Pyometra in queens - changes in haemato-biochemical parameters

Background: Pyometra is a bacterial and hormone-induced reproductive disease that occurs in the post-estrus luteal phase in intact queens. Pyometra is more common in the diestrus period due to the high progesterone concentration (in queens that mated, spontaneously ovulated, or were induced to ovulate). However, it can also be seen due to the use of exogenous hormones such as progesterone for the suppression of estrus. More research is needed in cases of pyometra in queens, as well as in bitches. Because, considering that the pathogenesis and characteristics of feline pyometra is similar to bitches, studies on pyometra-affected bitches are taken as reference in studies and applications on queens. From this point of view, the aims of this study were to reveal the changes in complete blood count, blood gas, and serum biochemistry parameters in feline pyometra cases and to determine the correlation between the mentioned parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: In the study, a total of 25 female cats of different breeds were used, between the ages of 6 months and 7 years, 15 were diagnosed with pyometra, and 10 healthy. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and ultrasonographic examinations were used in the diagnosis of pyometra. Abdominal ultrasonography was performed on queens brought to the clinic with complaints such as anorexia, polydipsia, polyuria, abdominal tension, and fever. The control group (n =10) consisted of queens that were introduced to the clinic and were reproductively healthy. Before any treatment in queens with pyometra and the control group, 1 mL blood samples were taken from v. cephalica to evaluate complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemistry parameters. In complete WBC, Lym, Mon, Gra, RBC, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH and PLT parameters and, blood gas parameters such as pH, pCO2 , pO2 , sO2 , Na, K, Cl, lactate, glucose, HCO3 , and BE were also evaluated in taken blood samples. Biochemical parameters BUN, creatinine, ALT, AST, ALP, amylase, T.BIL, D.BIL, P, CHOL, TG, LDH, TP, CPK, ALP, Ca, GGT were measured in serum samples. After examination and laboratory analysis, ovariohysterectomy was performed on queens as a treatment. Granulocyte, WBC, HCT and MCH levels of the pyometra group were higher (P < 0.05) and Lym levels were lower (P < 0.05) compared to the control group. According to these results, pH, HCO3 , and BE were lower (P < 0.05) in queens with pyometra than those in the control group, while Na and lactate parameters were higher (P < 0.05). According to the results of biochemical analysis, it was determined that BUN, creatinine levels, GGT, and LDH enzyme activities were found to be higher in the pyometra group compared to the control group, while the Ca level was found to be low (P < 0.05). A positive correlation was observed between BUN and creatinine and LDH, WBC, granulocyte, HCT, and lactate, and a negative correlation between lymphocytes, pH, and BE in the correlation analysis performed on queens with pyometra and control group. However, a positive correlation was observed between creatinine and LDH and HCT, and a negative correlation between lymphocyte, pH and BE. Discussion: There is not enough information about pyometra in queens. As a result, it was determined that there were significant changes in complete blood count, blood gases and serum biochemical parameters in queens with pyometra in this study. These changes were generally thought to be related to dehydration and sepsis or endotoxemia. In addition, it was evaluated that prerenal azotemia occurring in pyometra affected queens may cause renal dysfunction. For this reason, it is thought that the results obtained in the presented study may contribute to the diagnosis, treatment, and prognosis of pyometra cases in queens.

Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions / Distribuição persistente de poluentes orgânicos em frações de lipoproteínas plasmáticas

This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.

Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis – ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico – foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.

Persistent organic pollutants distribution in plasma lipoprotein fractions / Distribuição persistente de poluentes orgânicos em frações de lipoproteínas plasmáticas

This study determines the associations among serum lipid profiles, risk of cardiovascular disease, and persistent organic pollutants. Using Gas chromatography technique, the intensity of toxic pollutant residues in serum samples of Hypertensive patients were measured. Based on statistical analysis, the effects of different covariates namely pesticides, age, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and lipid profile duration was checked using the logistic regression model. Statistical computation was performed on SPSS 22.0. The P-values of F-Statistic for each lipid profile class are greater than 0.01 (1%), therefore we cannot reject the null hypothesis for all cases. The estimated coefficients, their standard errors, Wald Statistic, and odds ratio of the binary logistic regression model for different lipid profile parameters indicate if pesticides increase then the logit value of different lipid profile parameters changes from -0.46 to -0.246 except LDL which increases by 0.135. The study reports a significantly increased threat of cardiovascular disease with increased concentrations of toxic pollutants.(AU)

Este estudo determina as associações entre o perfil lipídico sérico, o risco de doença cardiovascular e os poluentes orgânicos persistentes. Por meio da técnica de cromatografia gasosa, mediu-se a intensidade dos resíduos de poluentes tóxicos em amostras de soro de pacientes hipertensos. Com base na análise estatística, os efeitos de diferentes covariáveis ou seja, pesticidas, idade, pressão arterial sistólica, pressão arterial diastólica e duração do perfil lipídico foram verificados usando o modelo de regressão logística. O cálculo estatístico foi realizado no SPSS 22.0. Os valores P da estatística F para cada classe de perfil lipídico são maiores que 0,01 (1%), portanto não podemos rejeitar a hipótese nula para todos os casos. Os coeficientes estimados, seus erros padrão, estatística de Wald e odds ratio do modelo de regressão logística binária para diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico indicam se os pesticidas aumentam, então o valor logit de diferentes parâmetros do perfil lipídico muda de -0,46 para -0,246, exceto LDL, que aumenta em 0,135. O estudo relata um aumento significativo da ameaça de doença cardiovascular com aumento das concentrações de poluentes tóxicos.(AU)

Effects of oxygen supplementation in ewes subjected to laparoscopic ovum pick-up under total intravenous anesthesia / Efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas à aspiração de folículos por laparoscopia sob anestesia intravenosa total

