Redescription of Omophoita octoguttata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its immature stages, with notes on life history

ABSTRACT Given that many descriptions of Coleoptera were made with only external and superficial characters, an update to the original characterization of species is deemed necessary. This study focuses on updating the know morphological data for the adults of Omophoita octoguttata (Fabricius,1775) (Galerucinae, Alticini), a flea beetle native of southern Brazil. We also give insights on the morphology of its immature stages. The adult can be easily recognized by the pale macula at vertex, six large pale maculae, and two smaller in the humeral region at the elytra. The immatures are similar to other know Oedionychina. Eggs oval and orange. Mature larvae present setae bearing scoli, a reddened body, pygopod present, and lacking stemmata, but with curved hook-like tarsal claws. The pupae present slender black setae through its yellowed body, with the elytral and hind wing thecae curved around the body. The eggs are laid in small clutches in the soil and when the larvae eclode they stay in the aerial parts of plants. The mature larvae form a cocoon of soil matter around themselves for their pupal phase. Morphological remarks for larva and pupa of this species when compared to other members of the genus remain limited, demanding further studies with other species.

Redescription of Omophoita octoguttata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its immature stages, with notes on life history

Given that many descriptions of Coleoptera were made with only external and superficial characters, an update to the original characterization of species is deemed necessary. This study focuses on updating the know morphological data for the adults of Omophoita octoguttata (Fabricius,1775) (Galerucinae, Alticini), a flea beetle native of southern Brazil. We also give insights on the morphology of its immature stages. The adult can be easily recognized by the pale macula at vertex, six large pale maculae, and two smaller in the humeral region at the elytra. The immatures are similar to other know Oedionychina. Eggs oval and orange. Mature larvae present setae bearing scoli, a reddened body, pygopod present, and lacking stemmata, but with curved hook-like tarsal claws. The pupae present slender black setae through its yellowed body, with the elytral and hind wing thecae curved around the body. The eggs are laid in small clutches in the soil and when the larvae eclode they stay in the aerial parts of plants. The mature larvae form a cocoon of soil matter around themselves for their pupal phase. Morphological remarks for larva and pupa of this species when compared to other members of the genus remain limited, demanding further studies with other species.(AU)

Redescription of Omophoita octoguttata (Coleoptera: Chrysomelidae) and its immature stages, with notes on life history

Given that many descriptions of Coleoptera were made with only external and superficial characters, an update to the original characterization of species is deemed necessary. This study focuses on updating the know morphological data for the adults of Omophoita octoguttata (Fabricius,1775) (Galerucinae, Alticini), a flea beetle native of southern Brazil. We also give insights on the morphology of its immature stages. The adult can be easily recognized by the pale macula at vertex, six large pale maculae, and two smaller in the humeral region at the elytra. The immatures are similar to other know Oedionychina. Eggs oval and orange. Mature larvae present setae bearing scoli, a reddened body, pygopod present, and lacking stemmata, but with curved hook-like tarsal claws. The pupae present slender black setae through its yellowed body, with the elytral and hind wing thecae curved around the body. The eggs are laid in small clutches in the soil and when the larvae eclode they stay in the aerial parts of plants. The mature larvae form a cocoon of soil matter around themselves for their pupal phase. Morphological remarks for larva and pupa of this species when compared to other members of the genus remain limited, demanding further studies with other species.

Identifying parents and generating hybrids with high combining ability for yielding fresh cocoon and raw silk in silkworm (Bombxy mori L)

This study was carried out to identify parents and hybrids by determination of general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA), and heterosis in pure lines and their hybrids, which were selected from our gene sources, to determine new hybrid combinations that could be alternative or higher in yielding compared with M × N hybrid used in production. Combining ability and heterosis effects were studied for the eight quantitative characters through line × tester mating design. Chinese origin lines (KZ, ZF) were identified as females and Japanese origin lines (BR, ZB) as males, and by these, four hybrids were derived. M, N, and their hybrid were both used as control genotypes and to calculate the heterosis and commercial heterosis as well. All the genotypes were reared in standard conditions, in three replications. ZF (for pupa survival rate) and ZB (for hatching and filament length) presented significantly higher and positive GCA effects. In addition, ZB had negative GCA effect for infertile egg rate. Effects of SCA were not significant for all the characters. In conclusion, ZF × ZB hybrid could have a potential for the higher cocoon and silk production in Turkey.(AU)

Nesting biology of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil

ABSTRACT Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.

