ha no município de Muitos Capões, região nordeste do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, Brasil, na safra 2017/2018. Objetivou avaliar a substituição das análises laboratoriais convencionais em viticultura por Índices de Vegetação, em situações de indisponibilidade de acesso ao laboratório. Com base em pesquisa bibliográfica, buscaram-se índices vegetativos desenvolvidos ou utilizados para análise de refletância de dossel em videiras e cujas bandas de trabalho estavam dentro do intervalo espectral fornecido pelo equipamento utilizado, obtendo-se um total de 17 candidatos viáveis. Esses índices de vegetação escolhidos foram correlacionados, por meio de Pearson (5%), com atributos agronômicos do solo (condutividade elétrica aparente, argila, pH em H2O, fósforo, potássio, matéria orgânica, alumínio, cálcio, magnésio, CTC efetivo, CTC em pH 7,0, zinco, cobre, enxofre e boro) para profundidades de 0 - 20 cm e 20 - 40 cm, e tecido vegetal (nitrogênio, fósforo, potássio, cálcio, magnésio, enxofre, cobre, zinco, ferro, manganês e boro), além de alguns parâmetros enológicos e fitotécnicos essenciais para a quantificação da produção e qualidade do vinho. Deste cruzamento foram obtidas 139 correlações significativas, resultando 36 coeficientes moderados entre 19 variáveis de parâmetros versus 12 dos índices. Concluímos que nos casos em que o acesso ou disponibilidade de análises laboratoriais é difícil ou impraticável, a utilização de índices de vegetação é possível, desde que os coeficientes de correlação atinjam, pelo menos, a magnitude moderada, servindo como suporte para a tomada de decisão até a falta de estrutura analítica ser remediada.

Congestive heart failure in a young cat with excessive moderator bands (false tendons) in the left ventricle / Insuficiência cardíaca congestiva em um gato jovem com bandas moderadoras excessivas (falsos tendões) em ventrículo esquerdo

ABSTRACT: Left ventricular false tendons are fibrous or fibromuscular bands that transverse the ventricular cavity and have no attachment to the mitral valve in many species. In cats it is considered a congenital defect that is rarely related to clinical disease and death in adult cats. A 45 days-old mixed breed cat had a history of inappetence since birth. At the physical exam the patient was lethargic and presented restrictive dyspnoea. At necropsy, there were marked ascites, hydrothorax, hepatomegaly with enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver), and the lungs were markedly diminished (compressive pulmonary atelectasis). The heart was enlarged due to marked dilation of the cardiac chambers. Moreover, multiple slightly whitish and irregular cord-like structures were connecting the posterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum (excessive moderator bands /left ventricular false tendons) at the left ventricle. Microscopically, these structures were characterized by a marked proliferation of fibrous connective tissue intermixed with Purkinje cells and well-differentiated cardiomyocytes lined by a single layer of endocardium. This study described a case of excessive moderator bands (left ventricular false tendons) in a young cat associated with congestive heart failure and death.

RESUMO: Falsos tendões são bandas fibrosas ou fibromusculares que atravessam a cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo, sem ligação com a valva mitral, em várias espécies. Nos gatos, a alteração é considerada um defeito congênito que raramente está relacionada com alterações clínicas e morte em gatos adultos. Um gato de 45 dias de idade, sem raça definida e com histórico de inapetência desde o nascimento foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário. Ao exame físico apresentou letargia e dispneia restritiva. À necropsia, havia acentuada ascite, hidrotórax, hepatomegalia com evidenciação do padrão lobular (fígado noz-moscada) e os pulmões apresentavam-se acentuadamente diminuídos (atelectasia pulmonar compressiva). O coração apresentava acentuada dilatação das câmaras cardíacas. Em ventrículo esquerdo, havia numerosas estruturas brancacentas semelhantes a cordas conectando o músculo papilar ao septo interventricular (bandas moderadoras excessivas/falsos tendões). Microscopicamente, estas estruturas apresentavam acentuada proliferação de tecido conjuntivo fibroso, além de células de Purkinje e cardiomiócitos bem diferenciadas revestidas por uma única camada de endocárdio. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever um caso de bandas moderadoras excessivas (falsos tendões) em ventrículo esquerdo de um gato jovem com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e morte.