Laparoscopy procedures are useful tools to perform some assisted reproductive biotechnologies in ewes, it requi-res general anesthesia and manoeuvres that might result in alteration of the cardiopulmonary function. For this reason, this study aimed to investigate the effects of oxygen supplementation as a therapeutic measure to mitigate these alterations in ewes submitted to laparoscopic ovum pick-up (LOPU) under total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA). Twenty-four healthy adult ewes were submitted to two LOPUs with a 21 days interval, under ketamine-midazolam anesthesia, and receiving each of the two experimental in random order, oxygen treatment (OT) 50 mL/kg/min of oxygen via endotracheal tube and control treatment (CT) not receive any inhalation treatment. Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (fR), peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO2), mean arterial pressure (MAP), rectal temperature (RT), end-tidal CO2 concentration (EtCO2) and recovery anesthesia time were evaluated during LOPU, arterial blood gases and electrolytes were evaluated after induction of anesthesia and at the end of the LOPU. Variables were compared between groups and moments using ANOVA. MAP, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 and pH were higher in OT, while EtCO2, PaCO2, temperature loss and recovery time were lower. These results allow to conclude that oxy-gen supplementation in ewes submitted to LOPU under TIVA provides benefits in order to mitigate physiological alterations.(AU)

Os procedimentos de laparoscopia são ferramentas úteis para realizar algumas biotecnologias de reprodução assistida em ovelhas, requer anestesia geral e manobras que podem resultar em alteração da função cardiopulmonar. Por esse motivo, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar os efeitos da suplementação de oxigênio como medida terapêutica para atenuar as alterações em ovelhas submetidas à Aspiração Folicular guiada por Laparoscopia (LOPU) sob anestesia venosa total (TIVA). Vinte e quatro ovelhas adultas saudáveis foram submetidas a duas LOPUs com intervalo de 21 dias, sob anestesia com cetamina-midazolam, recebendo cada um dos dois experimentos em ordem aleatória, tratamento com oxigênio (OT) 50 mL/kg/min de oxigênio via tubo endotraqueal e tratamento de controle (CT) não recebem nenhum tratamento por inalação. Frequência cardíaca (FC), frequência respiratória (FR), saturação periférica de oxigênio (SpO2), pressão arterial média (PAM), temperatura retal (TR), concentração expirada de CO2 (EtCO2) e tempo de recuperação da anestesia foram avaliados durante LOPU, arterial gasometria e eletrólitos foram avaliados após a indução da anestesia e ao final da COL. As variáveis foram comparadas entre grupos e momentos por meio de ANOVA. PAM, SpO2, PaO2, SaO2 e pH foram maiores no TO, enquanto EtCO2, PaCO2, perda de temperatura e tempo de recuperação foram menores. Estes resultados permitem concluir que a suplementação de oxigênio em ovelhas submetidas a LOPU sob TIVA proporciona benefícios no sentido de atenuar as alterações fisiológicas.(AU)

Electrolytic and hemogasometric parameters for female agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) raised in captivity / Parâmetros eletrolíticos e hemogasométricos para cutias fêmeas (Dasyprocta prymnolopha Wagler, 1831) criadas em cativeiro

Agoutis (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, WAGLER 1831) have been studied in captivity as a potential source of meat for rural populations in Brazil, as a way of providing low-cost protein and easing hunting pressures in local communities. However, little is known about their physiological blood markers, which are crucial for animal husbandry and effective welfare management. This study provides hemogasometric and ionic venous parameters for female agoutis raised in captivity in the drylands of Brazil. Venous blood samples were collected from six females and analyzed for dissolved gases and ions in the blood. Hemogasometric parameters, especially base excess and anion gap were generally heterogenous, while ions varied little among individuals. Moreover, we observed high chlorine values and negative base excess values, which suggest that some animals might be implementing compensatory mechanisms for ion imbalances. We provide a preliminary note on agouti venous gases and ions, while reiterating the importance of the clinical context and in-house parameter definition to maximize accuracy.(AU)

Cutias (Dasyprocta prymnolopha, WAGLER 1831) têm sido estudadas em cativeiro como uma fonte potencial de carne para populações rurais no Brasil, como uma forma de fornecer proteína de baixo custo e aliviar as pressões de caça nas comunidades locais. No entanto, pouco se sabe sobre seus marcadores sanguíneos fisiológicos os quais são cruciais para a criação animal e o manejo eficaz do bem-estar. Este estudo fornece parâmetros hemogasométricos e iônicos veno-sos para cutias fêmeas criadas em cativeiro em regiões áridas do Brasil. Amostras de sangue venoso foram coletadas de seis fêmeas e analisadas para gases dissolvidos e íons no sangue. Os parâmetros hemogasométricos, especialmente o excesso de base e o anion gap, foram heterogêneos, enquanto os íons variaram pouco entre os indivíduos. Além disso, altos valores de cloro e valores negativos de excesso de base foram observados o que sugere que alguns animais podem estar desenvol-vendo mecanismos compensatórios para desequilíbrios iônicos. Um perfil preliminar sobre gases e íons venosos de cutias foi fornecido, ao mesmo tempo, destaca-se a importância do contexto clínico e da definição interna dos parâmetros para maximizar a precisão.(AU)

The effect of size and clinical staging of mammary tumors on blood parameters in bitches

