Effect of ants on Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Rodentia: Muridae) carcasses decomposition: a preliminary study in an Atlantic Forest fragment / Efeito das formigas na decomposição de carcaças de Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Rodentia: Muridae): um estudo preliminar em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica

Different ant species are frequently associated with carcasses during decomposition and they are present from the early until the late postmortem phase. Despite the common presence of Formicidae on carcasses, their role in the decomposition process is generally neglected. Here, we evaluate the effect of ants on Mus musculus decomposition pattern and abundance of associated dipteran fauna in the Neotropical region. We also discussed the role of different ant species in the decomposition process, emphasizing their predatory or necrophagous behaviour. Six carcasses of M. musculus were placed in the field and distributed equally in two treatments: "with ants" and "without ants". Only in the "without ants" treatment, ants were not allowed to access the carcasses. A total of six ant species were registered on carcasses. The most abundant ant species were Linepithema neotropicum and Pheidole sp., which exhibited an intense predatory behaviour on dipteran larvae, resulting in a delay in the decomposition process. In contrast, Camponotus rufipes workers were observed acting exclusively as necrophagous and their behaviour clearly accelerated the decomposition process on one carcass. Considering the entire decomposition process, the average abundance of adult flies was not different between the two treatments. However, we found a significant difference in the abundance of dipteran larvae between them. Our findings provide a preliminary study about the effect of Neotropical ant species presence on the decomposition pattern. We highlight the contradictory role that different ant species may exhibit on carcasses and how these presented findings could be applied in medico legal reports.(AU)

Diferentes espécies de formigas são frequentemente associadas a carcaças durante o processo de decomposição, sendo encontradas desde o começo do processo, até nos estágios finais da fase de post-mortem. Apesar da presença frequente de Formicidae em carcaças, o papel da presença destes insetos no processo de decomposição é marcadamente pouco explorado. No presente estudo, nós avaliamos o efeito das formigas no padrão de decomposição de carcaças de Mus musculus e na abundância da fauna associada de dípteros na região Neotropical. Nós também discutimos o papel de diferentes espécies de formigas no processo de decomposição, enfatizando o comportamento predador ou necrófago das espécies. Seis carcaças de M. musculus foram expostas, sendo distribuídas igualmente em dois tratamentos: "com formigas" e "sem formigas". Apenas no tratamento "sem formigas", formigas tiveram o acesso impedido até às carcaças. Um total de seis espécies de formigas foi registrado nas carcaças. Considerando todo o período de decomposição, a abundância média de moscas adultas não diferiu entre os dois tratamentos. Entretanto, nós encontramos uma diferença significativa na abundância média de larvas de Diptera entre os tratamentos. As espécies de formigas mais abundantes foram Linepithema neotropicum e Pheidole sp., as quais exibiram intenso comportamento de predação sobre as larvas de dípteros, resultando em um atraso no processo de decomposição nas carcaças onde foram presentes. Em contraste, operárias de Camponotus rufipes foram observadas agindo exclusivamente como necrófagas, sendo que este comportamento da espécie claramente acelerou o processo de decomposição. Nossos resultados representam um estudo preliminar a respeito do efeito da presença de espécies de formigas Neotropicais no padrão de decomposição de carcaças animais. Nós ressaltamos diferentes papéis que diferentes espécies de formigas podem exibir em carcaças e ainda destacamos como estes resultados...(AU)

Effect of ants on Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Rodentia: Muridae) carcasses decomposition: a preliminary study in an Atlantic Forest fragment / Efeito das formigas na decomposição de carcaças de Mus musculus Linnaeus, 1758 (Rodentia: Muridae): um estudo preliminar em um fragmento de Floresta Atlântica