RESUMO Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.

Nesting biology of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Biologia da nidificação da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em uma área urbana do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.(AU)

Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.(AU)

Nesting biology of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in an urban area of Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil / Biologia da nidificação da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata (Hymenoptera: Apidae) em uma área urbana do Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Nests of the oil-collecting bee Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 were studied at the Jardim Botânico of Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The females constructed their nests in an area of 609 m2 of mostly sandy flat soil. The nest architecture was relatively simple, with a main tunnel of approximately 30 cm in depth with one or two lateral tunnels ending in a single brood cell. Adult activity lasted approximately 45 days. The females dug the tunnels, constructed the brood cells, collected provisions and laid the eggs in approximately two days. Diapause occurred in the post defecating larval stage, and there was no cocoon. Nest architecture and the morphology of the brood cells are described and illustrated.

Ninhos da abelha coletora de óleo Epicharis (Hoplepicharis) fasciata Lepeletier & Serville, 1828 foram estudados no Jardim Botânico do Rio de Janeiro, Brasil. As fêmeas construíram seus ninhos em uma área de 609 m2 de solo plano principalmente arenoso. A arquitetura do ninho é relativamente simples, com um túnel principal de aproximadamente 30 cm de profundidade, com um ou dois túneis laterais terminando em uma única célula de cria. A atividade dos adultos se estendeu por cerca de 45 dias. As fêmeas cavam os túneis, constroem as células de cria, coletam as provisões e depositam os ovos em aproximadamente dois dias. A diapausa ocorreu no estágio de larva pós-defecante e não houve casulo. A arquitetura dos ninhos e a morfologia das células de cria são descritas e ilustradas.

First record of the association of the weevil Loncophorus longinasus with the fruit of munguba, Pseudobombax munguba in Central Amazonia, Brazil / Primeiro registro da associação do gorgulho Loncophorus longinasus ao fruto de munguba, Pseudobombax munguba, na Amazônia Central, Brasil

We report the first record of occurrence of Loncophorus longinasus in fruits of munguba, Pseudobombax munguba, in the state of Amazonas, Brazil. Some morphological and biological aspects of L. longinasus are presented. Adults were obtained through natural emergence from munguba fruits that opened for seed dispersal. The fruits had perforations leading to galleries through the exocarp. Inside the fruit, larvae were found at the seed insertion points on the central seed attachment structure. The pupae developed in a cocoon at the same structure and turned mature simultaneously with the capsule opening. Together with the larvae, the presence of ants (Pseudomyrmex sp.) was observed, that apparently maintained the galleries open for access and feeding on larval exudates.(AU)

Este é o primeiro registro de ocorrência de Loncophorus longinasus em frutos da árvore munguba, Pseudobombax munguba, no Estado do Amazonas, Brasil. Alguns aspectos morfológicos e biológicos de L. longinasus são apresentados. Adultos foram obtidos quando emergiam naturalmente durante a abertura do fruto da munguba para a dispersão das sementes. Os frutos apresentaram perfurações que formavam galerias através do exocarpo. Dentro do fruto, foram encontradas larvas em pontos de inserção de sementes na estrutura central. Pupas foram encontradas em casulos na mesma estrutura central, e se transformaram em adultos simultaneamente com a abertura da cápsula. Junto às larvas, detectamos a presença de formigas (Pseudomyrmex sp.), que possivelmente mantêm abertas as galerias no exocarpo para acesso e consumo dos exsudatos das larvas.(AU)

A new cecidogenous species of many-plumed moth (Alucitidae) associated with Cordiera A. Rich. ex DC. (Rubiaceae) in the Brazilian Cerrado

Larvae of many-plumed moths (Alucitidae), especially in the world-wide genus Alucita Linnaeus, 1758 are known as borers or gall-inducers on flowers, fruits and shoots of a few dicotyledonous families, including Bignoniaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Rubiaceae. However, there is no study available on the biology of the monotypic, Neotropical genus Prymnotomis Meyrick, 1931 except for its original description that was based on a single male, the holotype of Prymnotomis crypsicroca Meyrick, 1931 from Espirito Santo, Brazil. We describe here a second species for this genus, Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. whose larvae induce galls on Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), a dioecious plant with dimorphic inflorescences found in the Brazilian Cerrado, Planaltina City, Federal District. Adults, larvae, pupae and galls are illustrated under light and scanning electron microscopy. Galls are green, spherical, unilocular and develop individually on C. elliptica flower buds. During development they look like fruits in shape and colour but are larger, do not have style scars when on female plants, and are induced also in male inflorescences. Pupation occurs outside the gall within a silk cocoon, presumably in the litter. A preliminary analysis of DNA barcode sequences including putative members of other alucitid lineages and Neotropical BINs (Barcode Index Number) supports Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. as an independent phylogenetic unit, with 12 to 18% divergence. Its nearest-neighbour was the BIN cluster 5 (BOLD:AAA0842) that includes specimens from Costa Rica.

