L-lysine and dietary fiber improve the physicochemical properties of sausage without added phosphate and reduced salt levels

The demand for clean label foods has driven research in the meat product sector. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect on the physicochemical properties of adding L-lysine, wheat fiber (WTF) and microcrystalline cellulose (MCC) in sausage without the addition of sodium tripolyphosphate (STPP) and with reduced salt levels. Eight treatments were produced in total. Three control treatments were: CON1 - 0.5 % sodium tripolyphosphate and 2 % salt; CON2 - without STPP and 2 % salt; CON3 - without STPP and 1 % salt. Five other treatments were carried out without STPP and 1 % of salt: LYS - 0.8 % L-lysine; WTF - 2 % wheat fiber; MCC - 2 % microcrystalline cellulose fiber; LYSWTF - 0.8 % L-lysine and 2 % wheat fiber; LYSMCC - 0.8 % L-lysine and 2 % microcrystalline cellulose fiber. L-lysine and wheat fiber provided good emulsion stability for sausages. L-lysine and MCC increased the yield of the products. Microcrystalline cellulose increased the red color value (a*) of sausages. The intensity of the yellow color value (b*) was significantly affected by the removal of STPP and the reduction of salt levels, but L-lysine and MCC improved this parameter, providing similar results to CON1. Adding of L-lysine and dietary fiber increased hardness in sausages without added STPP and with salt reduction. L-lysine and wheat fiber are promising for reformulating emulsified meat product without phosphate added and with reduced salt levels due to lipid oxidation control and improvement in emulsion stability.

Commercial Feed Diluted with Different Fiber Sources and Enzyme Product for Broilers: Growth Performance, Carcass and Gut Health

The dilution of commercial broiler feed with copra meal (CM), palm kernel meal (PKM) and cassava leaf meal (CLM) and enzyme supplementation was investigated. Two hundred and eighty 7-day old Cobb 500 broilers were fed commercial feed alone or diluted with the test ingredients with and without enzyme. There were no interaction effects (p>0.05) on feed intake (FI) and weight gain (WG). Poorer (p<0.05) feed conversion ratio (FCR) was observed on the diet diluted diets from 22-42 d, but this was restored (p>0.05) by enzyme supplementation. There was no interaction effect on final body weight (FBW). Diet dilution depressed FBW (p<0.05) but enzyme supplementation restored (p>0.05) this weight depression. Abdominal fat was lighter (p<0.05) on CLM compared to CM. There were no interaction effects (p>0.05) on the weight of gut segments and E. coli count. Heavier (p<0.05) liver, gizzard and intestine were observed on the test diets. Commercial feed dilution with CM, CLM and PKM at 100 g/kg for starter and 200 g/kg for finisher would be a viable option for smallholder broiler production. More research is needed into dilution levels and enzyme concentrations.(AU)

Evaluation of nutritional composition of flour residue of mangaba processing / Avaliação dos fatos nutricionais do processamento do resíduo da farinha de mangaba

Abstract Among several fruits, mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), it aroused the interest of producers and consumers due to its attractive sensory characteristics and health beneficial properties (high nutritional value and presence of bioactive substances), thus, this work evaluates the nutritional factors of the flour residue of mangaba processing that is despised by the food industry, and the influence of temperature on its production. The mangaba processing residue was splited in two main groups: in natura sample (control), and other for preparation of flour that was dried at 50 °C and divided into two other groups: treatment A (flour with roasts at 110 °C and 130 °C) and treatment B (flour from drying at 50 °C). The nutritional characteristics of flours were analyzed considering the chemical parameters: pH, titratable total acidity and soluble solids, in addition to the determination of moisture content, total lipids, total dietary fiber and ash, total energy value, antioxidant activity, phytochemical screening, quantification of phenolic compounds and flavonoids, as well as technological functional properties (water absorption index (WAI), water solubility index (WSI), milk absorption index (MAI) and milk solubility index (MSI) and oil absorption index (OAI). The results showed that the bioactive compounds present in the extracts do not have significant properties of acting as free radical kidnappers. The heat treatment, performed in the flour of mangaba processing residues, influenced the nutritional factors and properties of absorption and solubility, which showed statistical differences. These results show that the flour is a viable alternative for the energy enrichment of diets, contributing to the development of new products, the reduction of the disposal of these residues and consequently to the minimization of the environmental impact.

Resumo Dentre as diversas frutas a mangaba (Hancornia speciosa Gomes), despertou interesse de produtores e consumidores devido às suas características sensoriais atrativas e propriedades benéficas à saúde (elevado valor nutricional e presença de substâncias bioativas), assim, o trabalho avaliar os fatores nutricionais do resíduo da farinha de processamento de mangaba que é desprezado pela indústria alimentícia e, a influência da temperatura na sua produção. O resíduo de processamento da mangaba foi dividido em dois lotes, sendo um deles utilizado para as análises in natura (amostra controle) e o outro para a confecção da farinha que foi seca a 50 °C, e dividida em dois lotes: tratamento A (farinha com torras a 110 °C e 130 °C) e no tratamento B (farinha oriunda da secagem a 50 °C). Analisou-se as características nutricionais de farinhas considerando os parâmetros químicos: pH, acidez total titulável e sólidos solúveis, além da determinação do teor de umidade, lipídios totais, fibra alimentar total e cinzas, valor energético total, atividade antioxidante, triagem fitoquímica, quantificação de compostos fenólicos e flavonoides, bem como as propriedades funcionais tecnológicas (índice de absorção de água (IAA), índice de solubilidade em água (ISA), índice de absorção de leite (IAL) e índice de solubilidade em leite (ISL) e índice de absorção de óleo (IAO). Na análise foi inferido que os compostos bioativos presentes nos extratos não possuem propriedades significativas de agir como sequestradores de radicais livres. O tratamento térmico, realizado na farinha de resíduos de processamento de mangaba, influenciou nos dados dos fatores nutricionais e das propriedades de absorção e solubilidade, os quais apresentaram diferenças estatísticas. Estes resultados credenciam a farinha como uma alternativa viável para o enriquecimento energético de dietas, contribuindo para o desenvolvimento de novos produtos, a redução do descarte desses resíduos e consequentemente para a minimização do impacto ambiental.

