Dietary Inclusion of Pancreatin Enzyme on the Ileal and Fecal Digestibility of Nutrients in Layer-Type Cockerels

The current experiment aimed to evaluate the effects of Pancreatin supplementation at different levels on ileal and fecal digestibility in layer-type cockerels. A total of 480-day-old silver brown Hy-Line male chicks were randomly allocated into 5 treatments, 6 replicates (16 birds per pen) arranged in a completely randomized design. Pancreatin enzyme was supplemented on a basal corn-soybean meal-based diet at 0, 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg/kg and was fed in two growth phases (starter and grower). The results indicated that at the end of the starter stage, except for 1000 mg/kg, dietary Pancreatin supplementation levels increased (p<0.05) the ileal crude protein (CP). Similarly, addition of Pancreatin increased (p< 0.05) apparent ileal amino acids (AA) digestibility (AIAAD) total means of AA (MTAA), means of indispensable AA (MIAA) and dispensable AA (MDAA) with the optimum performance on 250 mg/kg and 500 mg/kg. However, except for histidine and alanine which were negatively affected (p<0.05), and MIAA, MDAA, MTAA which were also positively affected, the addition level at 1000 mg/kg did not affect most of the AIAAD compared to the non-supplemented. Further, Pancreatin supplementation had no effect (p>0.05) on nitrogen digestibility (ND), nitrogen retention (NR), digestible energy (DE), apparent metabolizable energy (AME), dry matter digestibility (DMD), dry matter retention (DMR), and apparent metabolizable energy corrected for nitrogen (AME-n) on fed starter diet. On the other hand, at the end of the grower stage, dietary Pancreatin enzyme supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the ileal CP, MIAA, MDAA, MTAA, AIAAD, AME, AME-n, ND, NR, DE, DMD, and DMR in a dose-dependent manner. The rate of reduction was more marked on Pancreatin addition level 1000 mg/kg. In conclusion, Pancreatin supplementation at 250 mg/kg, 500 mg/kg, and 750 mg/kg improved AIAAD and ileal CP, especially at the young age. The rate of pancreatin enzyme effect was dependent on enzyme supplement level to the ileal CP and individual amino acid.(AU)

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet / Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.  

Goatkids fed diets containing castor cake detoxified: II. Nitrogen balance, hepatic and renalfunction

The aim of this study was to evaluate the influence of completely replacing soybean meal (SM) with castor cake detoxified (DCC) with two alkaline products on the nitrogen balance and hepatic and renal function in goat kids. Goatkids of two breeds, Saanen and Anglo Nubian, with an initial body weight of 16.2 ± 0.67 kg, and confined during the growth phase, were used. The treatments consisted of three diets: one based on SM and the other two based on castor cake detoxified with Ca(OH)2or NaOH. Twenty-four goats kids were distributed in a completelyrandomized design using a 3 x 2 factorial scheme (diet x breed) with four replicates per combination. The experimental period lasted for 270 days. Consumed nitrogen, fecal nitrogen, urinary nitrogen, retained nitrogen, and nitrogen balance were influenced(p < 0.05) by diets. There was significant effect of diets (p < 0.05) on creatinine, direct bilirubin, urea, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase and gamma-glutamyltransferase blood levels, however without any negative changes involving renal or hepatic dysfunction. Inclusion of castor cake in the diet of goats kids in confinement is an attractive option, considering that goats kids use does not cause hepatic and renal alterations, suggesting that SM can be completely replaced. NaOH DCC stands in the substitution of soybean meal, because in spite of decreasing the consumption of nitrogen provides the same retention of soybean meal.(AU)

Strategic grazing management decreases nitrogen excretion intensity of dairy cows

ABSTRACT: There is limited information regarding both nitrogen (N) and energy partitioning of dairy cows grazing wellmanaged tropical pastures. The objective of this study was to investigate the N and energy partitioning of midlactation dairy cows on rotationally grazed elephant grass using two pregrazing targets: 95 % or maximum canopy light interception (LI95% or LIMax) during regrowth. The study used 26 Holstein × Jersey dairy cows arranged in a randomized complete block design with three 40day periods of sampling. Grazing at LI95% increased organic matter and crude protein intake by 20 % (p 0.05) which resulted in a 9 % increase in fat corrected milk yield (p 0.05) relative to LIMax. Cows grazing at LI95% had greater concentration of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and valerate (p 0.05), and smaller acetate (p 0.05) than those grazing at LIMax. Intake of net energy for lactation (NEL) and NEL secreted in milk were greater (p 0.05), while partitioning of NEL towards maintenance tended to be greater (p = 0.07) for cows grazing at LI95% than those grazing at LIMax. Milk urea nitrogen and both urine and fecal N excretion were greater for cows grazing at LI95% (p 0.05), but N excretion intensity was lower than in cows grazing at LIMax (p 0.05). Strategic grazing management using the LI95% pregrazing target increases N losses through both urine and feces; however, it reduces N excretion intensity of dairy cows by 9 %.

