Hiperlipidemia em cães atendidos no hospital veterinário São Judas e sua correspondência com a obesidade: estudo retrospectivo de 2018 a 2020 / Hyperlipidemia in dogs attended at the veterinary hospital São Judas Tadeu and its correspondence with obesity: retrospective study from 2018 to 2020 / Hiperlipidemia en perros atendidos en el hospital veterinario São Judas y su correspondencia con la obesidad: estudio retrospectivo de 2018 a 2020

Atualmente, o estilo de vida antropomorfizado dos animais contribui para o intenso desenvolvimento da obesidade. A hiperlipidemia se apresenta como um dos efeitos deletérios do excesso de peso sobre a saúde dos cães, porém sendo pouco investigada. O termo hiperlipidemia refere-se ao aumento da concentração de lipídeos (colesterol, triglicérides ou ambos) séricos. Este estudo teve como objetivo realizar uma análise retrospectiva e estatística em animais que foram considerados obesos mediante inspeção de condição de escore corporal,visando correlacionar a obesidade com a presença de hiperlipidemias. Foram revisadas e analisadas 70 amostras sanguíneas de pacientes atendidos no Hospital Veterinário São Judas de outubro de 2018 a outubro de 2020 que já haviam realizado análises bioquímicas no Hospital; foram retiradas as informações destinadas a exames bioquímicos de triglicérides, colesterol e peso juntamente com a avaliação de condição de escore corporal (ECC) que foi feita em consulta clínica. Constatou-se que 24 (34,2%) amostras apresentaram resultados acima dos valores de referência para colesterol e triglicérides. Dentre esses 24 cães, 21 (87,5%) apresentaram ECC igual 7 ou maior, representando sobrepeso e/ou obesidade. Nenhum dos cães havia comparecido para atendimento pelo mesmo motivo e não houve queixa dos tutores tratando-se de sobrepeso, portanto, as alterações encontradas em exames bioquímicos foram um achado clínico laboratorial. Dos 21 cães componentes do grupo que apresentaram distúrbios metabólicos, 12 cães (57,2%) apresentaram ambos os valores de triglicérides e colesterol aumentados, apresentando então uma hiperlipidemia; 5 (23,8%) cães apresentaram hipercolesterolemia e 4 (19%) apresentaram hipertrigliricedemia. Essas alterações quando comparadas com um grupo controle de 19 animais sem alterações dignas de nota, revelaram valores de significância estatística, sugerindo alta frequência de hiperlipidemia em cães obesos, classificada como moderadamente elevados com importância clínica, havendo prevalência nas fêmeas.(AU)

Currently, the anthropomorphized lifestyle of animals contributes to the intense development of obesity. Hyperlipidemia presents itself as one of the deleterious effects of excess weight on the health of dogs, although it has been little investigated. The term hyperlipidemia refers to an increase in the concentration of serum lipids (cholesterol, triglycerides or both). This study aimed to perform a retrospective and statistical analysis on animals that were considered obese by inspecting the body condition score, aiming to correlate obesity with the presence of hyperlipidemia. Seventy blood samples from patients treated at Veterinary Hospital São Judas from October 2018 to October 2020 who had already performed biochemical analyzes at the Hospital were reviewed and analyzed; the information destined to biochemical tests of triglycerides, cholesterol and weight was removed together with the assessment of body condition score (BCS) that was made in clinical consultation. It was found that 24 (34.2%) samples showed results above the reference values ​​for cholesterol and triglycerides. Among these 24 dogs, 21 (87.5%) had BCSequal to 7 or greater, representing overweight and/or obesity. None of the dogs had attended for care for the same reason and there were no complaints from the guardians regarding being overweight, so the changes found in biochemical tests were a clinical laboratory finding. Of the 21 dogs in the group that presented metabolic disorders, 12 dogs (57.2%) had both increased triglyceride and cholesterol levels, and then presenting a hyperlipidemia; 5 (23.8%) dogs had hypercholesterolemia and 4 (19%) had hypertrigliricedemia. These changes when compared to a control group of 19 animals without significant changes, revealed values ​​of statistical significance, suggesting a high frequency of hyperlipidemia in obese dogs, classified as moderately high with clinical importance, with prevalence in females.(AU)

Actualmente, el estilo de vida antropomorfizado de los animales contribuye al intenso desarrollo de la obesidad. La hiperlipidemia es uno de los efectos nocivos del exceso de peso en la salud de los perros, pero se ha investigado poco. El término hiperlipidemia se refiere al aumento de la concentración de lípidos (colesterol, triglicéridos o ambos) en el suero. Este estudio tuvo como objetivo realizar un análisis retrospectivo y estadístico en animales considerados obesos mediante la inspección de su condición de puntuación corporal, con el fin de correlacionar la obesidad con la presencia de hiperlipidemia. Se revisaron y analizaron setenta muestras de sangre de pacientes atendidos en el Hospital Veterinario São Judas desde octubre de 2018 a octubre de 2020 que ya habían realizado análisis bioquímicos en el Hospital; Se retiró la información para las pruebas bioquímicas de triglicéridos, colesterol y peso, junto con la evaluación del estado del puntaje corporal (EPC), que se realizó en una consulta clínica. Se encontró que 24 (34,2%) muestras presentaron resultados por encima de los valores de referencia de colesterol y triglicéridos. Entre estos 24 perros, 21 (87,5%) tenían EPC igual a 7 o más, lo que representa sobrepeso y obesidad. Ninguno de los perros había acudido a ser atendido por el mismo motivo y no existían quejas de los tutores por sobrepeso, por lo que las alteraciones encontradas en las pruebas bioquímicas fueron un hallazgo de laboratorio clínico. De los 21 perros del grupo que presentaban alteraciones metabólicas, 12 perros (57,2%) tenían tanto triglicéridos como colesteroles elevados, presentando así hiperlipidemia; 5 (23,8%) perros tenían hipercolesterolemia y 4 (19%) tenían hipertrigliceridemia. Estas alteraciones, al compararlas con un grupo control de 19 animales sin alteraciones destacables, revelaron valores de significación estadística, sugiriendo una alta frecuencia de hiperlipidemia en perros obesos, clasificados como moderadamente altos con importancia clínica, con prevalencia en hembras.(AU)

Performance, meat quality, and lipidemia of meat-type quails fed with diets containing essential oils / Desempenho, qualidade da carne e lipidemia de codornas de corte alimentadas com rações contendo óleos essenciais

This study evaluated the effect of essential oil (ESOL) of Mentha piperita and Melaleuca alternifolia on meat-type quails. To examine performance, a completely randomized design was used, with four treatments and eight repetitions each, using seven birds per repetition. To assess lipidemia, a completely randomized design in a 4 × 2 factorial scheme was used, with four treatments and two collection conditions using eight repetitions and one bird per repetition. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion, carcass yield, cholesterol, high-density lipoporteins, triglycerides, pH, and brightness of quail breast meat were assessed. The data were analyzed for homoscedasticity and normality, and the means were subjected to analysis of variance. Adding M. piperita and M. alternifolia ESOL to the diets of meat-type quails can improve performance, carcass yield, and meat quality characteristics, comparable to the use of performance-enhancing antibiotics. The use of zinc bacitracin, M. piperita, and M. alternifolia under different collection conditions did not increase the serum levels of low-density and very low-density lipoproteins. The variation coefficients measured after 12 hours of fasting were 86% lower than without fasting.

