Acute response of refeeding in tambaqui submitted to long-term fasting

ABSTRACT This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P 0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.

RESUMO Este estudo objetivou avaliar a mobilização energética em tambaqui submetido ao jejum, após a realimentação de um dia. 120 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 12 caixas de polietileno de 310L. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: grupo controle (14 dias de alimentação); Jejum de 14 dias; e realimentado (13 dias em jejum e um dia de realimentação). Após o período experimental, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol para coleta de sangue e o soro e o plasma foram utilizados para dosagem de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína sérica. Posteriormente, os peixes foram eutanasiados para remoção de fígado e gordura mesentérica e foram usados na determinação de glicogênio e lipídio hepático e índice de gordura mesentérica. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey quando observada significância estatística (P 0,05). Glicose, triglicérides e proteína sérica reduziram após o jejum, diferindo estatisticamente com o controle. Já a realimentação resultou na recuperação dos três indicadores sanguíneos. A análise no fígado mostra que o glicogênio foi consumido intensamente durante o jejum e recuperou parcialmente após a realimentação, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o jejum de 14 dias não foi prejudicial aos peixes e os tambaqui são capazes de ajustar rapidamente seu metabolismo de acordo com seu estado nutricional.

Acute response of refeeding in tambaqui submitted to long-term fasting / Respostas agudas da realimentação em tambaquis submetidos ao jejum prolongado

This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P <0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.(AU)

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a mobilização energética em tambaqui submetido ao jejum, após a realimentação de um dia. 120 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 12 caixas de polietileno de 310L. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: grupo controle (14 dias de alimentação); Jejum de 14 dias; e realimentado (13 dias em jejum e um dia de realimentação). Após o período experimental, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol para coleta de sangue e o soro e o plasma foram utilizados para dosagem de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína sérica. Posteriormente, os peixes foram eutanasiados para remoção de fígado e gordura mesentérica e foram usados ​​na determinação de glicogênio e lipídio hepático e índice de gordura mesentérica. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey quando observada significância estatística (P <0,05). Glicose, triglicérides e proteína sérica reduziram após o jejum, diferindo estatisticamente com o controle. Já a realimentação resultou na recuperação dos três indicadores sanguíneos. A análise no fígado mostra que o glicogênio foi consumido intensamente durante o jejum e recuperou parcialmente após a realimentação, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o jejum de 14 dias não foi prejudicial aos peixes e os tambaqui são capazes de ajustar rapidamente seu metabolismo de acordo com seu estado nutricional.(AU)

Acute response of refeeding in tambaqui submitted to long-term fasting / Respostas agudas da realimentação em tambaquis submetidos ao jejum prolongado

This study aimed evaluate energetic mobilization in tambaqui submitted to fasting, after a one-day refeeding. 120 tambaqui juveniles were distributed in 12 310L polyethylene boxes. Three treatments were evaluated: Control (14 days of feeding); Fasting for 14 days; and Refeeding (13 days fasting and one day of feedback). After the experimental period, the fish were anesthetized with eugenol for blood collection and serum and plasma were used to measure glucose, triglycerides, cholesterol and serum protein. Subsequently, fish were euthanized to remove liver and mesenteric fat and were used to determine hepatic glycogen and lipid and mesenteric fat index. The results were submitted to ANOVA and the means compared by Tukey test when statistical significance was observed (P <0.05). Glucose, triglycerides and serum protein decreased after fasting, differing statistically with the control. Refeeding resulted in the recovery of three blood indicators. Liver analysis shows glycogen was consumed intensely during fasting and partially recovered after refeeding, when compared to control group. The results obtained in this study suggest that the 14-day fast was not harmful to the fish and the tambaqui are able to quickly adjust their metabolism according to their nutritional status.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar a mobilização energética em tambaqui submetido ao jejum, após a realimentação de um dia. 120 juvenis de tambaqui foram distribuídos em 12 caixas de polietileno de 310L. Foram avaliados três tratamentos: grupo controle (14 dias de alimentação); Jejum de 14 dias; e realimentado (13 dias em jejum e um dia de realimentação). Após o período experimental, os peixes foram anestesiados com eugenol para coleta de sangue e o soro e o plasma foram utilizados para dosagem de glicose, triglicerídeos, colesterol e proteína sérica. Posteriormente, os peixes foram eutanasiados para remoção de fígado e gordura mesentérica e foram usados ​​na determinação de glicogênio e lipídio hepático e índice de gordura mesentérica. Os resultados foram submetidos à ANOVA e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey quando observada significância estatística (P <0,05). Glicose, triglicérides e proteína sérica reduziram após o jejum, diferindo estatisticamente com o controle. Já a realimentação resultou na recuperação dos três indicadores sanguíneos. A análise no fígado mostra que o glicogênio foi consumido intensamente durante o jejum e recuperou parcialmente após a realimentação, quando comparados ao grupo controle. Os resultados obtidos neste estudo sugerem que o jejum de 14 dias não foi prejudicial aos peixes e os tambaqui são capazes de ajustar rapidamente seu metabolismo de acordo com seu estado nutricional.