A new cecidogenous species of many-plumed moth (Alucitidae) associated with Cordiera A. Rich. ex DC. (Rubiaceae) in the Brazilian Cerrado

Larvae of many-plumed moths (Alucitidae), especially in the world-wide genus Alucita Linnaeus, 1758 are known as borers or gall-inducers on flowers, fruits and shoots of a few dicotyledonous families, including Bignoniaceae, Caprifoliaceae and Rubiaceae. However, there is no study available on the biology of the monotypic, Neotropical genus Prymnotomis Meyrick, 1931 except for its original description that was based on a single male, the holotype of Prymnotomis crypsicroca Meyrick, 1931 from Espirito Santo, Brazil. We describe here a second species for this genus, Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. whose larvae induce galls on Cordiera elliptica (Cham.) Kuntze (Rubiaceae), a dioecious plant with dimorphic inflorescences found in the Brazilian Cerrado, Planaltina City, Federal District. Adults, larvae, pupae and galls are illustrated under light and scanning electron microscopy. Galls are green, spherical, unilocular and develop individually on C. elliptica flower buds. During development they look like fruits in shape and colour but are larger, do not have style scars when on female plants, and are induced also in male inflorescences. Pupation occurs outside the gall within a silk cocoon, presumably in the litter. A preliminary analysis of DNA barcode sequences including putative members of other alucitid lineages and Neotropical BINs (Barcode Index Number) supports Prymnotomis cecidicola sp. nov. as an independent phylogenetic unit, with 12 to 18% divergence. Its nearest-neighbour was the BIN cluster 5 (BOLD:AAA0842) that includes specimens from Costa Rica.(AU)

Description of the male of Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Brullé, 1846) (Hymenoptera, Ichneumonidae, Pimplinae)

Wasps of the Polysphincta genus-group (sensuWahl and Gauld, 1998 or Polysphinctini sensu Towens, 1969) presents more than 200 described species ( Matsumoto, 2016 ) exclusively koinobiont ectoparasitoids of several spider families ( Dubois et al., 2002 ; Gauld and Dubois, 2006 ; Matsumoto, 2016 ). Most of taxonomic descriptions of polysphinctine wasps were based on female individuals, principally due to the presence of the ovipositor (see Gauld, 1991 ; Gauld et al., 1998 , 2002 ). Meantime, some interactions of these hymenopteran with spiders were documented only with emerged males (e. g. Sobczak et al., 2011 , 2017 ; Sobczak, 2012 ), hindering the association between males and females within the group. Sobczak et al. (2017) emphasized the importance of detailed descriptions of male genitalia to support future reviews and phylogenetic studies. Within Polysphincta group, Hymenoepimecis Viereck, 1912 (Ichneumonidae) wasps occur in the Neotropical region, from Mexico to Southern of Brazil ( Gauld, 2000 ; Gauld and Dubois, 2006 ; Gonzaga and Sobczak, 2007 ; Loffredo and Penteado-Dias, 2009 ; Sobczak et al., 2009 ; Pádua et al., 2015 ). The species of this genus are characterized by the presence of a pocket-like structure on the pronotum; a mesopleuron with epicnemial carina vestigial or absent; the absence of the vein 3 rs-m in fore wing ( Gauld, 1991 ); yellowish brown color and large ocelli ( Gauld and Dubois, 2006 ). Currently, Hymenoepimecis is composed by 20 valid species ( Yu et al., 2012 ; Pádua et al., 2015 ), of which 12 are known as parasitoids of spiders (summarized in Pádua et al., 2016 ). Regarding these interactions, it is known that the larva of some wasp species can induce the host spider to construct a modified web (cocoon web), which is subsequently used as substrate for the wasp larvas cocoon ( Eberhard, 2000a , b , 2001 ; Sobczak et al., 2009 , 2014 ; Gonzaga et al., 2010 ;). The modified web is usually more stable and resistant than the normal web, increasing the wasp survival ( Eberhard, 2001 ). Gonzaga et al. (2010) described the interaction involving the spider Nephila clavipes (Linnaeus, 1767) (Araneidae) and the wasp Hymenoepimecis bicolor (Brullé, 1846), which follows the pattern of behavioral manipulation described above ( Gonzaga et al., 2010 ).(AU)

