Effect of Housing Design and Location on Production and Economic Performance of Broiler Chickens during Summer in Botswana

Botswana experiences long, hot summer periods which negatively affect broiler productivity and results in economic losses. To determine these negative effects, two parallel broiler production studies were conducted in the North eastern (NE) and South eastern (SE) regions. In each region, three large scale commercial broiler farms were randomly selected based on similarities in bird management and housing systems. In each farm, one house type (Gable, Hoop and See-saw) was selected for long term flock monitoring (1 to 35 days) over three production cycles. Results showed that the production performance of the broilers in the SE region was superior to that in the NE region, with temperatures on being average higher in the NE than in the SE. The European Production Efficiency Factor (EPEF) was significantly higher (p0.05) between the regions at 9.0% and 7.4% for the NE and SE, respectively. In the NE, the Gable structure had the highest profitability and economic efficiency and was thus superior in comparison to the other house structures.(AU)

Performance, Gut Integrity, Enterobacteria Content in Ceca of Broiler Fed Different Eubiotic Additives

An experiment was carried out to study the effect of different eubiotics on productive characteristics, intestinal integrity, as well as the content of enterobacteria in the cecum of broiler chickens. A completely randomized design with five treatments and 8 replicates of 25 birds each was used. In total 1000 mixed broiler chickens from Ross308 strain, one day old were obtained from a commercial hatchery. The birds were housed on concrete floors in a conventional house. A sorghum+soybean meal control diet was used, to which the additives under study were added. The treatments were distributed as follows: T1 = Control diet without antibiotic or eubiotic; T2 = T1 + bacteriophages; T3 = T1 + antibiotic; T4 = T1 + probiotic; T5 = T1 + symbiotic. The results obtained at 49 days of age for weight gain and feed conversion rate improved (p<0.05) with the addition of the antibiotic and eubiotics. A lower (p<0.05) intestinal density was observed with the probiotic. The height, width, and area of villi in duodenum was higher (p<0.05) when antibiotic and eubiotics were included. In the histological score, in duodenum, the antibiotic and eubiotics resulted with a higher score (p<0.05), associated to a physiological and controlled inflammation response that allowed improving productivity. Finally, the relative expression of enterobacteria, such as Lactobacillus salivarius, allowed associating positive changes in the microbiome and better productive parameters when including the symbiotic, with comparable results to the antibiotic when including the eubiotics.(AU)

Effect of a Feed Additive Based on Organic Acids and Tangerine Wort (Citrus reticulata) as Growth Promoter for Broiler Chickens

Feed additive alternatives to antibiotics, such as organic acids, and substances rich in polyphenols, such as tangerine wort, can promote improved intestinal health in broilers by modulating the microbial population and improving nutrient utilization. In this work, a product which combines organic acids (fumaric acid 0.5%, lactic acid 5.13%, citric acid 5.44% and ascorbic acid 1.2%) and tangerine wort (Citrus reticulata) 8.36% was studied. To determine the effect and the most appropriate level of inclusion of product in the diet of broilers, an experiment was carried out with 1400-day-old male chicks, in a conventional poultry house, evaluating the performance until 42 days of age. The birds were housed in RCB design with 5 treatments and 7 replicates of 40 birds each, and the diets with the additive inclusions were evaluated: A250 (250 mg/kg), A500 (500 mg/kg), A1000 (1000 mg/kg), a negative control (NC, not supplemented), and a positive control (PC, 10 mg/kg of enramycin). The diets were formulated based on corn and soybean meal, containing added phytase and without anticoccidial; the additives replaced an inert in the basal diet. Performance characteristics, microbiota count, morphometry and jejunum morphology were evaluated. Considering the overall experimental period, the inclusion of the alternative additive based on organic acids and tangerine wort at different levels (250, 500 and 1000 mg/kg) did not result in difference from the negative control diet or the positive control with the inclusion of the antibiotic enramycin for performance traits (p>0.05), as well as for the microbiota count, morphology, jejunal morphometry and viability. Considering the period of 29-35 days alone, treatment with 500 mg/kg of alternative additive improved weight gain and feed intake of the chickens (p<0.05), but had no effect on feed conversion.(AU)

Venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps attenuates inflammatory pain in mouse cutaneous wound healing model

Arthropod venoms are potential sources of bioactive substances, providing tools for the validation of popular use and new drugs design. Ants belonging to the genus Dinoponera are used in the folk medicine to treat inflammatory conditions. It was previously demonstrated that the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps (DqV), containing a mixture of polypeptides, elicit antinociceptive effect in mice models of chemical, mechanical and thermal nociception. The aim of this study was to evaluate DqV antiinflammatory and antihypernociceptive effects in a mice model of traumatic cutaneous wound. Colonies of D. quadriceps were collected in the 'Serra de Maranguape' (State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil), a small mountain range located on the coastal zone, and the venom secreted by the ant glands was extracted with capillary tubes, further lyophilized and maintained at -20 ± 1ºC until use. Wounds were performed in the dorsum of Swiss mice. Animals received intravenous (i.v.) injection of DqV (50 µg kg-1 day-1) during 3 days for evaluation of inflammatory parameters present in the wounds: hypernociception, leukocyte infiltrate, myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite/nitrate content. Data was tested by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni's post-hoc test. DqV reduced (2.7 folds) hypernociception at 48 hours, leukocyte infiltration by 65% at 6 hours and myeloperoxidase activity by 60% at 0.5 hour after wound induction. In conclusion, the venom extracted from D. quadriceps glands attenuates inflammation and hypernociception in mice cutaneous wounds.(AU)

Ammonia levels during broiler rearing cycle

The evaluated ammonia volatilization rates and its association with humidity, temperature, and pH in broiler litter in conventional and dark house rearing systems. Evaluations were performed at 0.01, 1.00, and 1.50 m high, using a completely randomized design, at a weekly frequency for 12 weeks­from the sanitary void to the end of the 42-day cycle. Litter temperature had no significant difference for different types of house. Humidity and pH levels varied according to houses and evaluation periods. No ammonia volatilization was detected during initial periods. However, up from the 21st day of rearing, rates started to increase, showing higher concentrations at 0.01 m height. At 1.00 and 1.50 m, values around 20 mL·m­3, were obtained and considered an acceptable exposure level for the broilers and employees directly working in this sector. Yet, broiler breeders should target lower levels due to environmental impacts.