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge®with different additives onintake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance.There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p>0.05).As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogenand nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p>0.05).However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor®treatment (p<0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Strategic grazing management decreases nitrogen excretion intensity of dairy cows

There is limited information regarding both nitrogen (N) and energy partitioning of dairy cows grazing well–managed tropical pastures. The objective of this study was to investigate the N and energy partitioning of mid–lactation dairy cows on rotationally grazed elephant grass using two pre–grazing targets: 95 % or maximum canopy light interception (LI95% or LIMax) during regrowth. The study used 26 Holstein × Jersey dairy cows arranged in a randomized complete block design with three 40–day periods of sampling. Grazing at LI95% increased organic matter and crude protein intake by 20 % (p ≤ 0.05) which resulted in a 9 % increase in fat corrected milk yield (p ≤ 0.05) relative to LIMax. Cows grazing at LI95% had greater concentration of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and valerate (p ≤ 0.05), and smaller acetate (p ≤ 0.05) than those grazing at LIMax. Intake of net energy for lactation (NEL) and NEL secreted in milk were greater (p ≤ 0.05), while partitioning of NEL towards maintenance tended to be greater (p = 0.07) for cows grazing at LI95% than those grazing at LIMax. Milk urea nitrogen and both urine and fecal N excretion were greater for cows grazing at LI95% (p ≤ 0.05), but N excretion intensity was lower than in cows grazing at LIMax (p ≤ 0.05). Strategic grazing management using the LI95% pre–grazing target increases N losses through both urine and feces; however, it reduces N excretion intensity of dairy cows by 9 %.

Effect of amino acid supplementation and choline chloride for low protein diet on nitrogen efficiency and methane emission of dairy cows / Efeito da suplementação de aminoácidos e cloreto de colina para dieta pobre em proteínas na eficiência de nitrogênio e emissão de metano de vacas leiteiras

Ruminants are one of the largest anthropogenic methane and nitrous oxide emissions. Therefore, the hypothesis was to study the effects of reducing dietary crude protein (CP) level on environmental contaminators when rumen-protected amino acids and choline chloride were supplemented. Sixty Holstein dairy cows were used during the experiment. Test diets were: (1) CD = Control diet with16.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM); (2) LM = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine ; (3) LL = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + lysine; (4) LML = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine + lysine; (5) LMLC = Low protein diet with 14.2 g of crude protein/ Kg of DM + methionine + lysine + choline. Dry matter and NDF intake were not different, but the control group received higher CP and ADF compared with other groups (P < 0.05). Fecal CP and ADF of control group were lower (P < 0.05), but no differences were observed for fecal dry matter (DM) and NDF. Milk yield and protein content were higher for LML and LMLC like control group (P < 0.05). Nitrogen intake, urinary N, urinary urea N and total excreta N decreased (P < 0.05) when animals fed low protein. There was no difference in ruminal pH and acetate to propionate ratio, whereas the ruminal ammonia-N decreased with the low protein (P < 0.05). The 120-h gas production test, showed no difference on the kinetics of digestion and in vitro methane emission. However, the inclusion of DMI in the calculations revealed that low protein can reduce (P < 0.05) methane emission. Overall, our findings indicated that low protein can be compensated for by adding rumen-protected amino acids, not only to maintain the animal performance, but also to decrease nitrogen excretion and methane emission.(AU)

Os ruminantes são uma das maiores emissões antropogênicas de metano e óxido nitroso. Portanto, a hipótese foi estudar os efeitos da redução do nível de proteína bruta (PB) na dieta sobre os contaminantes ambientais quando aminoácidos protegidos no rúmen e cloreto de colina foram suplementados. Sessenta vacas leiteiras Holstein foram utilizadas durante o experimento. As dietas teste foram: (1) CD = dieta controle com 16.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de MS); (2) LM = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de DM + metionina; (3) LL = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de MS + lisina; (4) LML = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de DM + metionina + lisina; (5) LMLC = Dieta pobre em proteínas com 14.2 g de proteína bruta / Kg de DM + metionina + lisina + colina. O consumo de matéria seca e FDN não foi diferente, mas o grupo controle recebeu maior PB e FDA em comparação com os outros grupos (P < 0.05). A PB e FDA fecal do grupo controle foram menores (P < 0.05), mas não foram observadas diferenças para matéria seca (MS) e FDN fecal. A produção de leite e o teor de proteína foram maiores para LML e LMLC como grupo controle (P < 0.05). A ingestão de nitrogênio, N urinário, N urinário urinário e N excreta total diminuíram (P < 0.05) quando os animais foram alimentados com baixa proteína. Não houve diferença no pH ruminal e na relação acetato / propionato, enquanto o N-amônia ruminal diminuiu com o baixo teor de proteína (P < 0.05). O teste de produção de gás de 120 h, não mostrou diferença na cinética de digestão e emissão de metano in vitro. No entanto, a inclusão do CMS nos cálculos revelou que a baixa proteína pode reduzir (P < 0.05) a emissão de metano. No geral, nossos resultados indicaram que o baixo teor de proteína pode ser compensado pela adição de aminoácidos protegidos no rúmen, não apenas para manter o desempenho animal, mas também para diminuir a excreção de nitrogênio e a emissão de metano.(AU)