Background: Mammary tumors are the most common type of tumor in female dogs and account for 50% of all tumors in dogs. The clinical prognosis of canine mammary tumors is strongly affected by the size, stages, histological type, and grade of tumor; mitotic index; and nearby and distant metastasis. In canine mammary tumors, it is recommended that prognostic evaluation should also include complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and blood gases in addition to tumor size and stage. This study aimed to investigate the effect of tumor size, volume, and clinical stage on complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemical parameters in bitches with mammary tumors and the correlation between them. Materials, Methods & Results: The study included a total of 18 bitches of different breeds, aged 6-15 years, of which 12 had mammary tumors and 6 were healthy. Thoracic X-rays were performed on bitches with mammary tumors in ventrodorsal and laterolateral positions to evaluate lung metastasis. Blood samples were collected from the cephalic vein from bitches in both groups in 2 different tubes (with plastic gel and ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid), 5 mL each, to perform complete blood count and evaluate blood gases and serum biochemical parameters. Blood samples were collected from the animals at the time of initial examination without any intervention. Analysis of the blood showed that bitches with mammary tumors had decreased levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, potassium, TCO2 , base excess, THbc, and ALT enzyme activity and increased levels of lactate, total protein, cholesterol, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities compared with those in the control group. Furthermore, the dogs with a primary tumor of > 5 cm were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, lactate, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, uric acid, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC and THbc compared with those in the control group. Bitches with tumors in multiple mammary lobes were found to have significantly higher levels of WBC, total protein, triglyceride, LDL, and ALP and LDH enzyme activities and significantly lower levels of RBC, HCT, HGB, TCO2 , THbc, and ALT enzyme activity compared with those in the control group. Based on the laboratory findings and approval of the owners of the dogs, mammary tissues containing the tumor and lymph nodes were surgically removed. After the operation, the removed mammary tissues were evaluated for size and volume. Clinical staging of the tumors was performed based on the size of the primary tumor (T), nearby lymph nodes (N), and metastasis (M) in accordance with the criteria set by WHO. Clinical staging of the tumors was, thus, based on the tumor, nodes, and metastases (TNM) score obtained according to the following system: Stage I: T1 N0 M0 , Stage II: T2 N0 M0 , Stage III: T3 N0 M0 , Stage IV: TanyN1 M0 , Stage V: made as TanyNanyM1 . Discussion: Mammary tumors are the most common type of neoplasm in bitches and, thus, cause serious problems in veterinary medicine. Tumors are significantly correlated with better prognosis compared with larger tumors. Based on this finding, this study investigated the effect of size, volume, and stage of mammary tumors in bitches on some blood parameters and the correlation between them. Therefore, it was concluded that clinical staging and evaluation of blood parameters could be useful in the diagnosis, treatment, and prediction of prognosis in canine mammary tumors. This study found that bitches with mammary tumors exhibited significant changes in their blood parameters (complete blood count, blood gas analysis, and serum biochemistry). The results obtained from this study may contribute to the development of approaches to the diagnosis, prediction of prognosis, and treatment of canine mammary tumors.

Effects of orthochlorobenzalmalononitrile on horses used in Public Security / [Efeitos do ortoclorobenzalmalonitrilo sobre equinos empregados na segurança pública]

The effects on human beings of tear gas (CS) used by police forces during the control of civil disturbances are widely known and amply described in numerous scientific papers. However, the advent of the concepts of animal welfare raises the question of whether animals exposed to CS in such events, specifically horses, would suffer the same effects as those described for humans. The purpose of this study was to determine whether mounted police horses exposed to CS exhibit the same symptoms as humans. In this study, 12 horses of the Military Police of Paraná, healthy and with no history of respiratory tract disorders, were led through a gas cloud caused by the detonation of six teargas grenades. The horses' physiological parameters of respiratory rate, heart rate, rectal temperature, and color of the eye mucosa were evaluated 24 hours before exposure, 30 min, and 24 hours after exposure. Blood samples were collected for complete blood count (CBC) and blood gas analysis and samples of eye mucosa were obtained using sterile swabs. The analysis of these parameters did not reveal effects analogous to those described in humans.

Os efeitos sobre seres humanos do gás lacrimogêneo (CS) utilizado pelas forças policiais no controle de distúrbios civis são amplamente conhecidos e largamente descritos em numerosos artigos científicos. No entanto, com o advento dos conceitos de bem-estar animal, levanta-se a questão se animais expostos ao CS em tais eventos, especificamente cavalos, sofreriam os mesmos efeitos descritos em seres humanos. O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar se cavalos da polícia montada expostos ao CS apresentam os mesmos sintomas descritos em seres humanos. Neste estudo, 12 cavalos da Polícia Militar do Paraná, saudáveis e sem histórico de doença do trato respiratório, foram conduzidos por uma nuvem de gás causada pela detonação de seis granadas de gás lacrimogêneo. Os parâmetros fisiológicos de frequência respiratória, frequência cardíaca, temperatura retal e coloração das mucosas foram avaliados 24 horas antes da exposição, 30 min e 24 horas após a exposição. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas para realização de hemograma completo e hemogasometria, e amostras da mucosa ocular foram obtidas por meio de swabs estéreis. A análise desses parâmetros não revelou efeitos análogos aos descritos em seres humanos.

Influence of recumbency on the pulmonary shunt in sevoflurane-anaesthetised sheep / Influência do decúbito na ocorrência de shunt pulmonar em ovinos anestesiados com sevoflurano

This study assessed the impact of different recumbency on sevoflurane-anaesthetised sheep. Seven female sheep were premedicated with 0.1 mg.kg-1 butorfanol and subsequently administered a combination of 3 mg.kg-1 ketamine and 0.5 mg.kg-1 midazolam. Animals were maintained on sevoflurane anaesthesia with pressure-controlled ventilation (12 cm H2O peak inspiratory pressure) and ƒ of 10 mpm. During the anaesthetic procedure, animals underwent one out of three different recumbency: dorsal, left lateral, or right lateral positions. Treatments lasted 120 min with a 48-h washout period in between the treatments. Arterial and central venous blood samples were withdrawn for blood gas and electrolytes analysis and pulmonary shunt fraction (Qs/Qt) CaO2, CcvO2, and CcO2 were calculated accordingly. Results showed that Qs/Qt greatly decreased from 0 to 120 min in all the groups (dorsal: 69.3% to 27.3%; left lateral: 59.1% to 25.0%; right lateral: 67.2% to 32.4%). CaO2, CcvO2 and CcO2 improved over time points, with no difference among treatments. PaO2 and PAO2 showed higher values for 60 and 120 min compared to the 0 min value in all groups, with no differences among treatments as well. PaCO2 and ETCO2 in the lateral groups were higher than those in the dorsal group at 120 min. Pressure-controlled ventilation improved gas exchanges in sheep, thereby reducing pulmonary shunt. Recumbency did not interfere with pulmonary shunt, nevertheless, special attention must be paid to lateral recumbency.

