Utilização de métodos alternativos como indutor de muda forçada em codornas poedeiras / Use of alternative methods as an inducer of forced molting in laying quail

Objetivou-se avaliar métodos alternativos de restrição alimentar qualitativa e quantitativa em comparação à técnica convencional de muda forçada em codornas japonesas para o segundo ciclo de produção. O período de muda forçada teve duração de 10 dias e dois períodos de 21 dias de pós-muda. Foram utilizadas 72 codornas japonesas fêmeas, emfinal de produção com 72 semanas deidade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições cada, com seiscodornas por repetição. Os tratamentos experimentais foram:T1 ­aves submetidas a três dias de jejum com posterior fornecimento de ração de postura à vontade por setedias; T2 ­aves que receberam alimentação controlada (10 g/ave/dia) por 10 dias; T3 ­aves que receberam farelo de arroz à vontade por 10 dias. Durante todo o experimento todasas aves foram submetidas a iluminação natural com média de 12 horas de luz diária e água a vontade e após os 10 dias de muda foi fornecido ração de postura a vontade. A utilização do T2 (10 g/ave/dia de ração de postura) e de farelo de arroz como alimentoalternativo no programa de muda forçada foi viável. Mesmo a perda de peso sendo abaixo do recomentado, as aves que receberam 10 g de ração ave/dia e farelo de arroz à vontade apresentaram resultados de desempenho e qualidade do ovo pós muda semelhantes àsaves que ficaram em jejum, além de possibilitar melhores condições de bem-estar animal.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate alternative methods of qualitative and quantitative feed restriction compared to theconventional technique of forced moulting in Japanese quails for the second production cycle. The forced moulting period lasted 10 days and two 21-day post-molt periods. 72 female Japanese quails were used, at the end of production at 72 weeks of age. Thebirds were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications each, with sixquails per replicate. The experimental treatments were: T1 ­birds submitted to three days of fasting with subsequent provision of layingfeed ad libitum for sevendays; T2 ­birds that received controlled feeding (10 g/bird/day) for 10 days; T3 ­birds that received rice bran ad libitum for 10 days. Throughout the experiment, all birds were submitted tonatural lighting with an average of12hours of daily light and water ad libitum and after 10 days of molting, laying feed was provided ad libitum. The use of T2 (10 g/bird/day of laying ration) and ricebran as an alternativefood in the forced molt program was feasible. Even the weight loss being below the recommended, the birds that received 10 g of poultry feed/day and rice bran ad libitum showed similar post-moult performance and egg quality results to birds that were fasted, in addition to enabling better conditions. of animal welfare.(AU)

Biochemical parameters and histopathological findings in the forced molt laying hens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of forced molting using biochemical parameters and histopathological findings in laying hens. 36 Hyline W36 strain laying hens, 90 weeks old were chosen for this research. Eight of these chickens were randomly selected and placed in a cage as the control group before the molting program began. All the others 28 chickens were used for the forced molting program. Eight laying hens were slaughtered at the end of the molting program named as molting group. The remaining 20 hens were fed for 37 days, weighted and slaughtered when they reached the maximum egg production (80%) as postmolting group. Then, blood was analyzed for malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, globulin, total protein, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and Vitamin C. The malondialdehyde and glutathione levels of the thyroid and liver tissues were also analyzed along with an examination of the histopathological changes of the liver, ovarium and thyroid glands; and live body, liver, ovarium, thyroid weights and thyroid lengths. In conclusion, it was found that forced molting produces stress and notable side effects in hens, like the oxidant and antioxidant status of the organs, tissue weights and sizes, hormon profiles, blood biochemical and histopathological parameter changes. The activities of thyroid malondialdehyde (p 0.05), liver glutathione (p 0.01), plasma catalase (p 0.001) were significantly decreased in molting group compared to control values, while liver malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased (p 0.001) and thyroid glutathione levels had nonsignificant effect. These levels in molting hens were the first study for veterinary science.

Biochemical parameters and histopathological findings in the forced molt laying hens

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of forced molting using biochemical parameters and histopathological findings in laying hens. 36 Hyline W36 strain laying hens, 90 weeks old were chosen for this research. Eight of these chickens were randomly selected and placed in a cage as the control group before the molting program began. All the others 28 chickens were used for the forced molting program. Eight laying hens were slaughtered at the end of the molting program named as molting group. The remaining 20 hens were fed for 37 days, weighted and slaughtered when they reached the maximum egg production (80%) as postmolting group. Then, blood was analyzed for malondialdehyde, glutathione, catalase, glucose, calcium, phosphorus, albumin, globulin, total protein, triiodothyronine, thyroxine and Vitamin C. The malondialdehyde and glutathione levels of the thyroid and liver tissues were also analyzed along with an examination of the histopathological changes of the liver, ovarium and thyroid glands; and live body, liver, ovarium, thyroid weights and thyroid lengths. In conclusion, it was found that forced molting produces stress and notable side effects in hens, like the oxidant and antioxidant status of the organs, tissue weights and sizes, hormon profiles, blood biochemical and histopathological parameter changes. The activities of thyroid malondialdehyde (p 0.05), liver glutathione (p 0.01), plasma catalase (p 0.001) were significantly decreased in molting group compared to control values, while liver malondialdehyde levels were significantly increased (p 0.001) and thyroid glutathione levels had nonsignificant effect. These levels in molting hens were the first study for veterinary science.(AU)