Effects of dietary fiber on performance and egg quality of laying hens at pre-laying and laying peak

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of different levels of dietary fiber on the performance and egg quality of laying hens at pre-laying and laying peak periods. The experimental period was divided into three periods: pre-laying (16 to 19 weeks of age), the start of laying (20 to 22 weeks of age) and laying peak (23 to 28 weeks of age). The experimental design was completely randomized with treatments constituted by five levels of fiber (2.00, 2.50, 3.00, 3.50, and 4.00%) in the diets, with five replicates (pens) of six birds each, totalling 180 hens. Performance and egg quality results were evaluated by polynomial regression at 5%. Fiber levels were not influenced (p >0.05) the first laying of the hens. However, levels above 2.50% of fiber provided worst (p <0.05) performance results, regardless of the period evaluated. Shortly after the start of laying, higher levels of fiber also caused a linear reduction (p <0.05) on egg weight and percentages of yolk and albumen, and an increase (p <0.05) on eggshells. Higher fiber levels caused a linear reduction (p <0.05) in the quality of the eggs, regardless of the period evaluated. It was concluded that the fiber levels did not influence the start period of the laying. Both pre-laying and start of the laying, levels above 2.5% of fiber caused a gradual worsening in performance. From the start of laying up to laying peak, levels above 2.5% of fiber also caused a gradual worsening in egg quality.(AU)

Modulating the production of xylanase by Bacillus pumilus BS131 through optimization using waste fiber sludge / Modulando a produção de xilanase por Bacillus pumilus BS131 por meio da otimização usando lodo de fibra residual

Abstract In recent days, cheapest alternative carbon source for fermentation purpose is desirable to minimize production cost. Xylanases have become attractive enzymes as their potential in bio-bleaching of pulp and paper industry. The objective of the present study was to identify the potential ability on the xylanase production by locally isolated Bacillus pumilus BS131 by using waste fiber sludge and wheat bran media under submerged fermentation. Culture growth conditions were optimized to obtain significant amount of xylanase. Maximum xylanase production was recorded after 72 hours of incubation at 30 °C and 7 pH with 4.0% substrate concentration. In the nutshell, the production of xylanase using inexpensive waste fiber sludge and wheat-bran as an alternative in place of expensive xylan substrate was more cost effective and environment friendly.

Resumo Nos últimos dias, a fonte alternativa de carbono mais barata para fins de fermentação é desejável para minimizar o custo de produção. As xilanases têm se tornado enzimas atraentes como seu potencial no biobranqueamento da indústria de papel e celulose. O objetivo do presente estudo foi identificar a capacidade potencial na produção de xilanase por Bacillus pumilus BS131 isolado localmente usando lodo de fibra residual e farelo de trigo em meio de fermentação submersa. As condições de crescimento da cultura foram otimizadas para obter uma quantidade significativa de xilanase. A produção máxima de xilanase foi registrada após 72 horas de incubação a 30 °C e pH 7 com concentração de substrato de 4,0%. Resumindo, a produção de xilanase usando lodo de fibra residual de baixo custo e farelo de trigo como uma alternativa no lugar do substrato de xilano caro foi mais econômica e ecológica.

In natura residues from peach palm heart industry for ruminant feed

Palm heart processing generates a large amount of residues like leaves, sheath and stems that have potential for ruminant feeding. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of in natura peach palm heart (Bactris gasipaes Khunt.) residues on performance, dry matter (DM) digestibility and intake of ruminants. External sheath was the most suitable residue for sheep, cattle and buffaloes feeding, although sheep presented rejection of 43.5 g kg-1. Thereby, assays of apparent and in vitro dry matter digestibility were done under four feeding treatments, which were the exclusive peach palm sheath, and that one mixed with residues of banana and rice, besides citrus pulp. The experiment was carried out under randomized complete design, with five replications. Greater DM intake (p < 0.05) were observed in animals fed with peach palm sheath mixed with rice (1.12 kg day-1) and mixed with citrus pulp (0.91 kg day-1), however there were no difference among treatments regarding the sheep final weight (p > 0.05). Cattle and buffaloes accept different types of peach palm residues, unlike sheep that present a low rejecting for them. Citrus pulp and rice residue raise the roughage quality. Peach palm residues can be an alternative roughage source to feed ruminants.(AU)

Meat quality of (Bos indicus) cattle finished on different concentrate feeds

The study investigated meat quality of bulls fed concentrate feeds and hay. The treatments were hay ad libitum + dried cafeteria leftover 4 kg DM d-1(D1); hay ad libitum+ wheat bran 4 kg DM d-1(D2); hay ad libitum+ 4 maize grain 4 kg DM d-1(D3); hay ad libitum+ mix 4 kg DM d-1(1:1, wheat bran to maize grain, respectively (D4)); hay ad libitum+ scrambled whole groundnut 4 kg DM d-1(D5); and hay ad libitum+ mix of each ingredient 4 kg DM d-1(D6)). Samples from longissimus lumborum muscle were taken in triplicate. Beef from bulls fed D5 had highest (p < 0.05) protein and fat than those fed other treatments. However, bulls finished in D3 had similar fat to those fed with whole ground nut. Highest meat tenderness (p < 0.05) recorded at 24thfollowed by 16thd than those aged on other periods. Beef from D6 produced lean meat, which is acceptable to consumer and market demand than D3, produced carcass with highest fat coverage This study confirmed that meat from D6 had an acceptable quality attribute suggesting the breed could serve as a potential source in red meat industry.(AU)