Life cycle, survivorship and life expectancy of foliage spider (Marpissa bengalensis) in citrus orchard / Ciclo biológico, sobrevivência e expectativa de vida da aranha de Folhagem (Marpissa bengalensis) em pomar cítros

The post embryonic developmental stages of Marpissa bengalensis (Araneae; Salticidac), the 2nd most abundant predatory species in citrus orchard were collected from the experimental fruit garden, department of Horticulture, located at the campus of University of Agriculture Faisalabad andstudied. Life cycle was observed in the laboratory, which started from egg sac collected from the field along with gravid female and released into the spider cages. The incubation period ranged from 5-15 days. The average eggs hatched were 23.8 eggs/cocoon and hatching % under laboratory conditions was recorded as 73.18%. The average duration of spiderlings span on their mothers back was 7 days. An overall, mean duration of 3rd spiderling stage was of 7.46 days. All spiderlings hatched from 8 cocoons. At the 4th spiderling stage, the average duration was of 10.23 days. In the 5th spiderling stage, the spiderling spent an average of 19.82 days. The 6th and 7th spiderlings stages lasted a total of 23.14 days and 25.86 days respectively. During 8th spiderling stage, the duration was maximum and it was recorded in 28.08 days. On average, from hatching to adult stage, the spiderlings lasted 137 days to attained maturity. Greater mortality was observed in the 3rd and 4th spiderling stages, decreasing thereafter and reaching zero in the 8th spiderling stage.(AU)

Os estádios de desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Marpissa bengalensis (Araneae; Salticidac), a segunda espécie predatória mais abundante no pomar cítrico, foram coletadas no pomar experimental de frutas do Departamento de Horticultura, localizado no campus da Universidade de Agricultura de Faisalabad, onde foram estudados. O ciclo de biológico foi estudado no laboratório, em que iniciou a partir de ovos coletados de fêmeas grávidas e soltas em cativeiro. O período de incubação variou de 5-15 dias. a média de ovos incubados foram 23,8 ovos/casulo e a porcentagem de incubação em condições laboratoriais foi de 73,18%. A duração média da fase imatura a foi de 7 dias. Uma duração geral, média do terceiro estádio da fase imatura, foi de 7,46 dias de todas as fases imaturas incubadas com 8 casulos. A partir do quarto estádio da fase imatura a duração média foi de 10,23 dias. No quinto estádio de imaturação, demorou uma média de 19,82 dias. O sexto e o sétimo estádios de imaturação duraram um total de 23,14 e 25,86 dias, respectivamente. Durante o oitavo estádio de imaturação a duração foi de 28,08 dias, sendo máxima. Em média, desde a incubação até o estádio adulto, o estádio de imaturação duraram 137 dias. A maior mortalidade foi observada nos terciro e quarto estádios de imaturação, diminuindo, a partir de então, e atingindo zero no oitavo estádio de imaturação.(AU)

Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree

Stigmella schinivora van Nieukerken, 2016 was described from Cataratas de Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina, based on adults reared from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) leaf mines. The aim of this study is to describe for the first time the external morphology of the immature stages of S. schinivora with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy, based on mines collected on the same host plant, but in Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Data on natural history, including histology of the mines, are also provided. The larva passes through four instars, all endophytic, having chewing mouth parts and feeding on the palisade parenchyma. The first three instars are apodous and have a subcylindrical body, bearing only one pair of setae on the tenth abdominal segment; the fourth instar is eruciform, with well-developed ambulatory calli on thorax and abdomen and setae on all tagmata. A serpentine mine is constructed on the adaxial surface, progressively increasing in width during larval development. With the exception of the widened, terminal section, the mine is left filled with larval feces. The fully developed larva of last instar exits through a slit made at the distal end of the mine, building a silk cocoon on the leaf abaxial surface where pupation occurs. This is the first record of S. schinivora from Brazil, which was only known from the type locality in Argentina.