Different ant species are frequently associated with carcasses during decomposition and they are present from the early until the late postmortem phase. Despite the common presence of Formicidae on carcasses, their role in the decomposition process is generally neglected. Here, we evaluate the effect of ants on Mus musculus decomposition pattern and abundance of associated dipteran fauna in the Neotropical region. We also discussed the role of different ant species in the decomposition process, emphasizing their predatory or necrophagous behaviour. Six carcasses of M. musculus were placed in the field and distributed equally in two treatments: "with ants" and "without ants". Only in the "without ants" treatment, ants were not allowed to access the carcasses. A total of six ant species were registered on carcasses. The most abundant ant species were Linepithema neotropicum and Pheidole sp., which exhibited an intense predatory behaviour on dipteran larvae, resulting in a delay in the decomposition process. In contrast, Camponotus rufipes workers were observed acting exclusively as necrophagous and their behaviour clearly accelerated the decomposition process on one carcass. Considering the entire decomposition process, the average abundance of adult flies was not different between the two treatments. However, we found a significant difference in the abundance of dipteran larvae between them. Our findings provide a preliminary study about the effect of Neotropical ant species presence on the decomposition pattern. We highlight the contradictory role that different ant species may exhibit on carcasses and how these presented findings could be applied in medico legal reports.

Diferentes espécies de formigas são frequentemente associadas a carcaças durante o processo de decomposição, sendo encontradas desde o começo do processo, até nos estágios finais da fase de post-mortem. Apesar da presença frequente de Formicidae em carcaças, o papel da presença destes insetos no processo de decomposição é marcadamente pouco explorado. No presente estudo, nós avaliamos o efeito das formigas no padrão de decomposição de carcaças de Mus musculus e na abundância da fauna associada de dípteros na região Neotropical. Nós também discutimos o papel de diferentes espécies de formigas no processo de decomposição, enfatizando o comportamento predador ou necrófago das espécies. Seis carcaças de M. musculus foram expostas, sendo distribuídas igualmente em dois tratamentos: "com formigas" e "sem formigas". Apenas no tratamento "sem formigas", formigas tiveram o acesso impedido até às carcaças. Um total de seis espécies de formigas foi registrado nas carcaças. Considerando todo o período de decomposição, a abundância média de moscas adultas não diferiu entre os dois tratamentos. Entretanto, nós encontramos uma diferença significativa na abundância média de larvas de Diptera entre os tratamentos. As espécies de formigas mais abundantes foram Linepithema neotropicum e Pheidole sp., as quais exibiram intenso comportamento de predação sobre as larvas de dípteros, resultando em um atraso no processo de decomposição nas carcaças onde foram presentes. Em contraste, operárias de Camponotus rufipes foram observadas agindo exclusivamente como necrófagas, sendo que este comportamento da espécie claramente acelerou o processo de decomposição. Nossos resultados representam um estudo preliminar a respeito do efeito da presença de espécies de formigas Neotropicais no padrão de decomposição de carcaças animais. Nós ressaltamos diferentes papéis que diferentes espécies de formigas podem exibir em carcaças e ainda destacamos como estes resultados...

Utilizing the house fly (Musca domestica) larva as an alternative to soybean meal in broiler ration during the starter phase

A total of 120 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 12 pens of 10 birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). In four experimental diets, soya bean meal was replaced with a maggot meal at the rate of 0, 40, 50 and 60% designated as group A, B, C and D respectively. Body weight was significantly higher (p<0.05), whereas feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly lower in group D than group A and B. Dressing percentage and apparent metabolizable energy were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group D than group A, B and C. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash were significantly (p<0.05) higher, and crude fiber was significantly (p<0.05) lower in group D than group A. It was concluded that 60% soybean meal could be safely replaced by a maggot meal in broiler ration during the starter phase.(AU)

Utilizing the house fly (Musca domestica) larva as an alternative to soybean meal in broiler ration during the starter phase