Objetivou-se com este estudo avaliar o efeito do uso dos óleos essenciais (OLES) de Mentha piperita e Melaleuca alternifolia em codornas de corte. Para o estudo do desempenho foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com quatrotratamentos e oito repetições, sendo sete aves por repetição. Para o estudo da lipidemia utilizou-se o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial: 4x2, consistindo em quatro tratamentos e duas condições de coleta, com oito repetições, sendo uma ave por repetição. As variáveis analisadas foram: ganho de peso, consumo ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, colesterol, HDL, triglicerídeos, pH, capacidade de retenção de água, perda de peso por cozimento, luminosidade na carne do peito de codornas. Os dados obtidos foram analisados quanto à homocedasticidade e normalidade, as médias foram submetidas à análise de variância. O uso de OLES de M. piperita e M. alternifolia na dieta de codornas de corte pode proporcionar desempenhos zootécnicos, rendimentos de carcaça e características de qualidade da carne comparáveis ao uso de antibióticos melhoradores de desempenho. A redução no nível de colesterol HDL foi notada nas aves tratadas com Bacitracina de zinco e com os OLES de M. piperita e M. alternifolia, em 8,12; 16,52 e 3,36% respectivamente. O uso da Bacitracina de zinco, da M. piperita e da M. alternifolia associado às diferentes condições de coleta não aumentaram os valores séricos de LDL, VLDL. Os coeficientes de variação aferidos na condição "após 12 horas de jejum" apresentaram-se 86% inferiores à condição "sem jejum".

Crises epilépticas reativas por hiperlipidemia em cão Maltês / Reactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a maltese dog

Background: Primary hyperlipidemia is a condition that affects some specific breeds. It has been previously describedin Miniature Shnauzer, Beagles, Shetland Shepdog and West Highland White Terrier. There are no reports of primaryhyperlipidemia in Maltese dogs. It is a hereditary disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. The etiology is unknown and maybe related to a genetic problem in lipoprotein lipase or to the absence of apaprotein CII. Clinical signs include spontaneousarterosclerosis, retinal lipemia, cutaneous xanthomas, abdominal pain, lethargy, vomiting and / or diarrhea. Neurologicalmanifestations such as seizures and behavioral changes may also occur. The aim of this report is to describe a case ofreactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a dog.Case: A 5-year-old male Maltese dog was admitted with a history of seizures. Hypertension and abdominal distensionwith large amounts of intestinal gases were found in general physical examination. Neurological examination revealedimpaired nasal septum sensory perception, which was slightly bilaterally reduced, and pain on cervical palpation and inthe brachial plexus region. Based on history and clinical examination, it was possible to locate the lesion in the thalamocortical region and to suspect idiopathic epilepsy, reactive seizures, and symptomatic epilepsy due to meningoencephalitisof unknown origin. The diagnosis of primary hyperlipidemia was made by exclusion with the aid of laboratory tests andultrasound. After the establishment of a fat restriction diet, bezafibrate, phenobarbital, and omega-3 supplementation, theanimal improved significantly with the reduction of epileptic seizures.Discussion: The initial clinical suspicion was hyperadrenocorticism as the primary cause of hyperlipidemia. This suspicion was based on the presence of polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and abdominal distension, together with laboratory...

Crises epilépticas reativas por hiperlipidemia em cão Maltês / Reactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a maltese dog

Background: Primary hyperlipidemia is a condition that affects some specific breeds. It has been previously describedin Miniature Shnauzer, Beagles, Shetland Shepdog and West Highland White Terrier. There are no reports of primaryhyperlipidemia in Maltese dogs. It is a hereditary disorder of lipoprotein metabolism. The etiology is unknown and maybe related to a genetic problem in lipoprotein lipase or to the absence of apaprotein CII. Clinical signs include spontaneousarterosclerosis, retinal lipemia, cutaneous xanthomas, abdominal pain, lethargy, vomiting and / or diarrhea. Neurologicalmanifestations such as seizures and behavioral changes may also occur. The aim of this report is to describe a case ofreactive seizures due to hyperlipidemia in a dog.Case: A 5-year-old male Maltese dog was admitted with a history of seizures. Hypertension and abdominal distensionwith large amounts of intestinal gases were found in general physical examination. Neurological examination revealedimpaired nasal septum sensory perception, which was slightly bilaterally reduced, and pain on cervical palpation and inthe brachial plexus region. Based on history and clinical examination, it was possible to locate the lesion in the thalamocortical region and to suspect idiopathic epilepsy, reactive seizures, and symptomatic epilepsy due to meningoencephalitisof unknown origin. The diagnosis of primary hyperlipidemia was made by exclusion with the aid of laboratory tests andultrasound. After the establishment of a fat restriction diet, bezafibrate, phenobarbital, and omega-3 supplementation, theanimal improved significantly with the reduction of epileptic seizures.Discussion: The initial clinical suspicion was hyperadrenocorticism as the primary cause of hyperlipidemia. This suspicion was based on the presence of polyphagia, polydipsia, polyuria and abdominal distension, together with laboratory...(AU)

Alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas de cães e gatos com sobrepeso e obesos / Hematological and biochemical alteration of dogs and cats with overweight and obeses / Alteraciones hematológicas y bioquímicas de perros y gatos com sobrepeso y obesos

A obesidade é uma doença nutricional frequente em cães e gatos, leva a diversas alterações nas funções corporais e limita a longevidade dos animais. Vários fatores contribuem para o desenvolvimento da obesidade nos animais, como genética, idade, raça, falta de atividade física, composição calórica dos alimentos, tipo e a forma de alimentação, distúrbios hormonais, medicamentos e fatores relacionados com os proprietários. O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter informações através da avaliação dos aspectos hematológicos e bioquímicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da obesidade animal, assim como obter informações por meio de um questionário aplicado aos tutores sobre o conhecimento da obesidade seus animais. Foram selecionados 20 animais, dos quais 50% apresentavam sobrepeso e os outros 50% eram obesos, seguindo o escore de condição corporal (ECC), descritos por (1). No hemograma os valores permaneceram dentro do valor de referência da espécie, já na análise bioquímica foi evidenciadas alterações na concentração de colesterol, glicose, triglicérides e creatinina ao serem comparadas com os valores de referências das espécies, essas alterações são importantes pois podem interferir no bem estar e na longevidade desses animas. Mais alarmente ainda foi a dificuldade dos tutores em reconhecerem o sobrepeso e a obesidade em seus animais de companhia, e quando identificada a baixa porcentagem de procura de orientações médicas veterinárias para controle ou tratamento.

Obesity is a frequent nutritional disease in dogs and cats, leads to several changes in body functions and limits the longevity of animals. Several factors contribute to the development of obesity in animals, such as genetics, age, race, lack of physical activity, caloric composition of food, type and form of feeding, hormonal disorders, medications and factors related to owners. The present study aimed to obtain information through the evaluation of hematological and biochemical aspects involved in the development of animal obesity, as well as obtain information through a questionnaire applied to tutors about the knowledge of obesity in their animals. Twenty animals were selected, of which 50% were overweight and the other 50% were obese following the body condition score (ECC) described by (1). In the blood count, the values remained within the reference value of the species, whereas in the biochemical analysis changes in the concentration of cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and creatinine were shown when compared with the reference values of the species, these alterations are important because they can interfere with the well-being and longevity of these animals. Even more alarmingly was the tutors' difficulty in recognizing overweight and obesity in their pets, and when was identified the low percentage of seeking veterinary medical guidance for control or treatment.