Helminths assemblage of Trachemys dorbigni (Testudines: Emydidae) in southern Brazil: implications of anthropogenic environments and hosts genders

ABSTRACT The assemblage of helminths of Trachemys dorbigni was analyzed according two environments (rural and urban) and according to hosts gender. Thus, the helminths found were: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Parasitological indices suggests that S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti and P. rohdei are species common in helminth assemblage of T. dorbigni in southern Brazil. Infection by Dioctophyme renale is typical of the urban area and suggest relation with eutrophication process and feedback of parasitic cycle in the freshwater urban environment. Parasitological indices of Neopolystoma sp. and T. achavali suggest to be occasional infections; whereas infection by Eustrongylides sp. could be considered accidental. About Telorchiidae, there was no co-occurrence of the species of this group for the examined hosts. In relation to hosts gender, it was observed that infections by S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius and T. corti had higher rates in females, showing a more intimate association with the females of T. dorbigni. The results suggest that human impact on the environment could affect the infrapopulacional dynamics of parasite species influencing the presence and rates of infection of helminths or exacerbating heterogeneities related to hosts gender.

RESUMO A assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni foi analizada de acordo com dois ambientes (rural e urbano) e de acordo com o gênero sexual dos hospedeiros. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Os indices parasitológicos sugerem que S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti e P. rohdei são espécies comuns da assembleia de helmintos de T. dorbigni no extremo sul do Brasil. A infecção por Dioctophyme renale é tipica da area urbana e sugere estar relacionada com os processos de eutrofização e a retroalimentação do ciclo parasitário no ambiente aquático urbano. Os indices parasitológicos de Neopolystoma sp. e T. achavali sugerem que a infecção por estes seja occasional; a infecção por Eustrongylides sp. pode ser considerada acidental. Não houve co-ocorrência entre as espécies de Telorchiidae. Em relação ao gênero sexual, observou-se que as infecções por S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius e T. corti apresentaram taxas mais elevadas nas fêmeas, mostrando uma associação mais íntima com as fêmeas de T. dorbigni. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto humano sobre o ambiente pode afetar a dinâmica das infrapopulações dos helmintos parasitos, influenciando a presença e os índices de infecção de helmintos ou exacerbando heterogeneidades relacionadas ao gênero sexual dos hospedeiros.

Helminths assemblage of Trachemys dorbigni (Testudines: Emydidae) in southern Brazil: implications of anthropogenic environments and hosts genders / Assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni (Testudines: Emydidae) no sul do Brasil: implicações dos ambientes antrópicos e do gênero sexual dos hospedeiros

The assemblage of helminths of Trachemys dorbigni was analyzed according two environments (rural and urban) and according to hosts gender. Thus, the helminths found were: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Parasitological indices suggests that S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti and P. rohdei are species common in helminth assemblage of T. dorbigni in southern Brazil. Infection by Dioctophyme renale is typical of the urban area and suggest relation with eutrophication process and feedback of parasitic cycle in the freshwater urban environment. Parasitological indices of Neopolystoma sp. and T. achavali suggest to be occasional infections; whereas infection by Eustrongylides sp. could be considered accidental. About Telorchiidae, there was no co-occurrence of the species of this group for the examined hosts. In relation to hosts gender, it was observed that infections by S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius and T. corti had higher rates in females, showing a more intimate association with the females of T. dorbigni. The results suggest that human impact on the environment could affect the infrapopulacional dynamics of parasite species influencing the presence and rates of infection of helminths or exacerbating heterogeneities related to hosts gender.(AU)

A assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni foi analizada de acordo com dois ambientes (rural e urbano) e de acordo com o gênero sexual dos hospedeiros. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Os indices parasitológicos sugerem que S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti e P. rohdei são espécies comuns da assembleia de helmintos de T. dorbigni no extremo sul do Brasil. A infecção por Dioctophyme renale é tipica da area urbana e sugere estar relacionada com os processos de eutrofização e a retroalimentação do ciclo parasitário no ambiente aquático urbano. Os indices parasitológicos de Neopolystoma sp. e T. achavali sugerem que a infecção por estes seja occasional; a infecção por Eustrongylides sp. pode ser considerada acidental. Não houve co-ocorrência entre as espécies de Telorchiidae. Em relação ao gênero sexual, observou-se que as infecções por S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius e T. corti apresentaram taxas mais elevadas nas fêmeas, mostrando uma associação mais íntima com as fêmeas de T. dorbigni. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto humano sobre o ambiente pode afetar a dinâmica das infrapopulações dos helmintos parasitos, influenciando a presença e os índices de infecção de helmintos ou exacerbando heterogeneidades relacionadas ao gênero sexual dos hospedeiros.(AU)

Helminth’s assemblage of Trachemys dorbigni (Testudines: Emydidae) in southern Brazil: implications of anthropogenic environments and host’s genders / Assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni (Testudines: Emydidae) no sul do Brasil: implicações dos ambientes antrópicos e do gênero sexual dos hospedeiros

The assemblage of helminths of Trachemys dorbigni was analyzed according two environments (rural and urban) and according to host’s gender. Thus, the helminths found were: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larvae), Eustrongylides sp. (larvae) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Parasitological indices suggests that S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti and P. rohdei are species common in helminth assemblage of T. dorbigni in southern Brazil. Infection by Dioctophyme renale is typical of the urban area and suggest relation with eutrophication process and feedback of parasitic cycle in the freshwater urban environment. Parasitological indices of Neopolystoma sp. and T. achavali suggest to be occasional infections; whereas infection by Eustrongylides sp. could be considered accidental. About Telorchiidae, there was no co-occurrence of the species of this group for the examined hosts. In relation to host’s gender, it was observed that infections by S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius and T. corti had higher rates in females, showing a more intimate association with the females of T. dorbigni. The results suggest that human impact on the environment could affect the infrapopulacional dynamics of parasite species influencing the presence and rates of infection of helminths or exacerbating heterogeneities related to host’s gender.

A assembleia de helmintos de Trachemys dorbigni foi analizada de acordo com dois ambientes (rural e urbano) e de acordo com o gênero sexual dos hospedeiros. Os helmintos encontrados foram: Spiroxys contortus (Rudolphi, 1819), Falcaustra affinis (Leidy, 1856), Camallanus emydidius Mascarenhas & Müller, 2017, Dioctophyme renale (Goeze, 1782) (larva), Eustrongylides sp. (larva) (Nematoda), Telorchis corti (Stunkard, 1915), Telorchis achavali Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector, 1973, Telorchis spp. (Digenea), Polystomoides rohdei Mañé-Garzón & Holcman-Spector,1968 and Neopolystoma sp. (Monogenoidea). Os indices parasitológicos sugerem que S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius, T. corti e P. rohdei são espécies comuns da assembleia de helmintos de T. dorbigni no extremo sul do Brasil. A infecção por Dioctophyme renale é tipica da area urbana e sugere estar relacionada com os processos de eutrofização e a retroalimentação do ciclo parasitário no ambiente aquático urbano. Os indices parasitológicos de Neopolystoma sp. e T. achavali sugerem que a infecção por estes seja occasional; a infecção por Eustrongylides sp. pode ser considerada acidental. Não houve co-ocorrência entre as espécies de Telorchiidae. Em relação ao gênero sexual, observou-se que as infecções por S. contortus, F. affinis, C. emydidius e T. corti apresentaram taxas mais elevadas nas fêmeas, mostrando uma associação mais íntima com as fêmeas de T. dorbigni. Os resultados sugerem que o impacto humano sobre o ambiente pode afetar a dinâmica das infrapopulações dos helmintos parasitos, influenciando a presença e os índices de infecção de helmintos ou exacerbando heterogeneidades relacionadas ao gênero sexual dos hospedeiros.