Effect of replacement of forage sorghum silage with biomass sorghum silage in diets for dairy heifers / Efeito da substituição da silagem de sorgo forrageiro por silagem de sorgo biomassa em dietas para novilhas leiteiras

This trial aimed to analyze the replacement of forage sorghum silage (FS silage) with biomass sorghum silage (BRS 716 silage) in diets for heifers ¾ Holstein x » Zebu on their nutrient intake and digestibility, nitrogen balance, microbial production, feeding behavior, and animal performance. Eight heifers with average age 18±4 months (mo) and average body weight (BW) 271 ± 57 kg were used. The experimental design was double-Latin square, 4×4, being four diets, four experimental periods and four animals. Four experimental diets with 0, 33, 67 and 100% substitution of forage sorghum silage with biomass sorghum silage were used. The roughage:concentrate ratio in the total dry matter (DM) of the diets was 75:25. The fraction "b" of DM was higher in the BRS 716 silage. There was no difference (p> 0.05) for dry matter intake (DMI; p = 0.45) and total digestible nutrients intake (p = 0.76). The dry matter digestibility (DMD), crude protein, ether extract and neutral detergent fiber increased linearly with the inclusion of BRS 716 silage. The feeding times, ruminating and idle have not been changed (p > 0.05). The replacement of FS silage with BRS 716 silage did not modify the average daily weight gain (ADG; p > 0.05; mean 1.30 ± 0.025 kg). Biomass sorghum silage can replace up to 100% forage sorghum silage in the diets of ¾ Holstein x » Zebu heifers.(AU)

Objetivou-se analisar a substituição da silagem de sorgo forrageiro (silagem FS) pela silagem de sorgo biomassa (silagem BRS 716) em dietas para novilhas ¾ Holandês x » Zebu sobre o consumo e digestibilidade de nutrientes, balanço de nitrogênio, produção microbiana, comportamento alimentar e desempenho animal. Foram utilizadas oito novilhas com idade média de 18 ± 4 meses e peso corporal (PC) médio de 271 ± 57 kg. O delineamento experimental foi o quadrado latino duplo, 4 × 4, sendo quatro dietas, quatro períodos experimentais e quatro animais. Foram utilizadas quatro dietas experimentais com 0, 33, 67 e 100% de substituição da silagem de sorgo forrageiro pela silagem de sorgo biomassa. A relação volumoso: concentrado na matéria seca total (MS) das dietas foi de 75:25. A fração "b" da MS foi maior na silagem BRS 716. Não houve diferença (p > 0,05) para consumo de matéria seca (CMS; p = 0,45) e consumo de nutrientes digestíveis totais (p = 0,76). A digestibilidade da matéria seca (DMS), proteína bruta, extrato etéreo e fibra em detergente neutro aumentaram linearmente com a inclusão da silagem BRS 716. Os tempos de alimentação, ruminação e ócio não foram alterados (p > 0,05). A substituição da silagem FS pela silagem de BRS 716 não alterou o ganho em peso médio diário (GMD; p > 0,05; média 1,30 ± 0,025 kg). A silagem de sorgo biomassa pode substituir até 100% a silagem de sorgo forrageiro na dieta de novilhas ¾ Holandês x » Zebu.(AU)

Meta-analytical study of the effect of fibers in neutral detergent and acidic detergent in the diet of finishing pigs / Estudo meta-analítico do efeito das fibras em detergente neutro e detergente ácido na dieta de suínos em terminação

Performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs fed diets containing different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were evaluated through meta-analysis. The database was constructed using information from 24 papers, 113 treatments, and 2507 animals. Correlation and variance analyze were performed. The weight gain of the pigs showed a negative correlation (P 0.05) by the inclusion of ingredients with high NDF content. Likewise, the inclusion of ingredients with high ADF content did not alter (P > 0.05) feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, the use of ingredients with a high ADF content reduced (P < 0.05) by 4% the weight gain of the pigs. The use of ingredients with high concentrations of NDF and ADF negatively affect the weight gain and feed conversion of finishing pigs; however, the ADF-related fraction has a positive relationship with the reduction of the backfat thickness.

O desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram avaliados por meio de meta-análise. O banco de dados foi construído com informações de 24 artigos, 113 tratamentos e 2.507 animais. Análises de correlação e variância foram realizadas. O ganho de peso dos suínos apresentou correlação negativa (P 0,05) pela inclusão de ingredientes com alto teor de FDN. Da mesma forma, a inclusão de ingredientes com alto teor de FDA não alterou (P > 0,05) o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Porém, o uso de ingredientes com alto teor de FDA reduziu (P < 0,05) em 4% o ganho de peso dos suínos. O uso de ingredientes com altas concentrações de FDN e FDA afetam negativamente o ganho de peso e conversão alimentar de suínos em terminação, porém fração relacionada a FDA tem relação positiva com a redução da espessura de toucinho.

