Molecular identification of pathogenic Escherichia coli virulence genes and histopathological analysis in chickens condemned for airsacculitis / Identificação molecular de genes de virulência de Escherichia coli e análise histopatológica em frangos condenados por aerossaculite

ABSTRACT: The present study identified virulence genes and pathological changes caused by Escherichia coli in chicken carcasses condemned for airsacculitis and assessed if the histopathological examination and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) were effective for studies like this. Trachea, liver, and lung were collected from 30 chickens with suspected airsacculitis that has been condemned in the inspection line. The samples were analyzed by PCR to simultaneously identify two virulence genes (iss and tsh genes) and for histopathological testing. PCR efficiently genotypically characterize the E. coli isolates, where the virulence genes iss and tsh were found in three birds simultaneously. The histopathological examination detected a predominance of heterophils and mononuclear cells in the trachea (100%), lung (90%), and liver (13.3%). The liver was the organ where practically no alteration was diagnosed. The results of multiplex PCR for the tsh and iss virulence genes indicate the great potential of the approach in the characterization of E. coli isolates. Unspecific identification did not occur, thus making it necessary to use technologies for the identification and prevention of this agent in aviaries and poultry abattoirs.

RESUMO: O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar genes de virulência e alterações patológicas provocadas por Escherichia coli em carcaças de frango condenadas por aerossaculite e se o exame histopatológico e uma Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR) são eficazes para os estudos dessa natureza. Para isso, foram coletados traqueia, fígado e pulmão de 30 frangos condenados na linha de inspeção, com suspeita de aerossaculite. As amostras foram submetidas a PCR para a identificação de dois genes de virulência de modo simultâneo (genes iss e tsh) e ao teste histopatológico. A PCR foi eficiente para caracterizar genotipicamente os isolados de E. coli, em que se constatou em três aves os genes de virulência iss e tsh simultaneamente. No exame histopatológico detectou-se a predominância de heterófilos e mononucleares na traqueia 100%, no pulmão 90% e no fígado 13,3%. O fígado foi o órgão onde praticamente não foi diagnosticada nenhuma alteração. Diante dos resultados obtidos, foi possível observar que a PCR multiplex para os genes de virulência tsh e iss apresenta um grande potencial na caracterização de isolados de E. coli, já que não gerou identificação inespecífica, com isso faz-se necessária a utilização de tecnologias para identificação e prevenção desse agente nos aviários e matadouros avícolas.

Detection and Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of Enteropathogenic (EPEC) and Shigatoxigenic Escherichia coli (STEC) in Conventional and Organic Broiler Chickens

Enteropatogenic Escherichia coli (EPEC) and shigatoxigenic E. coli (STEC), are generally poultry and poultry product isolate and can cause serious human infections. Many strains may become resistant to various antimicrobials, which can hinder the treatment of bacterial diseases. Organic farming seeks to avoid the selection and frequency of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. This study aims to verify the resistance of EPEC and STEC from organic and conventional (industrial) broiler isolates to antimicrobials. All isolates were submitted to disk diffusion test with tetracycline, gentamicin, enrofloxacin, ceftriaxone and amoxicillin + clavulanate (TET, GEN, ENO, CTX, AMC) and PCR to detect specific virulence genes for EPEC and STEC. A total of 297 E. coli strains were isolated, 213 from conventional. In organic broiler, 84 strains were isolated. The strains from the conventional broiler isolates were resistant to five antimicrobials tested: TET 48.82% (104/213), ENO 28.17% (60/213), CTX 15.49% (33/213), GEN 14.55% (31/213), and AMC 7.04% (15/213), and 9.86% (21/213) were considered multidrug-resistant. Organic chicken strains were resistant to four of the antimicrobials tested: TET 35.7% (30/84), ENO 9.5% (8/84), CTX 2.4% (2/84), GEN 4.8% (4/84). Of the strains from the organic broiler chicken isolates, only 1.2% (1/84) was considered multidrug-resistant. No EPEC and STEC were found in the organic chicken samples. The multidrug resistance was characterized in 9.52% (2/21) of the EPEC and 4.76% (1/21) of the STEC. The study demonstrated the absence of EPEC and STEC strains in organic broilers and carcasses and a lower frequency of multiresistant strains compared to conventional breeding.(AU)

Chitosan Edible Coating as Decontaminant During Water Thawing of Frozen Broiler Carcasses

The present study was designed to evaluate the effects of chitosan edible coating applications on the sensory, physicochemical, and bacterial load on chicken during thawing. Edible coatings prepared with 0.5 &1% chitosan in acetic acid (0.5%), was used as thawing solution. The frozen chicken was submerged for 2 hrs in tap water as control, 0.5 &1% chitosan treatments. Chitosan 1% coating improves tenderness and in turn overall acceptability scores. The result of shear force analysis emphasized the tenderness sensory scores of cooked broilers. Application of chitosan coat reduces pH value, APC, Psychrotrophic count, with significant (p<0.05) reduction in thawed broilers with 1% chitosan coat. Therefore, commercial chitosan can be applied in water thawing of frozen broiler to improve the quality characteristics economically. The results demonstrate that the application of chitosan can be an effective method for reducing contamination in chicken meat during thawing.(AU)

Condenação de carcaças de frangos de corte por síndrome ascítica em um abatedouro-frigorífico no estado do Espírito Santo, Brasil / Condemnation of poultry carcasses due ascitic syndrome in an abattoir in the state of Espírito Santo, Brazil