Experimental infection of Salmonella Enteritidis in quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting

This study aimed at evaluating bacterial shedding, as detected in swabs, feces, and eggs of quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting and experimentally infected with a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strain. In the experiment, 84 40-week-old Italian female quails were distributed in the following groups: FI (quails induced to molt by fasting and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis - SE); CI (quails fed with a laying diet and inoculated with SE); FNI (quails induced to molt by fasting and not inoculated with SE); and CNI (quails fed with a laying feed and not inoculated with SE). Feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs were collected on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-inoculation (dpi) and submitted to bacteriological analyses. All samples obtained from cloacal swabs were negative for SE. None of the quails of the non-inoculated groups (FNI and CNI) were positive for SE in the fecal samples. Among the inoculated quails, the FI group presented significantly higher (p 0.05) SE shedding in the feces on 1 dpi than the CI group. On 4 dpi, no significant difference was observed (p 0.05) in SE shedding between the inoculated quail groups. On 7 dpi, only the FI group shed SE in the feces, whereas on 14 dpi, none of the groups shed SE. According to the results, we concluded that quails submitted to molting by fasting have higher possibility of shedding SE in the feces.(AU)

Experimental infection of Salmonella Enteritidis in quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting

This study aimed at evaluating bacterial shedding, as detected in swabs, feces, and eggs of quails submitted to forced molting by feed fasting and experimentally infected with a Salmonella Enteritidis (SE) strain. In the experiment, 84 40-week-old Italian female quails were distributed in the following groups: FI (quails induced to molt by fasting and inoculated with Salmonella Enteritidis - SE); CI (quails fed with a laying diet and inoculated with SE); FNI (quails induced to molt by fasting and not inoculated with SE); and CNI (quails fed with a laying feed and not inoculated with SE). Feces, cloacal swabs, and eggs were collected on day 1, 3, 7 and 14 post-inoculation (dpi) and submitted to bacteriological analyses. All samples obtained from cloacal swabs were negative for SE. None of the quails of the non-inoculated groups (FNI and CNI) were positive for SE in the fecal samples. Among the inoculated quails, the FI group presented significantly higher (p 0.05) SE shedding in the feces on 1 dpi than the CI group. On 4 dpi, no significant difference was observed (p 0.05) in SE shedding between the inoculated quail groups. On 7 dpi, only the FI group shed SE in the feces, whereas on 14 dpi, none of the groups shed SE. According to the results, we concluded that quails submitted to molting by fasting have higher possibility of shedding SE in the feces.

Regression of the reproductive tract of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to forced molting by wheat bran diet / Regressão do aparelho reprodutivo de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) submetidas a muda forçada por meio de dieta a base de farelo de trigo

The study aimed to evaluate the reproductive system regression of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) induced to molt by wheat bran fed ad libitum. A total of 16 birds, end-of-lay, was distributed in 4 groups: group C (quails fed by layier ration and water ad libitum, n = 4) group T8 (quails fed by meal by 8 days, n = 4); group T12 (quails fed by meal by 12 days, n = 4); group T16 (quails fed by meal by 16 days, n = 4). Upon reaching the prescribed period, the birds were euthanized for collection and measurement of the ovary and oviduct weight. Regarding the percentage of ovarian regression, absolute and relative weight of the ovary, the T12 group showed numerically better performance, obtaining the values 95.79%, 0.27 g and 0.15%, respectively, however, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups of birds submitted to molting. The oviduct results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among quail groups submitted to molt, excepting the oviduct regression rate, which group T8 showed significantly lower regression (P 0.05) then groups T12 and T16. The molt induced by the supply of fed meal feed composed of wheat bran provides satisfactory weight loss in european quails, causing a substantial regression of reproductive tract.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a regressão do aparelho reprodutor de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) induzidas a muda por dieta a base de farelo de trigo (FT) ad libitum. Um total de 16 aves, em fim de ciclo de produção, foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo C (codornas alimentadas com ração de postura e água ad libitum, n=4); grupo T8 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 8 dias, n=4); grupo T12 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 12 dias, n=4); grupo T16 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 16 dias, n=4). Após o período estabelecido, as aves foram eutanasiadas para coleta e mensuração do peso do ovário e oviduto. Quanto ao percentual de regressão do ovário, peso absoluto e relativo do ovário, o grupo T12 apresentou numericamente o melhor desempenho, obtendo respectivamente os valores 95,79%, 0,27g e 0,15%, entretanto, sem diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos de aves submetidas a muda. Os resultados relacionados ao oviduto não mostraram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de codornas submetidas a muda forçada, com exceção da taxa de regressão de oviduto, em que o grupo T8 apresentou taxa de regressão significativamente inferior (P < 0,05) aos grupos T12 e T16. A indução a muda pelo fornecimento de ração composta por farelo de trigo proporciona satisfatória perda de peso corporal em codornas europeias, ocasionando regressão considerável do aparelho reprodutor.

