Impact of Pre-transport Feed Withdrawal on Welfare and Meat Characteristics of European Quails

The objective of this study was evaluate whether pretransport feed withdrawal affects welfare, carcass, and meat characteristics of European quails. A total of 120 European quails were used, with an initial age of 15 days. Bird feed was removed before transport to the slaughterhouse at the following times, which characterised the different treatments: zero hours, three hours, six hours, nine hours and twelve hours. The transport took 54 minutes to cover 27 kilometres to a commercial slaughterhouse. The birds were slaughtered at 41 days of age. During bleeding, blood samples were collected. Blood glucose, total protein, albumin, uric acid, and corticosterone concentrations were measured. The carcasses and meat characteristics were measured. Poultry body weight decreased and blood glucose concentrations increased with the increase in feed withdrawal time. The treatments did not affect carcass weights. Carcass yields after three hours fasting were similar to those in the six hours and nine hours groups, indicating that gastrointestinal tracts were empty after the third hour. Meat quality was negatively affected (pH, lightness, water holding capacity, cooking loss) by the increase in feed withdrawal time; integrated parameters that characterise dark, firm, dry meat. Pre transport feed withdrawal time should be three hours to empty the gastrointestinal tract and minimise losses in meat quality of European quails. It is necessary to adjust feed withdrawal so that it does not exceed this time, since there is no technical justification for supporting it.(AU)

Estimation of productive losses caused by withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoter from pig diets Meta-analysis

ABSTRACT: This study was designed to simulate productive and economic losses due to the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from pig diets. Articles that compared diets with AGP (AGP+) or without AGP (AGP) for pigs were collected from electronic databases and the performance results were entered in a database. A meta-analysis was performed following the sequence: graphical analysis, correlation, and variance-covariance. The performance results observed in the meta-analysis, feed cost, and AGP costs were used to build equations to estimate the economic effect of withdrawing AGP. The database comprised 81 scientific articles containing 103 experiments totalizing 42,923 pigs. Avilamycin (24.7 %) was the most frequent AGP in the database, followed by Colistin (15.4 %), Tiamulin (11.7 %), Tylosin (8.0 %), Lincomycin (9.4 %), and Bacitracin (5.4 %). Weight gain (p 0.05) increased in AGP+ diets during post-weaning (6.5 %). However, there was no effect of AGP on weight gain of growing-finishing pigs. There was better (p 0.05) feed conversion in pigs fed AGP+ diets in all rearing phases. Weight gain and feed conversion improved (p 0.05) with the addition of Avilamycin, Bacitracin, and Tylosin. AGP withdrawal in the post-weaning phase increased feed costs by US$ 0.86 per animal and in growing-finishing phase the increase was US$ 3.11. Thus, pigs fed AGP+ diets have a better performance than pigs fed AGP- diets and the withdrawal of AGP increases feed costs.

Estimation of productive losses caused by withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoter from pig diets – Meta-analysis

This study was designed to simulate productive and economic losses due to the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from pig diets. Articles that compared diets with AGP (AGP+) or without AGP (AGP–) for pigs were collected from electronic databases and the performance results were entered in a database. A meta-analysis was performed following the sequence: graphical analysis, correlation, and variance-covariance. The performance results observed in the meta-analysis, feed cost, and AGP costs were used to build equations to estimate the economic effect of withdrawing AGP. The database comprised 81 scientific articles containing 103 experiments totalizing 42,923 pigs. Avilamycin (24.7 %) was the most frequent AGP in the database, followed by Colistin (15.4 %), Tiamulin (11.7 %), Tylosin (8.0 %), Lincomycin (9.4 %), and Bacitracin (5.4 %). Weight gain (p < 0.05) increased in AGP+ diets during post-weaning (6.5 %). However, there was no effect of AGP on weight gain of growing-finishing pigs. There was better (p < 0.05) feed conversion in pigs fed AGP+ diets in all rearing phases. Weight gain and feed conversion improved (p < 0.05) with the addition of Avilamycin, Bacitracin, and Tylosin. AGP withdrawal in the post-weaning phase increased feed costs by US$ 0.86 per animal and in growing-finishing phase the increase was US$ 3.11. Thus, pigs fed AGP+ diets have a better performance than pigs fed AGP- diets and the withdrawal of AGP increases feed costs.

Estimation of productive losses caused by withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoter from pig diets Meta-analysis

This study was designed to simulate productive and economic losses due to the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoters (AGP) from pig diets. Articles that compared diets with AGP (AGP+) or without AGP (AGP–) for pigs were collected from electronic databases and the performance results were entered in a database. A meta-analysis was performed following the sequence: graphical analysis, correlation, and variance-covariance. The performance results observed in the meta-analysis, feed cost, and AGP costs were used to build equations to estimate the economic effect of withdrawing AGP. The database comprised 81 scientific articles containing 103 experiments totalizing 42,923 pigs. Avilamycin (24.7 %) was the most frequent AGP in the database, followed by Colistin (15.4 %), Tiamulin (11.7 %), Tylosin (8.0 %), Lincomycin (9.4 %), and Bacitracin (5.4 %). Weight gain (p < 0.05) increased in AGP+ diets during post-weaning (6.5 %). However, there was no effect of AGP on weight gain of growing-finishing pigs. There was better (p < 0.05) feed conversion in pigs fed AGP+ diets in all rearing phases. Weight gain and feed conversion improved (p < 0.05) with the addition of Avilamycin, Bacitracin, and Tylosin. AGP withdrawal in the post-weaning phase increased feed costs by US$ 0.86 per animal and in growing-finishing phase the increase was US$ 3.11. Thus, pigs fed AGP+ diets have a better performance than pigs fed AGP- diets and the withdrawal of AGP increases feed costs.(AU)

Macroscopic description of small and large intestine of the sloth Bradypus variegatus

Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba’ and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon.[...]