A síndrome ascítica, ou síndrome de hipertensão pulmonar, pode ser definida como uma condição patológica caracterizada pelo acúmulo de líquido na cavidade abdominal em virtude da maior velocidade de crescimento e ganho de peso dos frangos, levando a maior necessidade de suprimento de oxigênio para os tecidos, geralmente ocorre a partir da terceira semana de vida da ave. As altas taxas de crescimento e ganho de peso implicaram no aumento da demanda de oxigênio para suprir os tecidos causando falhas na resposta fisiológica em órgãos como o coração e o pulmão. Assim, este trabalho tem como objetivo relatar a frequência de carcaças acometidas de forma parcial ou total pela síndrome ascítica em frangos de corte abatidos em um frigorífico sob inspeção estadual localizado no Estado do Espírito Santo, e estimar o impacto econômico decorrente. Foram inspecionadas 2.067.645 aves, das quais, em 6.855 (0,33%) foram identificadas com esse distúrbio metabólico. Em todas as modalidades as carcaças tiveram o encaminhamento específico de destino, de acordo com a legislação vigente, resultando em uma perda econômica de no mínimo R$19.905,00 (U$ 3,790.06) durante o período aproximado de três meses (período de realização do estudo). Assim, conlui-se que para evitar a recorrência desse problema, deve-se conhecer todos os fatores de risco que podem levar a essa condição patológica, para estabelecer medidas eficazes para seu controle, fazendo com que a avicultura brasileira continue em grande desenvolvimento e que ocorra redução das perdas economicas para essa cadeia produtiva.

Ascitic syndrome, or pulmonary hypertension syndrome, can be defined as a pathological condition characterized by the accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity due to the higher growth rate and weight gain of chickens, leading to a greater need for oxygen supply to the tissues, usually occurring from the third week of the bird's life. The high rates of growth and weight gain implied an increase in the demand for oxygen to supply the tissues, causing failures in the physiological response in organs such as the heart and the lungs. Thus, this study aims to report the frequency of carcasses partially or totally affected by ascitic syndrome in broilers slaughtered in an abattoir under state inspection located in the State of Espírito Santo, and to estimate the resulting economic losses. A total of 2,067,645 birds were inspected, of which 6,855 (0.33%) were identified with this metabolic disorder. In all modalities, the carcasses were sent to a specific destination, in accordance with current legislation, resulting in an economic loss of at least U$ 3,790.06 (R$19.905,00) during the period of approximately three months (period of the study). Thus, it is concluded that to avoid this problem, all the risk factors that can lead to this pathological condition must be known, to establish effective measures for its control, making the Brazilian poultry industry able to continue in great development and to reduce the economic losses for this production chain.

Contamination and antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli in chicken carcasses from public markets in Maranhão / Contaminação e perfil de resistência antimicrobiana de Escherichia coliem carcaças de frango de mercados públicos maranhenses

Contamination of chicken meat sold in public markets is a public health concern. The objective of this study was to identify contamination and evaluate the antimicrobial resistance profile of Escherichia coli in chicken carcasses from public markets in the North Mesoregion of Maranhão. A total of 160 freshly slaughtered chicken carcasses were collected in 16 markets in six municipalities in the microregions of Itapecuru-Mirim and São Luís. The samples were analyzed for the presence of E. coli using counting thermotolerant coliforms and classified according to the ANVISA microbiological standard. Of all the samples, 134 (83.75%) were considered unacceptable for consumption, according to Brazilian health legislation. Bacteria were isolated from the positive samples, and 50 isolates were tested for susceptibility to 15 antimicrobial principles using the disc diffusion method. The results confirm the presence of E. coli, with counts ranging from 101 to 108 NMP/g. The isolates showed resistance to neomycin (49/50, 98%), streptomycin (48/50, 96%), sulfonamides (47/50, 94%), nitrofurantoin (45/50, 90%), cefazolin (43/50, 86%), and tetracycline (43/50, 86%). No antibiotic was effective against the isolates, which were resistant to more than 3 antimicrobial classes considered resistant to multiple drugs (MDR). Therefore, chicken meat sold in public markets in Maranhão presents unsatisfactory conditions for consumption and risk of transmission of E. coli with an MDR profile.(AU)

A contaminação da carne de frango comercializada em mercados públicos é uma preocupação de saúde pública. Nesse sentido, objetivou-se avaliar a contaminação e perfil de resistência antimicrobianas de Escherichia colidas carcaças de frango de mercados públicos da Mesorregião Norte do Maranhão. Foram coletadas 160 amostras de carcaças de frango recém--abatidas e comercializadas em 16 mercados de seis municípios das microrregiões de Itapecuru-mirim e São Luís. As amostras foram analisadas quanto à presença de E.coli por meio da contagem de coliformes termotolerantes e classificadas segundo o padrão microbiológico da ANVISA. A bactéria foi isolada de amostras positivas. Testou-se 50 isolados quanto à suscetibili-dade a 15 princípios antimicrobianos, seguindo o método de Difusão em Disco.Os resultados confirmam a presença de E.coli com contagens de 101 a 108 NMP/g. De todas as amostras 134 (83,75%) foram consideradas inaceitáveis para consumo, con-forme legislação brasileira sanitária. Os isolados mostraram alto índice de resistência atimicrobiana aos princípios neomicina (49/98%), streptomicina (48/96%), sulfanomidas (47/94%), nitrofurantoína (45/90%), cefazolina (43/86%) e tetraciclina (43/86%). Nenhum antibiótico foi eficaz contra os isolados, sendo resistente a mais de 3 classes antimicrobianas considerados resistente a múltipla a drogas (MDR). A carne de frango comercializada nos mercados públicos maranhenses apresenta con-dições insatisfatórias para consumo e risco de transmissão de E. coli com perfil MDR.(AU)