Meta-analytical study of the effect of fibers in neutral detergent and acidic detergent in the diet of finishing pigs / Estudo meta-analítico do efeito das fibras em detergente neutro e detergente ácido na dieta de suínos em terminação

Performance and carcass traits of finishing pigs fed diets containing different levels of neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) were evaluated through meta-analysis. The database was constructed using information from 24 papers, 113 treatments, and 2507 animals. Correlation and variance analyze were performed. The weight gain of the pigs showed a negative correlation (P < 0.01) with the dietary NDF content and with NDF consumption. The feed conversion ratio showed a positive correlation (P < 0.01) with the inclusion of ADF in the test ingredient and with the consumption of NDF and ADF. The backfat thickness showed a negative correlation (P < 0.05) with the NDF content in the diets. The analysis of variance showed that the performance of finishing pigs was not influenced (P > 0.05) by the inclusion of ingredients with high NDF content. Likewise, the inclusion of ingredients with high ADF content did not alter (P > 0.05) feed intake and feed conversion ratio. However, the use of ingredients with a high ADF content reduced (P < 0.05) by 4% the weight gain of the pigs. The use of ingredients with high concentrations of NDF and ADF negatively affect the weight gain and feed conversion of finishing pigs; however, the ADF-related fraction has a positive relationship with the reduction of the backfat thickness.(AU)

O desempenho e as características de carcaça de suínos em terminação alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes níveis de fibra em detergente neutro (FDN) e fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) foram avaliados por meio de meta-análise. O banco de dados foi construído com informações de 24 artigos, 113 tratamentos e 2.507 animais. Análises de correlação e variância foram realizadas. O ganho de peso dos suínos apresentou correlação negativa (P < 0,01) com o teor de FDN da dieta e com o consumo de FDN. A taxa de conversão alimentar apresentou correlação positiva (P < 0,01) com a inclusão de FDA presente nos ingredientes testados e com o consumo de FDN e FDA. A espessura do toucinho apresentou correlação negativa (P < 0,05) com o teor de FDN das dietas. A análise de variância mostrou que o desempenho dos suínos em terminação não foi influenciado (P > 0,05) pela inclusão de ingredientes com alto teor de FDN. Da mesma forma, a inclusão de ingredientes com alto teor de FDA não alterou (P > 0,05) o consumo de ração e a conversão alimentar. Porém, o uso de ingredientes com alto teor de FDA reduziu (P < 0,05) em 4% o ganho de peso dos suínos. O uso de ingredientes com altas concentrações de FDN e FDA afetam negativamente o ganho de peso e conversão alimentar de suínos em terminação, porém fração relacionada a FDA tem relação positiva com a redução da espessura de toucinho.(AU)

Behavior of laying chicks fed diets containing sources and levels of dietary fiber in the starter phase / Comportamento de pintainhas de postura leve alimentadas com dietas contendo fontes e níveis de fibra dietética na fase de cria

This study evaluated the behavior and welfare conditions of laying chicks in the starter phase, fed with diets formulated with increasing levels of crude fiber (CF) and two feedstuffs with different fiber compositions. The experiment was developed at the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiânia - GO, Brazil. Three hundred Bovans White chicks were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 2×2+1 factorial arrangement corresponding to two levels of CF in the diet (3.0 and 3.5%) and two fiber sources (wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse), plus a control treatment (maize- and soybean meal-based), totaling five treatments with six replicates of 10 birds each. Maintenance behavioral patterns and welfare were assessed at 21 and 42 days of age. There was no difference in behavior and classification by order of importance of the activities performed by the fiber-fed birds observed at 21 and 42 days, according to the Kruskal Wallis test (P>0.05). Medium and good welfare conditions were obtained with wheat bran at 3.5 and 3.0% CF, respectively, at 21 days of age. At 42 days, the use of sugarcane bagasse at the CF level of 3.5% and wheat bran at the level of 3.0% provided good behavior conditions. The use of crude fiber in the feeding of hens did not change their behavior.

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de pintainhas de postura na fase de cria, alimentadas com dietas formuladas com aumento de fibra bruta e dois alimentos com composições de fibra diferentes. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, utilizando-se 300 pintainhas Bovans White, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2x2+1, com dois níveis de fibra bruta na dieta (3,0% e 3,5 % de FB), duas fontes de fibra (farelo de trigo e bagaço de cana) e o tratamento testemunha (ração a base de milho e farelo de soja), totalizando cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves cada. Foram avaliados padrões de comportamento de manutenção e bem-estar aos 21 e 42 dias de idade. Não houve diferença no comportamento e na classificação por ordem de importância das atividades realizadas pelas aves alimentadas com fibra e observadas aos 21 e 42 dias pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis (P>0,05). Obteve-se condições média e boa com farelo de trigo e 3,5 e 3,0% de fibra bruta, respectivamente, com 21 dias de idade. Aos 42 dias, o uso de bagaço de cana ao nível de 3,5% de fibra bruta e o farelo de trigo ao nível de 3,0%, mostraram boas condições de comportamento. A utilização de fibra bruta na alimentação de frangas não alterou o comportamento das aves.

Síndrome cólica em equinos induzida por ingestão de cana de açúcar / Equine colic syndrome induced by the ingestion of sugarcane