O estudo avaliou o impacto de diferentes decúbitos em ovelhas anestesiadas com sevoflurano. Sete ovelhas foram pré-medicadas com 0,1 mg.kg-1 de butorfanol e induzidas à anestesia com 3 mg.kg-1 de cetamina e 0,5 mg.kg-1 de midazolam. Os animais foram mantidos em anestesia por sevofluorano, em ventilação mecânica controlada por pressão, com pico inspiratório em 12 cm H2O e f de 10 mpm, sendo mantidos por 120 minutos. Durante esse período os animais foram submetidos a um dos três tratamentos: decúbito dorsal, lateral esquerdo ou lateral direito, com intervalo de no mínimo 48 horas entre eles. Amostras de sangue arterial e venoso central foram colhidas para análise de gases sanguíneos e eletrólitos, bem como para cálculo da fração de shunt pulmonar (Qs/Qt), CaO2, CcvO2 e CcO2. Os resultados mostraram que Qs/Qt diminuiu expressivamente de 0 a 120 minutos em todos os grupos (dorsal: 69,3% para 27,3%; lateral esquerdo: 59,1% para 25,0%; lateral direito: 67,2% para 32,4%). Os índices de CaO2, CcvO2 e CcO2 melhoraram ao longo do tempo, sem diferença entre tratamentos. PaO2 e PAO2 apresentaram valores maiores, em todos os grupos, nos minutos 60 e 120 em comparação ao momento 0, não havendo diferenças entre tratamentos. PaCO2 e ETCO2 apresentaram maiores valores nos grupos laterais em comparação ao grupo dorsal ao final do procedimento. Conclui-se que a ventilação controlada por pressão melhorou as trocas gasosas em ovelhas anestesiadas com sevoflurano, reduzindo o shunt pulmonar. O decúbito não interferiu na formação de shunt pulmonar, porém, deve ser dada atenção especial aos decúbitos laterais.

Infusão contínua de fentanil e cetamina para controle de dor no transcirurgico: relato de caso / Continuous infusion of fentanyl and ketamine for trans-surgical pain control: case report

O paciente da espécie canina, sem raça definida, com 5 anos, deu entrada a clínica veterinária particular apresentando quadro de dor aguda e intensa em cavidade abdominal associada a prostração. Foram realizados exames de sangue, ultrassonografia e radiografia de abdômen, cuja suspeita foi torção parcial do estômago, com esplenomegalia, além de gastrite e enterite. O paciente foi submetido imediatamente ao procedimento cirúrgico para alívio, reposicionamento do órgão e gastropexia. O animal foi medicado previamente com metadona, tramadol e dipirona duas horas antes do ato cirúrgico, portanto não foram utilizadas medicações pré-anestésicas e optou-se pelo propofol e cetamina para a indução anestésica, além da infusão contínua com cetamina e fentanil para se obter a analgesia multimodal. Os parâmetros de dor foram avaliados por meio das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, traçado eletrocardiográfico, pressão arterial sistólica e média, aferição da temperatura retal e coloração de mucosas, a cada 5 minutos. Os mesmos indicaram boa estabilidade hemodinâmica, segurança e analgesia, sem necessidade de alterar as doses estabelecidas durante o procedimento. Pode ser observada também redução do requerimento de isoflurano para manutenção do plano cirúrgico. O paciente acordou sem sinais de dor no pós-operatório imediato evitando estresse sistêmico, o que conferiu o bom resultado do protocolo analgésico instituído.

The patient (Caramel) canine, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, weighing 26kg was seen at the Ame Vet veterinary clinic, with severe abdominal pain, apathy, anorexia, prostration. Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray were performed according to the tests a suspicion of partial torsion of the stomach and splenomegaly with right displacement, in addition to gastritis and enteritis. It was decided by the clinic and surgeon to perform laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy. The animal was previously medicated by the clinic that treated the animal for analgesia with methadone, tramadol and dipyrone two hours before the beginning of the surgical procedure, therefore, pre-anesthetic medications, anesthetic induction with propofol, and ketamine were not used, aiming to perform analgesia. Multimodal with continuous infusion of ketamine and fentanyl, that is, more than one different mechanism of action, acting synergistically and reducing dose-dependent adverse effects and monitoring hemostasis and patient parameters, presenting its efficacy and safety in intraoperative pain control. The parameters addressed were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiographic tracing, Spo2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), temperature and mucosal color, evaluated every 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated indicated good hemodynamic stability, safety and analgesia, with no need to change the doses established during the procedure. A reduction in the requirement of isoflurane to maintain the surgical plan can also be observed. The patient woke up without signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period, thus avoiding systemic stress. which conferred the good result of the analgesic protocol instituted.

Oxygen supply as a refining technique for injectable anesthesia in laboratory rats

Well-controlled anesthesia is critical to reducing potential surgical complications and ensuring safe and successful procedures. Respiratory depression, inducing hypoxia, and hypercapnia are adverse effects of injectable anesthesia in laboratory rats. This study aimed to determine the effect of oxygen supply in laboratory rats anesthetized with the combination of ketamine (K) and xylazine (X) plus acepromazine (A) or methadone (Me). The results showed that oxygenation allowed adequate levels of SO2 and paO2, avoiding hypoxemia. However, all anesthetized rats showed respiratory acidosis with low pH and high paCO2 levels, which was not reversed after oxygen administration. The acidosis could be related to hypoventilation due to respiratory depression induced by the XKMe association, as well as absorption atelectasis with the CO2 accumulation during anesthesia. Despite respiratory acidosis, oxygen administration was beneficial for anesthetized rats preventing hypoxemia. This makes it possible to prevent all the metabolic alterations that cause cell death by hypoxia, improving the well-being of anesthetized rats, as well as the quality of the results obtained.

Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Physiological effects of land and water treadmill exercise in dogs / Efeitos do exercício em esteira terrestre ou aquática sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães

The application of hydrotherapy is growing in the field of animal rehabilitation to improve strength, endurance, fitness, and range of motion, in addition to reducing pain. In the same way, land-based activity is recommended for various conditions, including hypertension, muscle atrophy, and obesity. There is a lack of studies that evaluate the safety of incremental exercise in American Pit Bull Terriers. This study assessed the influence of activity on underwater and dry land treadmills on the physiological parameters of dogs. In this regard, 12 adult, male, healthy, and untrained American Pit Bull Terriers were subjected to an incremental exercise test (IET) on the underwater treadmill (Group I) and the dry land treadmill (Group II). Heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), rectal temperature (RT), systolic blood pressure (SBP), and electrocardiographic evaluation, were evaluated before activity (T0), immediately after (T1), 30 min after (T2), and 90 min after the end of exercise (T3), and plasmatic lactate concentrations were measured at T0, T1, and T2 time points. Results obtained were submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk test, ANOVA and Tukey's test, considering P<0.05. Water activity induced a reduction in RR (P=0.00674) in all examinations after the test on the underwater treadmill and proved to be more demanding than activity on the land treadmill, considering the presence of a deeper and slower RR. Exercise sessions in both groups did not elevate the lactate concentration. The IET can be performed safely on an underwater or dry land treadmill in healthy American Pit Bulls.