La obesidad es una enfermedad nutricional frecuente en perros y gatos, provoca varios cambios en las funciones corporales y limita la longevidad de los animales. Varios factores contribuyen al desarrollo de la obesidad en animales, como la genética, la edad, la raza, la falta de actividad física, la composición calórica de los alimentos, el tipo y la forma de alimentación, los trastornos hormonales, los medicamentos y los factores relacionados con los propietarios. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener información a través de la evaluación de los aspectos hematológicos y bioquímicos involucrados en el desarrollo de la obesidad animal, así como obtener información a través de un cuestionario aplicado a los tutores sobre el conocimiento de la obesidad en sus animales. Se seleccionaron veinte animales, de los cuales el 50% tenían sobrepeso y el otro 50% eran obesos, siguiendo el puntaje de condición corporal (ECC), descrito por (1). En el recuento sanguíneo, los valores se mantuvieron dentro del valor de referencia de la especie, mientras que en el análisis bioquímico, se observaron cambios en la concentración de colesterol, glucosa, triglicéridos y creatinina en comparación con los valores de referencia de la especie, estos cambios son importantes porque pueden interferir en el bienestar y en la longevidad de estos animales. Aún más alarmante fue la dificultad de los tutores para reconocer el sobrepeso y la obesidad en sus mascotas, y cuando se identificó el bajo porcentaje de buscar orientación médica veterinaria para el control o el tratamiento.

Alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas de cães e gatos com sobrepeso e obesos / Hematological and biochemical alteration of dogs and cats with overweight and obeses / Alteraciones hematológicas y bioquímicas de perros y gatos com sobrepeso y obesos

A obesidade é uma doença nutricional frequente em cães e gatos, leva a diversas alterações nas funções corporais e limita a longevidade dos animais. Vários fatores contribuem para o desenvolvimento da obesidade nos animais, como genética, idade, raça, falta de atividade física, composição calórica dos alimentos, tipo e a forma de alimentação, distúrbios hormonais, medicamentos e fatores relacionados com os proprietários. O presente estudo teve como objetivo obter informações através da avaliação dos aspectos hematológicos e bioquímicos envolvidos no desenvolvimento da obesidade animal, assim como obter informações por meio de um questionário aplicado aos tutores sobre o conhecimento da obesidade seus animais. Foram selecionados 20 animais, dos quais 50% apresentavam sobrepeso e os outros 50% eram obesos, seguindo o escore de condição corporal (ECC), descritos por (1). No hemograma os valores permaneceram dentro do valor de referência da espécie, já na análise bioquímica foi evidenciadas alterações na concentração de colesterol, glicose, triglicérides e creatinina ao serem comparadas com os valores de referências das espécies, essas alterações são importantes pois podem interferir no bem estar e na longevidade desses animas. Mais alarmente ainda foi a dificuldade dos tutores em reconhecerem o sobrepeso e a obesidade em seus animais de companhia, e quando identificada a baixa porcentagem de procura de orientações médicas veterinárias para controle ou tratamento.(AU)

Obesity is a frequent nutritional disease in dogs and cats, leads to several changes in body functions and limits the longevity of animals. Several factors contribute to the development of obesity in animals, such as genetics, age, race, lack of physical activity, caloric composition of food, type and form of feeding, hormonal disorders, medications and factors related to owners. The present study aimed to obtain information through the evaluation of hematological and biochemical aspects involved in the development of animal obesity, as well as obtain information through a questionnaire applied to tutors about the knowledge of obesity in their animals. Twenty animals were selected, of which 50% were overweight and the other 50% were obese following the body condition score (ECC) described by (1). In the blood count, the values remained within the reference value of the species, whereas in the biochemical analysis changes in the concentration of cholesterol, glucose, triglycerides and creatinine were shown when compared with the reference values of the species, these alterations are important because they can interfere with the well-being and longevity of these animals. Even more alarmingly was the tutors' difficulty in recognizing overweight and obesity in their pets, and when was identified the low percentage of seeking veterinary medical guidance for control or treatment.(AU)

La obesidad es una enfermedad nutricional frecuente en perros y gatos, provoca varios cambios en las funciones corporales y limita la longevidad de los animales. Varios factores contribuyen al desarrollo de la obesidad en animales, como la genética, la edad, la raza, la falta de actividad física, la composición calórica de los alimentos, el tipo y la forma de alimentación, los trastornos hormonales, los medicamentos y los factores relacionados con los propietarios. El presente estudio tuvo como objetivo obtener información a través de la evaluación de los aspectos hematológicos y bioquímicos involucrados en el desarrollo de la obesidad animal, así como obtener información a través de un cuestionario aplicado a los tutores sobre el conocimiento de la obesidad en sus animales. Se seleccionaron veinte animales, de los cuales el 50% tenían sobrepeso y el otro 50% eran obesos, siguiendo el puntaje de condición corporal (ECC), descrito por (1). En el recuento sanguíneo, los valores se mantuvieron dentro del valor de referencia de la especie, mientras que en el análisis bioquímico, se observaron cambios en la concentración de colesterol, glucosa, triglicéridos y creatinina en comparación con los valores de referencia de la especie, estos cambios son importantes porque pueden interferir en el bienestar y en la longevidad de estos animales. Aún más alarmante fue la dificultad de los tutores para reconocer el sobrepeso y la obesidad en sus mascotas, y cuando se identificó el bajo porcentaje de buscar orientación médica veterinaria para el control o el tratamiento.(AU)

Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects in a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism: 115 cases (2010-2014)

ABSTRACT: Diseases clinical-epidemiological characterization assists in directing the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial aspects of a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). One-hundred fifteen records of dogs diagnosed by the low dose dexamethasone suppression test and/or ACTH stimulation test were evaluated. Of the cases, 81.3% were HAC ACTH-dependent and 18.7% HAC ACTH-independent. Females were more affected, representing 69.3% of the cases. The mean age was 10.3±2.5 years and 64.9% were gonadectomized. Most of the patients were small size dogs, weighting less than 10kg (73.9%). The most frequent breeds were: Poodle (27%), Dachshund (17.4%), and Yorkshire Terrier (10.4%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were polyphagia (86%), polydipsia (82.6%), polyuria (80%), abdominal enlargement (82.6%), thin skin (79.1%), muscular weakness (78.3%) and panting (74.8%). However, eventually unusual HAC-associated signs would be present in some dogs in a more important way compared with the classic disease´s clinical signs. The CBC showed neutrophilia (66%), eosinopenia (58.3%) and lymphopenia (42.6%) as main hematological abnormalities. The most common findings in serum biochemistry were increased alkaline phosphatase activity (81.74%), increased ALT activity (62.6%), hypercholesterolemia (66%) and hypertriglyceridemia (54.7%). Urinalysis revealed hyposthenuria in 14.9% and isostenuria in 13.5%; besides proteinuria in 50% of the cases. Abdominal ultrasound showed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (92.2%) with adrenal asymmetry in 20.8% of the cases, in addition to hepatomegaly (80.9%), biliary sludge (67.8%) and hepatic hyperechogenicity (47.8%). It was concluded that small size gonadectomized female dogs, mainly Poodles and Dachshunds, presented higher frequency in the population studied, and that the main changes observed in clinical and complementary tests were polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal enlargement, adrenal hyperplasia, increased phosphatase alkaline and hyperlipidemia. These results corroborated to a better disease characterization at Brazil. This work concluded that the population studied resembles the profile describe in European and North American epidemiologic studies, and that the HAC dog´s clinical picture looks similar worldwide.