Background: Equine colic syndrome comprises numerous conditions associated with abdominal pain in horses. Impaction, a common cause of this manifestation, is strongly related to these animals' diet. Highly fibrous diets such as sugarcane can predispose horses to colic. The clinical condition can be worsened by fermentative processes, which lead to dysbiosis, circulatory disorders and even endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to report 4 cases of colic syndrome among 8 horses that underwent an experiment to adapt them to a sugarcane-based diet, and to correlate the animals' clinical conditions to the forage they ingested. Cases: Eight male castrated Mangalarga Marchador horses, between 5.5 and 7 years old, were subjected to an experiment to test the feasibility of sugarcane as forage. Four of these horses were taken to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital (HVGA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro for treatment of abdominal signs of discomfort a few days after the exclusive consumption of sugarcane, in a proportion of 1.75% of live weight in dry matter. The animals' symptoms ranged from behavioral signs indicative of pain to changes in vital parameters and structure of the feces, as well as changes revealed by transrectal palpation. Three of the 4 cases presented impaction in the small colon, and 1 of the horses also presented impaction in the right dorsal colon and rostral displacement of the pelvic flexure, with accumulation of contents in the right ventral colon and sternal flexure. Two of the cases were treated medically, while the other 2 required surgical intervention. The clinical condition of all the patients evolved favorably and they were discharged between 2 and 18 days. Discussion: Colic originating in the digestive system is a syndrome strongly associated with management, especially with respect to confinement, nutrition, and parasite control. During the experiment, 4 of the 8 horses fed with sugarcane presented with colic syndrome. The low quality of sugarcane fiber is due to the high degree of lignification of the plant cell wall, which favors accumulation of ingesta. The poor digestibility and sweet taste of this roughage favor increased consumption. Furthermore, its high sucrose content, associated with an increased rate of passage in the small intestine, alters the intestinal microbiome, and hence, the fermentation byproducts and pH of the ingesta. High intestinal content, allied to longer retention times in the colon and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, promote greater dryness of the ingesta, predisposing the occurrence of impactions in the most distal portion of the large intestine. Intestinal distension and mesenteric traction caused by the accumulation of contents and gases trigger pain, which can worsen due to displacement of the large colon. Small colon impaction, which is easily identified by transrectal palpation, evolves gradually and its treatment, both clinical and surgical, tends to have a favorable prognosis. The need for alternative food sources for horses is a growing demand; however, sugarcane as an exclusive roughage has been shown to be unsafe for horses. The low quality of the fiber and the high sucrose content of this forage can alter the digestive physiology of horses through changes in the passage rate, microbiome and motility of digesta, predisposing them to intestinal dysfunction, ingesta compaction and displacement of the large colon.

Behavior of laying chicks fed diets containing sources and levels of dietary fiber in the starter phase / Comportamento de pintainhas de postura leve alimentadas com dietas contendo fontes e níveis de fibra dietética na fase de cria

This study evaluated the behavior and welfare conditions of laying chicks in the starter phase, fed with diets formulated with increasing levels of crude fiber (CF) and two feedstuffs with different fiber compositions. The experiment was developed at the Federal University of Goiás, in Goiânia - GO, Brazil. Three hundred Bovans White chicks were evaluated in a completely randomized design with a 2×2+1 factorial arrangement corresponding to two levels of CF in the diet (3.0 and 3.5%) and two fiber sources (wheat bran and sugarcane bagasse), plus a control treatment (maize- and soybean meal-based), totaling five treatments with six replicates of 10 birds each. Maintenance behavioral patterns and welfare were assessed at 21 and 42 days of age. There was no difference in behavior and classification by order of importance of the activities performed by the fiber-fed birds observed at 21 and 42 days, according to the Kruskal Wallis test (P>0.05). Medium and good welfare conditions were obtained with wheat bran at 3.5 and 3.0% CF, respectively, at 21 days of age. At 42 days, the use of sugarcane bagasse at the CF level of 3.5% and wheat bran at the level of 3.0% provided good behavior conditions. The use of crude fiber in the feeding of hens did not change their behavior.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar o comportamento de pintainhas de postura na fase de cria, alimentadas com dietas formuladas com aumento de fibra bruta e dois alimentos com composições de fibra diferentes. O trabalho foi realizado na Universidade Federal de Goiás, Goiânia, GO, utilizando-se 300 pintainhas Bovans White, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado e arranjo fatorial 2x2+1, com dois níveis de fibra bruta na dieta (3,0% e 3,5 % de FB), duas fontes de fibra (farelo de trigo e bagaço de cana) e o tratamento testemunha (ração a base de milho e farelo de soja), totalizando cinco tratamentos e seis repetições de 10 aves cada. Foram avaliados padrões de comportamento de manutenção e bem-estar aos 21 e 42 dias de idade. Não houve diferença no comportamento e na classificação por ordem de importância das atividades realizadas pelas aves alimentadas com fibra e observadas aos 21 e 42 dias pelo teste de Kruskal Wallis (P>0,05). Obteve-se condições média e boa com farelo de trigo e 3,5 e 3,0% de fibra bruta, respectivamente, com 21 dias de idade. Aos 42 dias, o uso de bagaço de cana ao nível de 3,5% de fibra bruta e o farelo de trigo ao nível de 3,0%, mostraram boas condições de comportamento. A utilização de fibra bruta na alimentação de frangas não alterou o comportamento das aves.(AU)

Far from urban areas: plastic uptake in fish populations of subtropical headwater streams / Longe das áreas urbanas: ingestão de plástico em populações de peixes de riachos subtropicais de cabeceira

This study investigated the occurrence of plastic particles in the digestive tracts of fish from headwater streams in a human-thinly populated region of the subtropical Sinos River basin in southern Brazil. In total, 258 individuals from 17 species were collected using electric fishing. Thirty-eight percent (38%) of the specimens contained plastic particles. All of them were fibers, with a maximum count of 43 per individual. Plastic fibers were the fourth most abundant food category. Results showed that the uptake of these plastic particles was proportional to the number of ingested food items. Fiber counts in the guts correlated with the uptake of Trichoptera, which are invertebrates using plastic particles to construct their protective cases. No significant difference in plastic uptake was detected between benthic and water column fish. No evidence of bioaccumulation of plastic particles was found in the intestines. The distance from urban areas was not related to the number of ingested plastic particles, concluding that plastics are ubiquitous and available to biota, even in remote locations. The most probable source of these particles is residences close to the streams which discharge the sewage of washing machines without any treatment.