A total of 120 one-day-old broiler chicks (Ross 308) were randomly assigned to 12 pens of 10 birds in a completely randomized design (CRD). In four experimental diets, soya bean meal was replaced with a maggot meal at the rate of 0, 40, 50 and 60% designated as group A, B, C and D respectively. Body weight was significantly higher (p<0.05), whereas feed intake and feed conversion ratio (FCR) were significantly lower in group D than group A and B. Dressing percentage and apparent metabolizable energy were significantly (p<0.05) higher in group D than group A, B and C. Digestibility of dry matter, crude protein, ether extract and ash were significantly (p<0.05) higher, and crude fiber was significantly (p<0.05) lower in group D than group A. It was concluded that 60% soybean meal could be safely replaced by a maggot meal in broiler ration during the starter phase.

Checklist de Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul / Checklist of Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul state

A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.(AU)

É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.(AU)

Checklist de Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul / Checklist of Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera) from Mato Grosso do Sul state

A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.

É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.

Checklist de Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

ABSTRACT A checklist of the Fanniidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, is provided. There are 11 species recorded, which represent 21% of all Fanniidae species known in Brazil.

RESUMO Nesse artigo é fornecida uma lista de espécies de Fanniidae do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Até o momento são registradas 11 espécies, o que representa 21% das espécies de Fanniidae conhecidas para o Brasil.

Checklist de Muscidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul

ABSTRACT A checklist of Muscidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil is provided. There are 65 species recorded, which represent 17% of all Brazilian species of Muscidae known.

RESUMO É apresentada uma lista de espécies do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Existem 65 espécies registradas, representado 17% de todas as espécies de Muscidae conhecidas no Brasil.

Checklist de Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul / Checklist of Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul

A checklist of the Fanniidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, is provided. There are 11 species recorded, which represent 21% of all Fanniidae species known in Brazil.(AU)

Nesse artigo é fornecida uma lista de espécies de Fanniidae do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Até o momento são registradas 11 espécies, o que representa 21% das espécies de Fanniidae conhecidas para o Brasil.(AU)

Checklist de Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) do Estado de Mato Grosso do Sul / Checklist of Fanniidae (Insecta, Diptera) of the State of Mato Grosso do Sul

A checklist of the Fanniidae species in the state of Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil, is provided. There are 11 species recorded, which represent 21% of all Fanniidae species known in Brazil.

Nesse artigo é fornecida uma lista de espécies de Fanniidae do estado de Mato Grosso do Sul. Até o momento são registradas 11 espécies, o que representa 21% das espécies de Fanniidae conhecidas para o Brasil.

Repellent Effects of Andiroba and Copaiba Oils against Musca domestica (Common House Fly) and Ecotoxicological Effects on the Environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters.Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers (P >

Repellent effects of andiroba and copaiba oils against Musca domestica (common house fly) and ecotoxicological effects on the environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2 ). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers [...](AU)

Repellent effects of andiroba and copaiba oils against Musca domestica (common house fly) and ecotoxicological effects on the environment

Background: The main challenge in raising cattle in Brazil is related to ectoparasites, that cause negative effects on milk and meat production, and in severe cases, animal death. Sheds known as crèches attracts large number insects mainly due to milk residues in the environment. The housefly is a major problem due to act as vectors of many other diseases, and so there is the possibility of control of infestations with natural products. Andiroba and copaiba oils may act as natural biocides, there are only a few studies on their effect on biological soil parameters. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate the repellent effect of andiroba and copaiba oils against flies and on biological soil parameters. Materials, Methods & Results: The repellency effect of oils of andiroba and copaiba was tested at a concentration of 5% in lambs shed maternity, containing 64 bays (1.8 m2 ). It was sprayed 30 mL per pen, where they were housed five lambs each. Pre-treatment counts were taken before the treatment (mean 46 per pen after Musca domestica), and post-treatment count was made on 2, 24 and 48 h. The data collected at 2 and 24 h was evaluated and the number of flies was reduced significantly (P < 0.001) in the pens treated with oil of copaiba and andiroba compared to control (untreated) pen. After 48 h, no difference was observed between treatments in relation to fly numbers [...]