Macroscopic description of small and large intestine of the sloth Bradypus variegatus

Background: Sloths of the species Bradypus variegatus are mammals with peculiar habits, which feed mostly young leaves of ‘embaúba and occur broadly in Central and South America. This specie has the greatest occurrence in Brazilian Northeast, making it a biological model for several researches in the fields as anatomy, physiology, genetics, pathology, histology and ecology, which provide data to literature in order to benefit maintenance and preservation of these animals. This study aimed to describe unpublished data about small and large intestine anatomy of the sloth Bradypus variegatus, in order to collaborate for knowledge of its digestive processes.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to perform this present research, 10 corpses of specie Bradypus variegatus belonged to the acquis of Anatomy Division, Department of Animal Morphology and Physiology (DMFA); Federal Rural University of Pernambuco (UFRPE), with 5 males and 5 females, the study was authorized by Animal Use and Experimentation Ethic Committee license (CEUA-UFRPE), nº 034/2015. All 10 animals used had natural death, were obtained through a donation of CETAS Tangará (Centro de Triagem de Animais Silvestres - Wildlife Screening Center), and located in the city of Recife. Animals were dissected at abdominal and pelvic portion, from a median sagittal incision, followed by lateral folding of skin, muscle and withdrawal of pubis portion for exposition and description of intestines, with analysis of syntopy and measurement of these organs. A relation was observed among external holes of urinary, reproductive and digestive systems. A relation was still observed among intestines and stomach, liver, kidneys, bladder and abdominal cavity wall. Some animals had absence of sigmoid colon, ventral and dorsal descendent colon.[...](AU)

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Broilers with Dorsal Cranial Myopathy

There are several causes of carcass condemnation in poultry processing plants, including dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM), in which the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle is affected. DCM etiology has not been elucidated yet, but this lesion impairs the visual quality of carcasses and causes economic losses due to downgrading and condemnation. The effects of this lesion on the systemic health of broilers are still unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate muscle injury and systemic health indicators in broilers presenting or not DCM. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count (CBC), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lactate, and glucose serum levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) serum activities, and breast muscle pH. Blood samples were collected from 800 42-day-old broilers before feed withdrawal and transportation. In the processing plant, 28 carcasses presented DCM during inspection, and 28 carcasses with no DCM were used as controls. Blood biochemical parameters were not significantly different between broilers with DCM and the controls, except for AST and CK, which activities were higher in the DCM group than in the control group, suggesting that the DCM does not affect the systemic health of the broilers.(AU)

Evaluation of Physiological Parameters of Broilers with Dorsal Cranial Myopathy

There are several causes of carcass condemnation in poultry processing plants, including dorsal cranial myopathy (DCM), in which the anterior latissimus dorsi (ALD) muscle is affected. DCM etiology has not been elucidated yet, but this lesion impairs the visual quality of carcasses and causes economic losses due to downgrading and condemnation. The effects of this lesion on the systemic health of broilers are still unknown. In this context, the objective of this study was to evaluate muscle injury and systemic health indicators in broilers presenting or not DCM. The following parameters were evaluated: complete blood count (CBC), total protein, albumin, globulin, cholesterol, lactate, and glucose serum levels, aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and creatine kinase (CK) serum activities, and breast muscle pH. Blood samples were collected from 800 42-day-old broilers before feed withdrawal and transportation. In the processing plant, 28 carcasses presented DCM during inspection, and 28 carcasses with no DCM were used as controls. Blood biochemical parameters were not significantly different between broilers with DCM and the controls, except for AST and CK, which activities were higher in the DCM group than in the control group, suggesting that the DCM does not affect the systemic health of the broilers.

Applicability of non-feed removal programs to induce molting instead of the conventional feed withdrawal method in brown laying hens

This study was conducted to compare the applicability of non-feed removal (NFR) programs to induce molting in brown laying hens by feedusing alfalfa meal and barley grain on molting of instead of feed withdrawal in terms of performance, egg quality and profitability. A total of 240, 75-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were randomly divided into three groups as conventional feed withdrawal (CONV), and two non-feed removal programs using alfalfa meal (A+F) or barley grain (B+F), each containing 80 hens with 20 replicates (4 hens x 20 replicates = 80 hens). After 10 days of the induced molting the lowest body weight loss (20.01%) was found in the B+F method (p < 0.01). In the second cycle, onset of egg production days were significantly different between groups (p < 0.001) and hens of NFR groups (A+F and B+F) reached 50% egg production earlier than CONV group (p < 0.05). Most of the performance (average egg production, daily feed intake, feed conversion ratio and mortality) and egg quality parameters (egg weight, specific gravity, shell thickness and breakage) of NFR groups were similar to the CONV group (p> 0.05). Haugh unit of CONV group was better than NFR groups, whereas molting by NFR groups improved egg yolk color (p < 0.001). Despite higher feed cost of NFR programs, egg income and profit was better than CONV group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, molting with alfalfa meal and barley grain of brown layers may be used as non-feed removal programs, without negative effects on the performance and egg quality parameters. Besides, these non-feed removal programs have higher income and profitability. (AU)

Applicability of non-feed removal programs to induce molting instead of the conventional feed withdrawal method in brown laying hens

This study was conducted to compare the applicability of non-feed removal (NFR) programs to induce molting in brown laying hens by feedusing alfalfa meal and barley grain on molting of instead of feed withdrawal in terms of performance, egg quality and profitability. A total of 240, 75-week-old Hy-Line brown laying hens were randomly divided into three groups as conventional feed withdrawal (CONV), and two non-feed removal programs using alfalfa meal (A+F) or barley grain (B+F), each containing 80 hens with 20 replicates (4 hens x 20 replicates = 80 hens). After 10 days of the induced molting the lowest body weight loss (20.01%) was found in the B+F method (p 0.05). Haugh unit of CONV group was better than NFR groups, whereas molting by NFR groups improved egg yolk color (p < 0.001). Despite higher feed cost of NFR programs, egg income and profit was better than CONV group (p < 0.001). In conclusion, molting with alfalfa meal and barley grain of brown layers may be used as non-feed removal programs, without negative effects on the performance and egg quality parameters. Besides, these non-feed removal programs have higher income and profitability.

Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with salinomycin in the diet / Desempenho produtivo e inocuidade da carne de bovinos terminados em confinamento com salinomicina na dieta

This study assessed production performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, residue depletion of meat, and economic performance during the finishing period of steers in feedlots using salinomycin in their diet. A total of 32 steers were finished in a feedlot on a diet comprising corn silage and concentrate (50:50), with or without added salinomycin (120 mg per animal day-¹). Study design was completely randomized, with eight repetitions. Results indicated that the use of salinomycin increased both weight gain (1.582 vs. 1.304 kg) and feed conversion (6.16 vs. 7.25 kg kg-¹). No significant alterations were observed in feed intake (9.52 vs. 9.25 kg animal day-¹), serum parameters, or apparent diet digestibility. The withdrawal period of 16 h prior to slaughter promoted a lower salinomycin concentration (0.25 μg kg-¹) in organs and edible tissues, which is below the levels allowed by legislation. Animals finished with salinomycin also exhibited greater warm carcass weight (287.76 vs. 275.81 kg) and better economic performance (profit margin increments of R$ 84.20 per animal). Salinomycin use in feedlot-finished steers promoted both production and economic performance improvements without added implications to either animal or consumer health since there were no significant residues found in any edible tissues.