Strategic grazing management decreases nitrogen excretion intensity of dairy cows

There is limited information regarding both nitrogen (N) and energy partitioning of dairy cows grazing well­managed tropical pastures. The objective of this study was to investigate the N and energy partitioning of mid­lactation dairy cows on rotationally grazed elephant grass using two pre­grazing targets: 95 % or maximum canopy light interception (LI95% or LIMax) during regrowth. The study used 26 Holstein × Jersey dairy cows arranged in a randomized complete block design with three 40­day periods of sampling. Grazing at LI95% increased organic matter and crude protein intake by 20 % (p ≤ 0.05) which resulted in a 9 % increase in fat corrected milk yield (p ≤ 0.05) relative to LIMax. Cows grazing at LI95% had greater concentration of total volatile fatty acids, butyrate and valerate (p ≤ 0.05), and smaller acetate (p ≤ 0.05) than those grazing at LIMax. Intake of net energy for lactation (NEL) and NEL secreted in milk were greater (p ≤ 0.05), while partitioning of NEL towards maintenance tended to be greater (p = 0.07) for cows grazing at LI95% than those grazing at LIMax. Milk urea nitrogen and both urine and fecal N excretion were greater for cows grazing at LI95% (p ≤ 0.05), but N excretion intensity was lower than in cows grazing at LIMax (p ≤ 0.05). Strategic grazing management using the LI95% pre­grazing target increases N losses through both urine and feces; however, it reduces N excretion intensity of dairy cows by 9 %.

Evaluation of extruded roughage with different additives in sheep diet

The purpose was to evaluate the effect of extruded roughage Foragge® with different additives on intake, digestibility nutrients and nitrogen balance of sheep. Twenty adults, non-pregnant ewes with average weight 68 kg were used. The treatments were extruded roughage with additives (essential oil, virginiamycin, unpurified inactive yeast, tannin and purified inactive yeast). The design was in randomized blocks. The means were contrasted by SNK test, and the fecal score was tested by the Kruskal Wallis test (1952), at 5% significance. There was no difference in the intake of dry matter, crude protein, nitrogen, water, water in relation to dry matter, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (p > 0.05). As well as the digestibility of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber, the fecal weight, fecal nitrogen, retained nitrogen and nitrogen retained in relation to nitrogen ingested (p > 0.05). However, dry matter intake as a function of body weight and metabolic weight, urinary nitrogen, hemicellulose intake, and hemicellulose as a function of NDF, were higher in the Foragge Factor® treatment (p < 0.05). The inclusion of different additives in the extruded roughage improved nutritional parameters, without causing disturbances.(AU)

Sweet Potato Flour as a Replacement for Ground Corn as an Energetic Concentrate / Utilização de farinha de batata-doce como substituto ao milho moído como concentrado energético

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effects of different levels of substitution of ground corn by sweet potato flour on intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and total Nitrogen (N) retention in sheep fed mixed diets based on corn silage. Eight castrated male sheep were used, kept in metabolic cages. The animals received fixed proportions of oat hay, corn silage and soybean meal. The control group (0%) received only ground corn, while the other groups received different levels of inclusion of sweet potato flour (SPF) to replace ground corn, in the proportions of 33%, 66%, and 100%. The 0% and 33% groups had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake than the 66% and 100% groups. There was a trend (P = 0.07) of effect of treatments on crude protein (CP) intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). There was a trend (P = 0.07) for treatment effects in N intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). The other parameters as urine N excretion (P = 0.91) and feces N excretion (P = 0.16) were not affected by the replacement of ground corn by SPF. Moreover, there was no effect on N retention (P = 0.43) and on efficiency of N use (P = 0.69). Adding SPF to a diet instead of corn did not alter the microbial protein parameters. The inclusion of sweet potato flour did not cause changes in the protein metabolism of animals, suggesting it can be used instead of corn.