Surto de botulismo tipo C em aves de subsistência em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Outbreak of type C botulism in backyard poultry in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Background: Botulism is a disease caused by the ingestion of neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, characterizedby flaccid paralysis, which can lead to high mortality. They have seven types of neurotoxins (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) and,in birds, most cases are attributed to type C. They are considered sources of botulinum toxins where the decomposition oforganic matter occurs, like stagnant water and rotting food. The main feature of the disease in birds is ascending symmetricflaccid paralysis. The present study aims to describe an outbreak of type C botulism in backyard poultry in the state ofSanta Catarina, Southern Brazil.Case: A visit was made to the property with 160 backyard poultry with a history of high mortality in the municipality ofAgrolândia, Santa Catarina. Clinical signs were characterized by paralysis of the pelvic limbs, neck and pendular wings,which progressed to death within 48 h. There was a mortality rate of 37.5% (60/160) between March and May 2019. Thesebirds were kept in an overcrowded environment, with different species (chickens, ducks, teals, and turkeys) fed irregularly.The water supplied was provided from kitchen exhaust, accumulating in puddles on the floor that contained organic matterresidues such as animal feces, food waste and bone fragments. The disposal of the carcasses of birds that died was in thesame enclosure, buried superficially, facilitating the access of other birds to dig them up and consume them. Necropsywas performed on 2 chickens and one duck, no macroscopic or histopathological lesions were observed. Blood, liver, andgastrointestinal content samples were sent for research and identification of botulinum toxin through the serum neutralization test in mice. The presence of type C botulinum toxin was confirmed in the liver chicken of one sampled animals.Discussion: The identification of type C botulism toxin enabled the characterization of the outbreak, which is...

Surto de botulismo tipo C em aves de subsistência em Santa Catarina, Brasil / Outbreak of type C botulism in backyard poultry in Santa Catarina, Brazil

Background: Botulism is a disease caused by the ingestion of neurotoxin produced by Clostridium botulinum, characterizedby flaccid paralysis, which can lead to high mortality. They have seven types of neurotoxins (A, B, C, D, E, F, and G) and,in birds, most cases are attributed to type C. They are considered sources of botulinum toxins where the decomposition oforganic matter occurs, like stagnant water and rotting food. The main feature of the disease in birds is ascending symmetricflaccid paralysis. The present study aims to describe an outbreak of type C botulism in backyard poultry in the state ofSanta Catarina, Southern Brazil.Case: A visit was made to the property with 160 backyard poultry with a history of high mortality in the municipality ofAgrolândia, Santa Catarina. Clinical signs were characterized by paralysis of the pelvic limbs, neck and pendular wings,which progressed to death within 48 h. There was a mortality rate of 37.5% (60/160) between March and May 2019. Thesebirds were kept in an overcrowded environment, with different species (chickens, ducks, teals, and turkeys) fed irregularly.The water supplied was provided from kitchen exhaust, accumulating in puddles on the floor that contained organic matterresidues such as animal feces, food waste and bone fragments. The disposal of the carcasses of birds that died was in thesame enclosure, buried superficially, facilitating the access of other birds to dig them up and consume them. Necropsywas performed on 2 chickens and one duck, no macroscopic or histopathological lesions were observed. Blood, liver, andgastrointestinal content samples were sent for research and identification of botulinum toxin through the serum neutralization test in mice. The presence of type C botulinum toxin was confirmed in the liver chicken of one sampled animals.Discussion: The identification of type C botulism toxin enabled the characterization of the outbreak, which is...(AU)

Direct Detection and Quantification of Bacterial Pathogens from Broiler Cecal Samples in the Slaughter Line by Real-Time PCR

Chicken meat is an important source of foodborne pathogens, including Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens. These bacteria can occur in the intestinal microbiota of broilers and contaminate chicken carcasses in industrial meat processing. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a procedure based on real-time PCRs for the direct detection and quantification of these three bacteria in broilers' ceca collected in poultry slaughter houses and demonstrate the occurrence of these important foodborne pathogens in Brazilian poultry production flocks. Cecal contents were collected from 45 different broiler flocks in three different slaughterhouses in the state of Paraná, Brazil, totaling 45 samples (in pools of 10 different ceca/chickens per broiler flock). Then, these samples were tested for the detection and quantification of Salmonella, Campylobacter, and Clostridium perfringens by real-time PCRs. The results demonstrated the occurrence of three (6.7%) positive pools for Salmonella, 20 (44.4%) for Campylobacter, and 32 (71.1%) for C. perfringens. Mean bacterial concentrations in the positive samples were 4.3log10 cells/g for Salmonella, 6.4 log10 cells/g for Campylobacter, and 5.5 log10 cells/g for C. perfringens. In conclusion, Salmonella, Campylobacter, and C. perfringens could be detected and quantified directly from the broilers cecal contents collected in the slaughter line. This procedure will be certainly useful to more quickly detect these foodborne pathogens and prevent their occurrence in chicken meat and other poultry food products.(AU)

Antimicrobial resistance profiles in Escherichia coli isolated from whole-chicken carcasses from conventional, antibiotic-free, and organic rearing systems / Perfil de resistência em Escherichia coli isoladas de carcaças de frango provenientes de sistemas de produção convencional, livre de antibióticos e orgânico

Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a growing concern in human and animal health. Public discussions on these issues have contributed to an increased demand for antibiotic-free food. Studies comparing the antimicrobial resistance profiles of bacteria in foodstuffs originating from farming systems with restrictions on the use of antimicrobials are scarce. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial resistance profiles of generic Escherichia coli isolated from whole chickens originating from farming systems with and without restrictions on the use of antimicrobials. For this purpose, three groups of E. coli strains were formed: (GC) from chickens reared in conventional production systems, without restriction on the use of antimicrobials (n=72); (GL) from chickens reared in farming systems certified as free of any antibiotic use (n=72); and (GO) from chickens from an organic farming system (n=72). Whole chicken units were individually rinsed as recommended by ISO 17604:2015, and E. coli was isolated from the rinse suspension. To evaluate the resistance profile, E. coli strains were tested against 12 antimicrobials using broth microdilution or disk diffusion tests. Eighty strains (40.7%) were found to be fully susceptible to the tested antimicrobials, and 23.6% were multidrug resistant. The highest frequencies of resistance were observed to tetracycline (GC=37,5%; GL=34,7%; GO=25%) and trimethoprim (GC=27,8%; GL=34,7%; GO=22,2%). In the case of multidrug resistant strains, GC presented 32% (n=23) of strains with multidrug resistance characteristics whereas the GL and GO groups presented 22% (n=16) and 17% (n=12), respectively. As for the totally susceptible strains, a frequency of 56% of Tsus strains was observed in the organic group, whereas this frequency was 33% in the GC and GL groups. Using GC as a reference, the Poisson regression model showed a higher occurrence of fully susceptible E. coli strains, as well as lower frequencies of multidrug resistance and resistance to ampicillin and nalidixic acid in GO. The GL group exhibited the lowest frequency of ampicillin resistance. These observations suggest that the lower selection pressure for antimicrobial use in the farming system may be reflected in the resistance profile of bacteria present in foodstuffs purchased by consumers.(AU)

A resistência antimicrobiana (AMR) é uma preocupação crescente para a saúde humana e animal. A discussão pública dessas questões tem contribuído para o aumento da demanda por alimentos produzidos sem o uso de antibióticos. No entanto, estudos que comparem os perfis de resistência antimicrobiana de bactérias em alimentos oriundos de sistemas agrícolas com restrição ao uso de antimicrobianos ainda são escassos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o perfil de resistência antimicrobiana em Escherichia coli genérica isolada de carcaças de frangos inteiros oriundos de sistemas de criação com e sem restrições ao uso de antimicrobianos. Para tanto, três grupos de cepas de E. coli foram formados: (GC) isolados de carcaças de frangos criados no sistema convencional - sem restrição de uso de antimicrobianos (n=72); (GL) isolados de frangos de sistemas certificados sem uso de antimicrobianos (n=72); (GO) de frangos originados de produção orgânica (n=72). As unidades de frango inteiro foram submetidas à lavagem conforme recomendado pela ISO 17604: 2015 e E. coli foi isolada da suspensão de enxágue. Para avaliar o perfil de resistência, as cepas de E. coli foram testadas frente à 12 antimicrobianos pelos testes de microdiluição em caldo ou difusão em disco. Oitenta cepas (40,7%) foram totalmente suscetíveis aos antimicrobianos testados e 23,6% multirresistentes. As maiores frequências de resistência foram observadas frente a tetraciclina (GC=37,5%; GL=34,7%; GO=25%) e trimetoprima (GC=27,8%; GL=34,7%; GO=22,2%). No caso de cepas multirresistentes, GC apresentou 32% (n=23) das cepas com características de multirresistência enquanto os grupos GL e GO apresentaram 22% (n=16) e 17% (n=12), respectivamente. Quanto às cepas totalmente suscetíveis, foi observada uma frequência de 56% de cepas Tsus no grupo orgânico enquanto tal frequência foi de 33% nos grupos GC e GL. Utilizando GC como referência, o modelo de regressão de Poisson demonstrou maior ocorrência de cepas de E. coli totalmente suscetíveis, bem como menores frequências de multirresistência e resistência à ampicilina e ácido nalidíxico no GO. Em GL, apenas a frequência mais baixa de resistência à ampicilina pôde ser demonstrada. Essas observações sugerem que a menor pressão de seleção do uso de antimicrobianos no sistema de cultivo pode se refletir no perfil de resistência das bactérias presentes nos alimentos adquiridos pelo consumidor.(AU)

Dripping test to assessment the water content in frozen chicken carcases commercialized in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, Brazil / Dripping test para avaliação do teor de água em carcaças de frango congeladas comercializadas em Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, Brasil

The growth in demand for chicken meat is due to the increase in demand for white meat, as they are considered tasty and at an attractive price. Therefore, the search for quality is essential. In Brazil, the water loss due to the melting of the carcasses is controlled by companies and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) and, frequently, they analyze water loss from the carcasses above the limits required by the legislation. Given the assumption, the aimed of this study was to evaluate the water losses due to thawing in frozen chicken carcasses marketed in the municipality of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, Brazil. There 25 carcasses of whole frozen chickens were evaluated, from six brands, lots and different establishments, submitted to standardized conditions for the performance of the Dripping test, in order to verify the percentage of water absorbed by the carcasses. It was found that 48% of the samples showed water loss beyond that allowed by the current legislation, which is 6%. When observing that almost half of the evaluated carcasses showed irregularities in relation to the legislation, it is understood that the companies that supply these products should be better inspected, carrying out Dripping test analyzes periodically to reduce or eliminate this type of crime.