A hidroterapia apresenta crescente aplicação no ramo da reabilitação animal, com o intuito de aumentar a força, resistência muscular e amplitude de movimento articular, além de reduzir a dor e melhorar o condicionamento físico do paciente. Assim como a hidroterapia, a atividade desenvolvida em solo é indicada para diversas afecções, inclusive para pacientes hipertensos, com atrofia muscular ou com sobrepeso. São escassos os estudos que avaliam a segurança de testes incrementais em esteira aquática e em esteira seca em American Pit Bull Terriers. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar os efeitos da atividade em esteira aquática e em esteira seca sobre os parâmetros fisiológicos de cães. Para isto, cães da raça American Pit Bull Terrier (n=12) machos, adultos, saudáveis e não treinados foram submetidos a teste de esforço incremental (TEI) em hidroesteira com água (Grupo I) e sem água (Grupo II). A frequência cardíaca (FR), frequência respiratória (FR), temperatura retal (TR), pressão arterial sistólica (PAS) e avaliação eletrocardiográfica, foram aferidas antes da atividade (T0), imediatamente após (T1), 30 minutos após (T2) e 90 minutos após o exercício (T3), e a concentração plasmática de lactato foi dosada nos momentos T0, T1 e T2. Os resultados foram submetidos ao teste de Shapiro-Wilk, análise de variância (ANOVA) e pelo Teste de Tukey, considerando significativo o valor de P < 0.05. Houve diminuição da frequência respiratória (P = 0,00674) após a atividade em esteira aquática, que se mostrou mais exigente que a atividade em esteira terrestre, considerando a apresentação de padrão respiratório mais lento e profundo. As sessões de exercício em ambos os grupos não elevaram a concentração de lactato. O teste de esforço incremental em esteira aquática, ou em esteira seca, pode ser desenvolvido com segurança por cães American Pit Bull saudáveis.

Clinical, hematological, blood gasometric and electrolytic changes in dogs receiving whole blood transfusions

Blood transfusion is a tool capable of saving lives. Patients undergoing blood transfusion usually present several alterations in the acid-base and electrolyte balance, aggravating the condition of critically ill patients. Some studies have demonstrated haematological alterations in certain species that received whole blood transfusions, however, few studies have evaluated acid base and electrolyte changes in dogs undergoing whole blood haemotherapy. The aim of this study was to analyze clinical, hematological, blood gas and electrolyte changes in anemic dogs after whole blood transfusion. Twenty nine dogs transfused due to anemia were enrolled in the study. Donors blood was collected in a transfusion bag containing citrate phosphate adenine dextrose and stored up to 24 h. Blood collections and evaluations were made before and 24 h after the transfusion. Data distribution normality was tested by the Shapiro Wilk Test. The means of the variables were compared by paired t-test. It was observed an increase in diastolic blood pressure and a reduction in heart rate (P < 0.05). There was a not significant increase in systolic blood pressure, temperature, and a reduction in respiratory rate per minute. Erythrocyte, haemoglobin and haematocrit averages were significantly increased after blood transfusion (P < 0.05). It was observed a reduction in the mean values of pH (P < 0.05), potassium (P > 0.05) and ionized calcium (P > 0.05) and an increase in the mean partial pressure of carbon dioxide (pCO2 ) (P < 0.001), bicarbonate (P > 0.05) and sodium (P < 0.05). The probable cause of anemia was monocytic ehrlichiosis (14/29), visceral leishmaniasis (1/29), babesiosis (1/29), co-infection of Ehrlichia canis and Leishmania infantum (2/29), co-infection of E. canis and Babesia vogeli (1/29). It was not possible to determine the etiology of the anemia in ten dogs. Heart rate significantly reduced after transfusion, probably because of the increase in hematocrit, hemoglobin and erythrocyte values. It may be justified by the displacement of extravascular fluid to the intravascular space. Mean values of systolic blood pressure were slightly elevated before transfusion and remained elevated afterwards, while diastolic and mean arterial pressure increased significantly after transfusion. These changes may be due to the morbid condition and may be influenced by many other factors. Haematocrit, haemoglobin and erythrocyte values increased significantly after transfusion, according to what was observed in other studies. The significant reduction in pH and increase in pCO2 reflects the compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis to increase ventilation, leading to pCO2 reduction and changes in pH. The reduction in pH due to the contact of the collected blood with conservative solutions is one of the main changes thar occurs during blood storage. It was described significantly lower pH in dogs' whole blood samples stored for more than 24 h in vacutainer plastic containing CPDA-1. We may assume there was no intense pH reduction in the present study because the bags were stored for up to 24 h. Although not statistically significant, the increase of pO2 mean reflects the improvement of tissue oxygen perfusion. It was observed a significant increase in sodium ions. The mean sodium ion concentration before transfusion was very close to the maximum reference value. Hyperkalaemia was not observed, nor was there significant reduction of potassium ions after transfusion. Several studies report hyperkalaemia and transfusion-associated cardiac arrests in humans, associated with infusion of large volumes of blood. Whole blood transfusion increased erythrogram values and did not negatively affect the electrolyte or acid-base status, representing a safe and useful tool in the intensive care of small animals.(AU)

Use of ammonium chloride to prevent urolithiasis in sheep / [Utilização do cloreto de amônio na prevenção de urolitíase em ovinos]

Urolithiasis has a high incidence among confined sheep. It is multifactorial and may cause economic damage. Our aim was to determine the capacity of urinary acidification using ammonium chloride in sheep. Twenty-five 3-month-old male sheep were confined and randomly divided into three groups; the G200 and G500 groups received 200mg/kg/GW and 500mg/kg/GW of ammonium chloride daily for 56 consecutive days, respectively, whereas the CG group did not receive ammonium chloride. Sampling times and clinical evaluation were performed weekly, starting from the 14th day of confinement (M1 or immediately before administering ammonium chloride) until the 17th day (M9) of the feedlot. Hemogasometry, biochemical examination of serum urea and creatinine concentration and ultrasound evaluation of the urinary tract were performed. The urinalysis indicated a higher incidence of ammonium magnesium phosphate crystals at the beginning of the study, showing a migration to urate crystal formation, mainly in the G500 group because of urinary acidification. No hemogasometric, serum biochemistry, ruminal fluid, or ultrasonographic changes were observed. Urinary acidification was achieved and maintained after M7 during the administration of ammonium chloride in the G500 group, but not in the other study groups.(AU)