Inclusion of residue meat flour in growing pigs diet (30-50 kg) / Inclusão de resíduo de farinha de carne em dietas para suínos em crescimento (30-50 kg)

A study was carried out to evaluate the inclusion of increasing levels of a residue from the rendering plant after obtaining meat and bone meal for growing pigs on performance, carcass characteristics, incidence of diarrhea and economic viability of the diets. Forty-eight pigs were allotted in a completely randomized design with four treatments (0, 2, 4 and 6% of residue inclusion), six replicates and two animals per experimental unit (barrows and females) with 30 ± 0.662 kg of initial weight in a 24-day trial period. Statistical assumptions of normality and homogeneity were verified using Shapiro-Wilk and Barllet tests, respectively, at 5% probability. The assumptions were met and the data were subjected to analysis of variance at 5% significance. The performance variables, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence did not show significant differences (P<0.05) between the levels of inclusion of residue in the diet. The residue can be used up to 6% in the feed without affecting performance, carcass characteristics and diarrhea incidence in growing pigs, however, the inclusion of 4% of the residue presents greater economic viability.

Foi conduzido um trabalho para avaliar a inclusão de níveis crescentes de um resíduo, proveniente da graxaria, após a obtenção de farinha de carne e ossos de abatedouro de bovinos, para suínos em fase de crescimento sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça, incidência de diarreia e viabilidade econômica das dietas. Foram utilizados 48 suínos, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso com 4 tratamentos (0, 2, 4 e 6% de inclusão do resíduo), seis repetições e dois animais por unidade experimental (machos castrados e fêmeas) com 30 ± 0,662 kg de peso inicial em período experimental de 24 dias. Foram verificadas as pressuposições estatísticas de normalidade por meio do teste de Shapiro-Wilk e homogeneidade pelo teste de Barllet a 5% de probabilidade. As pressuposições foram atendidas e os dados foram submetidos a análise de variância e teste F a 5% de significância. As variáveis de desempenho, características de carcaça e incidência de diarreia não apresentaram diferenças significativas (P<0,05) entre os níveis inclusão do resíduo na ração. O resíduo pode ser utilizado em até 6% na ração sem afetar o desempenho, as características de carcaça e causar diarreia em suínos em fase de crescimento, no entanto, a inclusão de 4% do resíduo apresenta maior viabilidade econômica.

Evaluation of the Ingestive Behavior of Foreign Fragments and the Integrity of Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens

Fragments with vibrant colors and attractive textures in poultry house litter may be consumed considering that the confinement environment does not offer many opportunities for the development of the birdss natural behavior. Control and quality programs aiming to reduce and to eliminate the consumption of materials from the construction of sheds have been implanted. However, it is necessary to develop studies for a better understanding of the birds ingestive behavior and the consequences for their health, welfare and productivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of broilers exposed to metal, wood, glass and plastic fragments at different concentrations and sizes added to the poultry house litter and the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. A total of 360 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design over a 2x3 factorial scheme (2 fragment sizes: 2 to 7 mm and 5 to 8 mm and 3 concentrations: 0.1, 0.5 and 1%), totaling 6 treatments and 5 replicates. The fragments used were glass, wood, metal and plastic, in respective concentrations and sizes, distributed in the poultry house litter. The supply of fragments or the accidental occurrence of similar fragments to which were analyzed in this study concerning the poultry house litter, with different sizes, colors and textures does not compromise the integrity of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and the welfare of the birds.(AU)

Evaluation of the Ingestive Behavior of Foreign Fragments and the Integrity of Gastrointestinal Tract of Broiler Chickens

Fragments with vibrant colors and attractive textures in poultry house litter may be consumed considering that the confinement environment does not offer many opportunities for the development of the birds’s natural behavior. Control and quality programs aiming to reduce and to eliminate the consumption of materials from the construction of sheds have been implanted. However, it is necessary to develop studies for a better understanding of the bird’s ingestive behavior and the consequences for their health, welfare and productivity. The goal of this study was to evaluate the ingestive behavior of broilers exposed to metal, wood, glass and plastic fragments at different concentrations and sizes added to the poultry house litter and the integrity of the gastrointestinal tract of broilers. A total of 360 birds were distributed in a completely randomized design over a 2x3 factorial scheme (2 fragment sizes: 2 to 7 mm and 5 to 8 mm and 3 concentrations: 0.1, 0.5 and 1%), totaling 6 treatments and 5 replicates. The fragments used were glass, wood, metal and plastic, in respective concentrations and sizes, distributed in the poultry house litter. The supply of fragments or the accidental occurrence of similar fragments to which were analyzed in this study concerning the poultry house litter, with different sizes, colors and textures does not compromise the integrity of the mucosa of the gastrointestinal tract and the welfare of the birds.