RESUMO: O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de substituição de milho moído por farinha de batata-doce na ingestão, digestibilidade, síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de Nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados por dietas com base em silagem de milho. Foram utilizados oito ovinos machos castrados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, divididos em quatro grupos no quadrado latino 4 x 4, totalizando quatro períodos de 15 dias cada. Os animais receberam proporções fixas de feno de aveia, silagem de milho e farelo de soja. O grupo controle (0%) recebeu apenas milho moído, enquanto os outros grupos receberam diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de batata doce (FBD) em substituição ao milho moído, nas proporções de 33%, 66% e 100%. Amostras de alimentos e sobras foram coletadas para avaliação do consumo e análise bromatológica. A urina foi coletada para avaliação da síntese proteica microbiana através dos derivados da purina (DP). As fezes foram coletadas para análise e estimativa da digestibilidade. Os grupos de 0% e 33% apresentaram menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que os grupos de 66% e 100%. Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) de efeito dos tratamentos na ingestão de proteína bruta (PB) com efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) para os efeitos do tratamento na ingestão de N com um efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros como excreção de N na urina (P = 0,91) e excreção de N nas fezes (P = 0,16) não foram afetados pela substituição do milho moído pela FBD. Além disso, não houve efeito na retenção de N (P = 0,43) e na eficiência do uso de N (P = 0,69). A adição de FBD a uma dieta em vez de milho não alterou os parâmetros das proteínas microbianas. A inclusão de farinha de batata-doce não causou alterações no metabolismo proteico dos animais, sugerindo que pode ser utilizada no lugar do milho.

Digestibility, ingestive behavior, and nitrogen balance in goat kids fed a diet containing dehydrated passion fruit residue

The objective was to determine the optimal dehydrated passion fruit pulp replacing ground corn in diets for goat kids. We used 24 crossbred castrated goat kids with initial body weight of 26.6±0.3 kg. The experimental period was 23 days, with 15 days of adjustment and acclimatization (mostly to the installation and diet). Kids were distributed in a randomized experimental design with four treatments of 0, 80, 160, or 240 g/kg of dehydrated passion fruit residue as a supplementary inclusion in the dry matter (DM) content of the diet. The statistical model considered the fixed effect of the included amount of residue from dehydrated passion fruit. Analysis of variance was conducted using the PROC GLM of SAS. Intakes of DM and total digestible nutrients (TDN) were not affected by residue inclusion. However, neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake increased linearly. The inclusion linearly decreased intake of ether extract (EE) and non-fibrous carbohydrates (NFC). Crude protein (CP) intake was quadratically affected, with a greater value under treatment of 160 g/kg passion fruit. Dry matter and NFC digestibility decreased linearly with the amount of passion fruit included in diet. Fecal N and total N excretion values (in g/d and %N intake) increased linearly. Nitrogen balance and N retained values showed a quadratic increase, with greater values under the 160 g/kg inclusion. Time spent ruminating, DM and NDF eating efficiency, and g DM/bolus chewed were affected quadratically by inclusion of passion fruit residue. The replacement of ground corn with dehydrated passion fruit residue at a level of 160 g/kg is recommended for diets of goat kids to improve their NDF and CP intake and their N balance without affecting DM and TDN intakes.

Sweet Potato Flour as a Replacement for Ground Corn as an Energetic Concentrate / Utilização de farinha de batata-doce como substituto ao milho moído como concentrado energético

This study evaluated the effects of different levels of substitution of ground corn by sweet potato flour on intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and total Nitrogen (N) retention in sheep fed mixed diets based on corn silage. Eight castrated male sheep were used, kept in metabolic cages. The animals received fixed proportions of oat hay, corn silage and soybean meal. The control group (0%) received only ground corn, while the other groups received different levels of inclusion of sweet potato flour (SPF) to replace ground corn, in the proportions of 33%, 66%, and 100%. The 0% and 33% groups had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake than the 66% and 100% groups. There was a trend (P = 0.07) of effect of treatments on crude protein (CP) intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). There was a trend (P = 0.07) for treatment effects in N intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). The other parameters as urine N excretion (P = 0.91) and feces N excretion (P = 0.16) were not affected by the replacement of ground corn by SPF. Moreover, there was no effect on N retention (P = 0.43) and on efficiency of N use (P = 0.69). Adding SPF to a diet instead of corn did not alter the microbial protein parameters. The inclusion of sweet potato flour did not cause changes in the protein metabolism of animals, suggesting it can be used instead of corn.

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de substituição de milho moído por farinha de batata-doce na ingestão, digestibilidade, síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de Nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados por dietas com base em silagem de milho. Foram utilizados oito ovinos machos castrados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, divididos em quatro grupos no quadrado latino 4 x 4, totalizando quatro períodos de 15 dias cada. Os animais receberam proporções fixas de feno de aveia, silagem de milho e farelo de soja. O grupo controle (0%) recebeu apenas milho moído, enquanto os outros grupos receberam diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de batata doce (FBD) em substituição ao milho moído, nas proporções de 33%, 66% e 100%. Amostras de alimentos e sobras foram coletadas para avaliação do consumo e análise bromatológica. A urina foi coletada para avaliação da síntese proteica microbiana através dos derivados da purina (DP). As fezes foram coletadas para análise e estimativa da digestibilidade. Os grupos de 0% e 33% apresentaram menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que os grupos de 66% e 100%. Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) de efeito dos tratamentos na ingestão de proteína bruta (PB) com efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) para os efeitos do tratamento na ingestão de N com um efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros como excreção de N na urina (P = 0,91) e excreção de N nas fezes (P = 0,16) não foram afetados pela substituição do milho moído pela FBD. Além disso, não houve efeito na retenção de N (P = 0,43) e na eficiência do uso de N (P = 0,69). A adição de FBD a uma dieta em vez de milho não alterou os parâmetros das proteínas microbianas. A inclusão de farinha de batata-doce não causou alterações no metabolismo proteico dos animais, sugerindo que pode ser utilizada no lugar do milho.