RESUMO: A caracterização clínica-epidemiológica de doenças auxilia no direcionamento do diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais de uma série de casos de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) canino. Foram avaliados 115 prontuários de cães diagnosticados pelo teste de supressão por baixa dose de dexametasona e/ou teste de estimulação com ACTH. Os casos de HAC ACTH-dependentes representaram 81,3% da população, e 18,7% foram ACTH-independentes. As fêmeas foram mais acometidas, representando 69,3% dos casos. A média de idade foi 10,3 ± 2,5 anos e 64,9% eram gonadectomizados. A maioria dos cães foi de porte pequeno, de até 10 kg (73,9%). As raças mais frequentes foram Poodle (27%), Dachshund (17,4%) e Yorkshire (10,4%). As manifestações clínicas mais relatadas foram polifagia (86%), polidipsia (82,6%), poliúria (80%), abdome pendular (82,6%), atrofia cutânea (79,1%), fraqueza muscular (78,3%) e dispneia (74,8%). Entretanto, eventualmente sinais clínicos pouco associados ao HAC se manifestaram de forma mais importante que os sinais clássicos da doença. O hemograma revelou neutrofilia (66%), eosinopenia (58,3%) e linfopenia (42,6%) como principais alterações hematológicas. Na bioquímica sérica foi observado aumento de fosfatase alcalina (81,74% dos casos), aumento da atividade da ALT (62,6%), hipercolesterolemia (66%) e hipertrigliceridemia (54,7%). A urinálise revelou hipostenúria em 14,9% e isostenúria em 13,5%; além de proteinúria em 50% dos casos. A ecografia abdominal evidenciou hiperplasia bilateral de adrenal (92,2%) com assimetria de adrenais em 20,8% dos casos, além de hepatomegalia (80,9%), lama biliar (67,8%) e hiperecogenicidade hepática (47,8%). Concluiu-se que fêmeas castradas de pequeno porte, principalmente das raças Poodles e Dachshunds, apresentaram maior frequência na população estudada e que as principais alterações observadas clínicas e nos exames complementares foram polifagia, poliúria, polidipsia, aumento abdominal, hiperplasia da adrenal, aumento de fosfatase alcalina e hiperlipidemia. Estes resultados corroboram para melhor caracterização da doença no Brasil. Este estudo concluiu que a população estudada se assemelha ao perfil populacional de cães com HAC descrito em estudos Europeus e Norte Americanos de forma que o perfil dos casos ao redor do globo parece similar.

Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects in a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism: 115 cases (2010-2014) / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais em uma série de cães com hiperadrenocorticismo: 115 casos (2010-2014)

Diseases' clinical-epidemiological characterization assists in directing the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial aspects of a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). One-hundred fifteen records of dogs diagnosed by the low dose dexamethasone suppression test and/or ACTH stimulation test were evaluated. Of the cases, 81.3% were HAC ACTH-dependent and 18.7% HAC ACTH-independent. Females were more affected, representing 69.3% of the cases. The mean age was 10.3±2.5 years and 64.9% were gonadectomized. Most of the patients were small size dogs, weighting less than 10kg (73.9%). The most frequent breeds were: Poodle (27%), Dachshund (17.4%), and Yorkshire Terrier (10.4%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were polyphagia (86%), polydipsia (82.6%), polyuria (80%), abdominal enlargement (82.6%), thin skin (79.1%), muscular weakness (78.3%) and panting (74.8%). However, eventually unusual HAC-associated signs would be present in some dogs in a more important way compared with the classic disease´s clinical signs. The CBC showed neutrophilia (66%), eosinopenia (58.3%) and lymphopenia (42.6%) as main hematological abnormalities. The most common findings in serum biochemistry were increased alkaline phosphatase activity (81.74%), increased ALT activity (62.6%), hypercholesterolemia (66%) and hypertriglyceridemia (54.7%). Urinalysis revealed hyposthenuria in 14.9% and isostenuria in 13.5%; besides proteinuria in 50% of the cases. Abdominal ultrasound showed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (92.2%) with adrenal asymmetry in 20.8% of the cases, in addition to hepatomegaly (80.9%), biliary sludge (67.8%) and hepatic hyperechogenicity (47.8%). It was concluded that small size gonadectomized female dogs, mainly Poodles and Dachshunds, presented higher frequency in the population studied, and that the main changes observed in clinical and complementary tests were polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal enlargement, adrenal hyperplasia, increased phosphatase alkaline and hyperlipidemia. These results corroborated to a better disease characterization at Brazil. This work concluded that the population studied resembles the profile describe in European and North American epidemiologic studies, and that the HAC dog´s clinical picture looks similar worldwide.(AU)

A caracterização clínica-epidemiológica de doenças auxilia no direcionamento do diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais de uma série de casos de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) canino. Foram avaliados 115 prontuários de cães diagnosticados pelo teste de supressão por baixa dose de dexametasona e/ou teste de estimulação com ACTH. Os casos de HAC ACTH-dependentes representaram 81,3% da população, e 18,7% foram ACTH-independentes. As fêmeas foram mais acometidas, representando 69,3% dos casos. A média de idade foi 10,3 ± 2,5 anos e 64,9% eram gonadectomizados. A maioria dos cães foi de porte pequeno, de até 10 kg (73,9%). As raças mais frequentes foram Poodle (27%), Dachshund (17,4%) e Yorkshire (10,4%). As manifestações clínicas mais relatadas foram polifagia (86%), polidipsia (82,6%), poliúria (80%), abdome pendular (82,6%), atrofia cutânea (79,1%), fraqueza muscular (78,3%) e dispneia (74,8%). Entretanto, eventualmente sinais clínicos pouco associados ao HAC se manifestaram de forma mais importante que os sinais clássicos da doença. O hemograma revelou neutrofilia (66%), eosinopenia (58,3%) e linfopenia (42,6%) como principais alterações hematológicas. Na bioquímica sérica foi observado aumento de fosfatase alcalina (81,74% dos casos), aumento da atividade da ALT (62,6%), hipercolesterolemia (66%) e hipertrigliceridemia (54,7%). A urinálise revelou hipostenúria em 14,9% e isostenúria em 13,5%; além de proteinúria em 50% dos casos. A ecografia abdominal evidenciou hiperplasia bilateral de adrenal (92,2%) com assimetria de adrenais em 20,8% dos casos, além de hepatomegalia (80,9%), lama biliar (67,8%) e hiperecogenicidade hepática (47,8%). Concluiu-se que fêmeas castradas de pequeno porte, principalmente das raças Poodles e Dachshunds, apresentaram maior frequência na população estudada e que as principais alterações observadas clínicas e nos exames complementares foram polifagia, poliúria, polidipsia, aumento abdominal, hiperplasia da adrenal, aumento de fosfatase alcalina e hiperlipidemia. Estes resultados corroboram para melhor caracterização da doença no Brasil. Este estudo concluiu que a população estudada se assemelha ao perfil populacional de cães com HAC descrito em estudos Europeus e Norte Americanos de forma que o perfil dos casos ao redor do globo parece similar.(AU)

Epidemiological, clinical, and laboratory aspects in a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism: 115 cases (2010-2014) / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais em uma série de cães com hiperadrenocorticismo: 115 casos (2010-2014)