Comparison of biological activities of Tityus pachyurus venom from two Colombian regions

Abstract Background: In the present study, we have tested whether specimens of the medically relevant scorpion Tityus pachyurus, collected from two climatically and ecologically different regions, differ in the biological activities of the venom. Methods: Scorpions were collected in Tolima and Huila, Colombia. Chemical profiles of the crude venom were obtained from 80 scorpions for each region, using SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. Assays for phospholipase A2, direct and indirect hemolytic, proteolytic, neuromuscular, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities were carried out. Results: The electrophoretic profiles of venom from the two regions showed similar bands of 6-14 kDa, 36-45 kDa, 65 kDa and 97 kDa. However, bands between 36 kDa and 65 kDa were observed with more intensity in venoms from Tolima, and a 95 kDa band occurred only in venoms from Huila. The chromatographic profile of the venoms showed differences in the intensity of some peaks, which could be associated with changes in the abundance of some components between both populations. Phospholipase A2 and hemolytic activities were not observable, whereas both venoms showed proteolytic activity towards casein. Insecticidal activity of the venoms from both regions showed significant variation in potency, the bactericidal activity was variable and low for both venoms. Moreover, no differences were observed in the neuromuscular activity assay. Conclusion: Our results reveal some variation in the activity of the venom between both populations, which could be explained by the ecological adaptations like differences in feeding, altitude and/or diverse predator exposure. However more in-depth studies are necessary to determine the drivers behind the differences in venom composition and activities.

Congestive heart failure in a young cat with excessive moderator bands (false tendons) in the left ventricle / Insuficiência cardíaca congestiva em um gato jovem com bandas moderadoras excessivas (falsos tendões) em ventrículo esquerdo

Left ventricular false tendons are fibrous or fibromuscular bands that transverse the ventricular cavity and have no attachment to the mitral valve in many species. In cats it is considered a congenital defect that is rarely related to clinical disease and death in adult cats. A 45 days-old mixed breed cat had a history of inappetence since birth. At the physical exam the patient was lethargic and presented restrictive dyspnoea. At necropsy, there were marked ascites, hydrothorax, hepatomegaly with enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver), and the lungs were markedly diminished (compressive pulmonary atelectasis). The heart was enlarged due to marked dilation of the cardiac chambers. Moreover, multiple slightly whitish and irregular cord-like structures were connecting the posterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum (excessive moderator bands /left ventricular false tendons) at the left ventricle. Microscopically, these structures were characterized by a marked proliferation of fibrous connective tissue intermixed with Purkinje cells and well-differentiated cardiomyocytes lined by a single layer of endocardium. This study described a case of excessive moderator bands (left ventricular false tendons) in a young cat associated with congestive heart failure and death.

Falsos tendões são bandas fibrosas ou fibromusculares que atravessam a cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo, sem ligação com a valva mitral, em várias espécies. Nos gatos, a alteração é considerada um defeito congênito que raramente está relacionada com alterações clínicas e morte em gatos adultos. Um gato de 45 dias de idade, sem raça definida e com histórico de inapetência desde o nascimento foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário. Ao exame físico apresentou letargia e dispneia restritiva. À necropsia, havia acentuada ascite, hidrotórax, hepatomegalia com evidenciação do padrão lobular (fígado noz-moscada) e os pulmões apresentavam-se acentuadamente diminuídos (atelectasia pulmonar compressiva). O coração apresentava acentuada dilatação das câmaras cardíacas. Em ventrículo esquerdo, havia numerosas estruturas brancacentas semelhantes a cordas conectando o músculo papilar ao septo interventricular (bandas moderadoras excessivas/falsos tendões). Microscopicamente, estas estruturas apresentavam acentuada proliferação de tecido conjuntivo fibroso, além de células de Purkinje e cardiomiócitos bem diferenciadas revestidas por uma única camada de endocárdio. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever um caso de bandas moderadoras excessivas (falsos tendões) em ventrículo esquerdo de um gato jovem com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e morte.