Open legacy soil survey data in Brazil: geospatial data quality and how to improve it

Spatial soil data applications require sound geospatial data including coordinates and a coordinate reference system. However, when it comes to legacy soil data we frequently find them to be missing or incorrect. This paper assesses the quality of the geospatial data of legacy soil observations in Brazil, and evaluates geospatial data sources (survey reports, maps, spatial data infrastructures, web mapping services) and expert knowledge as a means to fix inconsistencies. The analyses included several consistency checks performed on 6,195 observations from the Brazilian Soil Information System. The positional accuracy of geospatial data sources was estimated so as to obtain an indication of the quality for fixing inconsistencies. The coordinates of 20 soil observations, estimated using the web mapping service, were validated with the true coordinates measured in the field. Overall, inconsistencies of different types and magnitudes were found in half of the observations, causing mild to severe misplacements. The involuntary substitution of symbols and numeric characters with similar appearance when recording geospatial data was the most common typing mistake. Among the geospatial data sources, the web mapping service was the most useful, due to operational advantages and lower positional error (~6 m). However, the quality of the description of the observation location controls the accuracy of estimated coordinates. Thus, the error of coordinates estimated using the web mapping service ranged between 30 and 1000 m. This is equivalent to coordinates measured from arc-seconds to arc-minutes, respectively. Under this scenario, the feedback from soil survey experts is crucial to improving the quality of geospatial data.

Lysine metabolism and amino acid profile in maize grains from plants subjected to cadmium exposure

In general, the effects of Cadmium (Cd) on crop quality are evaluated solely by Cd accumulation in the edible plant parts; thus, the potential effects on several nutritional features are not often taken into account. This study evaluated Cd effects on the enzymatic activities of lysine (Lys) metabolism, storage protein and amino acid profile in maize. Stress parameters were also assessed. In vegetative organs, Cd was accumulated in the following decreasing order: roots > stems > leaves. Cadmium accumulation in grains decreased at grain maturity (from 0.25 to 0.07 µg g1 DW). In leaves, neither hydrogen peroxide content nor superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxide and guaiacol peroxidase activities did not change in Cd-treated plants compared to control plants. Lipid peroxidation was not detected in immature grains and leaves of plants under Cd exposure, indicating that Cd accumulation mainly in the roots is a mechanism to avoid oxidative stress in aboveground parts of the plant. However, Lys metabolism in immature grains was modified, showing increases in the specific activities of aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) after Cd exposure. AK sensitivity to Lys feedback inhibition increased, but decreased in DHDPS in Cd-treated plants, suggesting differential regulation for these enzymes. In mature grains, the Lys content did not change, while the proline content increased by 54 % in Cd-treated plants. This is the first report on Cd effects on amino acid profile, storage protein contents and enzymes from Lys metabolism in grains of a cereal plant species.

Lysine metabolism and amino acid profile in maize grains from plants subjected to cadmium exposure

In general, the effects of Cadmium (Cd) on crop quality are evaluated solely by Cd accumulation in the edible plant parts; thus, the potential effects on several nutritional features are not often taken into account. This study evaluated Cd effects on the enzymatic activities of lysine (Lys) metabolism, storage protein and amino acid profile in maize. Stress parameters were also assessed. In vegetative organs, Cd was accumulated in the following decreasing order: roots > stems > leaves. Cadmium accumulation in grains decreased at grain maturity (from 0.25 to 0.07 µg g1 DW). In leaves, neither hydrogen peroxide content nor superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxide and guaiacol peroxidase activities did not change in Cd-treated plants compared to control plants. Lipid peroxidation was not detected in immature grains and leaves of plants under Cd exposure, indicating that Cd accumulation mainly in the roots is a mechanism to avoid oxidative stress in aboveground parts of the plant. However, Lys metabolism in immature grains was modified, showing increases in the specific activities of aspartate kinase (AK) and dihydrodipicolinate synthase (DHDPS) after Cd exposure. AK sensitivity to Lys feedback inhibition increased, but decreased in DHDPS in Cd-treated plants, suggesting differential regulation for these enzymes. In mature grains, the Lys content did not change, while the proline content increased by 54 % in Cd-treated plants. This is the first report on Cd effects on amino acid profile, storage protein contents and enzymes from Lys metabolism in grains of a cereal plant species.(AU)