Evaluation of eggplant and gilo genotypes and interspecific hybrids as to root-knot nematode resistance / Avaliação de genótipos de berinjela e jiló e híbridos interespecíficos quanto a resistência a nematoides das galhas

No Brasil, as culturas da berinjela e do jiló são importantes para a economia de pequenas propriedades localizadas principalmente nos estados do Sudeste, bem como de outras regiões, com expressivo volume de produção o ano todo nos mercados atacadistas locais. No entanto, essas espécies são muito suscetíveis aos nematoides das galhas e há poucas ou quase nenhuma fonte conhecida de resistência. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi buscar fontes de resistência aos nematoides das galhas em genótipos de berinjela e jiló; bem como em híbridos interespecíficos para uso como porta-enxertos. Foram realizados três experimentos: no primeiro, realizado em 2013,foram avaliados 10 acessos experimentais de berinjela, um híbrido entre berinjela e jiló, e um híbrido de Solanum stramonifolium com berinjela para a reação ao Meloidogyne enterolobii. No segundo, em 2016, foram avaliados 20 acessos experimentais de jiló, para a reação ao M. incognita, M. javanica eM. enterolobii. E no terceiro, em 2017, foram avaliados um acesso e dois híbridos experimentais de berinjela, e um híbrido de Solanum scuticum com berinjela, para a reação ao M. incognita, e M. enterolobii. Ambos ensaios foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, e caracteres relacionados à infeção das raízes pelos nematoides foram avaliados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, sendo a unidade experimental uma planta cultivada em um vaso contendo 1,5 L de substrato inoculado com cada espécie de nematoide. Foi verificado que: 1-todos os acessos avaliados de berinjela foram suscetíveis ao M. incognitae ao M. enterolobii, no entanto, o acesso BER 3150 apresentou menor grau de suscetibilidade ao M. incognita. 2-os genótipos de jiló CNPH 056, CNPH 070, CNPH 220 e CNPH 363 apresentaram melhor resposta a M. incógnita e M. javanicado que o padrão de suscetibilidade, o tomateiro ‘Rutgers’. 3-os acessos de jiló CNPH 070, CNPH 219 e CNPH 387, apresentaram resposta melhor ou equivalente ao tomateiro resistente ‘Nemadoro’ para M. enterolobii. 4-o híbrido interespecífico BER EG203 x S. scuticum, pode ser recomendado como porta-enxerto para materiais de berinjela muito suscetíveis ao M. incognita; bem como a solanacea silvestre S. stramonifoliumvar. inerme para o M. enterolobii.

In Brazil, eggplant and gilo are important for the economy of small-scale farms located mainly in the southeast states and other regions, with a significant production volume year-round in the wholesale local markets. However, these species are very susceptible to root-knot nematodes, and there are few or almost none known sources of resistance. The objective of this studywas to prospect sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes in eggplant, scarlet eggplant (gilo), as well in interspecific hybrids between these species and with wildSolanumspecies, to be used as rootstocks. In the first experiment, in 2013,10 eggplant accessions, a hybrid between eggplant and gilo, and a Solanum stramonifolium x eggplant hybrid, were evalu41atedfor their reaction to Meloidogyne enterolobii. In the second, in 2016, 20 accessions of gilo were evaluated for their reaction to M. incognita, M. javanica,and M. enterolobii.. And in the third experiment, in 2017,one access and two experimental eggplant hybrids, and one Solanum scuticumx eggplant hybrid, were evaluated for their reaction to M. incognita, and M. enterolobii. All the trials were stablished in a green house, and characters related to root infection were evaluated in a completely randomized design with six replications of one plant per pot, using a 1.5 L pots filled with a mixed substrate inoculated with each nematode species. It was found that all eggplant accessions were susceptible to M. incognita and M. enterolobii, however, BER 3150 presented lower susceptibility to M. incognita. The gilogeno types CNPH 056, CNPH 070, CNPH 220,and CNPH 363 shown better response to M. incognita and M. javanica than the susceptibility pattern, the tomato 'Rutgers'. Other gilo accessions CNPH 070, CNPH 219,and CNPH 387 showed better or equivalent response thanthe resistant tomato 'Nemadoro' for M. enterolobii.4-the BER EG203 x S. scuticuminterspecific hybrid can be recommended as a rootstock for eggplant susceptible to M. incognita, as well the wild S. stramonifolium var. inerme species for M. enterolobii.

Evaluation of eggplant and gilo genotypes and interspecific hybrids as to root-knot nematode resistance / Avaliação de genótipos de berinjela e jiló e híbridos interespecíficos quanto a resistência a nematoides das galhas

No Brasil, as culturas da berinjela e do jiló são importantes para a economia de pequenas propriedades localizadas principalmente nos estados do Sudeste, bem como de outras regiões, com expressivo volume de produção o ano todo nos mercados atacadistas locais. No entanto, essas espécies são muito suscetíveis aos nematoides das galhas e há poucas ou quase nenhuma fonte conhecida de resistência. Desta forma, o objetivo do presente estudo foi buscar fontes de resistência aos nematoides das galhas em genótipos de berinjela e jiló; bem como em híbridos interespecíficos para uso como porta-enxertos. Foram realizados três experimentos: no primeiro, realizado em 2013,foram avaliados 10 acessos experimentais de berinjela, um híbrido entre berinjela e jiló, e um híbrido de Solanum stramonifolium com berinjela para a reação ao Meloidogyne enterolobii. No segundo, em 2016, foram avaliados 20 acessos experimentais de jiló, para a reação ao M. incognita, M. javanica eM. enterolobii. E no terceiro, em 2017, foram avaliados um acesso e dois híbridos experimentais de berinjela, e um híbrido de Solanum scuticum com berinjela, para a reação ao M. incognita, e M. enterolobii. Ambos ensaios foram conduzidos em casa de vegetação, e caracteres relacionados à infeção das raízes pelos nematoides foram avaliados em delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com seis repetições, sendo a unidade experimental uma planta cultivada em um vaso contendo 1,5 L de substrato inoculado com cada espécie de nematoide. Foi verificado que: 1-todos os acessos avaliados de berinjela foram suscetíveis ao M. incognitae ao M. enterolobii, no entanto, o acesso BER 3150 apresentou menor grau de suscetibilidade ao M. incognita. 2-os genótipos de jiló CNPH 056, CNPH 070, CNPH 220 e CNPH 363 apresentaram melhor resposta a M. incógnita e M. javanicado que o padrão de suscetibilidade, o tomateiro ‘Rutgers. 3-os acessos de jiló CNPH 070, CNPH 219 e CNPH 387, apresentaram resposta melhor ou equivalente ao tomateiro resistente ‘Nemadoro para M. enterolobii. 4-o híbrido interespecífico BER EG203 x S. scuticum, pode ser recomendado como porta-enxerto para materiais de berinjela muito suscetíveis ao M. incognita; bem como a solanacea silvestre S. stramonifoliumvar. inerme para o M. enterolobii.(AU)