Congestive heart failure in a young cat with excessive moderator bands (false tendons) in the left ventricle / Insuficiência cardíaca congestiva em um gato jovem com bandas moderadoras excessivas (falsos tendões) em ventrículo esquerdo

Left ventricular false tendons are fibrous or fibromuscular bands that transverse the ventricular cavity and have no attachment to the mitral valve in many species. In cats it is considered a congenital defect that is rarely related to clinical disease and death in adult cats. A 45 days-old mixed breed cat had a history of inappetence since birth. At the physical exam the patient was lethargic and presented restrictive dyspnoea. At necropsy, there were marked ascites, hydrothorax, hepatomegaly with enhanced lobular pattern (nutmeg liver), and the lungs were markedly diminished (compressive pulmonary atelectasis). The heart was enlarged due to marked dilation of the cardiac chambers. Moreover, multiple slightly whitish and irregular cord-like structures were connecting the posterior papillary muscle to the interventricular septum (excessive moderator bands /left ventricular false tendons) at the left ventricle. Microscopically, these structures were characterized by a marked proliferation of fibrous connective tissue intermixed with Purkinje cells and well-differentiated cardiomyocytes lined by a single layer of endocardium. This study described a case of excessive moderator bands (left ventricular false tendons) in a young cat associated with congestive heart failure and death.(AU)

Falsos tendões são bandas fibrosas ou fibromusculares que atravessam a cavidade do ventrículo esquerdo, sem ligação com a valva mitral, em várias espécies. Nos gatos, a alteração é considerada um defeito congênito que raramente está relacionada com alterações clínicas e morte em gatos adultos. Um gato de 45 dias de idade, sem raça definida e com histórico de inapetência desde o nascimento foi encaminhado para atendimento veterinário. Ao exame físico apresentou letargia e dispneia restritiva. À necropsia, havia acentuada ascite, hidrotórax, hepatomegalia com evidenciação do padrão lobular (fígado noz-moscada) e os pulmões apresentavam-se acentuadamente diminuídos (atelectasia pulmonar compressiva). O coração apresentava acentuada dilatação das câmaras cardíacas. Em ventrículo esquerdo, havia numerosas estruturas brancacentas semelhantes a cordas conectando o músculo papilar ao septo interventricular (bandas moderadoras excessivas/falsos tendões). Microscopicamente, estas estruturas apresentavam acentuada proliferação de tecido conjuntivo fibroso, além de células de Purkinje e cardiomiócitos bem diferenciadas revestidas por uma única camada de endocárdio. O objetivo deste trabalho é descrever um caso de bandas moderadoras excessivas (falsos tendões) em ventrículo esquerdo de um gato jovem com insuficiência cardíaca congestiva e morte.(AU)

Effectiveness of near-infrared spectroscopy as a non-invasive tool to discriminate spectral profiles of in vitro cultured oocytes from goats