A urolitíase apresenta alta incidência em ovinos confinados, etiologia multifatorial, e pode causar prejuízo econômico. O objetivo do presente estudo foi determinar a capacidade da acidificação urinária mediante o uso de cloreto de amônio em ovinos. Foram utilizados 25 ovinos de três meses de idade, confinados e divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos: grupo CG (controle) não recebeu cloreto de amônio; grupo G200 (200mg/kg/PV) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos; grupo G500 (500mg/kg/PV) recebeu cloreto de amônio por 56 dias consecutivos, administrados diariamente por via oral. Os momentos (M) de colheita de amostras e de avaliação clínica foram realizados com intervalo de sete dias, sendo M1 (imediatamente antes do cloreto de amônio), M2 (sete dias após) até M9, totalizando 70 dias de confinamento. Foram realizadas hemogasometria, concentração sérica de ureia e creatinina e avaliação ultrassonográfica do trato urinário. Na urinálise, houve uma maior incidência de cristais de fosfato amônio magnesiano no início do estudo, com migração para formação de cristais de urato, principalmente no G500, devido à acidificação urinária. Não houve alterações hemogasométricas, na bioquímica sérica, no líquido ruminal, ou alterações ultrassonográficas. A acidificação urinária foi obtida e mantida a partir do M7 durante a administração do cloreto de amônio no grupo G500, não ocorrendo nos outros grupos de estudo.(AU)

Dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam followed by inhalant anesthesia in spectacled bears (Tremarctos ornatus)

Background: The spectacled bear (Tremarctos ornatus) is the only bear species inhabiting South America and is classified as vulnerable according to the International Union for Conservation of Nature (IUCN) Red List of Threatened Species. Among the few publications on the use of general anesthesia and advanced monitoring of ursids in veterinary hospital settings, little is described regarding chemical restraint, general anesthesia and monitoring of spectacled bears. This case series describes the use of a dexmedetomidine-tiletamine-zolazepam chemical restraint combination and its effects on cardiorespiratory variables and arterial blood gases observed in two spectacled bears undergoing isoflurane anesthesia for imaging and/or surgical procedures. Cases: Two female, one adult and one senile, all-term captive spectacled bears were referred to the Veterinary Teaching Hospital at the Universidade Estadual Paulista - Unesp, Botucatu campus, both with a presumable history of recent trauma. After immobilization with an intramuscular (IM) administration of tiletamine-zolazepam (3.8 - 4.3 mg/kg) and dexmedetomidine (6.4 - 7.6 µg/kg), induction of anesthesia was achieved by means of intravenous (IV) propofol (1 - 2 mg/kg). After orotracheal intubation animals underwent isoflurane anesthesia under mechanical ventilation through the remainder of the procedures. Initial settings of inspiratory flow rate were adjusted to obtain peak airway pressure (Ppeak ) of 10 cmH2 O and tidal volumes (Vt) of 10 mL/kg, as well as respiratory rates (ƒR) and inspiration-to-expiration (I:E) ratio of 10 breaths/min and 1:2, respectively, and were then adjusted throughout anesthesia to maintain normocapnia (end-tidal carbon dioxide concentrations between 35 and 45 mmHg). One of the individuals was chemically restrained (6.4 mg/kg of tiletaminezolazepam and 7.7 µg/kg of dexmedetomidine) on a second anesthetic event for imaging...

Strategic ventilation reduces non-ventilated contralateral lung injury induced by one-lung ventilation in rabbits / [Ventilação estratégica reduz lesão pulmonar contralateral não ventilada induzido pela ventilação pulmonar unilateral em coelhos]

One lung ventilation (OLV) often results in trauma to the unventilated contralateral lung. This study aims to evaluate the effects of different OLV regimens on the injury of the unventilated contralateral lung to identify the best conditions for OLV. Forty rabbits were divided into five groups: a sham group, OLV group I (fraction of inspired oxygen (FIO2) 1.0, tidal volume (VT) 8mL/kg, respiratory rate (R) 40 breaths/min and inspiratory/expiratory ratio (I:E) 1:2), OLV group II (FIO2=1.0, VT 8mL/kg, R 40 breaths/min, I:E 1:2, and positive end-expiratory pressure (PEEP) 5 cm H2O), OLV group III (FIO2 1.0, VT 6mL/kg, R 40 breaths/min, I:E 1:2 and PEEP 5 cm H2O) and OLV group IV (FIO2 0.8, VT 6mL/kg, R 40 breaths/min, I:E 1:2 and PEEP 5 cm H2O). Animals from all OLV groups received two-lung ventilation (TLV) to establish a baseline, followed by one of the indicated OLV regimens. The rabbits in the sham group were intubated through trachea and ventilated with fresh air. Arterial blood gas samples were collected, lung injury parameters were evaluated, and the concentrations of TNF-α and IL-8 in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF) and pulmonary surfactant protein A (SPA) in the unventilated lung were also measured. In OLV group I, the unventilated left lung had higher TNF-α, IL-8 and lung injury score but lower SPA than the ventilated right lung. In OLV groups I to III, the concentrations of TNF-α, IL-8 and lung injury score in the left lung decreased but SPA increased. No differences in these parameters between OLV groups III and IV were observed. Strategic ventilation designed for OLV groups III and IV reduced OLV-induced injury of the non-ventilated contralateral lung in rabbits.(AU)