Diseases' clinical-epidemiological characterization assists in directing the diagnosis. The objective of this study was to describe epidemiological, clinical and laboratorial aspects of a case series of canine hyperadrenocorticism (HAC). One-hundred fifteen records of dogs diagnosed by the low dose dexamethasone suppression test and/or ACTH stimulation test were evaluated. Of the cases, 81.3% were HAC ACTH-dependent and 18.7% HAC ACTH-independent. Females were more affected, representing 69.3% of the cases. The mean age was 10.3±2.5 years and 64.9% were gonadectomized. Most of the patients were small size dogs, weighting less than 10kg (73.9%). The most frequent breeds were: Poodle (27%), Dachshund (17.4%), and Yorkshire Terrier (10.4%). The most frequent clinical manifestations were polyphagia (86%), polydipsia (82.6%), polyuria (80%), abdominal enlargement (82.6%), thin skin (79.1%), muscular weakness (78.3%) and panting (74.8%). However, eventually unusual HAC-associated signs would be present in some dogs in a more important way compared with the classic disease´s clinical signs. The CBC showed neutrophilia (66%), eosinopenia (58.3%) and lymphopenia (42.6%) as main hematological abnormalities. The most common findings in serum biochemistry were increased alkaline phosphatase activity (81.74%), increased ALT activity (62.6%), hypercholesterolemia (66%) and hypertriglyceridemia (54.7%). Urinalysis revealed hyposthenuria in 14.9% and isostenuria in 13.5%; besides proteinuria in 50% of the cases. Abdominal ultrasound showed bilateral adrenal hyperplasia (92.2%) with adrenal asymmetry in 20.8% of the cases, in addition to hepatomegaly (80.9%), biliary sludge (67.8%) and hepatic hyperechogenicity (47.8%). It was concluded that small size gonadectomized female dogs, mainly Poodles and Dachshunds, presented higher frequency in the population studied, and that the main changes observed in clinical and complementary tests were polyphagia, polyuria, polydipsia, abdominal enlargement, adrenal hyperplasia, increased phosphatase alkaline and hyperlipidemia. These results corroborated to a better disease characterization at Brazil. This work concluded that the population studied resembles the profile describe in European and North American epidemiologic studies, and that the HAC dog´s clinical picture looks similar worldwide.(AU)

A caracterização clínica-epidemiológica de doenças auxilia no direcionamento do diagnóstico. O objetivo deste trabalho foi descrever aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e laboratoriais de uma série de casos de hiperadrenocorticismo (HAC) canino. Foram avaliados 115 prontuários de cães diagnosticados pelo teste de supressão por baixa dose de dexametasona e/ou teste de estimulação com ACTH. Os casos de HAC ACTH-dependentes representaram 81,3% da população, e 18,7% foram ACTH-independentes. As fêmeas foram mais acometidas, representando 69,3% dos casos. A média de idade foi 10,3 ± 2,5 anos e 64,9% eram gonadectomizados. A maioria dos cães foi de porte pequeno, de até 10 kg (73,9%). As raças mais frequentes foram Poodle (27%), Dachshund (17,4%) e Yorkshire (10,4%). As manifestações clínicas mais relatadas foram polifagia (86%), polidipsia (82,6%), poliúria (80%), abdome pendular (82,6%), atrofia cutânea (79,1%), fraqueza muscular (78,3%) e dispneia (74,8%). Entretanto, eventualmente sinais clínicos pouco associados ao HAC se manifestaram de forma mais importante que os sinais clássicos da doença. O hemograma revelou neutrofilia (66%), eosinopenia (58,3%) e linfopenia (42,6%) como principais alterações hematológicas. Na bioquímica sérica foi observado aumento de fosfatase alcalina (81,74% dos casos), aumento da atividade da ALT (62,6%), hipercolesterolemia (66%) e hipertrigliceridemia (54,7%). A urinálise revelou hipostenúria em 14,9% e isostenúria em 13,5%; além de proteinúria em 50% dos casos. A ecografia abdominal evidenciou hiperplasia bilateral de adrenal (92,2%) com assimetria de adrenais em 20,8% dos casos, além de hepatomegalia (80,9%), lama biliar (67,8%) e hiperecogenicidade hepática (47,8%). Concluiu-se que fêmeas castradas de pequeno porte, principalmente das raças Poodles e Dachshunds, apresentaram maior frequência na população estudada e que as principais alterações observadas clínicas e nos exames complementares foram polifagia, poliúria, polidipsia, aumento abdominal, hiperplasia da adrenal, aumento de fosfatase alcalina e hiperlipidemia. Estes resultados corroboram para melhor caracterização da doença no Brasil. Este estudo concluiu que a população estudada se assemelha ao perfil populacional de cães com HAC descrito em estudos Europeus e Norte Americanos de forma que o perfil dos casos ao redor do globo parece similar.(AU)

Reversible atrial fibrillation following Crotalinae envenomation

Abstract Background Cardiotoxicity is a documented complication of Crotalinae envenomation. Reported cardiac complications following snake envenomation have included acute myocardial infarction, electrocardiogram abnormalities and arrhythmias. Few reports exist describing arrhythmia induced by viper envenomation and to our knowledge none describe arrhythmia induced by Crotalinae envenomation. This report concerns the first known case of atrial fibrillation precipitated by rattlesnake bite. Case presentation A 73-year-old Caucasian man with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and a baseline first-degree atrioventricular block presented to the emergency department following a rattlesnake bite to his left lower leg. He developed pain and swelling in his left leg two-hour post-envenomation and subsequently received four vials of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine). At three-hour post-envenomation following transfer to the intensive care unit, an electrocardiogram revealed new-onset atrial fibrillation. An amiodarone drip was started and the patient successfully converted to normal sinus rhythm approximately six hours after he was found to be in atrial fibrillation. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and an ejection fraction of 72%. He was discharged the following day with no hematological abnormalities and a baseline first-degree atrioventricular block. Conclusion This is the first documented case of reversible atrial fibrillation precipitated by Crotalinae envenomation. In patients with pertinent risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation, physicians should be aware of the potential for this arrhythmia. Direct toxic effects of venom or structural and electrophysiological cardiovascular abnormalities may predispose snakebite patients to arrhythmia, warranting extended and attentive cardiac monitoring.

Screening and characterization of lactic acid bacterial strains that produce fermented milk and reduce cholesterol levels

ABSTRACT Objective To screen for and characterize lactic acid bacteria strains with the ability to produce fermented milk and reduce cholesterol levels. Methods The strains were isolated from traditional fermented milk in China. In vitro and in vivo evaluation of cholesterol-reduction were used to identify and verify strains of interest. Characteristics were analyzed using spectrophotometry and plate counting assays. Results The isolate HLX37 consistently produced fermented milk with strong cholesterol-reducing properties was identified as Lactobacillus plantarum (accession number: KR105940) and was thus selected for further study. The cholesterol reduction by strain HLX37 was 45.84%. The isolates were acid-tolerant at pH 2.5 and bile-tolerant at 0.5% (w/v) in simulated gastric juice (pH 2.5) for 2 h and in simulated intestinal fluid (pH 8.0) for 3 h. The auto-aggregation rate increased to 87.74% after 24 h, while the co-aggregation with Escherichia coli DH5 was 27.76%. Strain HLX37 was intrinsically resistant to antibiotics such as penicillin, tobramycin, kanamycin, streptomycin, vancomycin and amikacin. Compared with rats in the model hyperlipidemia group, the total cholesterol content in the serum and the liver as well as the atherogenic index of rats in the viable fermented milk group significantly decreased by 23.33%, 32.37% and 40.23%, respectively. Fewer fat vacuoles and other lesions in liver tissue were present in both the inactivated and viable fermented milk groups compared to the model group. Conclusion These studies indicate that strain HLX37 of L. plantarum demonstrates probiotic potential, potential for use as a candidate for commercial use for promoting health.(AU)