Regression of the reproductive tract of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) submitted to forced molting by wheat bran diet / Regressão do aparelho reprodutivo de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) submetidas a muda forçada por meio de dieta a base de farelo de trigo

The study aimed to evaluate the reproductive system regression of European quails (Coturnix coturnix) induced to molt by wheat bran fed ad libitum. A total of 16 birds, end-of-lay, was distributed in 4 groups: group C (quails fed by layier ration and water ad libitum, n = 4) group T8 (quails fed by meal by 8 days, n = 4); group T12 (quails fed by meal by 12 days, n = 4); group T16 (quails fed by meal by 16 days, n = 4). Upon reaching the prescribed period, the birds were euthanized for collection and measurement of the ovary and oviduct weight. Regarding the percentage of ovarian regression, absolute and relative weight of the ovary, the T12 group showed numerically better performance, obtaining the values 95.79%, 0.27 g and 0.15%, respectively, however, there was no significant differences (P > 0.05) between groups of birds submitted to molting. The oviduct results showed no significant differences (P > 0.05) among quail groups submitted to molt, excepting the oviduct regression rate, which group T8 showed significantly lower regression (P 0.05) then groups T12 and T16. The molt induced by the supply of fed meal feed composed of wheat bran provides satisfactory weight loss in european quails, causing a substantial regression of reproductive tract.(AU)

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a regressão do aparelho reprodutor de codornas europeias (Coturnix coturnix) induzidas a muda por dieta a base de farelo de trigo (FT) ad libitum. Um total de 16 aves, em fim de ciclo de produção, foi dividido em 4 grupos: grupo C (codornas alimentadas com ração de postura e água ad libitum, n=4); grupo T8 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 8 dias, n=4); grupo T12 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 12 dias, n=4); grupo T16 (codornas tratadas com FT durante 16 dias, n=4). Após o período estabelecido, as aves foram eutanasiadas para coleta e mensuração do peso do ovário e oviduto. Quanto ao percentual de regressão do ovário, peso absoluto e relativo do ovário, o grupo T12 apresentou numericamente o melhor desempenho, obtendo respectivamente os valores 95,79%, 0,27g e 0,15%, entretanto, sem diferenças significativas (P>0,05) entre os grupos de aves submetidas a muda. Os resultados relacionados ao oviduto não mostraram diferenças significativas (P > 0,05) entre os grupos de codornas submetidas a muda forçada, com exceção da taxa de regressão de oviduto, em que o grupo T8 apresentou taxa de regressão significativamente inferior (P < 0,05) aos grupos T12 e T16. A indução a muda pelo fornecimento de ração composta por farelo de trigo proporciona satisfatória perda de peso corporal em codornas europeias, ocasionando regressão considerável do aparelho reprodutor.(AU)

Torta de mamona não destoxificada na indução da muda forçada em poedeiras comerciais / Non-detoxified castor bean for molt induction in laying hens

Avaliou-se o uso de dietas com diferentes porcentagens de torta de mamona não destoxificada (TM) na indução da muda forçada, sendo utilizadas 120 poedeiras Lohman LSL de 81 semanas, distribuídas ao acaso em quatro tratamentos, com cinco repetições de seis aves. Um dos tratamentos consistiu na indução da muda pelo método do jejum por 11 dias, e os demais no uso de dietas de muda, compostas pela mistura de dieta de postura e TM nas quantidades de 20, 30 e 40 por cento, por até 21 dias ou até quando as aves atingissem 23 por cento de perda do peso. Diferenças significativas foram observadas nos eritrócitos, no hematócrito, na concentração média de hemoglobina globular, na proteína total do plasma, nos leucócitos e na alanina aminotransferase, medidos durante a indução da muda, bem como no desempenho das aves após a muda, no que diz respeito ao consumo de ração, à porcentagem de postura, ao peso do ovo, à massa do ovo e à conversão alimentar. A qualidade dos ovos não variou estatisticamente entre os métodos avaliados. A utilização da dieta de muda forçada contendo 40 por cento de TM promoveu resultados semelhantes aos obtidos com o método do jejum, tanto para consumo de ração, porcentagem de postura, peso do ovo, massa do ovo, e conversão alimentar, como inerentes à qualidade dos ovos, quanto para densidade específica, unidade Haugh, porcentagens de gema, casca e albúmen. No entanto, menores alterações nos valores de eritrócitos, hematócrito e alanina aminotransferase foram observadas nesse método supracitado. O uso da dieta de muda contendo 40 por cento de TM mostrou-se uma alternativa viável ao uso do método do jejum.(AU)