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros séricos, a depleção residual na carne e a economicidade da terminação de novilhos em confinamento com salinomicina na dieta. Foram confinados 32 animais com dieta constituída de silagem de milho e concentrado (50:50), adicionada ou não de salinomicina (120 mg por animal dia-¹). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 8 repetições. O uso de salinomicina melhorou o ganho de peso (1,582 vs 1,304 kg) e a conversão alimentar (6,16 vs 7,25 kg kg-¹). Não houve alterações significativas no consumo de alimento (9,52 vs 9,25 kg animal dia-¹), nos parâmetros séricos e na digestibilidade aparente da dieta. O período de carência de 16 h antes do abate promoveu concentrações de salinomicina inferiores a 0,25 μg kg-¹ nos órgãos e tecidos comestíveis, cujos valores estão abaixo dos permitidos na legislação. Animais terminados com salinomicina apresentaram maior peso de carcaça quente (287,76 vs 275,81 kg) e melhor resultado econômico, com incremento de R$ 84,20 por animal na margem de lucro. O uso de salinomicina para novilhos em confinamento promoveu melhorias no desempenho produtivo e econômico, sem prejudicar a saúde dos animais e dos consumidores, pois não houve resíduos significantes nos tecidos comestíveis.

Growth performance and safety of meat from cattle feedlot finished with salinomycin in the diet / Desempenho produtivo e inocuidade da carne de bovinos terminados em confinamento com salinomicina na dieta

This study assessed production performance, carcass characteristics, serum parameters, residue depletion of meat, and economic performance during the finishing period of steers in feedlots using salinomycin in their diet. A total of 32 steers were finished in a feedlot on a diet comprising corn silage and concentrate (50:50), with or without added salinomycin (120 mg per animal day-¹). Study design was completely randomized, with eight repetitions. Results indicated that the use of salinomycin increased both weight gain (1.582 vs. 1.304 kg) and feed conversion (6.16 vs. 7.25 kg kg-¹). No significant alterations were observed in feed intake (9.52 vs. 9.25 kg animal day-¹), serum parameters, or apparent diet digestibility. The withdrawal period of 16 h prior to slaughter promoted a lower salinomycin concentration (0.25 μg kg-¹) in organs and edible tissues, which is below the levels allowed by legislation. Animals finished with salinomycin also exhibited greater warm carcass weight (287.76 vs. 275.81 kg) and better economic performance (profit margin increments of R$ 84.20 per animal). Salinomycin use in feedlot-finished steers promoted both production and economic performance improvements without added implications to either animal or consumer health since there were no significant residues found in any edible tissues.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o desempenho produtivo, as características de carcaça, os parâmetros séricos, a depleção residual na carne e a economicidade da terminação de novilhos em confinamento com salinomicina na dieta. Foram confinados 32 animais com dieta constituída de silagem de milho e concentrado (50:50), adicionada ou não de salinomicina (120 mg por animal dia-¹). O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado com 8 repetições. O uso de salinomicina melhorou o ganho de peso (1,582 vs 1,304 kg) e a conversão alimentar (6,16 vs 7,25 kg kg-¹). Não houve alterações significativas no consumo de alimento (9,52 vs 9,25 kg animal dia-¹), nos parâmetros séricos e na digestibilidade aparente da dieta. O período de carência de 16 h antes do abate promoveu concentrações de salinomicina inferiores a 0,25 μg kg-¹ nos órgãos e tecidos comestíveis, cujos valores estão abaixo dos permitidos na legislação. Animais terminados com salinomicina apresentaram maior peso de carcaça quente (287,76 vs 275,81 kg) e melhor resultado econômico, com incremento de R$ 84,20 por animal na margem de lucro. O uso de salinomicina para novilhos em confinamento promoveu melhorias no desempenho produtivo e econômico, sem prejudicar a saúde dos animais e dos consumidores, pois não houve resíduos significantes nos tecidos comestíveis.(AU)

Impacto da retirada da ractopamina sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade de carne de suínos

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da retirada da ractopamina sobre índices zootécnicos, a qualidade da carne e as lesões do aparelho locomotor de suínos. O estudo foi realizado na Unidade Experimental de Suínos, localizada em Bom Sucesso do Sul, sudoeste do estado do Paraná, Brasil. Foram avaliados 264 suínos com 134 dias de vida e peso médio inicial de 80 kg, distribuídos em dois tratamentos (CON Dieta sem ractopamina e RAC Dieta com 10 ppm de ractomamina) com 12 repetições cada. As dietas experimentais foram consumidas durante os 34 dias que antecederam o abate. Após o abate foi avaliada a integridade das unhas principais e acessórias dos membros posteriores. Após o resfriamento e o espostejamento das carcaças, o músculo Longissimus thorachis (LT) de 24 carcaças (n=12 por tratamento) foi retirado, fatiado em bifes (2,5 cm de espessura), pesado, embalado individualmente em bandejas de poliestireno, simulando condições típicas do mercado brasileiro, durante o período de 10 dias. Os bifes de cada tratamento foram retirados aleatoriamente aos 1, 5 e 10 dias de armazenamento para análise. Os parâmetros analisados em relação a qualidade da carne foram a oxidação lipídica, pH, cor subjetiva (NPPC), cor instrumental, perdas por cocção e gotejamento e a textura. Os animais alimentados com ractopamina (RAC) apresentaram ganho de peso e peso final significativamente (P<0,05) maiores do que o grupo CON. Além disso, a alimentação com a RAC teve efeito sobre conversão alimentar, mostrando maior eficiência em relação ao CON. Com relação aos aspectos de qualidade da carne, observou-se no grupo RAC carnes mais macias e com menores perdas por cocção, na oxidação lipidica e principalmente na vermelhidão e cor NPPC. Os animais do grupo RAC apresentaram maior escore de lesões nos cascos. A retirada da ractopamina da dieta provoca perda significativa de desempenho e de qualidade de carne.

