Surgical complications associated with hemilaminectomy and intervertebral disc fenestration: Prospective study of 64 dogs / Complicações associadas à hemilaminectomia toracolombar e fenestração de disco intervertebral: estudo prospectivo em 64 cães

ABSTRACT: Hemilaminectomy and intervertebral disc fenestration are commonly used to treat intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE); however, they are associated with surgical complications. Sixty-four dogs were assessed during the intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative periods to evaluate complications resulting from these surgical procedures. During this study, 15.62% (n=10) of the dogs presented with complications during at least one of the evaluations. Iatrogenic rhizotomy, access to the spinal canal contralateral to the lesion, and cardiorespiratory arrest were observed intraoperatively. Abdominal wall flaccidity, neurological worsening, hematoma, dehiscence, and superficial wound infections were observed during the immediate postoperative period. Adverse reactions to the surgical thread, scar adhesion, and superficial wound infection were the most frequent complications during the late postoperative period. Dogs that undergo hemilaminectomy and intervertebral disc fenestration because of IVDE may experience complications during the intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative periods. However, these complications are often transitory and rarely cause death.

RESUMO: A hemilaminectomia e a fenestração do disco intervertebral são os procedimentos cirúrgicos geralmente empregados no tratamento da extrusão do disco intervertebral (EDIV), os quais podem desencadear complicações cirúrgicas. Foram avaliadas complicações em 64 cães nos períodos intra e pós-operatório imediato e tardio. Dos pacientes incluídos no estudo, 15,62% (n=10) apresentaram alguma ocorrência em pelo menos uma das etapas avaliadas. Das complicações, no período intraoperatório foram observadas rizotomia iatrogênica, abertura do canal vertebral contralateral e parada cardio-respiratória. No pós-operatório imediato foram verificadas a flacidez da parede abdominal lateral, piora neurológica, hematoma, deiscência de ferida cirúrgica e infecção superficial da ferida de pele. No pós-operatório tardio foram verificadas reação ao fio cirúrgico, aderência cicatricial e flacidez da parede abdominal lateral como problemas mais frequentes. Conclui-se que cães submetidos à hemilaminectomia e fenestração do disco intervertebral envolvido em decorrência da EDIV podem apresentar complicações nos períodos intraoperatório, pós-operatório imediato e tardio, sendo transitórias e com mínimas chances de ocasionar óbito.

Surgical complications associated with hemilaminectomy and intervertebral disc fenestration: prospective study of 64 dogs / Complicações associadas à hemilaminectomia toracolombar e fenestração de disco intervertebral: estudo prospectivo em 64 cães

Hemilaminectomy and intervertebral disc fenestration are commonly used to treat intervertebral disc extrusion (IVDE); however, they are associated with surgical complications. Sixty-four dogs were assessed during the intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative periods to evaluate complications resulting from these surgical procedures. During this study, 15.62% (n=10) of the dogs presented with complications during at least one of the evaluations. Iatrogenic rhizotomy, access to the spinal canal contralateral to the lesion, and cardiorespiratory arrest were observed intraoperatively. Abdominal wall flaccidity, neurological worsening, hematoma, dehiscence, and superficial wound infections were observed during the immediate postoperative period. Adverse reactions to the surgical thread, scar adhesion, and superficial wound infection were the most frequent complications during the late postoperative period. Dogs that undergo hemilaminectomy and intervertebral disc fenestration because of IVDE may experience complications during the intraoperative, immediate postoperative, and late postoperative periods. However, these complications are often transitory and rarely cause death.

A hemilaminectomia e a fenestração do disco intervertebral são os procedimentos cirúrgicos geralmente empregados no tratamento da extrusão do disco intervertebral (EDIV), os quais podem desencadear complicações cirúrgicas. Foram avaliadas complicações em 64 cães nos períodos intra e pós-operatório imediato e tardio. Dos pacientes incluídos no estudo, 15,62% (n=10) apresentaram alguma ocorrência em pelo menos uma das etapas avaliadas. Das complicações, no período intraoperatório foram observadas rizotomia iatrogênica, abertura do canal vertebral contralateral e parada cardio-respiratória. No pós-operatório imediato foram verificadas a flacidez da parede abdominal lateral, piora neurológica, hematoma, deiscência de ferida cirúrgica e infecção superficial da ferida de pele. No pós-operatório tardio foram verificadas reação ao fio cirúrgico, aderência cicatricial e flacidez da parede abdominal lateral como problemas mais frequentes. Conclui-se que cães submetidos à hemilaminectomia e fenestração do disco intervertebral envolvido em decorrência da EDIV podem apresentar complicações nos períodos intraoperatório, pós-operatório imediato e tardio, sendo transitórias e com mínimas chances de ocasionar óbito.