Life cycle, survivorship and life expectancy of foliage spider (Marpissa bengalensis) in citrus orchard / Ciclo biológico, sobrevivência e expectativa de vida da aranha de Folhagem (Marpissa bengalensis) em pomar cítros

The post embryonic developmental stages of Marpissa bengalensis (Araneae; Salticidac), the 2nd most abundant predatory species in citrus orchard were collected from the experimental fruit garden, department of Horticulture, located at the campus of University of Agriculture Faisalabad andstudied. Life cycle was observed in the laboratory, which started from egg sac collected from the field along with gravid female and released into the spider cages. The incubation period ranged from 5-15 days. The average eggs hatched were 23.8 eggs/cocoon and hatching % under laboratory conditions was recorded as 73.18%. The average duration of spiderlings span on their mothers back was 7 days. An overall, mean duration of 3rd spiderling stage was of 7.46 days. All spiderlings hatched from 8 cocoons. At the 4th spiderling stage, the average duration was of 10.23 days. In the 5th spiderling stage, the spiderling spent an average of 19.82 days. The 6th and 7th spiderlings stages lasted a total of 23.14 days and 25.86 days respectively. During 8th spiderling stage, the duration was maximum and it was recorded in 28.08 days. On average, from hatching to adult stage, the spiderlings lasted 137 days to attained maturity. Greater mortality was observed in the 3rd and 4th spiderling stages, decreasing thereafter and reaching zero in the 8th spiderling stage.

Os estádios de desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Marpissa bengalensis (Araneae; Salticidac), a segunda espécie predatória mais abundante no pomar cítrico, foram coletadas no pomar experimental de frutas do Departamento de Horticultura, localizado no campus da Universidade de Agricultura de Faisalabad, onde foram estudados. O ciclo de biológico foi estudado no laboratório, em que iniciou a partir de ovos coletados de fêmeas grávidas e soltas em cativeiro. O período de incubação variou de 5-15 dias. a média de ovos incubados foram 23,8 ovos/casulo e a porcentagem de incubação em condições laboratoriais foi de 73,18%. A duração média da fase imatura a foi de 7 dias. Uma duração geral, média do terceiro estádio da fase imatura, foi de 7,46 dias de todas as fases imaturas incubadas com 8 casulos. A partir do quarto estádio da fase imatura a duração média foi de 10,23 dias. No quinto estádio de imaturação, demorou uma média de 19,82 dias. O sexto e o sétimo estádios de imaturação duraram um total de 23,14 e 25,86 dias, respectivamente. Durante o oitavo estádio de imaturação a duração foi de 28,08 dias, sendo máxima. Em média, desde a incubação até o estádio adulto, o estádio de imaturação duraram 137 dias. A maior mortalidade foi observada nos terciro e quarto estádios de imaturação, diminuindo, a partir de então, e atingindo zero no oitavo estádio de imaturação.

Description of immature stages and natural history of Stigmella schinivora (Lepidoptera: Nepticulidae), a leaf-miner associated with the Brazilian peppertree

Stigmella schinivora van Nieukerken, 2016 was described from Cataratas de Iguazú, Misiones, Argentina, based on adults reared from Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi (Anacardiaceae) leaf mines. The aim of this study is to describe for the first time the external morphology of the immature stages of S. schinivora with the aid of light and scanning electron microscopy, based on mines collected on the same host plant, but in Laranjeiras do Sul, Paraná, Brazil. Data on natural history, including histology of the mines, are also provided. The larva passes through four instars, all endophytic, having chewing mouth parts and feeding on the palisade parenchyma. The first three instars are apodous and have a subcylindrical body, bearing only one pair of setae on the tenth abdominal segment; the fourth instar is eruciform, with well-developed ambulatory calli on thorax and abdomen and setae on all tagmata. A serpentine mine is constructed on the adaxial surface, progressively increasing in width during larval development. With the exception of the widened, terminal section, the mine is left filled with larval feces. The fully developed larva of last instar exits through a slit made at the distal end of the mine, building a silk cocoon on the leaf abaxial surface where pupation occurs. This is the first record of S. schinivora from Brazil, which was only known from the type locality in Argentina.(AU)

Biology of a trap-nesting wasp of one species the ground-nesting Liris (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil

Studies on the nesting biology of Liris are restricted to a few notes and observations on ground-nesting species. There are no studies of this kind about Brazilian species. We investigated and described the nesting biology of Liris sp. obtained by trap-nests that were installed at an area of Atlantic Forest vegetation (25°10'S, 48°18'W) in southern Brazil. The nests of Liris sp. are built with a variety of plant debris. They usually have one cell, but may have up to two. Nests do not show vestibular or intercalary cells. Immatures have a hard cocoon made with the silk they produce, mixed with the fine sand and sawdust left by the adult female at the bottom of the cell. No nest parasites were observed. The wasps did not go through diapause at the prepupal stage, and emerged within 36 to 46 days after nests were collected from the field. There was no emergence of male wasps. Even though Liris sp. nest in preexisting cavities, they resemble ground-nesting species of the same genus in their habits, nest architecture, and development characteristics. The absence of males in our samples might be related to nest diameter. The eggs from which males hatch can be laid in smaller burrows than those available at the present study. We believe that the hardiness of the cocoon is the species' main strategy against parasites, although it is complemented by the camouflage provided by the nest closure. We suggest that a broader comparison of the nesting biology of Liris Fabricius, 1804 should be carried out, leading to a better understanding of the evolution of nests in the genus.

Biology of a trap-nesting wasp of one species the ground-nesting Liris (Hymenoptera: Crabronidae) from the Atlantic Forest of southern Brazil

Studies on the nesting biology of Liris are restricted to a few notes and observations on ground-nesting species. There are no studies of this kind about Brazilian species. We investigated and described the nesting biology of Liris sp. obtained by trap-nests that were installed at an area of Atlantic Forest vegetation (25°10'S, 48°18'W) in southern Brazil. The nests of Liris sp. are built with a variety of plant debris. They usually have one cell, but may have up to two. Nests do not show vestibular or intercalary cells. Immatures have a hard cocoon made with the silk they produce, mixed with the fine sand and sawdust left by the adult female at the bottom of the cell. No nest parasites were observed. The wasps did not go through diapause at the prepupal stage, and emerged within 36 to 46 days after nests were collected from the field. There was no emergence of male wasps. Even though Liris sp. nest in preexisting cavities, they resemble ground-nesting species of the same genus in their habits, nest architecture, and development characteristics. The absence of males in our samples might be related to nest diameter. The eggs from which males hatch can be laid in smaller burrows than those available at the present study. We believe that the hardiness of the cocoon is the species' main strategy against parasites, although it is complemented by the camouflage provided by the nest closure. We suggest that a broader comparison of the nesting biology of Liris Fabricius, 1804 should be carried out, leading to a better understanding of the evolution of nests in the genus.(AU)

Verificação da interferência do solvente propilenoglicol sobre o efeito da própolis na produção de lagartas de Bombyx mori l. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado ao extrato alcoólico de própolis / Interference of propyleneglycol solvent on the effect of propolis in the production of silkworm Bombyx mori l. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) compared to propolis alcoholic extract / Verificación de la interferencia del solvente propilenoglicol sobre el efecto de propóleos en la producción de gusano de seda Bombyx mori l. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado al extracto alcohólico de propóleos

Este experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Sericicultura, no Campus Sede da Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da própolis em diferentes dosagens na alimentação durante o desenvolvimento biológico do bicho-da-seda (Bombxy mori L.). O método empregado na parte experimental foi a pulverização do extrato glicólico de própolis, diluído em 500mL de água destilada nas folhas de amoreira, nas seguintes dosagens, água-controle, 25mL, 30mL, 35mL e 40mL compondo os tratamentos: controle, T1, T2, T3 e T4 respectivamente. As folhas de amoreira foram fornecidas cinco vezes ao dia, durante o manejo alimentar. Verificou-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as diferentes dosagens de própolis utilizadas não interferiram no ganho de peso das lagartas, no peso dos casulos verdes, no peso da casca sérica e crisálidas, quando comparado ao tratamento controle, mas quando se compara o Controle e T4 do ensaio da primavera, respectivamente, para os teores de seda bruto e líquido, há resultados significativos. Portanto, verificou-se que o extrato glicólico de própolis, em dosagens de 40mL, pode prejudicar o teor líquido de seda em uma produção de casulos, trazendo resultados pouco apreciados dentro da sericicultura.

This experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Sericulture, at the main campus of University Paranaense (UNIPAR), in the city of Umuarama, from February to October 2011, in order to verify the effect of different doses of propolis in feeding during the biological development of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The method used in the experiment was the spraying of propolis glycolic extract dissolved in 500-mL distilled water on the mulberry leaves in the following water-control dosages: 25mL, 30mL, 35mL and 40mL related to the treatment controls T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Mulberry leaves were provided five times a day for feeding management. The results obtained showed that the different dosages of propolis used did not affect the weight gain of the larvae, the weight of green cocoons, shells and pupae when compared to the control treatment. However, when comparing the control and T4 from the Spring assay, respectively, to the levels of crude and net silk, significant results were noted. Thus, it can be concluded that propolis glycolic extract in 40-ml dosages may impair the net silk content in a cocoon production, presenting negative results in sericulture.

Este experimento se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Sericultura, Campus Sede de la Universidad Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, en el período de febrero a octubre de 2011, con el fin de verificar el efecto de propóleos en diferentes concentraciones en la alimentación durante el desarrollo biológico del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). El método utilizado en el experimento fue la pulverización de extracto glicólico de propóleos, disuelto en 500 ml de agua destilada en las hojas de morera, en las siguientes dosis, agua control, 25 mL, 30mL, 35 mL, y 40 mL componiendo los tratamientos: control T1, T2, T3 e T4 respectivamente. A las hojas de morera se les han dado cinco veces al día, durante el manejo alimentar. Se verificó, por los resultados obtenidos, que las diferentes dosis de propóleos utilizados no afectaron en la ganancia de peso de los gusanos, en el peso de los capullos verdes, en el peso de la cáscara sérica y crisálidas, en comparación con el tratamiento de control, pero cuando se compara el Control y T4 del ensayo de la primavera, respectivamente, para los niveles de seda cruda y líquida, hay resultados significativos. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el extracto glicólico de propóleos, en dosis de 40 mL, puede perjudicar la concentración líquida de seda en una producción de capullos, trayendo resultados poco apreciados dentro de la sericultura.

Verificação da interferência do solvente propilenoglicol sobre o efeito da própolis na produção de lagartas de Bombyx mori l. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado ao extrato alcoólico de própolis / Interference of propyleneglycol solvent on the effect of propolis in the production of silkworm Bombyx mori l. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) compared to propolis alcoholic extract / Verificación de la interferencia del solvente propilenoglicol sobre el efecto de propóleos en la producción de gusano de seda Bombyx mori l. (Lepidoptera: bombicidae) comparado al extracto alcohólico de propóleos

Este experimento foi realizado no Laboratório de Sericicultura, no Campus Sede da Universidade Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, no período de fevereiro a outubro de 2011, com o objetivo de verificar o efeito da própolis em diferentes dosagens na alimentação durante o desenvolvimento biológico do bicho-da-seda (Bombxy mori L.). O método empregado na parte experimental foi a pulverização do extrato glicólico de própolis, diluído em 500mL de água destilada nas folhas de amoreira, nas seguintes dosagens, água-controle, 25mL, 30mL, 35mL e 40mL compondo os tratamentos: controle, T1, T2, T3 e T4 respectivamente. As folhas de amoreira foram fornecidas cinco vezes ao dia, durante o manejo alimentar. Verificou-se, pelos resultados obtidos, que as diferentes dosagens de própolis utilizadas não interferiram no ganho de peso das lagartas, no peso dos casulos verdes, no peso da casca sérica e crisálidas, quando comparado ao tratamento controle, mas quando se compara o Controle e T4 do ensaio da primavera, respectivamente, para os teores de seda bruto e líquido, há resultados significativos. Portanto, verificou-se que o extrato glicólico de própolis, em dosagens de 40mL, pode prejudicar o teor líquido de seda em uma produção de casulos, trazendo resultados pouco apreciados dentro da sericicultura.(AU)

This experiment was performed at the Laboratory of Sericulture, at the main campus of University Paranaense (UNIPAR), in the city of Umuarama, from February to October 2011, in order to verify the effect of different doses of propolis in feeding during the biological development of silkworm (Bombyx mori L.). The method used in the experiment was the spraying of propolis glycolic extract dissolved in 500-mL distilled water on the mulberry leaves in the following water-control dosages: 25mL, 30mL, 35mL and 40mL related to the treatment controls T1, T2, T3 and T4, respectively. Mulberry leaves were provided five times a day for feeding management. The results obtained showed that the different dosages of propolis used did not affect the weight gain of the larvae, the weight of green cocoons, shells and pupae when compared to the control treatment. However, when comparing the control and T4 from the Spring assay, respectively, to the levels of crude and net silk, significant results were noted. Thus, it can be concluded that propolis glycolic extract in 40-ml dosages may impair the net silk content in a cocoon production, presenting negative results in sericulture.(AU)