In Brazil, eggplant and gilo are important for the economy of small-scale farms located mainly in the southeast states and other regions, with a significant production volume year-round in the wholesale local markets. However, these species are very susceptible to root-knot nematodes, and there are few or almost none known sources of resistance. The objective of this studywas to prospect sources of resistance to root-knot nematodes in eggplant, scarlet eggplant (gilo), as well in interspecific hybrids between these species and with wildSolanumspecies, to be used as rootstocks. In the first experiment, in 2013,10 eggplant accessions, a hybrid between eggplant and gilo, and a Solanum stramonifolium x eggplant hybrid, were evalu41atedfor their reaction to Meloidogyne enterolobii. In the second, in 2016, 20 accessions of gilo were evaluated for their reaction to M. incognita, M. javanica,and M. enterolobii.. And in the third experiment, in 2017,one access and two experimental eggplant hybrids, and one Solanum scuticumx eggplant hybrid, were evaluated for their reaction to M. incognita, and M. enterolobii. All the trials were stablished in a green house, and characters related to root infection were evaluated in a completely randomized design with six replications of one plant per pot, using a 1.5 L pots filled with a mixed substrate inoculated with each nematode species. It was found that all eggplant accessions were susceptible to M. incognita and M. enterolobii, however, BER 3150 presented lower susceptibility to M. incognita. The gilogeno types CNPH 056, CNPH 070, CNPH 220,and CNPH 363 shown better response to M. incognita and M. javanica than the susceptibility pattern, the tomato 'Rutgers'. Other gilo accessions CNPH 070, CNPH 219,and CNPH 387 showed better or equivalent response thanthe resistant tomato 'Nemadoro' for M. enterolobii.4-the BER EG203 x S. scuticuminterspecific hybrid can be recommended as a rootstock for eggplant susceptible to M. incognita, as well the wild S. stramonifolium var. inerme species for M. enterolobii.(AU)

Venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps attenuates inflammatory pain in mouse cutaneous wound healing model

Arthropod venoms are potential sources of bioactive substances, providing tools for the validation of popular use and new drugs design. Ants belonging to the genus Dinoponera are used in the folk medicine to treat inflammatory conditions. It was previously demonstrated that the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps (DqV), containing a mixture of polypeptides, elicit antinociceptive effect in mice models of chemical, mechanical and thermal nociception. The aim of this study was to evaluate DqV antiinflammatory and antihypernociceptive effects in a mice model of traumatic cutaneous wound. Colonies of D. quadriceps were collected in the ‘‘Serra de Maranguape’’ (State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil), a small mountain range located on the coastal zone, and the venom secreted by the ant glands was extracted with capillary tubes, further lyophilized and maintained at -20 ± 1ºC until use. Wounds were performed in the dorsum of Swiss mice. Animals received intravenous (i.v.) injection of DqV (50 µg -1kg day-1) during 3 days for evaluation of inflammatory parameters present in the wounds: hypernociception, leukocyte infiltrate, myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite nitrate-1 content. Data was tested by two-way ANOVA and Bonferroni’s post-hoc test. DqV reduced (2.7 folds) hypernociception at 48 hours, leukocyte infiltration by 65% at 6 hours and myeloperoxidase activity by 60% at 0.5 hour after wound induction. In conclusion, the venom extracted from D. quadriceps glands attenuates inflammation and hypernociception in mice cutaneous wounds.

Venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps attenuates inflammatory pain in mouse cutaneous wound healing model

Arthropod venoms are potential sources of bioactive substances, providing tools for the validation of popular use and new drugs design. Ants belonging to the genus Dinoponera are used in the folk medicine to treat inflammatory conditions. It was previously demonstrated that the venom of the giant ant Dinoponera quadriceps (DqV), containing a mixture of polypeptides, elicit antinociceptive effect in mice models of chemical, mechanical and thermal nociception. The aim of this study was to evaluate DqV antiinflammatory and antihypernociceptive effects in a mice model of traumatic cutaneous wound. Colonies of D. quadriceps were collected in the ‘‘Serra de Maranguape (State of Ceará, northeastern Brazil), a small mountain range located on the coastal zone, and the venom secreted by the ant glands was extracted with capillary tubes, further lyophilized and maintained at -20 ± 1ºC until use. Wounds were performed in the dorsum of Swiss mice. Animals received intravenous (i.v.) injection of DqV (50 µg -1kg day-1) during 3 days for evaluation of inflammatory parameters present in the wounds: hypernociception, leukocyte infiltrate, myeloperoxidase activity, nitrite nitrate-1 content. Data was tested by two-way ANOVA and Bonferronis post-hoc test. DqV reduced (2.7 folds) hypernociception at 48 hours, leukocyte infiltration by 65% at 6 hours and myeloperoxidase activity by 60% at 0.5 hour after wound induction. In conclusion, the venom extracted from D. quadriceps glands attenuates inflammation and hypernociception in mice cutaneous wounds.(AU)

Protocolo de vocalização ultrassônica em camundongos: uma ferramenta para avaliação do comportamento social / Ultrasonic vocalization protocol in mice: a tool for assessing social behavior