Este estudo investigou a ocorrência de partículas plásticas no trato digestivo de peixes de riachos de cabeceira em uma região de baixa densidade humana da bacia subtropical do rio dos Sinos no sul do Brasil. No total, 258 indivíduos de 17 espécies foram coletados por meio da pesca elétrica. Trinta e oito por cento (38%) dos espécimes continham partículas de plástico. Todos eram fibras, com contagem máxima de 43 por indivíduo. As fibras plásticas foram a quarta categoria de alimentos mais abundante. Os resultados mostraram que a absorção dessas partículas plásticas foi proporcional ao número de itens alimentares ingeridos. A contagem de fibras nos intestinos se correlacionou com a absorção de Trichoptera, que são invertebrados que usam partículas de plástico para construir suas capas protetoras. Nenhuma diferença significativa na absorção de plástico foi detectada entre peixes bentônicos e de coluna d'água. Nenhuma evidência de bioacumulação de partículas plásticas foi encontrada nos intestinos. A distância das áreas urbanas não foi relacionada ao número de partículas plásticas ingeridas, concluindo que os plásticos são ubíquos e disponíveis para a biota, mesmo em locais remotos. A fonte mais provável dessas partículas são as residências próximas aos córregos que descarregam os esgotos das máquinas de lavar sem nenhum tratamento.

Chemical composition, vitamins, and minerals of family farming biribiri (Averrhoa bilimbi L) in the middle Doce River region, Minas Gerais, Brazil / Composição química, vitaminas e minerais do biribiri (Averrhoa bilimbi L) da agricultura familiar da região do médio Rio Doce, Minas Gerais, Brasil

This study evaluated physical characteristics, chemical composition, content of vitamin C, vitamin E, carotenoids, and minerals in biribiri fruits (Averrhoa bilimbi) from the Middle Doce River region (Minas Gerais, Brazil). Titratable acidity was determined by volumetric neutralization, pH by direct potentiometry, soluble solids by refractometry, humidity by gravimetry, ash by calcination in muffle, proteins by the micro-Kjeldahl method, dietary fiber by non-enzymatic gravimetric method and lipids using a Soxhlet extractor. Carotenoids and vitamin C were analyzed by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) and vitamin E by HPLC with fluorescence detector. Fourteen minerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma atomic emission spectrometry. Biribiri showed high yield of edible portion (100%), low lipid, protein and carbohydrate content, and; consequently, low total energy value (25.36 kcal 100 g-¹). The fruit also showed low dietary fiber content (0.62 g 100 g-¹), total vitamin E (17.62 µg 100 g-¹), total carotenoids (0.32 g 100 g-¹), and high vitamin C, zinc, copper, iron content, manganese, molybdenum and chrome content. Regarding the heavy metals, the fruit showed no cadmium, and traces of aluminum and nickel. In conclusion, biribiri presented low energy value and expressive contents of dietary fibers, vitamin C, iron, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, zinc, and copper.

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características físicas, a composição química, teor de vitamina C, vitamina E, carotenoides e minerais em frutos de biribiri (Averrhoa bilimbi) do território do Médio Rio Doce (Minas Gerais, Brasil). A acidez titulável foi determinada por neutralização volumétrica, o pH por potenciometria direta, os sólidos solúveis por refratometria, a umidade por gravimetria, as cinzas por calcinação em mufla, as proteínas pelo método micro-Kjeldahl, as fibras alimentares pelo método gravimétrico não enzimático e os lipídios usando um extrator Soxhlet. Os carotenoides e a vitamina C foram analisados por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência (CLAE). A vitamina E foi analisada por CLAE com detector de fluorescência e quatorze minerais foram analisados por espectrometria de emissão atômica com plasma indutivamente acoplado. O biribiri apresentou alto rendimento de porção comestível (100%), baixos teores de lipídios, proteínas e carboidratos e, consequentemente, baixo valor total de energia (25,36 kcal 100 g-¹). Os frutos também apresentaram baixos teores de fibra alimentar (0,62 g 100 g-¹), vitamina E total (17,62 µg 100 g-¹), carotenoides totais (0,32 g 100 g-¹) e altos teores de vitamina C, zinco, cobre, ferro, manganês, molibdênio e conteúdo cromado. Em relação aos metais pesados, os frutos não apresentaram cádmio e tiveram vestígios de alumínio e níquel. Em conclusão, o biribiri apresentou baixo valor energético e conteúdos expressivos de fibras alimentares, vitamina C, ferro, manganês, molibdênio, cromo, zinco e cobre.

Beta-glucanases e xilanases na nutrição de não ruminantes / Beta-glucanases and xylanases in non-ruminant nutrition / Beta glucanasas y xilanasas en la nutrición de no rumiantes

A busca por custo x benefício na avicultura envolve compreender como melhorar o desempenho animal através da alimentação ao mesmo tempo em que haja diminuição dos custos. Tendo em vista o crescente aumento monetário da matéria prima da ração, várias pesquisas se voltam para novas fontes energéticas derivados de plantas, que contem quantidades significativas de fibras e agem como fatores antinutricionais, interferindo no desempenho zootécnico das aves. Os principais componentes das fibras, as beta glucanas e xilanas, podem ser quebradas e melhor aproveitadas quando no uso de enzimas exógenas chamadas de carboidrases, sendo a beta glucanase e xilase as respectivas enzimas que fazem a lise desses componentes. É necessário, portanto, melhor compreensão da forma de ação de cada enzima, assim como a fonte nutritiva das bases alimentares alternativas. Essa obra tem por objetivo abordar e revisar as duas principais fontes de fibras, beta glucanas e xilanas, e suas respectivas enzimas, beta glucanase e xilase.(AU)