The objective of this study was available the effect ractopamine withdrawal over zootechnical rates, the quality of meat and injuries of the swine locomotors apparatus. The study was done experimental unit of swine, located in Bom Sucesso do Sul, Southwest of Paraná State, Brazil. The number of 264 pigs were assessed with 134 days old and mean initial weight of 80 Kg, distributed in two treatments (CON Diet without ractopamine and RAC Diet with 10 PPM of ractopamine) with 12 repetitions each.  The experimental diets were intaken during the 34 days before the slaughter, the integrity of the main nails and accessory nails of hind limbs were assessed. After the cooling and the removal of the carcass, the muscle Longissimus Thoracis (LT) of 24 carcasses (n=12 per treatment was removed, sliced in beefs (2,5 cm thickness), weighed packed individually in polystyrene trays, emulating typical conditions of Brazilian market for 10 days. The beefs of each treatment were removed randomly on 1, 5 and 10 days of storage for analysis. The analyzed parameters in relation to the quality for the meat were lipid oxidation, Ph, subjective color (NPPC), instrumental color, losses due to cooking and dripping and the texture. The animal fed with ractopamine (RAC) presented weight gain and final weight significantly (P<0,05) higher, than the group CON. Besides the feed with RAC had effect on the feed conversion ratio, showing more efficacy in relation to CON. In relation to the meat quality aspects, it was observed on the group RAC, softer meats and fewer losses due to cooking, in the lipid oxidation and mainly redness and color NPPC. The animals of group RAC presented higher scores of injuries in the hooves. The ractopamine withdrawal of the diets rouses a significant loss of performance and meat quality.

AVALIAÇÃO DO EFEITO DO PLASMA SANGUÍNEO EM SUBSTITUIÇÃO OU ASSOCIADO A ANTIBIÓTICOS EM LEITÕES NA FASE DE CRESCIMENTO E TERMINAÇÃO.

O uso dos antibióticos na produção animal vem sendo restringido para atender a demanda do mercado. Dessa forma, pesquisas estão sendo realizadas atualmente visando encontrar alternativas, tais como a utilização de probióticos e plasma sanguíneo. O objetivo desse trabalho foi avaliar o efeito do plasma sanguíneo em substituição ou associação a antibióticos utilizados em pulsos estratégicos presentes na alimentação de leitões na fase de crescimento e terminação, sobre os parâmetros zootécnicos e sanitários. Foram selecionados 1.456 leitões na saída de creche, avaliados por 122 dias, submetidos a 4 tratamentos com 14 repetições compostos por 3 categorias de peso inicial de entrada dos animais e avaliados em 2 gêneros. Para os tratamentos com inclusão, foi utilizado o plasma sanguíneo (spray dried plasma, SDP) de bovinos. Os tratamentos consistiram em: ração sem adição de antibióticos e sem SDP (T1), sendo o grupo controle negativo; ração com adição do protocolo medicamentoso padrão da empresa e sem inclusão de SDP, controle positivo (T2); ração com adição do protocolo medicamentoso padrão da empresa associado a três pulsos de SDP (T3); e ração com adição de SDP sem a inserção de antibióticos (T4). Os dados foram analisados utilizando o software Statistical Analysis System (SAS®, v.9.5, Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) e submetidos ao teste de normalidade de Shapiro-Wilk a 5% de probabilidade. Posteriormente, os dados foram submetidos à Análise de Variância (ANOVA). Os resultados indicaram que suínos submetidos ao T2 apresentaram maior consumo de ração, sendo que a média do consumo e a conversão alimentar foram de 289,73 kg e 2,57 kg/kg (ração consumido/peso ganho), respectivamente. O ganho de peso durante o período de 0 122 dias para os leitões do T3 (114,12 kg) e T4 (114,2 kg) foram superiores aos suínos do T1 (111,46 kg) (P>0,05). Além disso, suínos submetidos ao tratamento baseado em antibiótico associado com plasma (T3) apresentaram um aumento de 7,76 % no ganho de peso quando comparado aos suínos do T1. Não foi observada diferença significativa na taxa de mortalidade dos animais, independente do tratamento (P>0,05). Em relação aos parâmetros sanitários, o escore de fezes e índice de tosse e espirro diminuiu com o passar das semanas (P>0,05), sendo que as fêmeas apresentam maior índice (4,55 %) de tosse e espirro em relação aos machos (3,73 %) (P>0,05). O índice para pneumonia e escore de úlcera apresentado pelos leitões não foi influenciado pelos tratamentos (P>0,05). Ademais, por meio da análise de custos, não foi verificado diferença significativa entre os tratamentos para os custos de ração e custo com medicamentos injetáveis por kg de suíno. No entanto, os suínos do T1 apresentaram menor custo de produção total quando comparado aos animais dos outros tratamentos (P>0,05). Os leitões apresentaram maior ganho de peso para o tratamento associado aos pulsos de antibióticos em relação ao grupo controle, porém somente com a utilização de antibióticos em pulsos estratégicos, favoreceu o consumo de ração e, mas não alterou a conversão alimentar dos animais. Apesar disso, os custos de produção somente com a utilização de SPD foram menores que combinado com antibióticos, podendo ser uma alternativa a remoção e/ou redução destes aditivos como pulsos nas rações.

The use of antibiotics in animal feed has been restricted to meet regulatory and consumer demand. Therefore, research is currently being done to find alternatives, such as the use of probiotics and spray dried blood plasma (SDP). The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of blood plasma SDP in replacement or association with antibiotics on zootechnical and sanitary parameters. The treatments were used as strategic pulses of either antibiotics or SDP in the feed of swine during the growing and finishing phases. A total of 1,456 swine were selected just after leaving the nursery and were evaluated for 122 days. The swine were submitted to 4 dietary treatments with 14 repetitions composed of 3 categories of initial body weight at housing and evaluated in 2 genera (male vs female). The dietary treatments consisted of feed without antibiotics and without SDP (T1), being the control group; feed with addition of the company standard medication protocol and without inclusion of SDP (T2); feed plus the company standard medication protocol associated with three pulses of SDP (T3); and feed with the addition of SDP without the addition of antibiotics (T4). Data were analyzed using the Statistical Analysis System software (SAS®, v.9.5, Inst. Inc., Cary, NC) and submitted to the Shapiro-Wilk normality test at 5% probability. Subsequently, the data were submitted to Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The results indicated that T2 had the highest feed intake, with the average intake and feed conversion being 289,73 kg and 2,57 kg/kg (feed consumed/weight gained), respectively. Weight gain during the period of 0-122 days for T3 (114,12 kg) and T4 (114,2 kg) were higher (P<0,05) than T1 (111,46 kg). Furthermore, the antibiotic-based treatment associated with SDP (T3) showed a 7,76% increase in weight gain when compared to T1. There was no significant difference in the mortality rate of animals, regardless the treatment (P>0,05). Regarding health parameters, the diarrhea score and cough and sneezing index decreased over the weeks (P<0.05), with females having a higher (P>0,05) rate (4,55%) of coughing and sneezing compared to males (3,73%). The index for pneumonia and ulcer score was not influenced by the treatments (P>0,05). Furthermore, cost analysis showed, no significant difference between treatments for feed costs and cost of injectable drugs per kg of animal. However, T1 had the lower total production cost when compared to other treatments (P>0,05). Swine showed greater weight gain for T3 when compared to the control group. The use of antibiotics in strategic pulses (T2) favored feed intake but did not change the feed conversion of the animals. Despite this, the production costs only with the use of SDP (T4) was lower than that combined with antibiotics (T3), which suggests that SDP could be an alternative to the withdrawal and/or reduction of these antibiotics as pulses in animal feed.