Reversible atrial fibrillation following Crotalinae envenomation

Background Cardiotoxicity is a documented complication of Crotalinae envenomation. Reported cardiac complications following snake envenomation have included acute myocardial infarction, electrocardiogram abnormalities and arrhythmias. Few reports exist describing arrhythmia induced by viper envenomation and to our knowledge none describe arrhythmia induced by Crotalinae envenomation. This report concerns the first known case of atrial fibrillation precipitated by rattlesnake bite. Case presentation A 73-year-old Caucasian man with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and a baseline first-degree atrioventricular block presented to the emergency department following a rattlesnake bite to his left lower leg. He developed pain and swelling in his left leg two-hour post-envenomation and subsequently received four vials of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine). At three-hour post-envenomation following transfer to the intensive care unit, an electrocardiogram revealed new-onset atrial fibrillation. An amiodarone drip was started and the patient successfully converted to normal sinus rhythm approximately six hours after he was found to be in atrial fibrillation. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and an ejection fraction of 72%. He was discharged the following day with no hematological abnormalities and a baseline first-degree atrioventricular block. Conclusion This is the first documented case of reversible atrial fibrillation precipitated by Crotalinae envenomation. In patients with pertinent risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation, physicians should be aware of the potential for this arrhythmia. Direct toxic effects of venom or structural and electrophysiological cardiovascular abnormalities may predispose snakebite patients to arrhythmia, warranting extended and attentive cardiac monitoring.(AU)

Reversible atrial fibrillation following Crotalinae envenomation

Background Cardiotoxicity is a documented complication of Crotalinae envenomation. Reported cardiac complications following snake envenomation have included acute myocardial infarction, electrocardiogram abnormalities and arrhythmias. Few reports exist describing arrhythmia induced by viper envenomation and to our knowledge none describe arrhythmia induced by Crotalinae envenomation. This report concerns the first known case of atrial fibrillation precipitated by rattlesnake bite. Case presentation A 73-year-old Caucasian man with a past medical history of hypertension, hyperlipidemia, type 1 diabetes mellitus, and a baseline first-degree atrioventricular block presented to the emergency department following a rattlesnake bite to his left lower leg. He developed pain and swelling in his left leg two-hour post-envenomation and subsequently received four vials of Crotalidae polyvalent immune fab (ovine). At three-hour post-envenomation following transfer to the intensive care unit, an electrocardiogram revealed new-onset atrial fibrillation. An amiodarone drip was started and the patient successfully converted to normal sinus rhythm approximately six hours after he was found to be in atrial fibrillation. A transthoracic echocardiogram revealed mild concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and an ejection fraction of 72%. He was discharged the following day with no hematological abnormalities and a baseline first-degree atrioventricular block. Conclusion This is the first documented case of reversible atrial fibrillation precipitated by Crotalinae envenomation. In patients with pertinent risk factors for developing atrial fibrillation, physicians should be aware of the potential for this arrhythmia. Direct toxic effects of venom or structural and electrophysiological cardiovascular abnormalities may predispose snakebite patients to arrhythmia, warranting extended and attentive cardiac monitoring.(AU)

Glucose and lipid profile of obese dogs fed with different starchy sources / Perfil glicêmico e lipídico de cães obesos alimentados com diferentes fontes amiláceas

Among the health disorders caused by obesity in dogs stand out hyperglycemia and hyperlipidemia. Glycemic responses are directly related to the amount and type of starch. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the effect of different sources of starch on glycemic and lipid levels in obese dogs. These dogs were distributed in a completely randomized design in a factorial 3x2x2 (three sources starchy - corn (60%), sorghum (60%) and corn: sorghum (30:30%), two breeds - Beagle and Dachshund and males and females. After 28 days of experiment, dogs fed with corn had higher amounts of glucose (93.79A mg dL-¹) (P<0.05) compared with diets containing sorghum (88.00Bmg dL-¹) and corn: sorghum (88.75B mg dL-¹) (P>0.05). Thus, dogs that consumed corn had a higher glycemic peak in a shorter time compared with dogs that ingested sorghum. Furthermore, the dogs fed with diet containing sorghum showed lower levels of fructosamine that dogs that ingested corn diet (P<0.05) demonstrating that the diet containing sorghum maintained blood glucose over a longer time period that reduces the fluctuation of glucose in dogs. At 56 and 112 days of the experiment, a positive correlation between glucose levels and body weight (P<0.05) was also observed. At 28, 56, 84 and 112 days, Beagle dogs showed higher serum concentrations of total cholesterol compared with Dachshund dogs (P<0.05). It was concluded that the starchy source and breed can interfere with metabolic rates of obese dogs.(AU)

Dentre os transtornos de saúde causados pela obesidade em cães, destacam-se a hiperglicemia e a hiperlipidemia. As respostas glicêmicas estão diretamente relacionadas com a quantidade e o tipo de amido consumido. Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito de diferentes fontes de amido sobre os índices glicêmico e lipídico de cães obesos. Os animais foram distribuídos em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado em arranjo fatorial 3x2x2 (três fontes amiláceas - milho (60%), sorgo (60%) e milho:sorgo (30:30%), duas raças - Beagle e Dachshund - e dois sexos. Aos 28 dias de experimento, os cães alimentados com milho apresentaram maiores valores de glicose (93,79Amg dL-¹) (P<0,05), comparados com as dietas contendo sorgo (88,00Bmg dL-¹) e sorgo:milho (88,75Bmg dL-¹), que não diferiram significativamente entre si (P>0,05). Assim, os animais que ingeriram milho apresentaram um maior pico glicêmico em um menor tempo, quando comparado com os cães que ingeriram apenas sorgo. Além disso, os animais que ingeriram as dietas com sorgo apresentaram menores níveis de frutosamina do que os cães que ingeriram dieta com milho (P<0,05), demonstrando que a dieta com sorgo proporcionou manutenção da glicemia por um período de tempo maior, reduzindo as flutuações de glicose nos cães. Aos 56 e 112 dias de experimento, foi observada correlação positiva entre os níveis glicêmicos e o peso corporal (P<0,05). Aos 28, 56, 84 e 112 dias, os cães da raça Beagle apresentaram maior concentração sérica de colesterol total e de triglicerídeos que cães Dachshund (P<0,05). Conclui-se que a fonte amilácea e a raça podem interferir nos índices metabólicos de cães obesos.(AU)

Hepatoprotective effects of ginseng in rats fed cholesterol rich diet

Background: Ginseng species having been used in various traditional herbal therapies for many years in worldwide. In recent years, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and obesity have become serious health problems. These are considered risk factor for metabolic and organic diseases such as atherosclerosis, fatty liver, diabetes. Therefore, prevention and treatment of these disorders are significant for ensuring comfortable and healthy life. It has been also stated that ginseng saponin suppressed liver enzyme increments caused by feeding with high cholesterol or fatty diet. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ginseng on liver enzymes of rats fed cholesterol-rich diet. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 24 healthy adult male Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into three groups as control group (K), cholesterol group (C), and cholesterol + ginseng group (CG). The K group had ad libitum access to a standard rat diet for 40 days. The C and CG groups had ad libitum access to the same diet containing 5% cholesterol powder and 5% cholesterol + 1 g/kg Panax ginseng root powder, respectively, for 40 days. On the 40 th day of the study, blood samples were taken from 8 animals in each group. At the end of the study, plasma samples were analyzed for aspartase transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and [...](AU)

Hepatoprotective effects of ginseng in rats fed cholesterol rich diet

Background: Ginseng species having been used in various traditional herbal therapies for many years in worldwide. In recent years, hyperlipidemia, hypercholesterolemia and obesity have become serious health problems. These are considered risk factor for metabolic and organic diseases such as atherosclerosis, fatty liver, diabetes. Therefore, prevention and treatment of these disorders are significant for ensuring comfortable and healthy life. It has been also stated that ginseng saponin suppressed liver enzyme increments caused by feeding with high cholesterol or fatty diet. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the effect of ginseng on liver enzymes of rats fed cholesterol-rich diet. Materials, Methods & Results: In this study, 24 healthy adult male Wistar Albino rats were equally divided into three groups as control group (K), cholesterol group (C), and cholesterol + ginseng group (CG). The K group had ad libitum access to a standard rat diet for 40 days. The C and CG groups had ad libitum access to the same diet containing 5% cholesterol powder and 5% cholesterol + 1 g/kg Panax ginseng root powder, respectively, for 40 days. On the 40 th day of the study, blood samples were taken from 8 animals in each group. At the end of the study, plasma samples were analyzed for aspartase transaminase (AST), alanine transaminase (ALT), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and [...]