We evaluated diets with different percentages of non-detoxified castor bean (TM) in the induction of molt, with 120 Lohman LSL hens at 81 weeks of age being used, randomly allotted to four treatments with five replicates of six birds each. One of the treatments consisted in the induction of changes by the method of fasting for 11 days, and the others used diet switches, composed by mixing posture and TM diet in the amounts of 20, 30 and 40 percent for up to 21 days or until when the birds reach 23 percent weight loss. Significant differences were observed in erythrocytes, hematocrit, mean concentration of corpuscular hemoglobin, total protein in plasma, leukocytes and alanine aminotransferase measured during induction of changes, and the performance of birds after moulting, such as feed intake, percentage of laying, egg weight, egg mass and feed conversion. The quality of the eggs did not vary significantly among the methods evaluated. The use of forced molting diet containing 40 percent of TM promoted results similar to those obtained with the method of fasting, both feed intake and the percentage of egg, egg weight, egg mass, and feed conversion, as inherent quality of eggs, as the specific gravity, Haugh unit, yolk percentage, albumen and shell. However, minor changes in the values of erythrocytes, hematocrit and alanine aminotransferase were observed in the method above. The use of diets containing 40 percent change TM proved to be a viable alternative to the use of the fasting method.(AU)

Effect of forced-molting methods and rearing temperatures on the performance and organ biometrics of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biometrics of organs (ovary, oviduct, liver, proventriculus and gizzard) of laying hens submitted to different forced-molting methods of molt and maintained at three different temperature. Organs were evaluated after molting and resting period. Six hundred birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 5x3 factorial arrangement (forced-molting methods x environmental temperatures) into 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 8 birds each. The molting methods applied were the dietary inclusion of 90%, 70%, 50% of alfalfa, 2,800 ppm zinc oxide, or total feed restriction. Birds were kept at ±20 ºC, ±27 ºC, or ±35 ºC. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The traditional forced-molting method (feed fasting) resulted in adequate performance. However, as the aim of the present study was to find an alternative method to feed fasting, the highest dietary alfafa inclusion level (90%) was shown to be efficient compared with other methods, particularly when hens were kept at high temperature. Therefore, this alternative forced-molting may be applied, especially when bird welfare is taken into consideration.

Effect of Forced Molting on body characteristics and post-molting egg production performance of Layers in Quetta, Pakistan

White leghorn layer (n=2740), with 85weeksof age, were submitted to forced molting by fasting for 13 days and changes in body characteristics and subsequent laying performance during second laying cycle were evaluated. Live body weight (LBW),ovary weight (OW), oviduct weight (OvW) and oviduct length (OvL) were measured before and after fasting. Post-fasting restricted feeding was applied, initially feeding crushed corn with added 2% Ca for 20 days and thereafter layer crumble feed was offered. Layers lost 632.16g (36%) of their LBW and significant reductions of 45.32, 47.53 and 54% were observed in post-fasting/molt OW, OvW and OvL, respectively (p 0.05). Resting period was 49 days and birds consumed 4.79kg feed during resting period. Egg production reached 50% in the 3rd week and peak mean egg production (87%) was recorded between 13 to16th weeks of production. Hence, it is concluded that while molting exhausted layers, the procedure adapted to induce molting and season would be a core factor in the subsequent laying cycle egg production and gain.

Effect of Forced Molting on body characteristics and post-molting egg production performance of Layers in Quetta, Pakistan

White leghorn layer (n=2740), with 85weeksof age, were submitted to forced molting by fasting for 13 days and changes in body characteristics and subsequent laying performance during second laying cycle were evaluated. Live body weight (LBW),ovary weight (OW), oviduct weight (OvW) and oviduct length (OvL) were measured before and after fasting. Post-fasting restricted feeding was applied, initially feeding crushed corn with added 2% Ca for 20 days and thereafter layer crumble feed was offered. Layers lost 632.16g (36%) of their LBW and significant reductions of 45.32, 47.53 and 54% were observed in post-fasting/molt OW, OvW and OvL, respectively (p 0.05). Resting period was 49 days and birds consumed 4.79kg feed during resting period. Egg production reached 50% in the 3rd week and peak mean egg production (87%) was recorded between 13 to16th weeks of production. Hence, it is concluded that while molting exhausted layers, the procedure adapted to induce molting and season would be a core factor in the subsequent laying cycle egg production and gain.

Effect of Forced Molting on body characteristics and post-molting egg production performance of Layers in Quetta, Pakistan

White leghorn layer (n=2740), with 85weeksof age, were submitted to forced molting by fasting for 13 days and changes in body characteristics and subsequent laying performance during second laying cycle were evaluated. Live body weight (LBW),ovary weight (OW), oviduct weight (OvW) and oviduct length (OvL) were measured before and after fasting. Post-fasting restricted feeding was applied, initially feeding crushed corn with added 2% Ca for 20 days and thereafter layer crumble feed was offered. Layers lost 632.16g (36%) of their LBW and significant reductions of 45.32, 47.53 and 54% were observed in post-fasting/molt OW, OvW and OvL, respectively (p 0.05). Resting period was 49 days and birds consumed 4.79kg feed during resting period. Egg production reached 50% in the 3rd week and peak mean egg production (87%) was recorded between 13 to16th weeks of production. Hence, it is concluded that while molting exhausted layers, the procedure adapted to induce molting and season would be a core factor in the subsequent laying cycle egg production and gain.(AU)