Open legacy soil survey data in Brazil: geospatial data quality and how to improve it

Spatial soil data applications require sound geospatial data including coordinates and a coordinate reference system. However, when it comes to legacy soil data we frequently find them to be missing or incorrect. This paper assesses the quality of the geospatial data of legacy soil observations in Brazil, and evaluates geospatial data sources (survey reports, maps, spatial data infrastructures, web mapping services) and expert knowledge as a means to fix inconsistencies. The analyses included several consistency checks performed on 6,195 observations from the Brazilian Soil Information System. The positional accuracy of geospatial data sources was estimated so as to obtain an indication of the quality for fixing inconsistencies. The coordinates of 20 soil observations, estimated using the web mapping service, were validated with the true coordinates measured in the field. Overall, inconsistencies of different types and magnitudes were found in half of the observations, causing mild to severe misplacements. The involuntary substitution of symbols and numeric characters with similar appearance when recording geospatial data was the most common typing mistake. Among the geospatial data sources, the web mapping service was the most useful, due to operational advantages and lower positional error (~6 m). However, the quality of the description of the observation location controls the accuracy of estimated coordinates. Thus, the error of coordinates estimated using the web mapping service ranged between 30 and 1000 m. This is equivalent to coordinates measured from arc-seconds to arc-minutes, respectively. Under this scenario, the feedback from soil survey experts is crucial to improving the quality of geospatial data.(AU)

Evaluation tool for a gastroenterostomy simulated training

Purpose:To create a checklist to evaluate the performance and systematize the gastroenterostomy simulated training.Methods:Experimental longitudinal study of a quantitative character. The sample consisted of twelve general surgery residents. The training was divided into 5 sessions and consisted of participation in 20 gastroenterostomys in synthetic organs. The training was accompanied by an experienced surgeon who was responsible for the feedback and the anastomoses evaluation. The anastomoses evaluated were the first, fourth, sixth, eighth and tenth. A 10 item checklist and the time to evaluate performance were used.Results:Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The correlation index of 0.545 and 0,295 showed a high linear correlation between time variables and Checklist. The average Checklist score went from 6.8 to 9 points.Conclusion:The proposed checklist can be used to evaluate the performance and systematization of a simulated training aimed at configuring a gastroenterostomy.(AU)

Viabiliadade tecnologica da farinha de inhame na formulação de biscoito sem glúten / Technical feedback of inhame flour in the formulation of gluten free biscuit

O inhame apresenta características funcionais e tecnológicas que o tornam útil na elaboração de produtos para grupos específicos, como os portadores de doença celíaca. O objetivo do presente foi estudar a farinha do inhame para a formulação de biscoito funcional isento de glúten. O mesmo foi elaborado a partir de uma receita sem glúten, com a utilização da farinha de inhame. Foi elaborada a ficha técnica e tabela nutricional. A análise microbiológica mostrou que os biscoitos estavam dentro dos padrões legais. A análise sensorial foi testada e aprovada nos quesitos de cor, aparência, textura e odor. A intenção de compra foi de 54%, devido ao sabor residual amargo. O resultado da avaliação global foi de 84%. O biscoito mostrou-se promissor, devendo ser trabalhado o aspecto sabor a fim de melhorar sua aceitabilidade e intenção de compra.(AU)

Viabiliadade tecnologica da farinha de inhame na formulação de biscoito sem glúten / Technical feedback of inhame flour in the formulation of gluten free biscuit

O inhame apresenta características funcionais e tecnológicas que o tornam útil na elaboração de produtos para grupos específicos, como os portadores de doença celíaca. O objetivo do presente foi estudar a farinha do inhame para a formulação de biscoito funcional isento de glúten. O mesmo foi elaborado a partir de uma receita sem glúten, com a utilização da farinha de inhame. Foi elaborada a ficha técnica e tabela nutricional. A análise microbiológica mostrou que os biscoitos estavam dentro dos padrões legais. A análise sensorial foi testada e aprovada nos quesitos de cor, aparência, textura e odor. A intenção de compra foi de 54%, devido ao sabor residual amargo. O resultado da avaliação global foi de 84%. O biscoito mostrou-se promissor, devendo ser trabalhado o aspecto sabor a fim de melhorar sua aceitabilidade e intenção de compra.