O estudo de desarranjos do neurodesenvolvimento, sejam estes herdados ou adquiridos, necessita da integração cada vez mais aprofundada entre pesquisa básica e abordagem clínica. Apesar da análise do comportamental humano ser essencial para caracterizar e motivar a inovação científica nas várias condições clínicas e/ ou de disfunção social, os estudos comportamentais bem controlados utilizando modelos animais favorecem a ponte do conhecimento entre o laboratório e o clínico populacional. No comportamento social fino e adaptado às espécies animais de experimentação científica, estudos de comunicação ultrassônica em camundongos vem sendo de extrema importância para esclarecimento de achados comportamentais de linguagem em correspondentes em condições humanas. O presente estudo busca consolidar um paradigma de investigação comportamental em linguagem utilizando um modelo murino de linhagem selvagem C57/BL6 no contexto de vocalização ultrassônica na separação materna estabelecida em filhotes pré-adolescentes. Além da determinação e aplicação do protocolo experimental aqui relatado, os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças nas idades analisadas e corroboram com os dados descritos em literatura uma vez que ocorreu uma inclinação para comunicação de baixa complexidade.

Neurodevelopmental disorders can be inherited or acquired and requires deeper integration between basic and clinical research. The access and analysis of human behavior patterns are essential to push for scientific innovation in various clinical conditions and/or social dysfunction, but clinical and psychological approach can be challenging to achieve in these conditions. Thus, behavioral studies using animal models in experimental settings favor and advance the understanding of neurodevelopmental disarrangements in human population. In this regard, social behavior testing in fine and elaborate cognitive skills such as ultrasonic vocalization in mice have been extremely important to study behavioral findings of language dysfunction in human condition. Therefore, the present study seeks to consolidate a behavioral investigation paradigm in language using a murine model of wild line C57/BL6 in the context of ultrasonic vocalization in the maternal separation established in pre-adolescent subjects. Besides the establishment and application of the experimental design reported here, the results showed a trend for low complexity communication manifested by the pre-adolescent offspring with no differences regarding age or sex in tested animals.

Protocolo de vocalização ultrassônica em camundongos: uma ferramenta para avaliação do comportamento social / Ultrasonic vocalization protocol in mice: a tool for assessing social behavior

O estudo de desarranjos do neurodesenvolvimento, sejam estes herdados ou adquiridos, necessita da integração cada vez mais aprofundada entre pesquisa básica e abordagem clínica. Apesar da análise do comportamental humano ser essencial para caracterizar e motivar a inovação científica nas várias condições clínicas e/ ou de disfunção social, os estudos comportamentais bem controlados utilizando modelos animais favorecem a ponte do conhecimento entre o laboratório e o clínico populacional. No comportamento social fino e adaptado às espécies animais de experimentação científica, estudos de comunicação ultrassônica em camundongos vem sendo de extrema importância para esclarecimento de achados comportamentais de linguagem em correspondentes em condições humanas. O presente estudo busca consolidar um paradigma de investigação comportamental em linguagem utilizando um modelo murino de linhagem selvagem C57/BL6 no contexto de vocalização ultrassônica na separação materna estabelecida em filhotes pré-adolescentes. Além da determinação e aplicação do protocolo experimental aqui relatado, os resultados demonstraram que não houve diferenças nas idades analisadas e corroboram com os dados descritos em literatura uma vez que ocorreu uma inclinação para comunicação de baixa complexidade.(AU)

Neurodevelopmental disorders can be inherited or acquired and requires deeper integration between basic and clinical research. The access and analysis of human behavior patterns are essential to push for scientific innovation in various clinical conditions and/or social dysfunction, but clinical and psychological approach can be challenging to achieve in these conditions. Thus, behavioral studies using animal models in experimental settings favor and advance the understanding of neurodevelopmental disarrangements in human population. In this regard, social behavior testing in fine and elaborate cognitive skills such as ultrasonic vocalization in mice have been extremely important to study behavioral findings of language dysfunction in human condition. Therefore, the present study seeks to consolidate a behavioral investigation paradigm in language using a murine model of wild line C57/BL6 in the context of ultrasonic vocalization in the maternal separation established in pre-adolescent subjects. Besides the establishment and application of the experimental design reported here, the results showed a trend for low complexity communication manifested by the pre-adolescent offspring with no differences regarding age or sex in tested animals.(AU)

Lesions of the sheep reproductive system found in a slaughterhouse in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Lesões do sistema reprodutor em ovelhas de abatedouros frigoríficos no estado da Bahia