Effect of forced-molting methods and rearing temperatures on the performance and organ biometrics of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biometrics of organs (ovary, oviduct, liver, proventriculus and gizzard) of laying hens submitted to different forced-molting methods of molt and maintained at three different temperature. Organs were evaluated after molting and resting period. Six hundred birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 5x3 factorial arrangement (forced-molting methods x environmental temperatures) into 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 8 birds each. The molting methods applied were the dietary inclusion of 90%, 70%, 50% of alfalfa, 2,800 ppm zinc oxide, or total feed restriction. Birds were kept at ±20 ºC, ±27 ºC, or ±35 ºC. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The traditional forced-molting method (feed fasting) resulted in adequate performance. However, as the aim of the present study was to find an alternative method to feed fasting, the highest dietary alfafa inclusion level (90%) was shown to be efficient compared with other methods, particularly when hens were kept at high temperature. Therefore, this alternative forced-molting may be applied, especially when bird welfare is taken into consideration.

Effect of forced-molting methods and rearing temperatures on the performance and organ biometrics of laying hens

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the biometrics of organs (ovary, oviduct, liver, proventriculus and gizzard) of laying hens submitted to different forced-molting methods of molt and maintained at three different temperature. Organs were evaluated after molting and resting period. Six hundred birds were distributed according to a completely randomized experimental design in a 5x3 factorial arrangement (forced-molting methods x environmental temperatures) into 15 treatments with 5 replicates of 8 birds each. The molting methods applied were the dietary inclusion of 90%, 70%, 50% of alfalfa, 2,800 ppm zinc oxide, or total feed restriction. Birds were kept at ±20 ºC, ±27 ºC, or ±35 ºC. Data were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by orthogonal and polynomial contrasts. The traditional forced-molting method (feed fasting) resulted in adequate performance. However, as the aim of the present study was to find an alternative method to feed fasting, the highest dietary alfafa inclusion level (90%) was shown to be efficient compared with other methods, particularly when hens were kept at high temperature. Therefore, this alternative forced-molting may be applied, especially when bird welfare is taken into consideration.(AU)

AVALIAÇÃO DE METODOLOGIAS QUE DETERMINAM ESTRESSE EM POEDEIRAS COMERCIAIS

CESAR, Paula Horácio. Avaliação de metodologias que determinam estresse em poedeiras comerciais. 2017. 69f. Dissertação (Mestrado em Ciência Animal - Área de Concentração: Produção Animal) - Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina. Programa de Pós-Graduação em Ciência Animal, Lages, 2017. Com o objetivo de avaliar metodologias que indicam estresse em poedeiras comerciais, um experimento foi conduzido no Setor de Avicultura do CAV/UDESC, utilizando 48 poedeiras da linhagem HyLine Brown com 79 semanas de idade. As aves foram alojadas em gaiolas apropriadas e submetidas a um período de muda induzida durante 10 dias de jejum alimentar, avaliando cinco metodologias para indicativo de estresse (concentração de corticosterona plasmática - CORT, relação heterófilo/linfócito - H/L, catalase - CAT, glutationa reduzida - GSH e níveis de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico - TBARS), em seis dias de coleta de amostras de sangue (zero, dois, quatro, seis, oito e 10 dias do período de jejum alimentar). Adotou-se um delineamento inteiramente casualizado com oito repetições por dia de coleta, sendo cada ave considerada como uma unidade experimental. As coletas para as metodologias CORT e relação H/L iniciaram às 16 h e as demais às 8 h. Para determinar a concentração de CORT e a relação H/L foi coletado sangue da veia ulnar e as demais a veia jugular. Em cada coleta, oito aves foram selecionadas aleatoriamente, e após o procedimento, retornavam às gaiolas. O teste de Shapiro-Wilk foi aplicado para verificar a normalidade dos dados e as variáveis apresentaram distribuição normal. Realizou-se estudo de regressão polinomial para determinar o momento de máximo estresse para cada metodologia. Como todos os métodos fornecem resultados quantitativos foi possível utilizar a correlação de Pearson. Todas as análises estatísticas foram realizadas com o auxílio do pacote estatístico SAS (2009). As metodologias que avaliaram a concentração de CORT, GSH e TBARS apresentaram comportamento quadrático na regressão polinomial com momentos de máximo estresse aos 4,3; 4,3 e 5,5 dias de jejum alimentar, respectivamente. As aves no dia zero apresentaram uma média de CORT plasmática de 1,76 ng/ml, com posterior aumento progressivo do hormônio até atingir o pico de estresse (4,3 dias). A relação H/L apresentou comportamento linear crescente no estudo de regressão polinomial, com momento de máximo estresse aos 10 dias de muda induzida. A atividade da CAT apresentou comportamento linear decrescente na análise de regressão polinomial. Para os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson, considerando todos os momentos de coleta, não houve uma alta correlação entre as metodologias, não sendo possível a substituição de um método pelo outro. Conclui-se que as metodologias da concentração de CORT plasmática, relação H/L, concentração de GSH e atividade da enzima CAT são indicadas para mensurar estresse em poedeiras comerciais submetidas à muda induzida por jejum alimentar, porém, cada uma apresenta um momento diferente de máximo estresse, impossibilitando a utilização de apenas um método em substituição aos demais.