The pursuit for cost-benefit in poultry farming involves understanding how to improve animal performance through feeding while reducing costs. In view of the growing monetary increase in feed raw material, several researches are focused on new energy sources derived from plants, which contain significant amounts of fiber and act as anti-nutritional factors, interfering with the zootechnical performance of birds. The main components of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, can be broken down and better utilized when using exogenous enzymes called carbohydrases, with beta glucanase and xylase being the respective enzymes that lyse these components. It is therefore necessary to better understand the mode of action of each enzyme, as well as the nutritive source of alternative food bases. This work aims to address and review the two main sources of fiber, beta glucans and xylans, and their respective enzymes, beta glucanase and xylase.(AU)

La búsqueda de la relación costo-beneficio en la avicultura implica comprender cómo mejorar el rendimiento animal a través de la alimentación y reducir los costos. Ante el creciente aumento monetario de la materia prima de los alimentos, varias investigaciones se enfocan en nuevas fuentes de energía derivadas de las plantas, que contienen cantidades significativas de fibra y actúan como factores antinutricionales, interfiriendo en el desempeño zootécnico de las aves. Los principales componentes de la fibra, los betaglucanos y los xilanos, se pueden descomponer y utilizar mejor cuando se usan enzimas exógenas llamadas carbohidrasas, siendo la betaglucanasa y la xilasa las enzimas respectivas que lisan estos componentes. Por lo tanto, es necesario comprender mejor el modo de acción de cada enzima, así como la fuente nutritiva de las bases alimenticias alternativas. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo abordar y revisar las dos principales fuentes de fibra, beta glucanos y xilanos, y sus respectivas enzimas, beta glucanasa y xilasa.(AU)

Informação nutricional de doces de abóbora moranga ao leite / Nutritional information on pumpkin jam with milk

A abóbora moranga é um alimento rico em vitaminas e minerais. É uma fonte de fibras alimentares e pode fazer parte de receitas doces e salgadas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi comparar a informação nutricional de cinco formulações de doces preparados com 40% de abóbora moranga e 20% de açúcar. Entre as formulações, variaram os teores de leite e água potável, do seguinte modo: 40% de leite no doce A; 30% de leite e 10% de água potável no doce B; 20% de leite e 20% de água potável no doce C; 10% de leite e 30% de água potável no doce D; e 40% de água potável no doce E. A partir dos pesos dos ingredientes e dos doces prontos foram efetuados os cálculos necessários para a elaboração das tabelas de informação nutricional dos doces. Os resultados foram analisados através de ANOVA e teste de Tukey. Houve diferença entre as médias dos valores calóricos da porção dos doces A e D; A e E; B e E; C e E. Não houve diferença entre as médias dos valores calóricos dos doces A, B e C; B, C e D; D e E. Houve diferença entre as médias das quantidades de carboidratos, proteínas e gorduras totais da porção de todos os doces avaliados. O doce E, sem leite, apresentou a porção mais calórica, e o doce A, com maior teor de leite, foi o menos calórico e o de maior teor proteico.(AU)

The pumpkin is a food rich in vitamins and minerals. It is a source of dietary fiber and can be part of sweet and savory recipes. The objective of this project was to compare the nutritional information of five formulations of sweets prepared with 40% pumpkin and 20% sugar. Among the formulations, the contents of milk and drinking water varied, as follows: 40% milk in sweet A; 30% milk and 10% drinking water in sweet B; 20% milk and 20% drinking water in sweet C; 10% milk and 30% drinking water in sweet D; and 40% of drinking water in sweet E. Based on the weights of ingredients and ready-made sweets, the necessary calculations were made for the preparation of nutritional information tables for sweets. The results were analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey's test. There was a difference between the average caloric values ​​of the portion of sweets A and D; A and E; B and E; C and E. There was no difference between the average caloric values ​​of sweets A, B and C; B, C and D; D and E. There was a difference between the average amounts of carbohydrates, proteins and total fat in the portion of all sweets evaluated. Sweet E, without milk, presented the most caloric portion, and sweet A, with the highest milk content, was the least caloric and the one with the highest protein content.(AU)

Physically effective fiber changes nutrient levels of total mixed ration and fecal parameters in beef feedlots / A fibra fisicamente efetiva altera os nutrientes da dieta e parâmetros fecais em confinamentos de bovinos de corte

This study evaluated the effects of the physically effective fiber (peNDF) content on nutrient composition of the total mixed ration (TMR), orts and fecal parameters in 15 commercial beef feedlots. The particle size distribution of TMR was measured adopting Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). Samples were evaluated for dry matter (DM), ash, ether extract (EE), crude protein (CP), neutral detergent fiber (NDF), acid detergent fiber (ADF) and starch content. Fecal samples were also evaluated for pH and score. The feedlots were categorized into peNDF 20% and peNDF 20%. Data were analyzed by a model that included fixed effects of treatment and covariates (sex and genetic groups). Levels of DM, CP, EE and starch were lower in TMR with peNDF 20% (P 0.05). Fecal dry matter was higher and morning fecal pH was lower for TMR with peNDF 20% (P 0.05). Physically effective fiber changed nutrient levels in TMR, orts, fecal pH and DM. So, using PSPS and fecal parameters are practical and indirect tools for measuring fecal starch and assessing the effectiveness of the diet supplied to ruminants.(AU)