The present study aimed to evaluate and diagnose pathologies of the reproductive system of slaughtered sheep in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia since there are few data on the subject as well as it is important to note the diagnosis of these diseases to apply appropriate control and prophylaxis measures. The research was carried out in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia according to the "Serviço de Inspeção Federal" and "Serviço de Inspeção Estadual" for sheep slaughter. From July 2018 to February 2019, visits and monitoring of 1,072 slaughtered sheep were carried out. The animals came from 22 municipalities in the state of Bahia, aged from six to 18 months. During slaughter, the sheep reproductive systems were sectioned for evisceration and lesion collection. Additionally, epidemiological surveys related to origin, age, and race were obtained. For bacteriological examination, collections were performed with sterile scalpel slides and swabs in Stuart medium sterile tubes and refrigerated in a thermal box. For histopathological analysis, fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and routinely processed for histology, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). A study of the sheep's main pathological changes in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia was carried out, in which 1.072 genital systems were evaluated, and 211 alterations were identified. The most affected reproductive organs were the ovaries (65.3%), followed by the uterus (29.4%) and uterine tubes (5.3%). In the ovaries, the most frequent lesion was a follicular cyst (34.1%); in the fallopian tubes, the cysts represented 3.3% of the lesions, and in the womb, endometritis was observed in 9% of the animals. Other pathologies identified in the ovaries were: luteinized cyst (2.3%); cystic granulosa cell tumor (0.5%); benign lesion (0.5%); agenesis unilateral (0.5%), in addition to other changes of little clinical significance, such as corpus luteum cysts (11.8%) and paraovarian cysts (15.6%). In the fallopian tubes, hydrosalpinx was observed (1%), as well as adenoma (0.5%), agenesis (0.5%), and cysts (3.3%). Uterine lesions included hydrometra (2.3%); Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH), abscess, and pyometra (1.4% each); adenomyosis, womb sera petechiae, and total segmental aplasia (1% each); two pregnant uterus, in early pregnancy, presented pyometra (0.9%), however, no change was observed in the fetuses; and uterine polyp (0.5%). Ectopic pregnancy with fetal maceration (0.5%) was observed; vaginitis occurred in 0.5% of the animals, and endometrial melanosis in 8.5%. The high incidence of follicular cysts and endometritis are characterized as diseases that reduce the reproductive efficiency in herds, causing infertility and economic losses in production.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e diagnosticar alterações do sistema reprodutor de ovelhas abatidas em abatedouros frigoríficos no estado da Bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada em abatedouros frigoríficos do estado da Bahia com Serviços de Inspeção Federal e Estadual no abate de ovinos. No período de julho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019 foram realizadas visitas e acompanhamento do abate de 1.072 ovelhas. Os animais eram provenientes de 22 municípios do estado da Bahia, com idade entre 6 a 18 meses. Durante o abate, na evisceração foram seccionados os sistemas reprodutores das ovelhas para avaliação e coleta das lesões. Adicionalmente foram obtidos inquéritos epidemiológicos relacionados à procedência, idade e raça. Para o exame bacteriológico, as coletas foram realizadas com lâminas de bisturi estéreis e swabs em tubos estéreis com meio Stuart e refrigeradas em caixa térmica. Para análise histopatológica, os fragmentos foram fixados em formol a 10% e processados de forma rotineira para histologia e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina (HE). Entre 1.072 sistemas genitais avaliados, identificou-se 211 alterações. Os órgãos do sistema reprodutor mais acometidos foram os ovários (65,3%), útero (29,4%) e tubas uterinas (5,3%). Nos ovários, a lesão mais frequente foi o cisto folicular (34,1%); no útero a endometrite (9%) e nas tubas uterinas, os cistos representaram (3,3%). Outras lesões identificadas nos ovários foram: cisto luteinizado (2,3%); tumor de células da granulosa (0,5%); adenoma (0,5%); agenesia unilateral (0,5%), além de outras alterações de pouco significado clínico, como cistos paraovarianos (15,6%) e corpo lúteo cístico (11,8%). Nas tubas uterinas observou-se, além dos cistos tubo-ovarianos (3,3%), hidrossalpinge (1%), adenoma (0,5%) e agenesia (0,5%). As lesões uterinas foram endometrite (9%), hidrometra (2,3%); hiperplasia endometrial cística, abscesso e piometra (1,4% cada); adenomiose, petéquias na serosa do útero e aplasia segmentar (1% cada); dois úteros gravídicos, em início de gestação, apresentaram piometra (0,9%), porém os fetos não apresentaram alterações; e pólipo uterino (0,5%). Observou-se uma gestação ectópica com maceração fetal (0,5%); a vaginite ocorreu em 0,5%, e melanose endometrial em 8,5%. Destaca-se a elevada incidência de cistos foliculares e endometrite que são doenças que reduzem a eficiência reprodutiva dos rebanhos, provocando infertilidade e perdas econômicas na produção.(AU)

Lesions of the sheep reproductive system found in a slaughterhouse in the state of Bahia, Brazil / Lesões do sistema reprodutor em ovelhas de abatedouros frigoríficos no estado da Bahia

The present study aimed to evaluate and diagnose pathologies of the reproductive system of slaughtered sheep in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia since there are few data on the subject as well as it is important to note the diagnosis of these diseases to apply appropriate control and prophylaxis measures. The research was carried out in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia according to the "Serviço de Inspeção Federal" and "Serviço de Inspeção Estadual" for sheep slaughter. From July 2018 to February 2019, visits and monitoring of 1,072 slaughtered sheep were carried out. The animals came from 22 municipalities in the state of Bahia, aged from six to 18 months. During slaughter, the sheep reproductive systems were sectioned for evisceration and lesion collection. Additionally, epidemiological surveys related to origin, age, and race were obtained. For bacteriological examination, collections were performed with sterile scalpel slides and swabs in Stuart medium sterile tubes and refrigerated in a thermal box. For histopathological analysis, fragments were fixed in 10% formaldehyde and routinely processed for histology, stained with Hematoxylin and Eosin (HE). A study of the sheep's main pathological changes in slaughterhouses in the state of Bahia was carried out, in which 1.072 genital systems were evaluated, and 211 alterations were identified. The most affected reproductive organs were the ovaries (65.3%), followed by the uterus (29.4%) and uterine tubes (5.3%). In the ovaries, the most frequent lesion was a follicular cyst (34.1%); in the fallopian tubes, the cysts represented 3.3% of the lesions, and in the womb, endometritis was observed in 9% of the animals. Other pathologies identified in the ovaries were: luteinized cyst (2.3%); cystic granulosa cell tumor (0.5%); benign lesion (0.5%); agenesis unilateral (0.5%), in addition to other changes of little clinical significance, such as corpus luteum cysts (11.8%) and paraovarian cysts (15.6%). In the fallopian tubes, hydrosalpinx was observed (1%), as well as adenoma (0.5%), agenesis (0.5%), and cysts (3.3%). Uterine lesions included hydrometra (2.3%); Cystic Endometrial Hyperplasia (CEH), abscess, and pyometra (1.4% each); adenomyosis, womb sera petechiae, and total segmental aplasia (1% each); two pregnant uterus, in early pregnancy, presented pyometra (0.9%), however, no change was observed in the fetuses; and uterine polyp (0.5%). Ectopic pregnancy with fetal maceration (0.5%) was observed; vaginitis occurred in 0.5% of the animals, and endometrial melanosis in 8.5%. The high incidence of follicular cysts and endometritis are characterized as diseases that reduce the reproductive efficiency in herds, causing infertility and economic losses in production.(AU)