CESAR, Paula Horácio. Evaluation of methodologies that measure stress in commercial laying hens. 2017. 69f. Dissertation (MSc in Animal Science Area: Animal Production) Santa Catarina State University. Postgraduate Program in Animal Science, Lages, 2017. With the aim to investigate methodologies that indicate stress in commercial laying hens, the study was conducted at Poultry Sector of the CAV/UDESC, using 48 HyLine Brown hens, with were 79 wk of age. The hens were housed in appropriate cages and the molt was induced by feed withdrawal for 10 days, five methodologies were investigated (corticosterone plasmatic level - CORT, heterophil:lymphocyte ratio - H/L, catalase - CAT, reduced glutathione - GSH and level of thiobarbituric acid reactive substances - TBARS), in six days of blood samples collect (zero, two, four, six, eight and 10 days of feed withdrawal). The experimental design was completely randomized with eight replicate per day of collection, each hen was considered as an experimental unit. The collections for methods CORT and H/L ratio were obtained at 1600 h and the rest at 0800 h. To determine CORT level and H/L ratio the blood samples were collected from wing vein and jugular vein for other methodologies. In each collection, eight hens were randomly assigned and after procedure they returned to the cages. The Shapiro-Wilk test was applied to verify the normality of the data and the variables presented normal distribution. It was used polynomial regression analysis to determine the moment of maximum stress for each methodology. As all methods provide quantitative results it was possible to use Pearson correlation. Data analysis was done with the SAS (2009). CORT levels, GSH and TBARS there were a quadratic effect in polynomial regression analysis with moment of maximum stress to 4,3; 4,3 and 5,5 days of feed withdrawal, respectively. The hens at day zero had a mean plasma CORT of 1.76 ng/ml with subsequent progressive increase of the hormone until reaches the peak of stress (4.3 days). The H/L ratio had growing linear effect in polynomial regression analysis, with moment of maximum stress to 10 days of forced molted. The enzyme activity of CAT had decreasing linear effect in polynomial regression analysis. For the Pearson correlation coefficients, considering all collection moments, there was not a high correlation between the methods, therefore it is not possible to substitute one method with another. It was concluded that the methodologies of CORT plasmatic levels, H/L ratio, concentration of GSH and activity of the CAT enzyme are indicated to measure stress in commercial laying hens submitted to forced molted induced by feed withdrawal, however, each one has a different moment of maximum stress, making it impossible to use only one method to replace the others.