O crescimento da demanda de carne de frango se deve ao aumento da procura de carnes brancas, por serem con-sideradas saborosas e com preço atrativo. Por isso, a busca pela qualidade é imprescindível. No Brasil, a perda de água pelo degelo das carcaças é controlada pelas empresas e pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e, fre-quentemente, analisam perda de água das carcaças acima dos limites exigidos pela legislação. Diante do pressuposto, o obje-tivo desse estudo foi avaliar as perdas de água por degelo em carcaças de frango congeladas comercializadas no município de Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Foram avaliadas 25 carcaças de frangos congelados inteiros, de seis marcas, lotes e estabelecimentos dis-tintos, submetidos a condições padronizadas para a realização do Dripping test, com a finalidade de verificar o percentual de água absorvida pelas carcaças. Constatou-se que 48% das amostras apresentaram perda de água além do permitido pela legis-lação vigente, que é de 6%. Ao observar que quase a metade das carcaças avaliadas apresentaram irregularidades frente à legis-lação, entende-se que as empresas fornecedoras desses produtos devem ser melhor fiscalizadas, realizando análises de Dripping test periodicamente para reduzir ou eliminar esse tipo de delito.

Dripping test to assessment the water content in frozen chicken carcases commercialized in Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, Brazil / Dripping test para avaliação do teor de água em carcaças de frango congeladas comercializadas em Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, Brasil

The growth in demand for chicken meat is due to the increase in demand for white meat, as they are considered tasty and at an attractive price. Therefore, the search for quality is essential. In Brazil, the water loss due to the melting of the carcasses is controlled by companies and by the Ministry of Agriculture, Livestock and Supply (MAPA) and, frequently, they analyze water loss from the carcasses above the limits required by the legislation. Given the assumption, the aimed of this study was to evaluate the water losses due to thawing in frozen chicken carcasses marketed in the municipality of Ji-Paraná, Rondônia, Brazil. There 25 carcasses of whole frozen chickens were evaluated, from six brands, lots and different establishments, submitted to standardized conditions for the performance of the Dripping test, in order to verify the percentage of water absorbed by the carcasses. It was found that 48% of the samples showed water loss beyond that allowed by the current legislation, which is 6%. When observing that almost half of the evaluated carcasses showed irregularities in relation to the legislation, it is understood that the companies that supply these products should be better inspected, carrying out Dripping test analyzes periodically to reduce or eliminate this type of crime.(AU)

O crescimento da demanda de carne de frango se deve ao aumento da procura de carnes brancas, por serem con-sideradas saborosas e com preço atrativo. Por isso, a busca pela qualidade é imprescindível. No Brasil, a perda de água pelo degelo das carcaças é controlada pelas empresas e pelo Ministério da Agricultura Pecuária e Abastecimento (MAPA) e, fre-quentemente, analisam perda de água das carcaças acima dos limites exigidos pela legislação. Diante do pressuposto, o obje-tivo desse estudo foi avaliar as perdas de água por degelo em carcaças de frango congeladas comercializadas no município de Ji-Paraná, Rondônia. Foram avaliadas 25 carcaças de frangos congelados inteiros, de seis marcas, lotes e estabelecimentos dis-tintos, submetidos a condições padronizadas para a realização do Dripping test, com a finalidade de verificar o percentual de água absorvida pelas carcaças. Constatou-se que 48% das amostras apresentaram perda de água além do permitido pela legis-lação vigente, que é de 6%. Ao observar que quase a metade das carcaças avaliadas apresentaram irregularidades frente à legis-lação, entende-se que as empresas fornecedoras desses produtos devem ser melhor fiscalizadas, realizando análises de Dripping test periodicamente para reduzir ou eliminar esse tipo de delito.(AU)

Principais causas de condenação de carcaças de frangos de corte em abatedouros sob inspeção federal no estado do Paraná, Brasil / Main causes of chicken carcasses condemnations in slaughters under federal inspection in the state of Paraná, Brazil

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, analisar as principais causas de condenação total de carcaças de frangos de corte em frigoríficos sob o Serviço de Inspeção Federal no Paraná, no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Foram analisados os registros de abate, obtidos através do Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal, e os relatórios de condenações por meio do Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão. As principais causas de condenação, registradas no período em estudo foram aspecto repugnante (28,7%), contaminação (19,3%), síndrome ascítica (11%) e escaldagem excessiva (9,6%). 65,5 % das condenações das carcaças foram de origem não patológica, identificadas como tecnopatias.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the main causes of total condemnation of broiler carcasses in slaughterhouses under the Federal Inspection Service in Paraná, from January 2017 to December 2018. The slaughter records obtained through Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service, and reports of convictions through the Electronic System of the Citizen Information Service. The main causes of condemnation recorded in the study period were disgusting aspects (28.7%), contamination (19.3%), ascitic syndrome (11%) and excessive scalding (9.6%). 65,5 % of carcass convictions were of non-pathological origin and were identified as technopathies.(AU)

Principais causas de condenação de carcaças de frangos de corte em abatedouros sob inspeção federal no estado do Paraná, Brasil / Main causes of chicken carcasses condemnations in slaughters under federal inspection in the state of Paraná, Brazil

Objetivou-se, neste estudo, analisar as principais causas de condenação total de carcaças de frangos de corte em frigoríficos sob o Serviço de Inspeção Federal no Paraná, no período de janeiro de 2017 a dezembro de 2018. Foram analisados os registros de abate, obtidos através do Sistema de Informações Gerenciais do Serviço de Inspeção Federal, e os relatórios de condenações por meio do Sistema Eletrônico do Serviço de Informação ao Cidadão. As principais causas de condenação, registradas no período em estudo foram aspecto repugnante (28,7%), contaminação (19,3%), síndrome ascítica (11%) e escaldagem excessiva (9,6%). 65,5 % das condenações das carcaças foram de origem não patológica, identificadas como tecnopatias.(AU)