O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar o teor de fibra fisicamente efetiva (FDNfe) de dietas totais e seus efeitos nos nutrientes da dieta, das sobras e nos parâmetros fecais de bovinos de corte em 15 confinamentos comerciais. As amostras da dieta foram separadas utilizando a peneira Penn State Particle Size Separator (PSPS). As amostras foram analisadas quanto aos teores de matéria seca (MS), matéria mineral (MM), extrato etéreo (EE), proteína bruta (PB), fibra em detergente neutro (FDN), fibra em detergente ácido (FDA) e amido. Nas amostras de fezes também foram avaliadas o escore e pH fecal. Os confinamentos foram categorizados em dois tratamentos: FDNfe 20% e FDNfe20%. Os dados foram analisados por um modelo que incluiu os efeitos de grupo e covariável (sexo e grupo genético). Os teores de MS, PB, EE e amido foram menores nas dietas com FDNfe20%(P 0,05). A MS fecal foi maior e pH fecal matinal foi menor nas dietas com FDNfe 20% (P 0,05). Sendo assim a efetividade da fibra alterou os nutrientes da dieta total e sobras, bem como as variáveis pH e MS fecal. Com isso, o uso de PSPS e parâmetros fecais são ferramentas práticas e indiretas para medir o amido fecal e a efetividade da dieta em confinamentos de bovinos comerciais.(AU)

Influência de diferentes fontes e níveis de fibra nadieta de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) sobre o desempenho zootécnico, parâmetros somáticos e composição centesimal / Influence of different sources and fiber levels in the diet of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) on the growth performance, somatic parameters and proximate composition

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da casca de soja e da casca de arroz sobre o desempenho zootécnico, parâmetros somáticos e composiçãocentesimal dos peixes inteiros de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Para isso, foram utilizados 216 juvenis de pacu, com peso médio de 6 ± 0,81 gramas, distribuídos em 18 caixas d’água, em sistema de recirculação. Foram formuladas seis dietas contendo os níveis de 10, 13 e 15% de inclusão de FDN para cada fonte de fibra, com 30% de proteína bruta e 3.000 Kcal Kg-1de energia digestível. Foi observado que os níveis de 10 e 13% de FDN promoveram os melhores resultados para as variáveis de desempenhocomo peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e comprimento final. Também foi possível observar que os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 10% de FDN apresentaram um maior rendimento de carcaça, porém não foi observada diferença entreos índices,digestivo somático, hepatossomático e quociente intestinal. Já, para as variáveis de composição centesimal dos peixes inteiros, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que até 13% de FDN não prejudica o desempenho zootécnico, qualidade de carcaça e os parâmetros somáticos dos peixes.

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of soybean husk and rice husk on the performance, somatic parameters and proximate composition of whole fish of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). For this, 216 juveniles of pacu were used, with an average weight of 6 ± 0.81 grams, distributed in 18 water tanks, in a recirculation system. Six diets were formulated containing levels of 10, 13 and 15% of NDF inclusion for each fiber source, with 30% of crude protein and 3,000 Kcal Kg-1of digestible energy. It was observed that the levels of 10 and 13% of NDF promoted the best results for performance variables such as final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and final length. It was also possible to observe that fish fed a diet containing 10% NDF had a higher carcass yield, but no difference was observed between the somatic, hepatosomatic and intestinal quotient digestive indexes. However, no significant differences were observed for the proximate composition variables of whole fish. Thus, it can be concluded that up to 13% of NDF does not affect the zootechnical performance, carcass quality,and somatic parameters of the fish.

Influência de diferentes fontes e níveis de fibra nadieta de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) sobre o desempenho zootécnico, parâmetros somáticos e composição centesimal / Influence of different sources and fiber levels in the diet of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus) on the growth performance, somatic parameters and proximate composition

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos da casca de soja e da casca de arroz sobre o desempenho zootécnico, parâmetros somáticos e composiçãocentesimal dos peixes inteiros de juvenis de pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). Para isso, foram utilizados 216 juvenis de pacu, com peso médio de 6 ± 0,81 gramas, distribuídos em 18 caixas dágua, em sistema de recirculação. Foram formuladas seis dietas contendo os níveis de 10, 13 e 15% de inclusão de FDN para cada fonte de fibra, com 30% de proteína bruta e 3.000 Kcal Kg-1de energia digestível. Foi observado que os níveis de 10 e 13% de FDN promoveram os melhores resultados para as variáveis de desempenhocomo peso final, ganho em peso, taxa de crescimento específico e comprimento final. Também foi possível observar que os peixes alimentados com a dieta contendo 10% de FDN apresentaram um maior rendimento de carcaça, porém não foi observada diferença entreos índices,digestivo somático, hepatossomático e quociente intestinal. Já, para as variáveis de composição centesimal dos peixes inteiros, não foram observadas diferenças significativas. Sendo assim, pode-se concluir que até 13% de FDN não prejudica o desempenho zootécnico, qualidade de carcaça e os parâmetros somáticos dos peixes.(AU)

The objective of the present work was to evaluate the effects of soybean husk and rice husk on the performance, somatic parameters and proximate composition of whole fish of juvenile pacu (Piaractus mesopotamicus). For this, 216 juveniles of pacu were used, with an average weight of 6 ± 0.81 grams, distributed in 18 water tanks, in a recirculation system. Six diets were formulated containing levels of 10, 13 and 15% of NDF inclusion for each fiber source, with 30% of crude protein and 3,000 Kcal Kg-1of digestible energy. It was observed that the levels of 10 and 13% of NDF promoted the best results for performance variables such as final weight, weight gain, specific growth rate and final length. It was also possible to observe that fish fed a diet containing 10% NDF had a higher carcass yield, but no difference was observed between the somatic, hepatosomatic and intestinal quotient digestive indexes. However, no significant differences were observed for the proximate composition variables of whole fish. Thus, it can be concluded that up to 13% of NDF does not affect the zootechnical performance, carcass quality,and somatic parameters of the fish.(AU)