Simulated training of a laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis

Purpose: To develop a model and curriculum for simulated training of an effective and well accepted laparoscopic vesicourethral anastomosis (VUA). Methods: Experimental longitudinal study of quantitative character. The sample consisted of 12 general surgery residents and 6 urology residents (R3). The training consisted of making twelve VUAs on synthetic organs. The training was divided into four sessions and accompanied by an instructor who performed positive feedback. The evaluation of the anastomoses considered the time and the analysis of the operative technique through the global evaluation scale Objective Structured Assessment of Technical Skills (OSATS). Results: Residents showed a reduction in operative time and evolution in the surgical technique statistically significant (p<0.01). The best-rated items were the facilitator positive feedback and the fact that the training was carried out at the teaching hospital premises. Conclusions: The proposed training model was well accepted and proved to be effective in reducing operative time and improving laparoscopic skills. The training should be fractionated (4 sessions in 3 weeks), repetitive (12 anastomoses) and have positive feedback.(AU)

Experiences with basic microsurgical training programs and skill assessment methods at the University of Debrecen, Hungary

During the past decades microsurgical training programs together with skill assessment methods had been developing intensively worldwide. Concerning the teaching of basic techniques at various levels, we aimed to summarize the education program types and experiences at our department, in order to define the way of continuity. All in the hope that this summary might contain useful information for other educators as well. About 50 years ago, in the late 1960s, microsurgical basic education had been established in Debrecen. Since the 1990s multilevel education programs have been developed, starting in undergraduate years up to the postgraduate training, residency and continuous medical education programs. In the last three decades about 2,300 participants completed courses, including over 470 residents. The ones who already succeeded microsurgical course as medical students, during residency program could reach better results and skill development. Concluding thoughts, the traditional methods and special experiences are highly important in microsurgical education. The necessary duration and individual training approach are emphasized. Standardization (self and international), comparability, accessibility, providing milestones of microsurgical skills are key factors. Proper feedback and skill assessment (experiences, internationally recognized scores, or combinations) are indispensable, but have to be fitted to the characteristic elements of the course.(AU)

Perfil metabólico de cordeiros Santa Inês terminados em confinamento com manejo alimentar restritivo e ad libitum / Metabolic profile of Santa Ines lambs finished in feedlot with feeding restriction and ad libitum

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil metabólico de 24 ovinos Santa Inês, machos, com peso vivo médio inicial de 20±1,25 kg, submetidos à restrição alimentar seguida de realimentação em confinamento, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos com 0, 20, 40 ou 60% de restrição alimentar. Dois ensaios foram desenvolvidos, um referente à restrição e outro à realimentação. Para tanto, foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Observou-se na fase de restrição alimentar que houve um decréscimo linear para as concentrações bioquímicas de ureia, glicose, GGT e fósforo; contrariamente, a concentração de colesterol aumentou linearmente ao final do período restritivo. A restrição alimentar influenciou negativamente nas concentrações de triglicerídeos e creatinina, diferentemente, os valores de proteínas totais e albumina apresentaram aumento significativo com o período restritivo. Já na realimentação, observou-se comportamento linear decrescente para ureia, glicose, GGT e magnésio. No segundo ensaio, verificou-se que as concentrações de proteínas totais, globulina e creatinina apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) entre os períodos de coleta. Os níveis de restrição alimentar afetaram o metabolismo proteico e interferiram também no metabolismo energético e mineral e a realimentação resultou em alteração no metabolismo proteico e energético.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of 24 male Santa Ines sheep, with initial mean live weight of 20 ± 1.25 kg, submitted to feed restriction followed by refeeding, distributed into four treatments with 0, 20, 40 or 60 % of food restriction. Two trials were carried out, one concerning restriction and the other one for feedback. For this, a completely randomized experimental design was used, with four treatments and six replicates. It was observed in the food restriction phase that there was a linear decrease in biochemical concentrations of urea, glucose, GGT, and phosphorus; conversely, the cholesterol concentration increased linearly at the end of the restrictive period. Food restriction had a negative effect on triglyceride and creatinine concentrations. Differently, total protein and albumin values ​​increased significantly with the restriction period. In the refeeding, a linear decreasing behavior was observed for urea, glucose, GGT and magnesium. In the second assay, total protein, globulin and creatinine concentrations were found to differ (P <0.05) between the collection periods. Food restriction levels affected protein metabolism and also interfered with energy and mineral metabolism, and refeeding resulted in altered protein and energy metabolism.