Abstract Here, we aimed to discriminate between the spectral profiles of spent culture media after oocyte in vitro maturation (IVM) and culture (IVC) from goats of different ages subjected to repeated hormonal treatments. The profiles were discriminated using near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy combined with multivariate methods. A total of 19 goats (young = 10; old = 9) were subjected to serial hormonal stimulation (HS) with gonadotropins. Cumulus oophorus complexes (COCs) were collected using laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) and subjected to IVM and parthenogenetic activation. The initial embryos were subjected to IVC. Spent culture media were collected after oocyte IVM and on day 2 of IVC and analyzed using NIR spectroscopy. NIR spectral data were interpreted through chemometric methods, such as principle component analysis (PCA) and partial least square discriminant analysis (PLS-DA). The results of PCA analysis clearly showed a separation in the spectral profiles between the experimental groups (HS sessions; young and old animals) both after IVM and IVC. Overall, the main absorption bands were attributed to the C-H group second overtone, first overtone of O-H and N-H, and C-H combinations and may serve as molecular markers. On the other hand, the spectral data obtained using PLS-DA models provided a better classification of the groups. The results showed the possibility of discriminating young and old groups as well as the three HS sessions with high specificity, sensitivity, and accuracy using NIR spectra. Thus, the culture medium analysis using NIR spectroscopy combined with multivariate methods indicated the dissimilarities between the groups and provided an insight into the in vitro development of goat oocytes. This technique serves as an efficient, objective, rapid, and non-invasive method to discriminate spectral profiles.

Comparison of biological activities of Tityus pachyurus venom from two Colombian regions

Background: In the present study, we have tested whether specimens of the medically relevant scorpion Tityus pachyurus, collected from two climatically and ecologically different regions, differ in the biological activities of the venom. Methods: Scorpions were collected in Tolima and Huila, Colombia. Chemical profiles of the crude venom were obtained from 80 scorpions for each region, using SDS-PAGE and RP-HPLC. Assays for phospholipase A2, direct and indirect hemolytic, proteolytic, neuromuscular, antibacterial, and insecticidal activities were carried out. Results: The electrophoretic profiles of venom from the two regions showed similar bands of 6-14 kDa, 36-45 kDa, 65 kDa and 97 kDa. However, bands between 36 kDa and 65 kDa were observed with more intensity in venoms from Tolima, and a 95 kDa band occurred only in venoms from Huila. The chromatographic profile of the venoms showed differences in the intensity of some peaks, which could be associated with changes in the abundance of some components between both populations. Phospholipase A2 and hemolytic activities were not observable, whereas both venoms showed proteolytic activity towards casein. Insecticidal activity of the venoms from both regions showed significant variation in potency, the bactericidal activity was variable and low for both venoms. Moreover, no differences were observed in the neuromuscular activity assay. Conclusion: Our results reveal some variation in the activity of the venom between both populations, which could be explained by the ecological adaptations like differences in feeding, altitude and/or diverse predator exposure. However more in-depth studies are necessary to determine the drivers behind the differences in venom composition and activities.(AU)

Rare earth elements in gneiss regoliths in southern Minas Gerais, Brazil

Regolith characterization in its entirety is particularly difficult in gneissic regoliths due to the heterogeneity of their rock structure. Rare earth elements (REE) are a useful tool in helping understand the evolution of regoliths. This study relates the mineralogy and weathering indexes of three gneisses regoliths (P1-leucocratic, P2-mesocratic and P3-melanocratic gneisses) to the distribution of REE at depth. In soil, clay activity, iron and manganese oxides, CaO, SiO2, P2O5, TiO2, Fe2O3, and MgO showed high positive correlation with REE. The absolute content of REE was enriched in mafic minerals. At the interface between the soil and saprolite, the sum of absolute REE content was greater in soil than in saprolite in P1, while the opposite pattern was found in P2 and P3. The sums of absolute REE in the whole profiles did not overlap between P1, P2 and P3, and the absolute concentration of Gadolinium (Gd) differentiated the three gneisses in all and every horizon/layer of their regoliths without overlapping values. Normalized REE content was greater in the subsurface of P1 due to Eu content in plagioclase, and fractionation had less variation when estimated by Light REE / Heavy REE (LREE/HREE) than by La/Yb, since the variation in REE is great in gneisses (due to the segregation of minerals into bands), and had low levels of association with the Chemical Index of Alteration (CIA) and the Weathering Index of Parker (WIP).