The aim of this study was to analyze the main causes of total condemnation of broiler carcasses in slaughterhouses under the Federal Inspection Service in Paraná, from January 2017 to December 2018. The slaughter records obtained through Management Information System of the Federal Inspection Service, and reports of convictions through the Electronic System of the Citizen Information Service. The main causes of condemnation recorded in the study period were disgusting aspects (28.7%), contamination (19.3%), ascitic syndrome (11%) and excessive scalding (9.6%). 65,5 % of carcass convictions were of non-pathological origin and were identified as technopathies.(AU)

Main causes of chicken carcass condemnations in Espírito Santo, Brazil / Principais causas de condenações de carcaça de frango no Espírito Santo, Brasil

Brazil is the third largest producer and the main exporter of chicken meat in the world. In 2019, it produced approximately 13.245 million tons of the product, generating more than six million dollars. According to the Poultry Association of the state of Espírito Santo, broiler production is carried out by 28 independent producers/companies, three integrator businesses, 42 integrated producers and seven slaughterhouses (structures with SIF, SIE/SISBI or SIE certification). Despite the growth of this sector, problems persist regarding the quality of carcasses and the number of condemnations. From the sanitary and industrial point of view, all products of animal origin must undergo prior inspection. The present study was developed using data generated by the Federal Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Federal, SIF) and the State Inspection Service (Serviço de Inspeção Estadual, SIE). The main causes of condemnation of birds as inspected by SIF represented 9.26% of the slaughtered birds. Total condemnations corresponded to 1.35%. Overall, this study recorded a greater number of condemnations of non-pathological origin. In conclusion, there was consistency in the reasons why these products were condemned. Bruises/fractures and contamination were the most frequent causes according to both inspection services (SIF and SIE), indicating a common problem on the slaughter and inspection lines.(AU)

O Brasil é o terceiro maior produtor e o principal exportador de carne de frango do mundo. Em 2019, produziu aproximadamente 13,245 milhões de toneladas, faturando mais de seis milhões de dólares. Segundo a Associação dos Avicultores do Estado do Espírito Santo, a avicultura de corte conta com 28 produtores/empresas independentes, três integradoras, 42 integrados além de 7 abatedouros (estruturas com SIF, SIE/SISBI ou SIE). Embora tenha havido crescimento neste setor, ainda persistem problemas relacionados com a qualidade das carcaças e com o quantitativo de condenações. Sob o ponto de vista sanitário e industrial todos os produtos de origem animal devem receber fiscalização prévia. O presente trabalho foi desenvolvido mediante levantamento de dados gerados pelo Serviço de Inspeção Federal (SIF) e pelo Serviço de Inspeção Estadual (SIE). As principais causas de condenações de aves inspecionadas pelo SIF representaram 9,26% das aves abatidas. Para as condenações totais foi registrado o percentual de 1,35%. Este estudo registrou, no geral, um maior número de condenações de origem não patológica. Conclui-se que houve uma constância nas razões pelas quais esses produtos sofreram condenações. As contusões/fraturas e contaminações foram as de maior ocorrência, em ambos os Serviços de Inspeção (SIF e SIE), indicando um problema comum na linha de abate e inspeção.(AU)

Utilização de níveis crescentes de farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte / Utilization of increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broiler

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes do farelo de raiz de mandioca (FRM) na ração de frangos de corte sob o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaças, cortes e vísceras, no período 10 a 42 dias de vida. Foi realizado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por 16 frangos machos e fêmeas da linhagem Cobb 500. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro rações com 0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5% de farelo de raiz de mandioca em três programas de alimentação. Aos 42 dias, quatro aves por unidade foram abatidas e avaliados o rendimento de carcaça, principais cortes e vísceras comestíveis. A inclusão dos níveis de 15% e 22,5% de FRM na dieta dos frangos influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso, no consumo e na conversão alimentar no período inicial e de crescimento das aves. O rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras não foram influenciados pela dieta. Com base nos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se o uso de até 7,5% do farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500, no período de 10 a 42 dias, sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico das aves e o rendimento de carcaças, dos cortes e vísceras comestíveis.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broilers, estimated by the performance and yield of carcasses, cuts, and viscera over, in the period 10 to 42 days of life. A completely randomized design was carried out, with four treatments and four repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 16 male and female Cobb 500 chickens (a total of 256 birds) that were 10 to 42 days old. The treatments consisted of four diets with 0%, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5% of cassava root meal (CRM) in three feeding programs. At 42 days old, four birds per unit were slaughtered and the carcass yield, main cuts, and edible viscera were evaluated. The inclusion of levels of 15% and 22.5% of CRM in the diet of broiler had a negative influence on weight gain, food consumption, and feed conversion in the initial period and in the overall growth of the birds. Carcass yield, cuts, and viscera were not influenced by the diet. Based on the results, it is recommended that a maximum of 7.5% of the cassava root bran may be used in the diet of broilers of the Cobb 500 strain, over 10 to 42 days, without compromising the zootechnical performance of the birds or the yield of edible carcasses, cuts, and viscera.