A key and checklist to the Neotropical forensically important "Little House Flies" (Diptera: Fanniidae)

Fanniidae (Insecta: Diptera) is a relatively small family (ca. 350 spp.) with five genera, of which Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and Euryomma Stein, 1899 have Neotropical distributions. Some of these species are almost always found in forensic studies. Forensically relevant species have been neglected, despite recent forensic studies that suggest their importance for estimating post-mortem interval (PMI). Thus, current and updated keys to identify adults or larvae on carcasses are unavailable for the most important species. While immature stages are important in estimating PMI, evidence suggests that adults (Fanniidae as well as other families) may also be useful for this purpose. Here we provide a key to males of the species of Fanniidae (found on corpses and other decomposing organic matter) with a checklist of species that have been used in forensics in the Neotropical region. The key comprises all 38 species of Fannia and Euryomma that have already been successfully used in forensics, and species that are potentially useful for estimating PMI. These records were found after reviews of the literature and data from entomological collections. Photographs and illustrations of the main characters in the key are provided.

A key and checklist to the Neotropical forensically important "Little House Flies" (Diptera: Fanniidae)

Fanniidae (Insecta: Diptera) is a relatively small family (ca. 350 spp.) with five genera, of which Fannia Robineau-Desvoidy, 1830 and Euryomma Stein, 1899 have Neotropical distributions. Some of these species are almost always found in forensic studies. Forensically relevant species have been neglected, despite recent forensic studies that suggest their importance for estimating post-mortem interval (PMI). Thus, current and updated keys to identify adults or larvae on carcasses are unavailable for the most important species. While immature stages are important in estimating PMI, evidence suggests that adults (Fanniidae as well as other families) may also be useful for this purpose. Here we provide a key to males of the species of Fanniidae (found on corpses and other decomposing organic matter) with a checklist of species that have been used in forensics in the Neotropical region. The key comprises all 38 species of Fannia and Euryomma that have already been successfully used in forensics, and species that are potentially useful for estimating PMI. These records were found after reviews of the literature and data from entomological collections. Photographs and illustrations of the main characters in the key are provided.(AU)

Efeitos do inseticida Diazinon em células de Hepatocarcinoma humano (HepG2)

O Diazinon (DZN) é um praguicida organofosforado extensamente utilizado na agricultura para o controle de insetos, na medicina veterinária como antiparasitário em animais de produção (mosca-do-chifre) e no controle de pragas domésticas (mosca doméstica).Existem muitos relatos na literatura de intoxicações de animais e humanos provocadas pela substância e o fígado é um dos órgãos afetados.O fígado desempenha um grande número de funções no organismo, dentre as quais se destacam o armazenamento e distribuição de nutrientes e a biotransformação de xenobióticos que ele recebe pela corrente sanguínea e sistema digestório. A biotransformação dos xenobióticos, realizada principalmente pelo citocromo P450, está associada à desintoxicação, porém ela pode representar um grande problema, pois os metabólitos produzidos podem ser altamente reativos e mais tóxicos que o composto de origem, tornando o fígado um importante alvo da toxicidade dessas substâncias. A mitocôndria é a organela responsável pela síntese da quase totalidade da Adenosina Trifosfato (ATP) necessária à manutenção da estrutura e função celular e é alvo de substâncias que podem exercer seu efeito tóxico de várias maneiras. As células HepG2 representam uma linhagem originada de um hepatoblastoma humano e têm sido utilizadas como modelo para investigação dos efeitos de xenobióticos sobre o fígado, pois apresentam características semelhantes às células de um fígado normal, além de possibilitarem o cultivo por longos períodos de tempo.Em umtrabalho recente realizado pelo nosso grupo de pesquisa foi constatado que alterações na bioenergética e na transição da permeabilidade mitocondrial estão envolvidas na toxicidade do DZN.Sendo assim, o objetivo do presente estudo foi caracterizar os efeitos do DZN em células HepG2 para auxiliar na caracterização do seu mecanismo de toxicidade no fígado. As concentrações utilizadas foram de 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 e 150 µM de DZN e os parâmetros avaliados foram: proliferação celular, viabilidade celular, potencial de membrana mitocondrial, determinação dos níveis de ATP e efeito da biotransformação. Os resultados demonstraram redução da proliferação celular e atividade metabólica concentração e tempo dependentes. Houve ainda a redução do potencial de membrana mitocondrial e da concentração de ATP, também tempo e dose dependentes. A biotransformação reduziu de maneira mais acentuada a viabilidade celular indicando possível efeito tóxico do Diazoxon