L-TRIPTOFANO EM RAÇÕES DE GALINHAS POEDEIRAS EM MUDA FORÇADA

O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos das inclusões de L-triptofano (L-Trp) na ração de muda, sobre o desempenho produtivo, qualidade dos ovos, parâmetros hematológicos e histologia do baço de galinhas poedeiras durante a muda forçada e no período pós-muda. Um total de 160 galinhas poedeiras Leghorn brancas com 100 semanas de idade foram submetidas a um programa de muda forçada de 42 dias e a um segundo ciclo de postura de 112 dias. Nos primeiros 17 dias da muda os tratamentos experimentais consistiram de cinco rações, caracterizadas por uma ração basal-1 com quatro inclusões de L-Trp (0,043, 0,086, 0,129 e 0,172%), totalizando rações com 0,110; 0,152; 0,195; 0,238 e 0,280% de triptofano digestível, fornecidas na quantidade de 60g/ave/dia. Do 18º ao 42º dias da muda os tratamentos consistiram de uma ração basal-2 com as mesmas inclusões de L-Trp, totalizando rações com 0,120; 0,162; 0,205; 0,248 e 0,290% de triptofano digestível, fornecidas na quantidade de 100g/ave/dia. A partir do 43° dia as poedeiras foram alimentadas à vontade com uma mesma ração de postura. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições de 8 aves cada. Os tratamentos experimentais não tiveram efeitos na mortalidade, peso corporal, número de dias para parada de postura (PP), número de dias para retorno a postura (RP), desempenho produtivo, qualidade dos ovos, glicemia e parâmetros do eritrograma durante a muda forçada e no segundo ciclo de postura. As inclusões de L-Trp mantiveram os valores de leucócitos e de linfócitos durante a muda semelhantes aos valores do Dia 0 (D0 Testemunha), não havendo efeito dos tratamentos sobre estes dois parâmetros no segundo ciclo de postura. Não houve efeito dos tratamentos experimentais sobre a relação heterófilo:linfócito durante a muda, havendo redução significativa dos valores deste parâmetro no segundo ciclo de postura para as inclusões de 0,086; 0,129 e 0,172% de inclusão de L-Trp nas rações durante a muda. Foi observada resposta linear no número de heterófilos no 42o dia da muda e resposta quadrática no 112o dia do segundo ciclo de postura com valor mínimo para a inclusão estimada de 0,157% de L-Trp. A inclusão de 0,086% de L-Trp nas rações de muda aumentaram a área relativa de polpa branca do baço. Considerando os valores da relação heterófilos:linfócitos no segundo ciclo de postura e o aumento da área relativa de polpa branca do baço durante a muda, conclui-se que a inclusão de 0,086% de L-Trp nas rações durante a muda forçada foi a mais eficiente.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of L-tryptophan inclusions (L-Trp) in the diet of molt, on performance, egg quality, hematological parameters and histology of the spleen of laying hens during the forced molt and in the post-molt. One hundred and sixty white Leghorn hens of 100 weeks of age were subjected to a forced molt program of 42 days and a laying second cycle of 112 days. In the first 17 days of the molt the experimental treatments consisted of five diets, characterized by a basal-1 diet with four L-Trp inclusions (0.043, 0.086, 0.129 and 0.172%), totalizing diets with 0.110; 0.152; 0.195; 0.238 and 0.280% digestible tryptophan provided the diets in the amount of 60 g / bird / day. From 18th to 42th days of molt the treatments consisted of a basal-2 diet with the same inclusions of L-Trp, totalizing diets with 0.120; 0.162; 0.205; 0.248 and 0.290% digestible tryptophan, provided the diets in the amount of 100g / bird / day. From the 43th day, laying hens had been fed ad libitum with the same posture diet. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four replications of eight birds. During molt and second laying cycle the treatments had not effects on: mortality, body weight, number of days for laying stop (SL), number of days to return the laying (RL), production performance, egg quality, blood glucose and erythrocyte parameters. The L-Trp inclusions maintained the values of leukocytes and lymphocytes during molt similar to those of the day zero (D0, control), there is no effect of the treatments for these two parameters in the second laying cycle. No effects of experimental treatments on the heterophil: lymphocyte during molting, there was a significant reduction in the value of this parameter in the second laying cycle for the inclusions of 0.086; 0.129 and 0.172% inclusion of L-Trp in feed during molting. Linear response was observed in the number of heterophil on the 42th day of molt and quadratic response on the 112th day of the second laying cycle with minimum value for the inclusion of estimated 0.157% L-Trp. Inclusion of 0.086% L-Trp in the feed of molt increased the relative area of the white pulp of the spleen. Considering the the relationship of values heterophil: lymphocyte in the second laying cycle and the increase of the relative area of the white pulp of the spleen during molting it can be concluded that the inclusion of 0.086% L-Trp in feeds during the forced molting was more efficient.

Productive and egg quality traits of laying quail submitted to forced molting / Aspectos produtivos e qualidade de ovos de codornas japonesas submetidas a diferentes métodos de muda forçada

This work was performed to verify egg production of Japanese quails submitted to induced molt by zinc oxide method (MZ) and fasting (MC). A total number of 160 Japanese quails with 48 weeks of age were evaluated for post-molt egg production, percentage of egg contents and the viability rate of eggs for 12 weeks. According to the applied methods (fasting or zinc oxide), the birds were submitted to different body weight losses (BWL): 25 or 35%. The quails were separated into different treatment groups, according to their body weight loss during molt: Control group (unmolted quails), MC (induced by MC with 35% of BWL); MZ25 (induced by MZ with 25% of BWL); MZ35 (induced by MZ with 35% of BWL). Each treatment has 8 replicates with five birds each. The quails were evaluated for egg-laying production, egg weight, yolk and shell weight and their ratio. Between the second and fourth weeks of egg laying production, the MZ25 group had the best egg laying performance. There wasnt significant improvements for egg characteristics and feed conversion of molted quails compared to the ones of control group. The forced molt by zinc oxide was able just to improve, numerically, egg production during the first weeks when the quails were submitted to a 25% body weight loss.KEY WORDS: Coturnix japonica, eggs, fasting, forced molting, quail, zinc oxide.

O objetivo deste trabalho foi o de observar o desempenho produtivo obtido por codornas induzidas à muda pelo método alternativo do óxido de zinco (MZ) e método convencional ou do jejum (MC). Foram utilizadas 160 codornas japonesas, com 48 semanas de idade, para avaliação do desempenho, do percentual dos constituintes dos ovos, bem como da taxa de ovos viáveis, durante doze semanas. De acordo com o método utilizado, a fome forçada ou a anorexia parcial provocou perda de peso corporal (PPC) nas aves, sendo formados os seguintes grupos: Controle (codornas não tratadas); MC (indução pelo MC com PPC de 35%); MZ25 (indução pelo MZ com PPC de 25%); MZ35 (indução pelo MZ com PPC de 35%). Testou-se cada tratamento em oito repetições, contendo cinco aves, para avaliação do percentual de ovos produzidos, da conversão alimentar, do percentual de ovos viáveis, do peso do ovo, do percentual de gema e casca. Entre a segunda e a quarta semana de produção pós-muda, o grupo de aves submetidas ao tratamento MZ25 produziu mais ovos, em comparação com os demais tratamentos. Quanto aos resultados das características físicas dos ovos e conversão alimentar, não houve melhorias significativas nas codornas do grupo controle. A muda forçada por meio do óxido de zinco foi capaz de proporcionar apenas uma melhoria quantitativa de ovos nas primeiras semanas de produção de codornas submetidas a uma perda de