Sweet Potato Flour as a Replacement for Ground Corn as an Energetic Concentrate / Utilização de farinha de batata-doce como substituto ao milho moído como concentrado energético

This study evaluated the effects of different levels of substitution of ground corn by sweet potato flour on intake, digestibility, microbial protein synthesis and total Nitrogen (N) retention in sheep fed mixed diets based on corn silage. Eight castrated male sheep were used, kept in metabolic cages. The animals received fixed proportions of oat hay, corn silage and soybean meal. The control group (0%) received only ground corn, while the other groups received different levels of inclusion of sweet potato flour (SPF) to replace ground corn, in the proportions of 33%, 66%, and 100%. The 0% and 33% groups had lower neutral detergent fiber (NDF) intake than the 66% and 100% groups. There was a trend (P = 0.07) of effect of treatments on crude protein (CP) intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). There was a trend (P = 0.07) for treatment effects in N intake with a significant positive linear effect (P = 0.03). The other parameters as urine N excretion (P = 0.91) and feces N excretion (P = 0.16) were not affected by the replacement of ground corn by SPF. Moreover, there was no effect on N retention (P = 0.43) and on efficiency of N use (P = 0.69). Adding SPF to a diet instead of corn did not alter the microbial protein parameters. The inclusion of sweet potato flour did not cause changes in the protein metabolism of animals, suggesting it can be used instead of corn.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos dos diferentes níveis de substituição de milho moído por farinha de batata-doce na ingestão, digestibilidade, síntese de proteína microbiana e a retenção de Nitrogênio (N) em ovinos alimentados por dietas com base em silagem de milho. Foram utilizados oito ovinos machos castrados, mantidos em gaiolas metabólicas, divididos em quatro grupos no quadrado latino 4 x 4, totalizando quatro períodos de 15 dias cada. Os animais receberam proporções fixas de feno de aveia, silagem de milho e farelo de soja. O grupo controle (0%) recebeu apenas milho moído, enquanto os outros grupos receberam diferentes níveis de inclusão de farinha de batata doce (FBD) em substituição ao milho moído, nas proporções de 33%, 66% e 100%. Amostras de alimentos e sobras foram coletadas para avaliação do consumo e análise bromatológica. A urina foi coletada para avaliação da síntese proteica microbiana através dos derivados da purina (DP). As fezes foram coletadas para análise e estimativa da digestibilidade. Os grupos de 0% e 33% apresentaram menor consumo de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) do que os grupos de 66% e 100%. Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) de efeito dos tratamentos na ingestão de proteína bruta (PB) com efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Houve uma tendência (P = 0,07) para os efeitos do tratamento na ingestão de N com um efeito linear positivo significativo (P = 0,03). Os demais parâmetros como excreção de N na urina (P = 0,91) e excreção de N nas fezes (P = 0,16) não foram afetados pela substituição do milho moído pela FBD. Além disso, não houve efeito na retenção de N (P = 0,43) e na eficiência do uso de N (P = 0,69). A adição de FBD a uma dieta em vez de milho não alterou os parâmetros das proteínas microbianas. A inclusão de farinha de batata-doce não causou alterações no metabolismo proteico dos animais, sugerindo que pode ser utilizada no lugar do milho.(AU)

Influence of Levels of Dietary Fiber Sources on the Performance, Carcass Traits, Gastrointestinal Tract Development, Fecal Ammonia Nitrogen, and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber source levels on the fecal ammonia nitrogen, growth performance, carcass traits, gastrointestinal tract development, and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks were individually weighed and randomly divided into 5 groups, each with seven replicates of twelve chicks. Rice hulls (RH) and soybean hulls (SH) were ground through a hammer mill with a 2-mm screen. The RH and SH experimental diets were as follows: 0% (control); 2.5% RH; 2.5% SH; 5% RH; and 5% SH. No significant differences were found in growth performance and fecal ammonia nitrogen among the dietary treatment groups (p>0.05). Compared with the control, the experimental diets with 2.5% SH significantly decreased the wing weight of chickens (p 0.05), while no significant differences in the weight of the other visceral organs were observed. Compared with the control, broilers in the 5% SH group had a longer jejunum and ileum (p 0.05). Feeding the broilers SH and RH had no effect on the villus area and crypt depth of the intestine. Compared with the control, the experimental diet with 2.5% RH significantly increased the duodenal villus height of chickens (p 0.05). These findings suggest that the inclusion of 5% SH in the diets resulted in improved intestinal morphology without negatively affecting growth performance and carcass traits.(AU)