Effects of the Addition of Glucose, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Vitamin E to the Drinking Water of Pre-Slaughter Broiler Chickens on Carcass Yield, Gastric Emptying and Meat Quality

An experiment was conducted of the poultry facilities of La Salle Agricultural College in Xanxerê, SC, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of the administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal on carcass yield, organ relative weights (heart, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard), gizzard emptying, and meat quality of broiler chickens. The applied treatments were: water as control; 50g/L of glucose; 50g/L de glucose + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 75g/L of glucose; 75g/L + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 200mg/L de vitamin E. On the last day before slaughter, during the water diet period,500 birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with ten treatments and ten replicates of five birds each. No difference in broiler carcass yield and organ relative weights was found. There were no significant changes in gizzard contents, in ultimate meat, cooking loss, shear force value, or in the meat color parameters L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness). It was concluded is that the addition of glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period has no influence on carcass yield or on relative organ weight, neither on the emptying of the gizzard contents and the meat quality of broiler chickens.

Effects of the Addition of Glucose, Sodium Bicarbonate, and Vitamin E to the Drinking Water of Pre-Slaughter Broiler Chickens on Carcass Yield, Gastric Emptying and Meat Quality

An experiment was conducted of the poultry facilities of La Salle Agricultural College in Xanxerê, SC, Brazil, to evaluate the effect of the administration of sodium bicarbonate, glucose and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal on carcass yield, organ relative weights (heart, liver, proventriculus, and gizzard), gizzard emptying, and meat quality of broiler chickens. The applied treatments were: water as control; 50g/L of glucose; 50g/L de glucose + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 75g/L of glucose; 75g/L + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.45% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate; 0.55% of sodium bicarbonate + 200mg/L of vitamin E; 200mg/L de vitamin E. On the last day before slaughter, during the water diet period,500 birds were distributed in a completely randomized experimental design with ten treatments and ten replicates of five birds each. No difference in broiler carcass yield and organ relative weights was found. There were no significant changes in gizzard contents, in ultimate meat, cooking loss, shear force value, or in the meat color parameters L* (lightness), a* (redness) and b* (yellowness). It was concluded is that the addition of glucose, sodium bicarbonate, and vitamin E to the drinking water during pre-slaughter feed withdrawal period has no influence on carcass yield or on relative organ weight, neither on the emptying of the gizzard contents and the meat quality of broiler chickens.(AU)

Indicadores de vulnerabilidade em sistemas de produção de leite na região dos Campos Gerais do Paraná

Nas últimas décadas, o setor de produção de leite tem passado por inúmeras transformações, sejam de caráter técnico, econômico ou institucional. Estas mudanças ocorrem mundialmente, com a especialização contundente do setor, dando contornos de industrialização à produção, principalmente no tocante aos aspectos quantitativos e qualitativos do produto leite. Estas alterações, com novos cenários, culminaram com o aumento na produção mundial de leite e também com a elevação da produtividade dos rebanhos. Por outro lado, como decorrência, houve a supressão no número de propriedades produtoras de leite, com a saída contínua de produtores da atividade, ou seu desligamento do mercado formal. Estes fatos assumem relevância, à medida em que determinados sistemas de produção se adequam com a facilidade a estes cenários e permanecem com êxito e expansão da atividade, e outros se mostram extremamente vulneráveis, demonstrando pouca resiliência, desencadeando a inviabilidade de seus sistemas de produção leiteiros (SPL). Neste trabalho, se objetivou averiguar quais variáveis impactam na vulnerabilidade de SPL no Estado do Paraná. A pesquisa abrangeu 128 SPL localizados em cinco municípios do Paraná, sendo eles: Castro, Carambeí, Ponta Grossa, Palmeira e Teixeira Soares. A coleta de dados e informações foi feita in loco, a partir da aplicação de formulários semiestruturados. Para o estudo se utilizou o método de análise fatorial (AF), para um conjunto de variáveis produtivas e socioeconômicas. Gerando dois fatores - F1 (Fatores Produtivos e Econômicos), definidos pelas variáveis: renda líquida (R$), número de vacas em produção e produção diária de leite (l) - F2 (Fator relacionado com a Capacidade de Produzir Alimentos), definido pelas variáveis: compra silagem, silagem suficiente ano todo, compra feno e compra pré-secado. Os escores fatoriais foram utilizados como variáveis de entrada para a análise de Clusters Hierárquicos (ACH), que definiu três grupos distintos de produtores de leite, com alta vulnerabilidade (G1) formado por 106 produtores, baixa vulnerabilidade (G2) com 15 e sem vulnerabilidade (G3) com 6. Conclui-se que o G1 foi o grupo que apresentou resultados menos satisfatórios, em relação aos fatores de produção e econômicos, com rebanhos menores e escalas de produção inferiores. Assim como na capacidade de produção de alimentos para o rebanho, caracterizados por dependência externa ou incorrendo em erros no planejamento forrageiro. O G2 apresentou características intermediárias para os fatores relacionados com a produção e também com a capacidade de produzir alimentos, com maior autossuficiência. O G3 se caracterizou por apresentar resultados satisfatórios para os fatores produtivos e econômicos, com grandes rebanhos e escalas de produção elevadas, impactando positivamente na renda bruta de seus SPL, assim como na autossuficiência na produção de alimentos (volumosos) para os rebanhos. Conclui-se que o G1, pelos resultados apresentados, apresenta maior vulnerabilidade, podendo culminar com a inviabilidade de se manterem na atividade, dado ao cenário atual da produção de leite, o G2 necessita de ajustes para obtenção de índices mais satisfatórios, e o G3 caracterizado por não apresentar vulnerabilidade, e, portanto, com menores probabilidades de serem suprimidos da atividade. Os resultados apresentados também demonstram o elevado grau de especialização dos SPL da região analisada, quando comparada com as demais do país.