New method to improve performance of hens during forced molt / Novo método melhora o desempenho de poedeiras durante a fase de muda forçada

The objective of the work was to develop a method of forced molt (FM) with base in the good to be and in the maximum use of the eggs during the phase of alimentary restriction. 90 light and 90 semi-heavily hens of the lineage Lohmann with 70 weeks of age were used. The birds were selected by the weight and production of eggs and the experiment was developed in completely randomized design in factorial arrangment 3X2. The studied factors were: T1 = conventional FM of 12 days; T2 = FM + 15% of corn consumed in 120 g; and, T3 = T2 + doses of limestone daily rates, mixtures mineral and it mixes of vitamins fornished with base in the consumption of 120 g of ração/ave/dia. These factors were appraised in two lineages. feed consumption (FC), egg production (EP) and egg mass (EM) were better in T3. The lineage semi-heavily presented larger EP, EM, and had better egg-dozen feed conversion (EDC), but worse albumen height and Haugh unit in comparison with the light lineage. T3 improved EM feed conversion of the birds in relation to T2, while T3 improved specific gravity (SG) of the eggs of the birds semi-heavily in relation to T1 and T2. T3 improved GE of the eggs of the birds semi-heavily in comparison to light lineage. Keywords: Egg production, egg weight, Haugh unit, specific gravity

O objetivo do trabalho foi desenvolver um método de muda forçada (MF) com base no bem estar e no aproveitamento máximo dos ovos durante a fase de restrição alimentar. Foram utilizadas 90 poedeiras leves e 90 semipesadas da linhagem Lohmann com 70 semanas de idade. As aves foram selecionadas pelo peso e produção de ovos e o experimento foi desenvolvido num delineamento inteiramente ao acaso em esquema fatorial 3X2. Os fatores estudados foram: T1 = MF convencional de 12 dias; T2 = MF + 15% de milho consumido em 120 g; e, T3 = T2 + doses de diárias de calcário, misturas mineral e mistura vitamínica consumidas com base no consumo de 120 g de ração/ave/dia. Estes fatores foram avaliados em duas linhagens. O CR, PROD e MO foram melhores no T3. A linhagem semipesada apresentou maior PROD, MO, e teve melhor CDZ, mas pior altura de albúmen e unidade Haugh em comparação com a linhagem leve. O T3 melhorou a CMO das aves em relação ao T2, enquanto o T3 melhorou a GE dos ovos das aves semipesadas em relação aos T1 e T2. O T3 também melhorou a GE das aves semipesadas em relação às leves. Palavras-chave: Gravidade específica, peso dos ovos, produção de ovos, unidade Haugh

Evaluation of induced molting methods on the livability and reproductive system regression of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed at evaluating the alternative method of zinc oxide and fasting to induce molt in Japanese quails. A total number of 190 48-week-old quails was used. They were at end of laying cycle, and presented low egg production. Quails molted by zinc oxide (Z) were fed a diet containing 25,000 ppm of zinc oxide, and received water ad libitum. Quails treated by fasting (F) received no feed and a day of water restriction. The treatment period was determined by the experimental level of body weight loss (BWL). Birds were submitted to different levels of BWL in order to analyze reproductive system regression (ovary + oviduct), and livability. The following groups were established according to their BWL: Control (untreated quails); F25 (25% BWL by F); F35 (35% BWL by F); Z25 (25% BWL by Z), and Z35 (35% BWL by Z). Z25, Z35, and F35 presented no significant differences in reproductive system weights after molting; however, their weights were lower than F. Z, Z, and F presented the following livability: 97.5, 72.5, and 90%. Japanese quails treated by the alternative method of zinc oxide, presenting body weight loss of 25%, showed low mortality rate, and adequate regression of the reproductive organs.

Evaluation of induced molting methods on the livability and reproductive system regression of Japanese quails (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed at evaluating the alternative method of zinc oxide and fasting to induce molt in Japanese quails. A total number of 190 48-week-old quails was used. They were at end of laying cycle, and presented low egg production. Quails molted by zinc oxide (Z) were fed a diet containing 25,000 ppm of zinc oxide, and received water ad libitum. Quails treated by fasting (F) received no feed and a day of water restriction. The treatment period was determined by the experimental level of body weight loss (BWL). Birds were submitted to different levels of BWL in order to analyze reproductive system regression (ovary + oviduct), and livability. The following groups were established according to their BWL: Control (untreated quails); F25 (25% BWL by F); F35 (35% BWL by F); Z25 (25% BWL by Z), and Z35 (35% BWL by Z). Z25, Z35, and F35 presented no significant differences in reproductive system weights after molting; however, their weights were lower than F. Z, Z, and F presented the following livability: 97.5, 72.5, and 90%. Japanese quails treated by the alternative method of zinc oxide, presenting body weight loss of 25%, showed low mortality rate, and adequate regression of the reproductive organs.