Influence of Levels of Dietary Fiber Sources on the Performance, Carcass Traits, Gastrointestinal Tract Development, Fecal Ammonia Nitrogen, and Intestinal Morphology of Broilers

The present study was conducted to investigate the effects of dietary fiber source levels on the fecal ammonia nitrogen, growth performance, carcass traits, gastrointestinal tract development, and intestinal morphology of broilers. A total of 420 one-day-old unsexed broiler chicks were individually weighed and randomly divided into 5 groups, each with seven replicates of twelve chicks. Rice hulls (RH) and soybean hulls (SH) were ground through a hammer mill with a 2-mm screen. The RH and SH experimental diets were as follows: 0% (control); 2.5% RH; 2.5% SH; 5% RH; and 5% SH. No significant differences were found in growth performance and fecal ammonia nitrogen among the dietary treatment groups (p>0.05). Compared with the control, the experimental diets with 2.5% SH significantly decreased the wing weight of chickens (p 0.05), while no significant differences in the weight of the other visceral organs were observed. Compared with the control, broilers in the 5% SH group had a longer jejunum and ileum (p 0.05). Feeding the broilers SH and RH had no effect on the villus area and crypt depth of the intestine. Compared with the control, the experimental diet with 2.5% RH significantly increased the duodenal villus height of chickens (p 0.05). These findings suggest that the inclusion of 5% SH in the diets resulted in improved intestinal morphology without negatively affecting growth performance and carcass traits.

Consumption, apparent digestibility and nutrient balance of diets with bovine milk whey for goats / Consumo, digestibilidade aparente e balanço de nutrientes de dietas com soro de leite bovino para caprinos

Increasing milk production in countries such as Brazil, India and Pakistan implies the generation of dairy by-products such as nutrient-rich bovine whey which, if used in feeding small ruminants would reduce environmental waste and add value to this by-product. Twenty entire male kids weighing an average 17 kg and 5 months age were used. The diet control was composed by Aruana hay, milled whole maize, pelleted soybean and limestone. Bovine cheese whey at 1.5; 3.0 and 4.5% (DM basis) was added to experimental diets. Variables measured included intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, energy balance, and nitrogen balance. Regression equations and Pearson correlations (P ≤ 0.05) were determined. The 3% diet resulted in greater ether extract (EE) (g/kg0.75) and digestible EE (P ≤ 0.05) concentrations compared to 0% whey. The consumption of cellulose (g/kg0.75) was greater (P ≤ 0.05) for kids on the 3.0% diet compared to 0 or 1.5%. Nutrient apparent digestibility was not affected (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of whey. Kids on the 4.5% diet excreted more (P ≤ 0.05) fecal N than those fed no whey; these also retained less N (P ≤ 0.05) compared to animals fed 3.0% or less whey in their diet. All diets resulted in positive energy and nitrogen balances. Bovine whey can be included in male kid diets up to 4.5% of diet without negatively affecting consumption or apparent digestibility of those diets.(AU)

O aumento da produção de leite em países como Brasil, Índia e Paquistão implica na geração de coprodutos lácteos, como o soro bovino rico em nutrientes, e cuja utilização na alimentação de pequenos ruminantes reduziria o desperdício e menores impactos na poluição ambiental, além de agregar valor a esse coproduto. Foram utilizados 20 cabritos sem padrão racial definido, com peso vivo médio de 17 kg e cinco meses de idade. A dieta controle foi composta por feno de capim Aruana, milho moído, farelo de soja e calcário. Para as dietas teste, foram adicionados 1,5; 3,0 e 4,5% (base de matéria seca) de soro de leite bovino. As variáveis estudadas foram o consumo e digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes, o balanço energético e o balanço de nitrogênio. Equações de regressão e correlações de Pearson (P ≤ 0,05) foram determinadas. A dieta a 3% resultou em maior concentração de extrato etéreo (EE) (g/ kg0,75) e EE digestível (P ≤ 0,05) em comparação com 0% de soro de leite. O consumo de celulose (g/kg0,75) foi maior (P ≤ 0,05) para caprinos machos inteiros na dieta 3,0% comparado a 0 ou 1,5%. A digestibilidade aparente dos nutrientes não foi afetada (P > 0,05) pela inclusão de soro de leite. Os animais que receberam a dieta com 4,5% excretaram mais (P ≤ 0,05) N fecal do que aquelas que não receberam soro de leite; estes cabritos machos inteiros também retiveram menos N (P ≤ 0,05) em comparação com animais alimentados com 3,0% ou menos de soro de leite em sua dieta. Todas as dietas resultaram em balanços positivos de energia e nitrogênio. O soro bovino pode ser incluído em dietas para caprinos em até 4,5% da dieta sem afetar negativamente o consumo ou a digestibilidade aparente.(AU)