Perfil metabólico de cordeiros Santa Inês terminados em confinamento com manejo alimentar restritivo e ad libitum / Metabolic profile of Santa Ines lambs finished in feedlot with feeding restriction and ad libitum

Objetivou-se avaliar o perfil metabólico de 24 ovinos Santa Inês, machos, com peso vivo médio inicial de 20±1,25 kg, submetidos à restrição alimentar seguida de realimentação em confinamento, distribuídos em quatro tratamentos com 0, 20, 40 ou 60% de restrição alimentar. Dois ensaios foram desenvolvidos, um referente à restrição e outro à realimentação. Para tanto, foi utilizado delineamento experimental inteiramente ao acaso, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições. Observou-se na fase de restrição alimentar que houve um decréscimo linear para as concentrações bioquímicas de ureia, glicose, GGT e fósforo; contrariamente, a concentração de colesterol aumentou linearmente ao final do período restritivo. A restrição alimentar influenciou negativamente nas concentrações de triglicerídeos e creatinina, diferentemente, os valores de proteínas totais e albumina apresentaram aumento significativo com o período restritivo. Já na realimentação, observou-se comportamento linear decrescente para ureia, glicose, GGT e magnésio. No segundo ensaio, verificou-se que as concentrações de proteínas totais, globulina e creatinina apresentaram diferença (P<0,05) entre os períodos de coleta. Os níveis de restrição alimentar afetaram o metabolismo proteico e interferiram também no metabolismo energético e mineral e a realimentação resultou em alteração no metabolismo proteico e energético.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the metabolic profile of 24 male Santa Ines sheep, with initial mean live weight of 20 ± 1.25 kg, submitted to feed restriction followed by refeeding, distributed into four treatments with 0, 20, 40 or 60 % of food restriction. Two trials were carried out, one concerning restriction and the other one for feedback. For this, a completely randomized experimental design was used, with four treatments and six replicates. It was observed in the food restriction phase that there was a linear decrease in biochemical concentrations of urea, glucose, GGT, and phosphorus; conversely, the cholesterol concentration increased linearly at the end of the restrictive period. Food restriction had a negative effect on triglyceride and creatinine concentrations. Differently, total protein and albumin values ​​increased significantly with the restriction period. In the refeeding, a linear decreasing behavior was observed for urea, glucose, GGT and magnesium. In the second assay, total protein, globulin and creatinine concentrations were found to differ (P <0.05) between the collection periods. Food restriction levels affected protein metabolism and also interfered with energy and mineral metabolism, and refeeding resulted in altered protein and energy metabolism.(AU)

Changes in antimicrobial susceptibility of commonly clinically significant isolates before and after the interventions on surgical prophylactic antibiotics (SPAs) in Shanghai

Surveillances and interventions on antibiotics use have been suggested to improve serious drug-resistance worldwide. Since 2007, our hospital have proposed many measures for regulating surgical prophylactic antibiotics (carbapenems, third gen. cephalosporins, vancomycin, etc.) prescribing practices, like formulary restriction or replacement for surgical prophylactic antibiotics and timely feedback. To assess the impacts on drug-resistance after interventions, we enrolled infected patients in 2006 (pre-intervention period) and 2014 (post-intervention period) in a tertiary hospital in Shanghai. Proportions of targeted pathogens were analyzed: methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus spp. (VRE), imipenem-resistant Escherichia coli (IREC), imipenem-resistant Klebsiella pneumoniae (IRKP), imipenem-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii (IRAB) and imipenem-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa (IRPA) isolates. Rates of them were estimated and compared between Surgical Department, ICU and Internal Department during two periods. The total proportions of targeted isolates in Surgical Department (62.44%, 2006; 64.09%, 2014) were more than those in ICU (46.13%, 2006; 50.99%, 2014) and in Internal Department (44.54%, 2006; 51.20%, 2014). Only MRSA has decreased significantly (80.48%, 2006; 55.97%, 2014) (p < 0.0001). The percentages of VRE and IREC in 3 departments were all <15%, and the slightest change were also both observed in Surgical Department (VRE: 0.76%, 2006; 2.03%, 2014) (IREC: 2.69%, 2006; 2.63%, 2014). The interventions on surgical prophylactic antibiotics can be effective for improving resistance; antimicrobial stewardship must be combined with infection control practices.(AU)