Efeito do óleo de alho na prevenção da hiperlipidemia em equinos

A hiperlipidemia em equinos está associada à necessidade de mobilização das reservas lipídicas em caso de balanço energético negativo. Sua ocorrência em animais internados pode ser alta e, em casos graves (hiperlipemia), o prognóstico é mau. O tratamento tem como base principal a correção do balanço energético. As propriedades hipolipemiantes do óleo de alho são conhecidas em humanos e, embora seja muitas vezes utilizado em hospitais veterinários como terapia adjuvante nessa afecção, há poucos estudos em equinos. No presente estudo, pretendeu-se avaliar o efeito do óleo de alho na prevenção da hiperlipidemia em equinos internados em hospital veterinário bem como possíveis alterações hematológicas e de peroxidação lipídica durante o uso. Foram selecionados sessenta equinos adultos, independentemente de raça, sexo e enfermidade, que ficaram internados no hospital veterinário por no mínimo uma semana. Os mesmos foram divididos em dois grupos: G1 (experimental) que recebeu 15mL de Alli-Um®, produto comercial para equinos contendo óleo de alho, por via oral, uma vez ao dia, durante o período de internação, e G2 (controle) que não sofreu interferências em seu manejo. No primeiro dia de internação (T0) e a cada três dias foram coletadas amostras de sangue para a dosagem de triglicérides, colesterol total, glicemia, bilirrubina direta, bilirrubina total, ureia e creatinina e, a cada sete dias, para realização de hemograma. Amostras coletadas de seis animais de cada grupo foram avaliadas quanto a peroxidação lipídica através do Método de TBARS Espontâneo. Apresentaram hiperlipidemia, em pelo menos um dos períodos de coleta, 36,6% do G1 e 23,3% do G2, não havendo diferença estatística entre os grupos. As diferenças pontuais observadas para as variáveis da bioquímica sérica, na comparação entre grupos e na avaliação dos grupos ao longo do tempo, não foram atribuídas ao uso do óleo de alho. Não houve diferença significante no valor de hemácias entre os tempos de coleta do grupo experimental. Não houve diferença significante entre os grupos quanto à peroxidação lipídica. Conclui-se que a suplementação com óleo de alho (Alli-Um®) na dose e frequência utilizadas no presente estudo é segura, não causando anemia, mas não foi capaz de prevenir a ocorrência de hiperlipidemia e nem de interferir na peroxidação lipídica em equinos internados em hospital veterinário.

Equine hyperlipidemia is associate with the need to mobilize lipid reserves in case of negative energy balance. There is a high prevalence in hospitalized animals and, in severe cases (hyperlipaemia), the prognosis is poor. The treatment basis is energetic balance correction. Garlic oils lipid-lowering properties are known in human medicine, and, although it is used in veterinary hospitals as an adjuvant in this affection, there are few studies of its effects on horses. In the present study, it was intended to evaluate the garlic oil action in the prevention of hyperlipidemia in hospitalized horses, as well as possible hematologic or lipid peroxidation change during use. It was selected sixty adult equines, regardless of race, sex, and illness, who were admitted to the veterinary hospital for at least a week. They were divided into two groups: G1 (experimental) that received 15mL of Alli-Um®, commercial product for equine with garlic oil, orally, once a day during the hospitalization period, and G2 (control), that did not suffer interference in its management. On the first day of hospitalization (T0) and every three days, blood samples were collected for the measurements of triglycerides, total cholesterol, glycemia, direct bilirubin, total bilirubin, urea and creatinine and, every seven days, for total blood count. Samples collected from six animals in each group were evaluated for lipid peroxidation using the Spontaneous TBARS Method. 36.6% of G1 and 23.3% of G2 presented hyperlipidemia in at least one of the collection periods, with no statistical difference between the groups. The punctual differences observed for serum biochemistry variables, in the comparison between groups and in the evaluation of groups over time, were not attributed to the use of garlic oil. There was no significant difference in the value of red blood cells between the collection times of the experimental group. There was no significant difference between the groups regarding lipid peroxidation. It is concluded that supplementation with garlic oil (Alli-Um®) in the dose and frequency used in the present study is safe, does not cause anemia, but it was not able to prevent the occurrence of hyperlipidemia or to interfere with lipid peroxidation in horses admitted to a veterinary hospital.

Respostas metabólicas de cães diabéticos alimentados com dietas contendo diferentes concentrações de ômega-3

Há evidências de que a suplementação dietética de ácidos graxos poli-insaturados ômega-3 (AGPI-3) possa modificar o metabolismo lipídico e glicêmico de indivíduos diabéticos, aspecto não estudado em cães. Dessa forma, este estudo objetivou avaliar as respostas glicêmicas e lipídicas de cães com diabetes mellitus após a ingestão de ômega-3. Os cães diabéticos adultos, machos ou fêmeas, sem outras afecções, foram selecionados na rotina do Hospital Veterinário da Faculdade de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia da Universidade de São Paulo. Estes foram incluídos em dois períodos experimentais de 12 semanas cada, nos quais receberam as dietas isonutrientes indicadas para cães diabéticos, denominadas como controle (sem óleo de peixe) e alimento teste (5,0% de óleo de peixe). Os resultados encontrados nas variáveis da curva glicêmica convencional e por sistema de mensuração contínua; curva de trigliceridemia e colesterolemia; perfil plasmático de lipoproteínas e variáveis do esvaziamento da vesícula biliar foram comparados por meio dos testes de Wilcoxon ou T pareado e, valores de p<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Foi observado que a ingestão média de 142,9±34,2mg/kg da soma de ácido eicosapentaenóico e docosaexaenóico resultou em menor colesterolemia média (p=0,01); mínima (p=0,02); máxima (p=0,01); em jejum (p=0,03); duas (p<0,01), quatro (p=0,01) e 10 horas pós-prandial (p=0,02); menor oscilação na colesterolemia ao longo do dia (p=0,03); nas concentrações das frações de colesterol em VLDL (p<0,01) e nas lipoproteínas não-HDL (p=0,05). Não foi observado efeito nas variáveis relacionadas ao esvaziamento da vesícula biliar e trigliceridemia (p>0,05). Observou-se maior concentração intersticial de glicose média total (p=0,04), média noturna (p=0,02), máxima diurna (p=0,01) e noturna (p<0,01), maior tempo em hiperglicemia (p<0,01), com menor tempo em hipoglicemia (p<0,01). A suplementação de óleo de peixe resultou em efeitos positivos na hipercolesterolemia mas, piorou a glicemia de cães diabéticos