Utilization of increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broiler / Utilização de níveis crescentes de farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of using increasing levels of cassava root meal in the diet of broilers, estimated by the performance and yield of carcasses, cuts, and viscera over, in the period 10 to 42 days of life. A completely randomized design was carried out, with four treatments and four repetitions. The experimental unit consisted of 16 male and female Cobb 500 chickens (a total of 256 birds) that were 10 to 42 days old. The treatments consisted of four diets with 0%, 7.5%, 15%, and 22.5% of cassava root meal (CRM) in three feeding programs. At 42 days old, four birds per unit were slaughtered and the carcass yield, main cuts, and edible viscera were evaluated. The inclusion of levels of 15% and 22.5% of CRM in the diet of broiler had a negative influence on weight gain, food consumption, and feed conversion in the initial period and in the overall growth of the birds. Carcass yield, cuts, and viscera were not influenced by the diet. Based on the results, it is recommended that a maximum of 7.5% of the cassava root bran may be used in the diet of broilers of the Cobb 500 strain, over 10 to 42 days, without compromising the zootechnical performance of the birds or the yield of edible carcasses, cuts, and viscera.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da utilização de níveis crescentes do farelo de raiz de mandioca (FRM) na ração de frangos de corte sob o desempenho e o rendimento de carcaças, cortes e vísceras, no período 10 a 42 dias de vida. Foi realizado um delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e quatro repetições. A unidade experimental foi representada por 16 frangos machos e fêmeas da linhagem Cobb 500. Os tratamentos consistiram em quatro rações com 0%, 7,5%, 15% e 22,5% de farelo de raiz de mandioca em três programas de alimentação. Aos 42 dias, quatro aves por unidade foram abatidas e avaliados o rendimento de carcaça, principais cortes e vísceras comestíveis. A inclusão dos níveis de 15% e 22,5% de FRM na dieta dos frangos influenciou negativamente no ganho de peso, no consumo e na conversão alimentar no período inicial e de crescimento das aves. O rendimento de carcaça, cortes e vísceras não foram influenciados pela dieta. Com base nos resultados obtidos, recomenda-se o uso de até 7,5% do farelo de raiz de mandioca na dieta de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb 500, no período de 10 a 42 dias, sem comprometer o desempenho zootécnico das aves e o rendimento de carcaças, dos cortes e vísceras comestíveis.

Multidrug resistance in Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) isolated from broiler chickens at slaughter / Resistência a múltiplos antimicrobianos em Escherichia coli shigatoxigênica (STEC) isoladas de frangos de corte ao abate

Broiler chickens and derived products are a key source of Shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) in humans. This pathotype is responsible for causing severe episodes of diarrhea, which can progress to systemic complications. A rapid and accurate diagnosis of the disease, and early treatment of the infection with antimicrobials, can prevent it worsening. However, multidrug-resistant strains have potentially negative implications for treatment success. In this context, the aim of the present study was to isolate and identify multidrug-resistant STEC strains from broiler chickens and carcasses. Of 171 E. coli strains, isolated by conventional microbiological techniques and submitted to Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR), for detection of stx1 and stx2 genes, 21.05% (36/171) were STEC pathotype, and most of them (66.67% - 24/36) carried both stx1 and eae genes. The multidrug resistance pattern was observed in 75% (27/36) of STEC strains. The presence of STEC in broiler chickens and carcasses reinforces that these sources may act as reservoirs for this pathotype. Multidrug-resistant bacteria contaminating animal products represent a public health issue because of the possibility of spread of multidrug-resistant determinants in the food chain and a higher risk of failure in human treatment when antimicrobials are needed.(AU)

Frangos de corte e seus produtos são importantes componentes na cadeia de transmissão de Escherichia coli do patotipo Shigatoxigênico (STEC) para humanos. Este patotipo é responsável por causar episódios de diarréia severos, que podem evoluir para complicações sistêmicas. O diagnóstico rápido e preciso da doença, e o tratamento com antimicrobianos ainda no início da infecção, podem evitar seu agravamento. Porém, cepas resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos podem ter implicações potencialmente negativas em relação ao sucesso do tratamento. Neste contexto, este estudo teve como objetivo isolar e identificar cepas STEC resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos em frangos de corte e carcaças. Das 171 cepas de E. coli isoladas pelo método bacteriológico convencional, e submetidas à Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase (PCR), para detecção dos genes stx1 e stx2, 21.05% (36/171) pertenciam ao patotipo STEC, a maioria (66.67% - 24/36) portando o gene stx1 associado ao gene eae. O perfil de multirresistência foi observado em 75% (27/36) das cepas STEC. A presença de cepas STEC no material estudado reforça o fato de que frangos vivos e carcaças devem ser considerados como reservatórios deste patotipo. A presença de cepas resistentes a múltiplos antimicrobianos, contaminando produtos de origem animal, representa um risco à Saúde Pública pela possibilidade de disseminação de determinantes de multirresistência e maior risco de insucesso no tratamento de indivíduos infectados.(AU)

Virulence genes and resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolated in meat meal samples