Diazinon (DZN) is an organophosphorus pest widely used in agriculture for insect control, in veterinary medicine as an antiparasitic in production animals (horn fly) and in domestic pest control (house fly). There are many reports in the literature of animal and human intoxications caused by the substance and the liver is one of the affected organs. The liver performs a large number of functions in the body, among which the storage and distribution of nutrients and the biotransformation of xenobiotics that it receives through the bloodstream and digestive system stand out. The biotransformation of xenobiotics, mainly performed by cytochrome P450, is associated with detoxification, but it can represent a major problem, because the metabolites produced can be highly reactive and more toxic than the compound of origin, making the liver an important target of toxicity of these substances. The mitochondria is the organelle responsible for the synthesis of almost all the Adenosine Triphosphate (ATP) necessary for the maintenance of cellular structure and function and it is the target of substances that can exert their toxic effect in several ways. HepG2 cells represent a lineage originating from a human hepatoblastoma and have been used as a model for investigating the effects of xenobiotics on the liver, as they have similar characteristics to cells of a normal liver, as well as enabling cultivation for long periods of time. In a recent work by our research group has indicated that changes in bioenergetics and mitochondrial permeability transition are involved in DZN toxicity. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to characterize the effects of DZN on HepG2 cells to help characterize its mechanism of liver toxicity. The concentrations used were 25, 50, 75, 100, 125 and 150 µM of DZN and the parameters evaluated were: cell proliferation, cell viability, mitochondrial membrane potential, determination of ATP levels and effect of biotransformation.The results demonstrated reduction of cell proliferation and metabolic activity concentration and time dependent. There was also a reduction of the mitochondrial membrane potential and the concentration of ATP, also time and dose dependent. Biotransformation reduced the cell viability more sharply indicating possible toxic effect of Diazoxon

Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly

Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus collected from Brazil and Cuba was tested to a chemical characterization and then was tested on the post-embryonic development of Musca domestica. The chemical composition analysis by GC-MS of the oils from Brazil/Cuba allowed the identification of 13 and 12 major constituents respectively; nine of them common to both. In the both oils, the main components were the isomers geranial and neral, which together form the compound citral. This corresponds to a total of 97.92%/Brazil and 97.69%/Cuba of the compounds identified. The monoterpene myrcene, observed only in the sample of Cuba, presented a large relative abundance (6.52%). The essential oil of C. citratus (Brazil/Cuba) was dissolved in DMSO and tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and citral was prepared by mixing 16.8 mg with 960 µL DMSO. Both essential oils and monoterpene citral were applied topically to newly-hatched larvae (1µL/larva). The results showed a lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.25 and 3.24% for the Brazilian and Cuban essential oils, respectively. Mortalities of larval and newly-hatched larvae to adult periods were dose-dependent for the two both oils as for monoterpene citral, reaching 90%. Both essential oils and citral caused morphological changes in adult specimens.

O óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus, coletado no Brasil e em Cuba, foi caracterizado quimicamente e testado no desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Musca domestica. A análise da composição química dos óleos essenciais (Brasil/Cuba), por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa (GC-EM), permitiu a identificação de 13 e 12 componentes principais, respectivamente; nove deles comuns aos dois. Em ambos os óleos, os principais componentes foram os isômeros geranial e neral, que, juntos, formam o composto citral. Esse corresponde a um total de 97,92%/Brasil e 97,69%/Cuba dos compostos identificados. O monoterpeno mirceno, observado na amostra cubana, apresentou grande abundância relativa (6,52%). O óleo de C. citratus (Brasil/Cuba) foi dissolvido em DMSO, obtendose as concentrações de 5, 10, 25, 75 e 100%; e o citral (16,8 mg) foi misturando com 960mL de DMSO. Tanto o óleo essencial como o monoterpeno citral foram aplicados topicamente nas neolarvas (1µL/larva). Os resultados mostraram uma concentração letal (CL50) de 4,25% e 3,24% para o óleo essencial brasileiro e cubano, respectivamente. As mortalidades do período larval e o de neo-larva a adulto foram dose-dependentes, tanto para os óleos como para o monoterpeno citral, podendo chegar a 90%. Ambos os óleos essenciais e citral causaram alterações morfológicas nos espécimes adultos.

Chemical composition and insecticidal activity of Cymbopogon citratus essential oil from Cuba and Brazil against housefly / Composição química e atividade inseticida do óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus de Brasil e Cuba contra mosca doméstica

Essential oil of Cymbopogon citratus collected from Brazil and Cuba was tested to a chemical characterization and then was tested on the post-embryonic development of Musca domestica. The chemical composition analysis by GC-MS of the oils from Brazil/Cuba allowed the identification of 13 and 12 major constituents respectively; nine of them common to both. In the both oils, the main components were the isomers geranial and neral, which together form the compound citral. This corresponds to a total of 97.92%/Brazil and 97.69%/Cuba of the compounds identified. The monoterpene myrcene, observed only in the sample of Cuba, presented a large relative abundance (6.52%). The essential oil of C. citratus (Brazil/Cuba) was dissolved in DMSO and tested at concentrations of 5, 10, 25, 50, 75 and 100% and citral was prepared by mixing 16.8 mg with 960 µL DMSO. Both essential oils and monoterpene citral were applied topically to newly-hatched larvae (1µL/larva). The results showed a lethal concentration (LC50) of 4.25 and 3.24% for the Brazilian and Cuban essential oils, respectively. Mortalities of larval and newly-hatched larvae to adult periods were dose-dependent for the two both oils as for monoterpene citral, reaching 90%. Both essential oils and citral caused morphological changes in adult specimens.(AU)

O óleo essencial de Cymbopogon citratus, coletado no Brasil e em Cuba, foi caracterizado quimicamente e testado no desenvolvimento pós-embrionário de Musca domestica. A análise da composição química dos óleos essenciais (Brasil/Cuba), por Cromatografia Gasosa acoplada ao espectrômetro de massa (GC-EM), permitiu a identificação de 13 e 12 componentes principais, respectivamente; nove deles comuns aos dois. Em ambos os óleos, os principais componentes foram os isômeros geranial e neral, que, juntos, formam o composto citral. Esse corresponde a um total de 97,92%/Brasil e 97,69%/Cuba dos compostos identificados. O monoterpeno mirceno, observado na amostra cubana, apresentou grande abundância relativa (6,52%). O óleo de C. citratus (Brasil/Cuba) foi dissolvido em DMSO, obtendose as concentrações de 5, 10, 25, 75 e 100%; e o citral (16,8 mg) foi misturando com 960mL de DMSO. Tanto o óleo essencial como o monoterpeno citral foram aplicados topicamente nas neolarvas (1µL/larva). Os resultados mostraram uma concentração letal (CL50) de 4,25% e 3,24% para o óleo essencial brasileiro e cubano, respectivamente. As mortalidades do período larval e o de neo-larva a adulto foram dose-dependentes, tanto para os óleos como para o monoterpeno citral, podendo chegar a 90%. Ambos os óleos essenciais e citral causaram alterações morfológicas nos espécimes adultos.(AU)