There is evidence that dietary supplementation of omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA-3) can modify the lipid and glycemic metabolism of diabetic subjects, an aspect not studied in dogs. Thus, this study aimed to evaluate the glycemic and lipid responses of dogs with diabetes mellitus after omega-3 intake. Adult diabetic dogs, male or female, without other conditions, were selected in the routine of the Veterinary Hospital of School of Veterinary Medicine and Animais Science of University of São Paulo. These were included in two experimental periods of 12 weeks each, in which they received the isonutrient diets indicated for diabetic dogs, named as control (without fish oil) and test food (5.0% fish oil). The results found in the variables of the conventional glycemic curve and by continuous measurement system; triglyceridemia and cholesterolemia curve; plasma lipoprotein profile and gallbladder emptying variables were compared using Wilcoxon or paired T tests, and p values <0.05 were considered significant. It was observed that the average intake of 142.9±34.2mg of the sum of eicosapentaenoic and docosahexaenoic acid/kg resulted in lower cholesterolemia variables: mean (p=0.01); minimal (p=0.02); maximum (p=0.01); fasting (p = 0.03); two (p<0.01), four (p=0.01) and 10 hours postprandial (p=0.02); lower fluctuation throughout the day (p=0.03); and lower cholesterol concentration in VLDL fraction (p<0.01) and in non-HDL lipoproteins (p=0.05). There was no effect on variables related to gallbladder emptying and triglyceridemia (p>0.05). There was a higher interstitial concentration of total mean glucose (p=0.04), nocturnal average (p=0.02), maximum daytime (p=0.01) and nighttime (p<0.01), longer time in hyperglycemia (p<0.01), with less time in hypoglycemia (p<0.01). Fish oil supplementation resulted in positive effects on hypercholesterolemia, but it worsened the blood glucose levels of diabetic dogs

Caracterização da microbiota fecal de cães obesos e após emagrecimento

A obesidade é considerada na medicina veterinária a afecção nutricional e metabólica mais comum da atualidade. Esta ocorre devido ao acúmulo excessivo de tecido adiposo no organismo, resultado do aumento na ingestão de energia associado a falta de atividade física. A obesidade vem sendo correlacionada com disbiose da microbiota intestinal, bem como em desordens imunológicas, alterações ortopédicas, respiratórias e metabólicas, como resistência insulínica e hiperlipidemia. Estudos demonstraram em ratos geneticamente obesos e induzidos pela dieta, que a microbiota cecal de animais acima do peso apresentam tags genéticos ambientais que codificam enzimas envolvidas na degradação de polissacarídeos e no metabolismo de carboidratos simples. Assim, a microbiota de indivíduos obesos pode ser mais eficiente em digerir e metabolizar a energia da dieta que indivíduos magros. Dessa forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi caracterizar a microbiota fecal de cães obesos e em escore corporal ideal e avaliar os efeitos do programa de perda de peso sobre os filos e gêneros bacterianos. Foram incluídos vinte cães, fêmeas, castradas, de diferentes raças, com idade entre 1 a 9 anos. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos: grupo experimental de animais obesos (GO), com escore de condição corporal (ECC) 9 e com porcentagem de gordura corporal superior a 30%, determinada pelo método de diluição de isótopos de deutério e um grupo controle (GC), com ECC 4 ou 5 e gordura corporal máxima de 15%. Os animais obesos foram incluídos em um programa de perda de peso e, quando perderam 20% do peso inicial, passaram a compor o grupo de animais emagrecidos (GE). Foram coletadas amostras de fezes dos três grupos experimentais. Nos grupos controle e obesos, a coleta foi realizada após um período de adaptação com dieta de manutenção e, no grupo emagrecido, a coleta de fezes foi realizada no final do programa de perda de peso. Após cada coleta, as amostras foram armazenadas em freezer -80°C. Na sequência, foi extraído o DNA total das fezes e estas foram sequenciadas pela metodologia Illumina. As abundâncias observadas para cada filo e gênero foram avaliadas por modelo linear generalizado, considerando distribuição binominal e pelo emprego da função de ligação logit. O modelo incluiu efeitos fixos de grupos (Controle, Obesos e Emagrecidos), além dos efeitos aleatórios de animal e resíduo. Todas as análises foram realizadas pelo procedimento PROC GLIMMIX do programa Statistical Analysis System. Valores de P<0,05 foram considerados significativos. Foram identificados 7 filos e 51 gêneros diferentes entre os 3 grupos experimentais. O filo e gênero predominante entre os grupos foi respectivamente o Firmicutes (53,01% - 71,98%) e o Clostridium (42,43 25,51%). Foi observada diferença entre animais obesos e magros para o filo Firmicutes (P=0,0189) e gênero Sutturella (P=0,0095). O programa de perda de peso modulou de forma positiva os filos Actinobacteria (P=0,0128), Firmicutes (P=0,0189) e o gênero Dorea (P<,0001) e, negativamente o Faecalibacterium (P=0,0114). O presente trabalho verificou que o programa de perda de peso foi capaz de modular os microrganismos do trato gastrointestinal, de forma que, os cães emagrecidos apresentaram composição microbiana com maior biodiversidade, aumento de Actinobacteria, Firmicutes e Dorea e menor abundancia de Faecalibacterium.

Obesity is considered the most common nutritional and metabolic disorder in veterinary medicine today. This occurred to the excessive accumulation of adipose tissue in the organism, due to increase in energy intake with low physical activity. Obesity has been associated with an intestinal microbiota dysbiosis, as well as in immune disorders, orthopedic, respiratory and metabolic changes, such as insulin resistance and hyperlipidemia. Studies have shown in both genetically obese and diet-induced mice that the cecal microbiota from obese animals is enriched with environmental genetic tags that encode enzymes involved in the degradation of polysaccharides and the metabolism of simple carbohydrates. Thus, the microbiota of obese individuals may be more efficient in digesting and metabolizing dietary energy than lean individuals. So, the present study aims to characterize the microbioma profile of obese dogs and to evaluate the effects of weight loss on the population of microorganisms of dogs included in a weight loss program. Twenty dogs, female, neutered, different breeds and 1 to 9 years old were included. The animals were divided into two groups: experimental group of obese animals (GO) with a body condition score (BCS) 9 and body fat percentage greater than 30% determined by the deuterium isotope dilution method and a control group (GC) with BCS 4 or 5 and maximum body fat of 15%. The obese animals were included in a weight loss program and when they lost 20% of their initial weight, they became part of the group of emaciated animals (GE). Stool samples were collected from the three experimental groups. In the control and obese groups, the collection was performed after an adaptation period with a maintenance diet and in the emaciated group, the collection of feces was done at the end of the weight loss program. After each collection, the samples were stored at -80°C. Total DNA was extracted from the feces and sequenced using the Illumina methodology. The abundances observed for each phylum and gender were evaluated using a generalized linear model, considering binomial distribution and using the logit link function. The model includes fixed effects of Groups (Control, Obese and Weight Loss), in addition to the random effects of animals and residue. All as analyzes were performed using PROC GLIMMIX procedure from the Statistical Analysis System Program. Values of P <0.05 were considered significant. Seven different phyla and 51 different males were identified among the three experimental groups. The most prevalent phylum and genus among the groups was Firmicutes (53.01% - 71.98%) and Clostridium (42.43 25.51%) respectively. It was observed difference between obese and lean animals for phyla Firmicutes (P = 0.0189) and genus Sutturella (P = 0.0095). The weight loss program regulated positively the phyla Actinobacteria (P = 0.0128), Firmicutes (P = 0.0189) and genus Dorea (P<.0001), and negatively genus Faecalibacterium (P = 0.0114). The present study found that the weight loss program is capable of modulating the microorganisms of the gastrointestinal tract, so that the emaciated dogs presented microbial composition with greater biodiversity, greater presence of Actinobacteria, Firmicutes and Dorea and less abundance of Faecalibacterium.