Feed is the main route of transmission of pathogenic microorganisms and is responsible for a large part of the cost of poultry production, so the inclusion of alternative foods in diets for monogastrics has been a constant. Among alternative foods most used in modern poultry farming are animal meal, however, when contaminated they constitute a route of transmission of several pathogenic agents, including Escherichia coli. In addition, there is a zoonotic potential, as poultry products are intended for human consumption. The objective of this research was to detect virulence genes, as well as to evaluate the resistance profile of Escherichia coli isolates from meat meal samples. A total of 40 Escherichia coli isolates were analyzed and the virulence genes surveyed iss, ompT, hlyF, iutA, and fimA identified by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). The antimicrobial agents tested were: amoxycillin (30 µg), ceftiofur (30 µg), ciprofloxacin (5 µg), doxycycline (30 µg), florfenicol (30 µg), fosfomycin (200 µg), gentamicin (10 µg), norfloxacin (10 µg) and oxacillin (1 µg). It was possible to observe the occurrence of the iss resistance gene in 100% of Escherichia coli isolates, followed by hlyF (85%), fimA (75%), ompT (17.5%) and iutA (5%). Regarding the simultaneous detection for the genes, a greater association between the genes iss, hlyF and fimA (60%) was verified. All isolates showed resistance to oxacillin (100%), followed by doxycycline (25%), amoxicillin (22.5%), norfloxacin (17.5%), ceftiofur (15%), florfenicol (12.5%), fosfomycin (12.5%), ciprofloxacin (10%) and gentamycin (2.5%). In this study, a variation of the multiple antimicrobial resistance index (IRMA) was observed between 0.22 and 0.77. The indiscriminate use of of antimicrobials as performance enhancers in production animals, may have contributed to the increase in antimicrobial resistance, with the occurrence of multiresistant Escherichia coli carrying virulence genes. Virulence genes present in Escherichia coli isolates are studied to understand the degree of influence they exert in the establishment of the disease, one of the most researched genes is the iss gene, involved in the processes that promote serum resistance. In this study, iss (100%) was present in all the isolates analyzed, although it is not the only mechanism used by these bacteria to reach internal organs and trigger an infection, this gene encodes an important mechanism associated with high levels of virulence. The second highest prevalence found was of the hlyF gene (85%), the high prevalence of hlyF suggests virulence potential, involved with the production of hemolysin and improvement of outer membrane vesicles associated with the release of toxins. The fimA gene (75%) was detected in a slightly lower percentage when compared to iss and hlyF. With the second lowest prevalence, the ompT gene (17.5%), is involved in a process that includes the proteolytic degradation of antimicrobial peptides and with the lowest prevalence the iutA gene (5%). Certain combinations of virulence genes make the strains easier to survive, adhere to, colonize and even the ability to develop septicemic conditions. Multiresistant E. coli strains, is a fact of concern for both animal and human health, since the presence of multiresistant strains, originating from poultry, can be transmitted from chicken carcasses. In this sense, the importance of sanitary control of the inputs used in animal feed is emphasized, as well as the prudent use of antimicrobials in animal production, with a view to producing a safe food, minimizing not only the economic losses, but also the risks to human health.(AU)

Escherichia coli in Chicken Carcasses in Southern Brazil: Absence of Shigatoxigenic (STEC) and Isolation of Atypical Enteropathogenic (aEPEC)

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) in frozen chicken carcasses sold at stores in southern Brazil. Typical E. coli colonies were enumerated in 246 chicken carcasses, and the presence of stx1, stx2, eae genes was investigated in their rinse liquid and in E. coli strains isolated from those carcasses. Strains of E. coli were also investigated for the presence of bfp gene. A median of 0.6 cfu.g-1(ranging from 0.1 to 242.7 cfu.g-1) of typical E. coli colonies was found in the carcasses. Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2) were not detected, indicating that the chicken carcasses were negative for STEC. The intimin protein gene (eae) was detected in E.coli isolated from 4.88% of the carcasses; all tested strains were negative for the bfp gene and were classified as aEPEC. Twenty-two aEPEC strains were tested for resistance to ten antimicrobials and subjected to macrorestriction (PFGE). All the tested aEPEC strains were fully susceptible to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and colistin. Resistance to sulfonamide (65%), ampicillin (55%), tetracycline (50%) and gentamicin (45%) were the most frequent. The PFGE profile demonstrated a low level of similarity among the resistant strains, indicating that they were epidemiologically unrelated. The results indicate that aEPEC strains can contaminate chicken meat, and their association with strains implicated in human diarrhea needs to be further investigated.(AU)

Escherichia coli in Chicken Carcasses in Southern Brazil: Absence of Shigatoxigenic (STEC) and Isolation of Atypical Enteropathogenic (aEPEC)

The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of shiga toxin-producing Escherichia coli (STEC) and atypical enteropathogenic Escherichia coli (aEPEC) in frozen chicken carcasses sold at stores in southern Brazil. Typical E. coli colonies were enumerated in 246 chicken carcasses, and the presence of stx1, stx2, eae genes was investigated in their rinse liquid and in E. coli strains isolated from those carcasses. Strains of E. coli were also investigated for the presence of bfp gene. A median of 0.6 cfu.g-1(ranging from 0.1 to 242.7 cfu.g-1) of typical E. coli colonies was found in the carcasses. Shiga toxin-encoding genes (stx1 and stx2) were not detected, indicating that the chicken carcasses were negative for STEC. The intimin protein gene (eae) was detected in E.coli isolated from 4.88% of the carcasses; all tested strains were negative for the bfp gene and were classified as aEPEC. Twenty-two aEPEC strains were tested for resistance to ten antimicrobials and subjected to macrorestriction (PFGE). All the tested aEPEC strains were fully susceptible to cephalosporins, ciprofloxacin and colistin. Resistance to sulfonamide (65%), ampicillin (55%), tetracycline (50%) and gentamicin (45%) were the most frequent. The PFGE profile demonstrated a low level of similarity among the resistant strains, indicating that they were epidemiologically unrelated. The results indicate that aEPEC strains can contaminate chicken meat, and their association with strains implicated in human diarrhea needs to be further investigated.