Ventilação pulmonar unilateral (OLV) frequentemente resulta em trauma no pulmão contralateral não ventilado. Este estudo visa avaliar os efeitos de diferentes regimes de OLV sobre a lesão do pulmão contralateral não ventilado para identificar as melhores condições para OLV. Quarenta coelhos foram divididos em cinco grupos: um grupo falso, OLV grupo I (fração de oxigênio inspirado (FIO2) 1.0, volume corrente (VT) 8mL/kg, frequência respiratória (R) 40 respirações/min e relação inspiração/expiração (I:E) 1:2), OLV grupo II (FIO2=1.0, VT 8mL/kg, R 40 respirações/min, I:E 1:2, e pressão positiva expiratória final (PEEP) 5 cm H2O), OLV grupo III (FIO2 1.0, VT 6mL/kg, R 40 respirações/min, I:E 1:2 e PEEP 5 cm H2O) e OLV grupo IV (FIO2 0.8, VT 6mL/kg, R 40 respirações/min, I:E 1:2 e PEEP 5 cm H2O). Os animais de todos os grupos OLV receberam ventilação nos dois pulmões (TLV) para estabelecer uma linha de base, seguida por um dos regimes OLV indicados. Os coelhos do grupo falso foram intubados através da traqueia e ventilados com ar fresco. Amostras de gases no sangue arterial foram coletadas, parâmetros de lesão pulmonar foram avaliados e as concentrações de TNF-α e IL-8 no fluido de lavagem bronco alveolar (BALF) e proteína A do surfactante pulmonar (SPA) no pulmão não ventilado também foram medidas. No grupo OLV I, o pulmão esquerdo não ventilado tinha maior índice de TNF-α, IL-8 e lesão pulmonar, mas menor SPA do que o pulmão direito ventilado. Nos grupos OLV I a III, as concentrações de TNF-α, IL-8 e a pontuação de lesão pulmonar no pulmão esquerdo diminuíram, mas o SPA aumentou. Não foram observadas diferenças nestes parâmetros entre os grupos OLV III e IV. A ventilação estratégica projetada para os grupos OLV III e IV reduziu a lesão induzida por OLV do pulmão contralateral não ventilado em coelhos.(AU)

Abomasal bloat in Holstein calf / Timpanismo abomasal em bezerra da raça Holandesa

This paper reports a case of abomasal bloat in a Holstein heifer, after an episode of the complete fracture of the left thoracic limb, which occurred on the farm. The animal, with 15 days of age, was donated to Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Hovet) of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP) where it was operated, resulting in a complete fracture consolidation and no post-surgical complications. At 52 days of age, the heifer manifested acute apathy, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. After physical and complementary (i.e., blood count and abdominal ultrasound) examinations and the assessment of nutritional management, the calf was diagnosed with abomasal bloat. Therefore, the following treatment was performed: correction of dehydration, antibiotic therapy, administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and attempt of gas release through the esophageal tube. Moreover, dietary adjustments were made and consisted in interrupting the supply of concentrate, decreasing the volume of milk replacer, as well as supplying ruminal liquid, water, and green grass. Despite the acute and fatal characteristics seen in abomasal tympanism, the rapid identification of the initial clinical manifestations presented by the heifer allowed immediate therapeutic intervention, culminating in the survival of the animal and complete r

Este trabalho relata um caso de timpanismo abomasal em uma bezerra da raça Holandesa, após um episódio de fratura completa do membro torácico esquerdo, ocorrida na fazenda. O animal, com 15 dias de idade, foi doado ao Hospital Veterinário Universitário (Hovet) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ/USP) onde foi operado, resultando em consolidação total da fratura e sem complicações pós-cirúrgicas. Aos 52 dias de idade, a bezerra manifestou apatia aguda, anorexia, desconforto abdominal e diarreia. Após exames físicos e complementares (hemograma e ultrassonografia abdominal) e avaliação do manejo nutricional, a bezerra foi diagnosticada com timpanismo abomasal. Desta forma, foi realizado o seguinte tratamento: correção da desidratação, antibioticoterapia, administração de anti-inflamatório não esteroidal e tentativa de liberação de gás por sonda esofágica. Além disso, ajustes dietéticos foram feitos e consistiram em interromper o fornecimento de concentrado, diminuição do volume de sucedâneo do leite, bem como o fornecimento de líquido ruminal, água e capim. Apesar das características agudas e fatais do timpanismo abomasal, a rápida identificação das manifestações clínicas iniciais apresentadas pela bezerra permitiu a intervenção terapêutica imediata, culminando com a sobrevivência do animal e recuperação completa ao final do tratamento.(AU)

Abomasal bloat in Holstein calf / Timpanismo abomasal em bezerra da raça Holandesa

This paper reports a case of abomasal bloat in a Holstein heifer, after an episode of the complete fracture of the left thoracic limb, which occurred on the farm. The animal, with 15 days of age, was donated to Veterinary Teaching Hospital (Hovet) of Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science of University of Sao Paulo (FMVZ/USP) where it was operated, resulting in a complete fracture consolidation and no post-surgical complications. At 52 days of age, the heifer manifested acute apathy, anorexia, abdominal discomfort, and diarrhea. After physical and complementary (i.e., blood count and abdominal ultrasound) examinations and the assessment of nutritional management, the calf was diagnosed with abomasal bloat. Therefore, the following treatment was performed: correction of dehydration, antibiotic therapy, administration of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug, and attempt of gas release through the esophageal tube. Moreover, dietary adjustments were made and consisted in interrupting the supply of concentrate, decreasing the volume of milk replacer, as well as supplying ruminal liquid, water, and green grass. Despite the acute and fatal characteristics seen in abomasal tympanism, the rapid identification of the initial clinical manifestations presented by the heifer allowed immediate therapeutic intervention, culminating in the survival of the animal and complete r

Este trabalho relata um caso de timpanismo abomasal em uma bezerra da raça Holandesa, após um episódio de fratura completa do membro torácico esquerdo, ocorrida na fazenda. O animal, com 15 dias de idade, foi doado ao Hospital Veterinário Universitário (Hovet) da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo (FMVZ/USP) onde foi operado, resultando em consolidação total da fratura e sem complicações pós-cirúrgicas. Aos 52 dias de idade, a bezerra manifestou apatia aguda, anorexia, desconforto abdominal e diarreia. Após exames físicos e complementares (hemograma e ultrassonografia abdominal) e avaliação do manejo nutricional, a bezerra foi diagnosticada com timpanismo abomasal. Desta forma, foi realizado o seguinte tratamento: correção da desidratação, antibioticoterapia, administração de anti-inflamatório não esteroidal e tentativa de liberação de gás por sonda esofágica. Além disso, ajustes dietéticos foram feitos e consistiram em interromper o fornecimento de concentrado, diminuição do volume de sucedâneo do leite, bem como o fornecimento de líquido ruminal, água e capim. Apesar das características agudas e fatais do timpanismo abomasal, a rápida identificação das manifestações clínicas iniciais apresentadas pela bezerra permitiu a intervenção terapêutica imediata, culminando com a sobrevivência do animal e recuperação completa ao final do tratamento.