In the past few decades, the milk production sector has undergone countless transformations, whether technical, economic or institutional. These changes are occurring worldwide, with the specialization of the sector, giving an industrialized context to production, mainly with respect to the quantitative and qualitative aspects of the milk product. These changes, with new scenarios, culminated with the increase in world milk production and also with the increase in the productivity of herds. As a result, there has been a decrease in the number of milk producing properties, with the continuous withdrawal of producers and their removal from the formal market. These facts assume relevance, as certain production systems adapt easily to these scenarios and remain successful, expand their operations, and others are shown to be extremely vulnerable, showing little resilience, in the face of these market changes on their milk production system (SPL). The work contained herein was aimed to investigate which variables impact on the vulnerability of SPLs in the State of Paraná. The survey covered 128 SPL located in five municipalities in Paraná, namely: Castro, Carambeí, Ponta Grossa, Palmeira, and Teixeira Soares. Data and information were collected on the spot, using semi-structured forms. For the study, the factor analysis method (PA) was used, for a set of productive and socioeconomic variables. Generating two factors - F1 (Productive and Economic Factors), defined by the variables net income (Brazilian real), number of cows in production and daily milk production (l) - F2 (Factor related to the Capacity to Produce Feed), defined by the variables purchase of silage, hay, and haylage all-year. The factorial scores were used as input variables for the analysis of Hierarchical Clusters (ACH), which defined three distinct groups of milk producers, with high vulnerability (G1) formed by 106 producers; low vulnerability (G2) with 15; and, no vulnerability (G3) with 6 producers. It was concluded that G1 was the group that presented less satisfactory results in relation to production and economic factors, with smaller herds, lower production, and less sales. As well as in the capacity to produce feed for the herd, characterized by external dependence or incurring errors in forage planning. G2 presented intermediate characteristics for factors related to production and also with the ability to produce feed with greater self-sufficiency. G3 producers were characterized as having satisfactory results for production and economic factors, with large herds, high production, and subsequent sales, positively impacting the gross income of its SPL, as well as selfsufficiency in the production of (bulk) feed for herds. It is concluded that G1 producers presented greater vulnerability, which can culminate in the unfeasibility of remaining in the business under the current scenario of milk production, G2 producers need to make adjustments to obtain more satisfactory economic performance indices, and G3 producers were characterized as not vulnerable, and therefore less likely to leave the business. The results presented also demonstrate the high degree of specialization of SPL in the analyzed region, when compared with the other regions in the country.

EVALUATION OF DIETARY FIBRE SOURCES ON THE PERFORMANCE AND INTESTINAL PERMEABILITY OF PIGLETS DURING NURSERY PHASE

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de fibras em dietas pós-desmame, associadas ao uso reduzido de ZnO e/ou GEA sobre o desempenho, permeabilidade intestinal, incidência de diarreia, concentração de E. Coli nas fezes, excreção de Zn, cobre e proteína bruta nas fezes e a porcentagem de animais medicados a primeira semana pós-desmame. Um total de 90 leitões desmamados aos 25 dias (7.84±1.71 kg), foram distribuídos em um delineamento em blocos (peso) casualizado e divididos em 5 tratamentos: T1 - Tiamulina como GEA em associação com alta dosagem de ZnO (de 2500 a 1500 ppm); T2 - GEA negativo e fibra de lignocelulose (2%) em associação com alta dosagem de ZnO; T3 - GEA negativo e fibra de lignocelulose eubiótica (2%) em associação com alta dosagem de ZnO; T4 - GEA negativo e fibra de lignocelulose em associação com dosagem reduzida de ZnO (100 ppm); T5 - GEA negativo e fibra de lignocelulose eubiótica em associação com dosagem reduzida de ZnO (100 ppm), com seis repetições e três leitões por baia. O programa nutricional foi dividido em 4 fases (pré-inicial 1: 25 a 32 dias; pré-inicial II: 33 a 39 dias; inicial I: 40 a 53 dias; e inicial II: 54 a 67 dias). Todos os dados passaram pelo teste F. Adotou-se o teste de Tukey (P < 0.05), para comparar as médias. Embora tenha havido diferença entre o consumo de ração diário (CRD) em todos os períodos (P < 0,05), os tratamentos não influenciaram no peso final dos leitões. Na primeira semana, o maior CRD foi nos animais alimentados com fibra de lignocelulose eubiótica e dosagem reduzida de ZnO (T5). O CRD dos outros tratamentos não diferiu entre si. Porém, na segunda fase de creche, os maiores resultados do CRD foram obtidos com os animais do T1, T3 e T5. Analisando a somatória nos dois últimos períodos (0-28 e 0-42 dias), o ZnO influenciou negativamente o CRD dos leitões. O menor valor de ingestão de ração foi observado nos leitões alimentados com dieta contendo fibra de lignocelulose eubiótica e alta dosagem de ZnO (T3). Houve diferenças significativas entre as fases do teste de absorção de galactose (TAG). Quando houve diferença estatística pelo teste F (P < 0.05), Os valores do TAG na segunda fase foram menores em comparação com a primeira. Assim, pode-se inferir que a função de barreira intestinal foi garantida com o uso das fibras alimentares na fase de creche, tanto em altas quanto em baixas dosagens de ZnO. No geral, os animais alimentados com doses reduzidas de ZnO nas dietas tiveram menor excreção de Zn e Cobre nas fezes. Pode-se concluir que a inclusão de fibra eubiótica de lignocelulose nas dietas de leitões na fase de creche permite a retirada total da Tiamulina 80% como melhorador de desempenho e redução de 96% do óxido de zinco como antimicrobiano, sem prejudicar o desempenho dos animais, garantindo a manutenção da função de barreira no intestino e proporcionando menor excreção fecal de Zn no meio ambiente.