Effect of surfactants and temperature on germination and vegetative growth of Beauveria bassiana

Three non-ionic surfactants: Tween20, Tween80 and Breakthru® were screened for their effects on spore germination and mycelial growth rates and for their influence on three isolates of Beauveria bassiana spore germination at various temperatures. Tween20 and Tween80 were compatible with all the B. bassiana isolates in the germination studies, but inhibited germination at higher surfactant concentrations, irrespective of the conidial concentrations. Breakthru® had an inhibitory effect on germination even at the lowest concentration of 0.1% on all the B. bassiana isolates. The effects of the surfactants on spore germination did not correspond with their effects on colony growth. Conidial viability within the same formulation declined significantly with increases in temperature, irrespective of the surfactant. The optimal temperature for conidial germination of B. bassiana isolates was approximately 25 °C with an upper limit at 30 °C. Isolate 7320 was identified as the least affected by the different surfactants. This isolate was able to germinate rapidly in a broad temperature range of 25–30 °C after 24 h, this characteristic being an essential factor in controlling house fly populations in poultry houses.(AU)

Trichobius longipes (Diptera, Streblidae) as a parasite of Phyllostomus hastatus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae) / Trichobius longipes (Diptera, Streblidae) como parasita de Phyllostomus hastatus (Chiroptera, Phyllostomidae)

Among the factors that influence the diversity of ectoparasites on bat hosts are the kind of roost and the host's social behavior. Other factors such as sex, reproductive condition and host size may influence the distribution and abundance of ectoparasites. The aim of the present study was to analyze the variation in Streblidae ectoparasites on the bat Phyllostomus hastatus, according to sex and roost type. We caught bats in four houses on Marambaia Island, municipality of Mangaratiba, and in one house at the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro, municipality of Seropédica. We caught 65 females and 50 males of P. hastatus and 664 streblids of four species: Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Strebla consocia, Trichobius “dugesii” complex and Trichobius longipes. The species T. longipes accounted for more than 99% of all the ectoparasites caught. Female bats were more parasitized than males, in terms of both prevalence and average intensity. The total number of parasites did not vary between resident and non-resident bats. The relationship between the number of individuals of T. longipes and sex and roost type was significant for resident bats. The total number of parasites on males did not differ between bachelor roosts and mixed-sex roosts. The differences found between roosts reflected the differences between the sexes.

Os fatores que influenciam a diversidade de artrópodes ectoparasitos no morcego hospedeiro incluem o tipo de abrigo e o comportamento social da espécie hospedeira. Aspectos como sexo, condição reprodutiva e tamanho do hospedeiro podem influenciar a distribuição e a abundância dos ectoparasitos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo analisar a variação no parasitismo de estreblídeos em Phyllostomus hastatus, considerando os sexos e diferentes abrigos. Os morcegos foram capturados em quatro casas na Ilha da Marambaia, município de Mangaratiba, e em uma casa na Universidade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro, município de Seropédica. Foram capturados 65 fêmeas e 50 machos de P. hastatus e 664 dípteros estreblídeos distribuídos em quatro espécies: Aspidoptera phyllostomatis, Strebla consocia, Trichobius complexo “dugesii” e Trichobius longipes. A espécie T. longipes representou mais de 99% das capturas de Streblidae. Fêmeas de morcegos foram mais parasitadas que os machos, tanto em prevalência quanto em intensidade média. O total de parasitos não variou entre os morcegos residentes e os não residentes. O modelo considerado entre o total de T. longipes, o sexo e o abrigo para indivíduos residentes mostrou-se significativo. O total de parasitos em machos não difere entre aqueles oriundos de abrigos de machos solteiros e de abrigos heterossexuais. As diferenças entre os abrigos refletem a diferença no parasitismo entre os sexos dos hospedeiros.