O objetivo do presente trabalho foi avaliar e diagnosticar alterações do sistema reprodutor de ovelhas abatidas em abatedouros frigoríficos no estado da Bahia. A pesquisa foi realizada em abatedouros frigoríficos do estado da Bahia com Serviços de Inspeção Federal e Estadual no abate de ovinos. No período de julho de 2018 a fevereiro de 2019 foram realizadas visitas e acompanhamento do abate de 1.072 ovelhas. Os animais eram provenientes de 22 municípios do estado da Bahia, com idade entre 6 a 18 meses. Durante o abate, na evisceração foram seccionados os sistemas reprodutores das ovelhas para avaliação e coleta das lesões. Adicionalmente foram obtidos inquéritos epidemiológicos relacionados à procedência, idade e raça. Para o exame bacteriológico, as coletas foram realizadas com lâminas de bisturi estéreis e swabs em tubos estéreis com meio Stuart e refrigeradas em caixa térmica. Para análise histopatológica, os fragmentos foram fixados em formol a 10% e processados de forma rotineira para histologia e corados pela hematoxilina e eosina (HE). Entre 1.072 sistemas genitais avaliados, identificou-se 211 alterações. Os órgãos do sistema reprodutor mais acometidos foram os ovários (65,3%), útero (29,4%) e tubas uterinas (5,3%). Nos ovários, a lesão mais frequente foi o cisto folicular (34,1%); no útero a endometrite (9%) e nas tubas uterinas, os cistos representaram (3,3%). Outras lesões identificadas nos ovários foram: cisto luteinizado (2,3%); tumor de células da granulosa (0,5%); adenoma (0,5%); agenesia unilateral (0,5%), além de outras alterações de pouco significado clínico, como cistos paraovarianos (15,6%) e corpo lúteo cístico (11,8%). Nas tubas uterinas observou-se, além dos cistos tubo-ovarianos (3,3%), hidrossalpinge (1%), adenoma (0,5%) e agenesia (0,5%). As lesões uterinas foram endometrite (9%), hidrometra (2,3%); hiperplasia endometrial cística, abscesso e piometra (1,4% cada); adenomiose, petéquias na serosa do útero e aplasia segmentar (1% cada); dois úteros gravídicos, em início de gestação, apresentaram piometra (0,9%), porém os fetos não apresentaram alterações; e pólipo uterino (0,5%). Observou-se uma gestação ectópica com maceração fetal (0,5%); a vaginite ocorreu em 0,5%, e melanose endometrial em 8,5%. Destaca-se a elevada incidência de cistos foliculares e endometrite que são doenças que reduzem a eficiência reprodutiva dos rebanhos, provocando infertilidade e perdas econômicas na produção.(AU)

Adoção de biotecnologias para revegetação mais eficiente por feijão-de-porco e crotalária em rejeito de minério de ferro / Adoption of biotechnologies for more efficient revegetation by jack beans and crotalaria in ironore tailings

Muitas vezes impossibilitadas de regeneração natural, áreas degradadas por rejeito de minério devem seguir medidas visando sua recuperação ambiental, como a revegetação por espécies corretas, cujo resultado pode ainda ser potencializado pelo uso de bioestimulantes, contribuindo para melhorias da fertilidade do solo através de uma adubação verde eficiente, favorecendo o aumento da produção de biomassa vegetal e logo a ciclagem de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de matéria seca, acúmulo e índices de exportação de nutrientes por plantas de feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) e Crotalaria juncea cv. IAC-KR-1 em função da aplicação de substâncias húmicas e bactérias diazotróficas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando-se rejeito de minério de ferro como substrato. Foi empregado um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (4x3x2) com quatro repetições, sendo quatro doses de substâncias húmicas, aplicadas em 3 diferentes épocas, com ou sem inoculação de bactérias diazotróficas. O fornecimento de substâncias húmicas e principalmente a inoculação em ambas espécies aumentaram a produção de matéria seca, atingindo 70% do incremento médio no feijão-de-porco. A inoculação em plantas de feijão-de-porco aumentou a absorção e fator de transferência de Fe e P, e reduziu o fator de transferência de K, Ca e Mg, e nas plantas de...

Many times prevented from natural regeneration, areas degraded by ore tailings must follow measures aimed at their environmental recovery, such as revegetation by correct species, whose result can still be enhanced by the use of bio-stimulants, contributing to improvements in soil fertility through efficient green manure, favoring increased production of plant biomass and then the cycling of nutrients in the soil-plant system. The objective was to evaluate the dry matter production, accumulation and nutrient export rates by pig bean plants (Canavalia ensiformis) and Crotalaria juncea cv. IAC-KR-1 as a function of the application of humic substances and diazotrophic bacteria. The experiment was conducted in a green house using iron ore tailings as substrate. An experimental design of random blocks (4x3x2) was used with four repetitions, four doses of humic substances, applied at 3 different times, with or without inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria. The supply of humic substances and mainly the inoculation in both species increased the dry matter production, reaching 70% of the average increase in pig beans. Inoculation in pig bean plants increased the absorption and transfer factor of Fe and P, and reduced the transfer factor of K, Ca and Mg, and in crotalaria plants increased the absorption of Mg, P and Mn, and reduced the absorption of Fe. The high content of Fe in mining...