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different fiber sources in post-weaning diets, associated with reduced use of ZnO and/or GEA on performance, intestinal permeability, incidence of diarrhea, E. Coli concentration in feces, Zn excretion, copper and crude protein in feces and the percentage of animals medicated the first week after weaning. A total of 90 piglets weaned at 25 days (7.84±1.71 kg) were distributed in a randomized block design (weight) and divided into 5 treatments: T1 - Tiamulin as GEA in association with high dosage of ZnO (from 2500 to 1500 ppm); T2 - negative GEA and lignocellulose fiber (2%) in association with high dosage of ZnO; T3 - negative GEA and eubiotic lignocellulose fiber (2%) in association with high dosage of ZnO; T4 - negative GEA and lignocellulose fiber in association with reduced dosage of ZnO (100 ppm); T5 - negative GEA and eubiotic lignocellulose fiber in association with reduced dosage of ZnO (100 ppm), with six replicates and three piglets per pen. The nutritional program was divided into 4 phases (pre-initial 1: 25 to 32 days; pre-initial II: 33 to 39 days; initial I: 40 to 53 days; and initial II: 54 to 67 days). All data passed the F test. The Tukey test (P < 0.05) was used to compare the means. Although there was a difference between the average daily feed intake (ADFI) in all periods (P < 0.05), the treatments did not influence the final weight of the piglets. In the first week, the highest ADFI was in animals fed with eubiotic lignocellulose fiber and reduced ZnO dosage (T5). The ADFI of the other treatments did not differ from each other. However, in the second stage of day care, the highest ADFI results were obtained with animals from T1, T3 and T5. Analyzing the sum in the last two periods (0-28 and 0-42 days), ZnO negatively influenced the ADFI of piglets. The lowest feed intake value was observed in piglets fed a diet containing eubiotic lignocellulose fiber and high ZnO (T3). There were significant differences between the phases of the sugar absorption test (SAT). When there was statistical difference by the F test (P < 0.05), SAT values in the second phase were lower compared to the first. Thus, it can be inferred that the intestinal barrier function was guaranteed with the use of dietary fiber in the nursery phase, both in high and low doses of ZnO. In general, animals fed reduced doses of ZnO in the diets had lower excretion of Zn and copper in feces. It can be concluded that the inclusion of eubiotic lignocellulose fiber in the diets of piglets in the nursery phase allows the total withdrawal of Tiamulin 80% as a performance enhancer and a 96% reduction of zinc oxide as an antimicrobial, without harming the performance of the animals, ensuring the maintenance of the barrier function in the intestine and providing less fecal excretion of Zn in the environment.

EFEITOS DO TEMPO DE JEJUM PRÉ-ABATE E AFLATOXINAS NO FÍGADO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE

As aflatoxinas (AFLs) podem ser tóxicas para os animais, mesmo em concentrações relativamente baixas na ração, podendo levar à perda de peso corporal e à alterações na aparência do fígado. O jejum pré-abate é uma prática padrão de manejo, que também possui efeitos nas características do fígado e no desempenho dos frangos. O objetivo do presente estudo foi investigar os efeitos dos períodos de jejum alimentar que variaram de 0 a 12 h e os efeitos da ração contaminadas por AFLs em frangos de corte. Um total de 240 frangos de corte Cobb fêmeas de 1 d foi alimentado com uma ração pré-inicial a base de de milho e soja não contaminada (1 a 7 d) e após esse período (8 a 28 d) dividido em um grupo controle com ração comercial (analisado sem AFLs) ou adicionado com 1 ppm de AFLs (792 ppb de aflatoxina B1, 35 ppb de aflatoxina B2, 219 ppb de aflatoxina G1 e quantidades indetectáveis de aflatoxina G2). Ao 28º dia, todas as aves foram pesadas e abatidas após três períodos de retirada das rações (0, 6 e 12h). O peso corporal, o peso do fígado e o conteúdo de gordura do fígado diminuíram à medida que o tempo de jejum pré-abate aumentava, enquanto a taxa de CA e o peso da vesícula biliar aumentava. AFLs diminuíram o peso corporal e o conteúdo de gordura no fígado, mas aumentaram o peso do fígado da vesícula biliar e a taxa de CA. Ambos os fatores independentes interagiram de tal forma que as AFLs exacerbaram os efeitos negativos do jejum sobre o peso corporal, a CA, bem como o aumento do peso do fígado e da vesícula biliar. A gordura do fígado foi reduzida pela retirada da ração, mas aumentou quando as aves foram alimentadas com AFLs. Fígados de frangos de corte sem jejum foram mais claros (L*) do que fígados de frangos de corte em jejum por 6 e 12h (L * = 33,9, 29,5 e 23,9, respectivamente). A coloração amarelada (b *) foi maior nos fígados de frangos sem jejum quando comparado aos períodos de jejum de 6 ou 12h (b * = 11,8, 8,97 e 10,54, respectivamente). Os valores de L* e coloração avermelhada (a *) dos fígados de frangos de corte alimentados sem AFLs (L*= 26,73; a*= 9,55, respectivamente) foram menores que os dos AFLs alimentados com aves (L * = 29,54; a*= 10,74). O aumento do tempo de jejum pré-abate diminui a luminosidade do fígado, enquanto a ingestão de AFL aumenta a coloração amarelada. Essas alterações podem confundir o serviço de inspeção e, eventualmente, levar à condenação errada do fígado nas plantas de processamento.

Aflatoxins (AFLs) can be extremely poisonous to animals, even at relatively low in feed concentrations, leading to body weight loss as well as altered liver appearance. Pre slaughter fasted is a standard management practice likewise have effects on the liver characteristics and broiler performance. The objective of the present study was to investigate the effects of feeding withdrawal periods ranging from 0 to 12 h in comparison to AFLs contaminated feeds. A total of 240 one-d-old female Cobb broiler chickens were fed non-contaminated corn-soy pre starters (1 to 7 d) and then (8 to 28 d) a commercial feed Control (analyzed without AFLs) or added with 1 ppm AFLs (792 ppb of aflatoxin B1, 35 ppb of aflatoxin B2, 219 ppb of aflatoxin G1 and undetectable amounts of aflatoxin G2). Day 28 all birds were weighted and slaughtered following 3 feed withdrawal time periods (0, 6 and 12h). Body weight, liver weight and liver fat content decreased as feed withdrawal lengthened whereas FCR and gall bladder weight increased. AFLs decreased body weight and liver fat content but increased FCR, liver and gall bladder weights. Both independent factors interacted such that AFLs exacerbated feed withdrawal negative effects on body weight, FCR, as well as increased liver and gall bladder weights. Liver fat was reduced by feed withdrawal but increased when birds were fed AFLs. Livers from non-fasted broilers showed greater lightness (L*) than livers of broilers fasted for 6 and 12h (L*= 33.9, 29.5 and 23.9, respectively). Yellowness (b*) was greater in livers of non-fasted broilers when compared to those fasted for 6 or 12h (b*=11.8, 8.97 and 10.54, respectively). L* and redness (a*) values of livers of broilers fed without AFLs (L*= 26.73; a*= 9.55, respectively) were lower than those of AFLs fed birds (L*= 29.54; a*= 10.74). Prolonging preslaughter feed withdrawal increases liver darkness whereas AFLs intake increases yellowness. These changes may confound inspection service personnel and eventually can lead to wrong liver condemnation in processing plants.