Beverages formulated with whey protein and added lutein / Bebidas formuladas com proteínas de soro de leite e adicionadas de luteína

This study aimed to develop and characterize beverages formulated with whey protein and added lutein. Beverages formulated with 0.5 (F1), 2.0 (F2), 4.0 (F3) and 6.0% w/v (F4) whey protein were physicochemically and microbiologically characterized, and sensory evaluated. The physicochemical analyses indicated that the protein content significantly changed (P 0.05) the acidity values, soluble solids and the colorimetric coordinates, making possible to adjust mathematical models for all these variables. Microbiological analyses showed no significant contamination (P 0.05) during processing that would compromise drinks quality of the drinks. Carotenoid content and the antioxidant activity did not change significantly (p>0.05) with increased protein content. The F2 formulation showed the highest sensory acceptance. Beverages offer a promising alternative to whey use and enhance the value of the product by the addition of lutein.

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar bebidas formuladas com proteínas de soro de leite adicionadas de luteína. Bebidas formuladas com 0,5 (F1), 2,0 (F2), 4,0 (F3) e 6,0% m/v (F4) de proteínas de soro caracterizadas fisico-quimicamente e microbiologicamente e, avaliadas sensorialmente. As análises físico-químicas indicaram que o teor de proteína alterou significativamente (P 0,05) os valores de acidez, sólidos solúveis e as coordenadas colorimétricas, foi possível ajustar modelos matemáticos para todas essas variáveis. As análises microbiológicas mostraram contaminação não significativa (P 0,05) durante o processamento que poderia comprometer a qualidade das bebidas. Os teores de carotenoides e a atividade antioxidante não variaram significativamente (P>0,05) com o aumento do teor de proteína. A formulação F2 apresentou a maior aceitação sensorial. As bebidas são uma alternativa promissora para o uso do soro de leite e aumentam o valor agregado do produto pela adição de luteína.

Beverages formulated with whey protein and added lutein / Bebidas formuladas com proteínas de soro de leite e adicionadas de luteína

This study aimed to develop and characterize beverages formulated with whey protein and added lutein. Beverages formulated with 0.5 (F1), 2.0 (F2), 4.0 (F3) and 6.0% w/v (F4) whey protein were physicochemically and microbiologically characterized, and sensory evaluated. The physicochemical analyses indicated that the protein content significantly changed (P 0.05) the acidity values, soluble solids and the colorimetric coordinates, making possible to adjust mathematical models for all these variables. Microbiological analyses showed no significant contamination (P 0.05) during processing that would compromise drinks quality of the drinks. Carotenoid content and the antioxidant activity did not change significantly (p>0.05) with increased protein content. The F2 formulation showed the highest sensory acceptance. Beverages offer a promising alternative to whey use and enhance the value of the product by the addition of lutein. (AU)

Este estudo teve como objetivo desenvolver e caracterizar bebidas formuladas com proteínas de soro de leite adicionadas de luteína. Bebidas formuladas com 0,5 (F1), 2,0 (F2), 4,0 (F3) e 6,0% m/v (F4) de proteínas de soro caracterizadas fisico-quimicamente e microbiologicamente e, avaliadas sensorialmente. As análises físico-químicas indicaram que o teor de proteína alterou significativamente (P 0,05) os valores de acidez, sólidos solúveis e as coordenadas colorimétricas, foi possível ajustar modelos matemáticos para todas essas variáveis. As análises microbiológicas mostraram contaminação não significativa (P 0,05) durante o processamento que poderia comprometer a qualidade das bebidas. Os teores de carotenoides e a atividade antioxidante não variaram significativamente (P>0,05) com o aumento do teor de proteína. A formulação F2 apresentou a maior aceitação sensorial. As bebidas são uma alternativa promissora para o uso do soro de leite e aumentam o valor agregado do produto pela adição de luteína. (AU)