Zeolite inclusion in dog extruded diets: digestibility, fecal characteristics, and palatability / Inclusão de zeólita em dietas extrusadas para cães: digestibilidade, características fecais e palatabilidade

Addition of zeolite to caninedietscan improve fecal characteristics, reducing its moisture and odor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an increasing dietary inclusion of zeolite on nutrient and energy digestibility, fecal characteristics, and diet palatability for dogsfed diets containing high soybean meal level. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment evaluated the effect of increasing concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g/kg) of zeolite (clinoptilolite) in extruded dog foods on diet digestibility and fecal quality. Six adult dogs were distributed to treatments arranged in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The second assessed the effect of 20 or 50 g clinoptilolite per kg of diet on food palatability, where in 20 dogs were distributedinto two tests, in a completely randomized experimental design (0 vs.20 g/kg and 0 vs. 50 g/kg zeolite). Despite the small variation, dietary zeolite inclusion reduced diet metabolizable energy content (15.4 to 14.7 MJ/kg, P 0.05) in ammonia nitrogen, sialic acid, fecal pH,or diet palatability.The inclusion of up to 50 g natural clinoptilolite per kg of diet increases fDM content, maintains adequate fecal score and has no negative impact on diet palatability.

O uso de zeólita na alimentação de cães é realizado visando melhorar as características fecais, reduzindo sua umidade e odor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão crescente de zeólita sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia, características fecais e palatabilidade de cães alimentados com dieta contendo altos níveis de farelo de soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou a inclusão crescente de zeólita (clinoptilolita): 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 g/kg em dietas extrusadas para cães sobre a digestibilidade e qualidade das fezes. Foram utilizados seis cães adultos, em quadrado latino 6x6. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a inclusão de 20 e 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita na dieta sobre a palatabilidade em cães. Foram utilizados 20 cães em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em dois tratamentos (0 vs.20g/kg e 0 vs. 50 g/kg de zeólita). Embora com pequena variação, a inclusão de zeólita resultou em redução linear da energia metabolizável (15,4 a 14,7 MJ/kg, P 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças na palatabilidade das dietas. A inclusão de até 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita natural aumenta o teor de matéria seca fecal, com manutenção de adequado escore fecal, sem afetar negativamente a palatabilidade das dietas.

Zeolite inclusion in dog extruded diets: digestibility, fecal characteristics, and palatability / Inclusão de zeólita em dietas extrusadas para cães: digestibilidade, características fecais e palatabilidade

Addition of zeolite to caninedietscan improve fecal characteristics, reducing its moisture and odor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of an increasing dietary inclusion of zeolite on nutrient and energy digestibility, fecal characteristics, and diet palatability for dogsfed diets containing high soybean meal level. Two experiments were performed. The first experiment evaluated the effect of increasing concentrations (0, 10, 20, 30, 40, or 50 g/kg) of zeolite (clinoptilolite) in extruded dog foods on diet digestibility and fecal quality. Six adult dogs were distributed to treatments arranged in a 6 x 6 Latin square design. The second assessed the effect of 20 or 50 g clinoptilolite per kg of diet on food palatability, where in 20 dogs were distributedinto two tests, in a completely randomized experimental design (0 vs.20 g/kg and 0 vs. 50 g/kg zeolite). Despite the small variation, dietary zeolite inclusion reduced diet metabolizable energy content (15.4 to 14.7 MJ/kg, P < 0.05) and the coefficient of total tract apparent digestibility of dry matter (0.773 to 0.740, P < 0.05). Fecal dry matter (fDM) content increased as zeolite concentrations increased (30.4% to 36.1%, P < 0.05), but fecal score had no effect. Zeolite concentrations caused no changes (P > 0.05) in ammonia nitrogen, sialic acid, fecal pH,or diet palatability.The inclusion of up to 50 g natural clinoptilolite per kg of diet increases fDM content, maintains adequate fecal score and has no negative impact on diet palatability.(AU)

O uso de zeólita na alimentação de cães é realizado visando melhorar as características fecais, reduzindo sua umidade e odor. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo avaliar a inclusão crescente de zeólita sobre a digestibilidade dos nutrientes e energia, características fecais e palatabilidade de cães alimentados com dieta contendo altos níveis de farelo de soja. Foram realizados dois experimentos. O primeiro avaliou a inclusão crescente de zeólita (clinoptilolita): 0, 10, 20, 30, 40 e 50 g/kg em dietas extrusadas para cães sobre a digestibilidade e qualidade das fezes. Foram utilizados seis cães adultos, em quadrado latino 6x6. No segundo experimento avaliou-se a inclusão de 20 e 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita na dieta sobre a palatabilidade em cães. Foram utilizados 20 cães em delineamento inteiramente casualizado em dois tratamentos (0 vs.20g/kg e 0 vs. 50 g/kg de zeólita). Embora com pequena variação, a inclusão de zeólita resultou em redução linear da energia metabolizável (15,4 a 14,7 MJ/kg, P < 0,05) e do coeficiente de digestibilidade aparente da matéria seca (0,773 a 0,740, P < 0,05). A matéria seca fecal aumentou com os níveis crescentes de zeólita (30,4% a 36,1%, P < 0,05) não afetando, entretanto, o escore das fezes. Os níveis de zeólita não causaram diferença quanto ao nitrogênio amoniacal, ácido siálico e pH fecal (P > 0,05). Não foram encontradas diferenças na palatabilidade das dietas. A inclusão de até 50 g/kg de clinoptilolita natural aumenta o teor de matéria seca fecal, com manutenção de adequado escore fecal, sem afetar negativamente a palatabilidade das dietas.(AU)