Efeito de frações inspiradas de oxigênio e modalidades ventilatórias diferentes sobre a idade de cães / [Effects of oxygeninspired fractions and different ventilatory modalities on the age of dogs]

Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes modalidades ventilatórias em cães de diferentes idades submetidos à fração inspirada de oxigênio (FiO2) de 40% e 100%. Foram utilizados 36 cães de três grupos etários (GJ: 0-5; GA: 5-10 e GG: 10-15 anos), sem padronização de peso, sexo, raça e procedimento cirúrgico. Foram pré-medicados com acepromazina e morfina (0,02 e 0,5mg/kg), induzidos à anestesia geral com propofol dose-efeito, manutenção do plano anestésico com isoflurano em 1,3 V% e fornecimento de oxigênio conforme a FiO2 estabelecida para o grupo. Os animais foram submetidos a quatro diferentes modalidades ventilatórias: ventilação espontânea (VE), ventilação ciclada a volume (VCV), ventilação ciclada a pressão (VCP) e ventilação ciclada a pressão com PEEP (VCPP), e permaneceram 30 minutos em cada modalidade. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares mantiveram-se estáveis para todas as FiO2, modalidades ventilatórias e idades. Com relação aos parâmetros ventilatórios, na FiO2 100%, foram observados PaCO2 de 45mmHge e 29% de shunt, enquanto a FiO2 40% apresentou PaCO2 de 43 mmHg e 13% de shunt. Em relação às diferentes idades, os animais adultos e geriátricos apresentaram maiores valores de shunt (26% e 22%) e PaCO2 (44mm/Hg e 46mm/Hg). Conclui-se que a fração inspirada de 40% e a modalidade ventilatória ciclada a volume mostraram-se mais eficientes.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate different ventilatory modalities in dogs of different ages submitted to the inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) of 40% and 100%. Thirty-six dogs from three age groups (GJ 0-5, GA 5-10 and GG 10-15 years) were used, without standardization of weight, gender, race and surgical procedure. They were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine (0.02 and 0.5mg/kg), induced to general anesthesia with propofol dose/effect, maintenance of the anesthetic plane with isoflurane in 1.3V% and oxygen supply according to FiO2 established for the group. The animals were submitted to 4 different ventilation modalities, spontaneous ventilation (VS), volume-cycled ventilation (VCV), pressure-cycled ventilation (VCP) and pressure-cycled ventilation with PEEP (VCPP) and remained 30 minutes in each modality. The cardiovascular parameters remained stable for all FiO2, ventilatory modalities and ages. Regarding ventilatory parameters, in FiO2 and PaCO2 of 45mmHg and 29% of shunt, in FiO2 100%, PaCO2 of 43mmHg and 13% of shunt were observed. Regarding the different ages, adult and geriatric animals presented higher values of Shunt (26 and 22%) and PaCO2 (44 and 46mmHg). It was concluded that the inspired fraction of 40% and the volume-cycled ventilatory modality were more efficient.(AU)

Efeito de frações inspiradas de oxigênio e modalidades ventilatórias diferentes sobre a idade de cães / [Effects of oxygen inspired fractions and different ventilatory modalities on the age of dogs]

Objetivou-se avaliar diferentes modalidades ventilatórias em cães de diferentes idades submetidos à fração inspirada de oxigênio (FiO2) de 40% e 100%. Foram utilizados 36 cães de três grupos etários (GJ: 0-5; GA: 5-10 e GG: 10-15 anos), sem padronização de peso, sexo, raça e procedimento cirúrgico. Foram pré-medicados com acepromazina e morfina (0,02 e 0,5mg/kg), induzidos à anestesia geral com propofol dose-efeito, manutenção do plano anestésico com isoflurano em 1,3 V% e fornecimento de oxigênio conforme a FiO2 estabelecida para o grupo. Os animais foram submetidos a quatro diferentes modalidades ventilatórias: ventilação espontânea (VE), ventilação ciclada a volume (VCV), ventilação ciclada a pressão (VCP) e ventilação ciclada a pressão com PEEP (VCPP), e permaneceram 30 minutos em cada modalidade. Os parâmetros cardiovasculares mantiveram-se estáveis para todas as FiO2, modalidades ventilatórias e idades. Com relação aos parâmetros ventilatórios, na FiO2 100%, foram observados PaCO2 de 45mmHge e 29% de shunt, enquanto a FiO2 40% apresentou PaCO2 de 43 mmHg e 13% de shunt. Em relação às diferentes idades, os animais adultos e geriátricos apresentaram maiores valores de shunt (26% e 22%) e PaCO2 (44mm/Hg e 46mm/Hg). Conclui-se que a fração inspirada de 40% e a modalidade ventilatória ciclada a volume mostraram-se mais eficientes.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate different ventilatory modalities in dogs of different ages submitted to the inspired fraction of oxygen (FiO2) of 40% and 100%. Thirty-six dogs from three age groups (GJ 0-5, GA 5-10 and GG 10-15 years) were used, without standardization of weight, gender, race and surgical procedure. They were premedicated with acepromazine and morphine (0.02 and 0.5mg/kg), induced to general anesthesia with propofol dose/effect, maintenance of the anesthetic plane with isoflurane in 1.3V% and oxygen supply according to FiO2 established for the group. The animals were submitted to 4 different ventilation modalities, spontaneous ventilation (VS), volume-cycled ventilation (VCV), pressure-cycled ventilation (VCP) and pressure-cycled ventilation with PEEP (VCPP) and remained 30 minutes in each modality. The cardiovascular parameters remained stable for all FiO2, ventilatory modalities and ages. Regarding ventilatory parameters, in FiO2 and PaCO2 of 45mmHg and 29% of shunt, in FiO2 100%, PaCO2 of 43mmHg and 13% of shunt were observed. Regarding the different ages, adult and geriatric animals presented higher values of Shunt (26 and 22%) and PaCO2 (44 and 46mmHg). It was concluded that the inspired fraction of 40% and the volume-cycled ventilatory modality were more efficient.(AU)