Este experimento se llevó a cabo en el Laboratorio de Sericultura, Campus Sede de la Universidad Paranaense (UNIPAR) de Umuarama, en el período de febrero a octubre de 2011, con el fin de verificar el efecto de propóleos en diferentes concentraciones en la alimentación durante el desarrollo biológico del gusano de seda (Bombyx mori L.). El método utilizado en el experimento fue la pulverización de extracto glicólico de propóleos, disuelto en 500 ml de agua destilada en las hojas de morera, en las siguientes dosis, agua control, 25 mL, 30mL, 35 mL, y 40 mL componiendo los tratamientos: control T1, T2, T3 e T4 respectivamente. A las hojas de morera se les han dado cinco veces al día, durante el manejo alimentar. Se verificó, por los resultados obtenidos, que las diferentes dosis de propóleos utilizados no afectaron en la ganancia de peso de los gusanos, en el peso de los capullos verdes, en el peso de la cáscara sérica y crisálidas, en comparación con el tratamiento de control, pero cuando se compara el Control y T4 del ensayo de la primavera, respectivamente, para los niveles de seda cruda y líquida, hay resultados significativos. Por lo tanto, se encontró que el extracto glicólico de propóleos, en dosis de 40 mL, puede perjudicar la concentración líquida de seda en una producción de capullos, trayendo resultados poco apreciados dentro de la sericultura.(AU)

Efeito de vitaminas e esterol como aditivos foliares no desenvolvimento de Bombyx mori L. e influência do modo de aplicação

The present study was aimed to evaluate the effects of different methods of foliar application of the additives nandrolone decanoate (anabolic steroid) 0,5%; ascorbic acid (vitamin C) 0,5%; retinol palmitate (vitamin A) 0,5%; and retinol acetate (vitamin A) 1,0% on some biological parameters of the silkworm. The experiment of application method (foliar spray prior to delivery, after delivery and soaking before feeding) used: nandrolone decanoate 0.5%, ascorbic acid 0.5%, and retinol palmitate 0.5%. The test of insect development evaluated: duration and larval viability, weight of cocoon, cocooning rate, liquid silk content, adult longevity, number of eggs per female and rising up time. For the application of foliar additives, the following were determined: weight gain, length, diameter and abdomen diameter of fifth instar larvae, and length, diameter and weight of silk gland. The results showed that although ascorbic acid provided the best value for the development of the caterpillars body, it did not correspond to significant increase in production; retinol palmitate did not affect the larvae body development; retinol acetate and retinol palmitate prolong the larval period, without, however, significantly altering the production parameters. The immersion method of leaves before being delivered to the caterpillars is the most feasible for the foliar application of additives.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos e os métodos de aplicação dos aditivos foliares decanoato de nandrolona (esteroide anabolizante) a 0,5%, ácido ascórbico (vitamina C) a 0,5%, palmitato de retinol (vitamina A) a 0,5% e acetato de retinol (vitamina A) a 1,0% em alguns parâmetros biológicos do bicho-da-seda. No experimento do modo de aplicação (pulverização foliar antes do fornecimento, depois do fornecimento e por imersão antes do fornecimento) foram utilizados: decanoato de nandrolona 0,5%; ácido ascórbico 0,5%; e palmitato de retinol 0,5%. No ensaio de desenvolvimento do inseto foram avaliados: duração e viabilidade larval; peso de casulo; taxa de encasulamento; teor líquido de seda; longevidade de adultos; número de ovos por fêmea; e duração do período de subida ao bosque. Para o modo de aplicação determinaram-se: ganho de peso, comprimento, diâmetro do tórax e diâmetro do abdome de lagartas de 5º ínstar, assim como comprimento, diâmetro e peso de glândula sericígena. Os resultados mostraram que, apesar de o ácido ascórbico proporcionar os melhores valores para o desenvolvimento corpóreo das lagartas, este não corresponde a incrementos significativos na produção; o palmitato de retinol não melhora o desenvolvimento das lagartas; o acetato de retinol e o palmitato de retinol prolongam o período larval, sem, no entanto, alterar significativamente os parâmetros de produção; a imersão de folhas antes do fornecimento às lagartas é mais viável para a aplicação dos aditivos.