Suplementação energética, protéica ou múltipla para ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade / Protein, multiple or energy supplementation of sheep fed tropical forage of low quality

Objetivou-se avaliar suplementação energética, protéica, múltipla ou mineral sobre parâmetros digestivos e de consumo em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 14 dias. Utilizaram-se quatro borregas, com seis meses de idade e peso corporal inicial médio de 20 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro baias individuais providas de cochos e bebedouros em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Foi utilizada como forragem a Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu in natura. Amostras de sobras e da forragem fornecida foram coletadas no 12º, 13º e 14º dias. No 13º e 14º dia de cada período experimental foi realizada a coleta total de fezes (48 horas). Os valores de proteína bruta da dieta consumida e excreção fecal respectivamente foram de: 4,78; 5,19; 7,18 e 8,44% e 0,326; 0,315; 0,317 e 0,356 g/dia para os suplementos mineral, energético múltiplo e proteico respectivamente. O suplemento protéico propicia um incremento ao nitrogênio da dieta, aumento da excreção fecal com possíveis efeitos sob as taxas de digestão e passagem da digesta pelo trato digestório.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of protein, multiple, energy or mineral supplementation of sheep fed low-quality tropical forage on digestive, behavioral and intake parameters. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days each. Four lambs, six months of age and with an initial body weight of 20 kg, were used. The animals were allocated to four individual pens equipped with drinking fountains and troughs in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Fresh Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu was used as fodder. Samples of leftovers and forage provided were collected on days 12, 13 and 14. Total fecal collection was done on days 13 and 14 of each experimental period (48 hours). The values of crude protein in the diet consumed and in fecal excretion were, respectively, 4.78, 5.19, 7.18 and 8.44% and 0.326, 0.315, 0.317 and 0.356 g/day for the mineral, energy, multiple and protein supplements. The protein supplement provides an increase in dietary nitrogen and increased fecal excretion, with possible effects on digestion rate and passage of digesta through the digestive tract.

Suplementação energética, protéica ou múltipla para ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade / Protein, multiple or energy supplementation of sheep fed tropical forage of low quality

Objetivou-se avaliar suplementação energética, protéica, múltipla ou mineral sobre parâmetros digestivos e de consumo em ovinos alimentados com forragem tropical de baixa qualidade. O experimento teve duração de 56 dias, divididos em quatro períodos de 14 dias. Utilizaram-se quatro borregas, com seis meses de idade e peso corporal inicial médio de 20 kg. Os animais foram distribuídos em quatro baias individuais providas de cochos e bebedouros em delineamento quadrado latino 4 x 4. Foi utilizada como forragem a Urochloa brizantha cv. marandu in natura. Amostras de sobras e da forragem fornecida foram coletadas no 12º, 13º e 14º dias. No 13º e 14º dia de cada período experimental foi realizada a coleta total de fezes (48 horas). Os valores de proteína bruta da dieta consumida e excreção fecal respectivamente foram de: 4,78; 5,19; 7,18 e 8,44% e 0,326; 0,315; 0,317 e 0,356 g/dia para os suplementos mineral, energético múltiplo e proteico respectivamente. O suplemento protéico propicia um incremento ao nitrogênio da dieta, aumento da excreção fecal com possíveis efeitos sob as taxas de digestão e passagem da digesta pelo trato digestório.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of protein, multiple, energy or mineral supplementation of sheep fed low-quality tropical forage on digestive, behavioral and intake parameters. The experiment lasted 56 days, divided into four periods of 14 days each. Four lambs, six months of age and with an initial body weight of 20 kg, were used. The animals were allocated to four individual pens equipped with drinking fountains and troughs in a 4 x 4 Latin square design. Fresh Brachiaria brizantha cv. Marandu was used as fodder. Samples of leftovers and forage provided were collected on days 12, 13 and 14. Total fecal collection was done on days 13 and 14 of each experimental period (48 hours). The values of crude protein in the diet consumed and in fecal excretion were, respectively, 4.78, 5.19, 7.18 and 8.44% and 0.326, 0.315, 0.317 and 0.356 g/day for the mineral, energy, multiple and protein supplements. The protein supplement provides an increase in dietary nitrogen and increased fecal excretion, with possible effects on digestion rate and passage of digesta through the digestive tract.(AU)