RETIRADA DE ANTIBIÓTICOS PROMOTORES DE CRESCIMENTO DA ALIMENTAÇÃO DE FRANGOS DE CORTE E SUÍNOS E SUA IMPLICAÇÃO NA PRODUÇÃO ANIMAL

Este trabalho foi realizado com o objetivo de estimar o impacto produtivo e econômico causado pela retirada dos antibióticos promotores de crescimento (AGP) da dieta de frangos de corte e suínos por meio de uma meta-análise. Foram selecionadas publicações indexadas contendo dados referentes à utilização de AGP (AGP+) ou não (AGP-), em dietas para frangos de corte e suínos. Os resultados de desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração, ganho de peso e/ou conversão/eficiência alimentar) foram considerados. A metodologia para construção, codificação e análise das bases de dados seguiu as recomendações da literatura específica. Duas meta-análises foram realizadas pelas análises sequenciais: abordagem gráfica (para observar a coerência dos dados biológicos), correlação (para identificar fatores relacionados) e variância-covariância (para comparar grupos). O número anual de frangos e suínos abatidos no Brasil, ganho de peso alvo e conversão alimentar para cada fase, a variação na conversão alimentar, custo de alimentação e custos de AGP foram usados para construir um modelo para estimar os efeitos da retirada AGP sobre os custos de alimentação. Para complementar a análise econômica, uma análise de sensibilidade foi realizada utilizando o preço da ração contendo AGP e a diferença na conversão alimentar entre os tratamentos AGP+ e AGP-. A base de dados de frangos foi composto por 174 artigos científicos contendo 183 experimentos, totalizando 121.643 frangos de corte, sendo a maioria Ross (52% dos estudos). Os AGP mais freqüentes no banco de dados foram avilamicina (41% dos tratamentos AGP +) e flavomicina (19%). Maior consumo de ração, ganho de peso e menor conversão alimentar foram atribuídos (P < 0,05) às dietas AGP + na fase inicial (1-21 dias). Na fase final (22-42 dias) não foram observadas diferenças nas variáveis de desempenho (P > 0,05). Os tratamentos AGP + apresentaram maior ganho de peso e melhor conversão alimentar no período total (1-42 dias). Os resultados da conversão alimentar foram melhorados (P < 0,05) com avilamicina e flavomicina; a virginiamicina melhorou o ganho de peso e a conversão alimentar. No período total, o impacto econômico foi de US $ 0,03 por animal e um total de US $ 183.560.232 por ano. A base de dados de suínos continha 81 artigos científicos contendo 103 experimentos totalizando 42.923 suínos, a maioria dos quais estavam na fase pós-desmame (70% dos estudos). Os AGP mais freqüentes no banco de dados foram avilamicina (24,7% dos tratamentos AGP +) e Colistina (15,4%). Maior ganho de peso (P < 0,05) foi observado nas dietas AGP + pós desmame e no período total. No entanto, nenhum efeito da AGP sobre o ganho de peso de suínos em crescimento/ terminação foi observado (P > 0,05). Melhor (P < 0,05) conversão alimentar em suínos alimentados com dietas AGP + foi observada no período total de criação. Ganho de peso e conversão alimentar melhoraram (P < 0,05) com a adição de avilamicina, bacitracina e tilosina. O impacto econômico com a retirada do AGP foi de US $ 1,83 por animal e US $ 79 258.694 por ano para a indústria suína brasileira. Concluiu-se que os frangos e suínos alimentados com dietas AGP + apresentam melhor desempenho que aqueles alimentados com dietas AGP -, e que a retirada do AGP aumenta os custos de produção.

This work was designed to stimate the productive and economic impact caused by the withdrawal of antibiotic growth promoter (AGP) from the diet of broilers and pigs through a meta-analysis. Indexed publications containing data regarding the use of AGP (AGP+) or not (AGP-) in diets for broilers and pigs were selected. The results of performance (feed intake, weight gain and / or conversion / feed efficiency) were considered. The methodology for building, coding and analyzing the databases followed the recommendations of the specific literature. Two meta-analyzes were performed by sequential analysis: graphical approach (to observe the coherence of biological data), correlation (to identify related factors) and variance-covariance (to compare groups). The annual number of broilers and pigs slaughtered in Brazil, target weight gain and feed conversion for each stage, variation in feed conversion, feed cost and AGP costs were used to build a model to estimate the effects of AGP withdrawal on feeding costs. To complement the economic analysis, a sensitivity analysis was performed using the price of the feed containing AGP and the difference in feed conversion between the AGP+ and AGP- treatments. The broiler database consisted of 174 scientific articles containing 183 experiments, totaling 121,643 broilers, the majority being Ross (52% of the studies). The most frequent AGP in the database were Avilamycin (41% of AGP+ treatments) and Flavomycin (19%). Higher feed intake, weight gain and lower feed conversion were attributed (P < 0.05) to AGP+ diets in the initial phase (1-21 days). In the final phase (22-42 days), there were no differences in performance variables (P > 0.05). The AGP+ treatments showed greater weight gain and better feed conversion in the Total period (1-42 days). The results of feed conversion were improved (P < 0.05) with Avilamycin and Flavomycin; Virginiamycin improved weight gain and feed conversion. In the total period, the economic impact was US $ 0.03 per animal and a total of US $ 183,560,232 per year. The pig database contained 81 scientific articles containing 103 experiments totaling 42,923 pigs, most of which were in the post-weaning phase (70% of the studies). The most frequent AGP in the database were Avilamycin (24.7% of AGP+ treatments) and Colistin (15.4%). Greater weight gain (P < 0.05) was observed in the AGP+ diets after weaning and in the total period. However, no effect of AGP on the weight gain of growing / finishing pigs was observed (P > 0.05). Better (P < 0.05) feed conversion in pigs fed AGP+ diets was observed in the total rearing period. Weight gain and feed conversion improved (P < 0.05) with the addition of Avilamycin, Bacitracin and Tylosin. The economic impact with the withdrawal of AGP was US $ 1.83 per animal and US $ 79 258,694 per year for the Brazilian pig industry. It was concluded that broilers and pigs fed with AGP+ diets perform better than those fed with AGP- diets, and that the withdrawal of AGP increases production costs.