Adoção de biotecnologias para revegetação mais eficiente por feijão-de-porco e crotalária em rejeito de minério de ferro / Adoption of biotechnologies for more efficient revegetation by jack beans and crotalaria in ironore tailings

Muitas vezes impossibilitadas de regeneração natural, áreas degradadas por rejeito de minério devem seguir medidas visando sua recuperação ambiental, como a revegetação por espécies corretas, cujo resultado pode ainda ser potencializado pelo uso de bioestimulantes, contribuindo para melhorias da fertilidade do solo através de uma adubação verde eficiente, favorecendo o aumento da produção de biomassa vegetal e logo a ciclagem de nutrientes no sistema solo-planta. Objetivou-se avaliar a produção de matéria seca, acúmulo e índices de exportação de nutrientes por plantas de feijão-de-porco (Canavalia ensiformis) e Crotalaria juncea cv. IAC-KR-1 em função da aplicação de substâncias húmicas e bactérias diazotróficas. O experimento foi conduzido em casa de vegetação utilizando-se rejeito de minério de ferro como substrato. Foi empregado um delineamento experimental de blocos ao acaso (4x3x2) com quatro repetições, sendo quatro doses de substâncias húmicas, aplicadas em 3 diferentes épocas, com ou sem inoculação de bactérias diazotróficas. O fornecimento de substâncias húmicas e principalmente a inoculação em ambas espécies aumentaram a produção de matéria seca, atingindo 70% do incremento médio no feijão-de-porco. A inoculação em plantas de feijão-de-porco aumentou a absorção e fator de transferência de Fe e P, e reduziu o fator de transferência de K, Ca e Mg, e nas plantas de...(AU)

Many times prevented from natural regeneration, areas degraded by ore tailings must follow measures aimed at their environmental recovery, such as revegetation by correct species, whose result can still be enhanced by the use of bio-stimulants, contributing to improvements in soil fertility through efficient green manure, favoring increased production of plant biomass and then the cycling of nutrients in the soil-plant system. The objective was to evaluate the dry matter production, accumulation and nutrient export rates by pig bean plants (Canavalia ensiformis) and Crotalaria juncea cv. IAC-KR-1 as a function of the application of humic substances and diazotrophic bacteria. The experiment was conducted in a green house using iron ore tailings as substrate. An experimental design of random blocks (4x3x2) was used with four repetitions, four doses of humic substances, applied at 3 different times, with or without inoculation of diazotrophic bacteria. The supply of humic substances and mainly the inoculation in both species increased the dry matter production, reaching 70% of the average increase in pig beans. Inoculation in pig bean plants increased the absorption and transfer factor of Fe and P, and reduced the transfer factor of K, Ca and Mg, and in crotalaria plants increased the absorption of Mg, P and Mn, and reduced the absorption of Fe. The high content of Fe in mining...(AU)

The effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on mice myocardial morphology / O efeito do 1-metil-4-fenil-1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahidropiridina (MPTP) na morfologia do miocárdio de camundongo

Studies have demonstrated sympathetic cardiac denervation in the MPTP mouse model. MPTP toxicity causes sympathetic nerve damage and depletion of heart norepinephrine. Previous evaluations of impairments in heart innervation have been based on imaging, electrophysiological and biochemical methods. However, these studies lacked information that can be obtained from morphoquantitative analyses. Thus, this study aimed to apply a design-based stereological method for evaluating the morphoquantitative alterations of myocardium following treatment with the neurotoxin MPTP in the C57/BL mouse. Our results showed that MPTP reduced the number of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle.(AU)

Estudos têm demonstrado a desnervação simpática cardíaca no modelo da administração do MPTP em camundongo. A toxicidade do MPTP causa lesão ao nervo simpático e depleção da norepinefrina. As avaliações dos danos na inervação do coração são baseadas em métodos de imagem, eletrofisiológico e bioquímico. Contudo, estes estudos carecem de informações provenientes de análises morfoquantitativas. Assim, objetivou-se aplicar métodos estereológicos para avaliar as alterações morfoquantitativas do miocárdio após o tratamento com a neurotoxina MPTP no camundongo C57/BL. Nossos resultados mostraram que o MPTP causa redução no número de cardiomiócitos no ventrículo esquerdo.(AU)

The effect of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1, 2, 3, 6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) on mice myocardial morphology / O efeito do 1-metil-4-fenil-1, 2, 3, 6 tetrahidropiridina (MPTP) na morfologia do miocárdio de camundongo

Studies have demonstrated sympathetic cardiac denervation in the MPTP mouse model. MPTP toxicity causes sympathetic nerve damage and depletion of heart norepinephrine. Previous evaluations of impairments in heart innervation have been based on imaging, electrophysiological and biochemical methods. However, these studies lacked information that can be obtained from morphoquantitative analyses. Thus, this study aimed to apply a design-based stereological method for evaluating the morphoquantitative alterations of myocardium following treatment with the neurotoxin MPTP in the C57/BL mouse. Our results showed that MPTP reduced the number of cardiomyocytes in the left ventricle.(AU)

Estudos têm demonstrado a desnervação simpática cardíaca no modelo da administração do MPTP em camundongo. A toxicidade do MPTP causa lesão ao nervo simpático e depleção da norepinefrina. As avaliações dos danos na inervação do coração são baseadas em métodos de imagem, eletrofisiológico e bioquímico. Contudo, estes estudos carecem de informações provenientes de análises morfoquantitativas. Assim, objetivou-se aplicar métodos estereológicos para avaliar as alterações morfoquantitativas do miocárdio após o tratamento com a neurotoxina MPTP no camundongo C57/BL. Nossos resultados mostraram que o MPTP causa redução no número de cardiomiócitos no ventrículo esquerdo.(AU)