Necrose tissular em equino associada ao uso de fenilbutazona / Tissue necrosis in equine associated with use of phenylbutazone

Background: Wounds that occur with tissue necrosis and that result from the application of medications through the most diverse accesses are described as drug skin medical embolism or Nicholas syndrome in human medicine, with wide description. In veterinary medicine, this subject has not yet been described extensively and specifically in veterinary medicine, especially regarding to wounds that occurred after the application of non-intravenous medications in horses, even though these lesions are recurrent in the clinical routine. This report aims to describe a case of skin necrosis in a horse, due to phenylbutazone infection. Case: A 7 year-old Mangalarga Marchador horse, weighing 400 kg, was admitted to the Veterinary Hospital for Large Animals of the Universiade Federal Rural do Rio de Janeiro (UFRRJ), with a history of phenylbutazone injection to the left side of the neck. The animal had an extensive wound on the neck and face on the left side and was characterized by the presence of cold and devitalized skin, with a hardened and parched appearance and that easily detached. During the anamnesis, a single administration of 10 mL of a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug based on phenylbutazone was reported intramuscularly for about 10 days to control the pain resulting from the claudication present for 14 days. The medication was administered in the region of the lateral border of the neck, on the left side. After drug administration, the animal presented an increase in volume at the application site. After 24 h, the lesion spread from the inoculation region, extending to the head and chest of the animal. During debridement, it was found that the lesion did not reach the underlying muscle tissue. In addition to the wound, the animal had upper eyelid palsy, lower lip, and auricular ptosis. Treatment with surgical debridement of devitalized tissue, topical application of ozonated sunflower oil, ketanserin, and a free skin graft was instituted. During hospitalization, the animal had a corneal ulcer in the left eye with an unfavorable prognosis due to paralysis of the upper eyelid, with enucleation of the affected eyeball. The animal was under veterinary care for 180 days and was discharged when his wound was already in an advanced stage of healing. Discussion: The history of the application of phenylbutazone intramuscularly and the location and characteristics of the lesion presented by the patient in the present report suggest that this animal presented aseptic tissue necrosis resulting from the administration of non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, phenylbutazone. Although aseptic tissue necrosis, better known as Nicolau's syndrome or drug embolism cutis, is widely characterized and described in this species, there are studies in the literature that reproduce the syndrome in pigs and rabbits. Phenylbutazone was able to cause arterial damage, mainly in the tunica intima of the artery in which the medication was administered, with perivascular inflammatory infiltrate and subsequent skin necrosis at the site of administration. In addition to the skin lesion, the animal started to show signs compatible with the left facial nerve lesion, evidenced by the immobility of the upper eyelid and labial and ear ptosis. This resulted in corneal ulceration and subsequent enucleation. The animal also developed chewing difficulty in the first months of hospitalization. This dysfunction may be due to a lesion of the mandibular nerve, responsible for innervating the masticatory muscles and the oral mucosa. However, the animal showed improvement in this aspect, no longer showing this condition after 90 days of hospitalization. The treatment used was successful in healing the wound.

Cistostomia com sonda de Foley para desvio temporário do fluxo urinário em felino acometido por ruptura uretral iatrogênica / Cystostomy with Foley tube for temporary deviation of urinary flow in feline affected by iatrogenic urethral rupture / Cistostomía con tubo de Foley para la desviación temporal del flujo urinario en felino afectado por ruptura uretral iatrogénica

A ruptura uretral iatrogênica geralmente é uma intercorrência secundária à passagem forçada de sondas rígidas durante a tentativa de desobstrução uretral; procedimento este realizado como forma de eliminação imediata da urina em casos de retenção aguda. Pacientes obstruídos podem manifestar sinais de injúria renal aguda, sendo necessário o pronto restabelecimento do fluxo urinário. O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o uso de uma técnica de cistostomia temporária em felino com ruptura de uretra, feito a partir da inserção de uma sonda tipo Foley na região ventral da bexiga e fixação desta à parede abdominal para que a urina pudesse ser conduzida ao meio externo.

The iatrogenic urethral rupture is usually an intercurrence secondary to the forced passage of rigid tubes during the urethral clearance attempt; procedure that is performed as a means of immediate elimination of urine in cases of acute retention. Obstructed patients may show signs of acute kidney injury, requiring prompt restoration of urinary flow. The present study aims to demonstrate the use of a temporary cystostomy technique in feline with rupture of the urethra, made from the insertion of a Foley type probe in the ventral region of the bladder and fixation of it to the abdominal wall so that the urine could be conducted to the external environment.

La ruptura uretral iatrogénica suele ser una intercurrencia secundaria al paso forzado de tubos rígidos durante el intento de aclaramiento uretral; procedimiento que se realizó como un medio de eliminación inmediata de orina en casos de retención aguda. Los pacientes obstruidos pueden mostrar signos de lesión renal aguda, lo que requiere una pronta restauración del flujo urinario. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el uso de una técnica de cistostomía temporal en felinos con ruptura de la uretra, realizada mediante la inserción de una sonda tipo Foley en la región ventral de la vejiga y su fijación a la pared abdominal para que la orina pueda ser conducida al ambiente externo.

Cistostomia com sonda de Foley para desvio temporário do fluxo urinário em felino acometido por ruptura uretral iatrogênica / Cystostomy with Foley tube for temporary deviation of urinary flow in feline affected by iatrogenic urethral rupture / Cistostomía con tubo de Foley para la desviación temporal del flujo urinario en felino afectado por ruptura uretral iatrogénica

A ruptura uretral iatrogênica geralmente é uma intercorrência secundária à passagem forçada de sondas rígidas durante a tentativa de desobstrução uretral; procedimento este realizado como forma de eliminação imediata da urina em casos de retenção aguda. Pacientes obstruídos podem manifestar sinais de injúria renal aguda, sendo necessário o pronto restabelecimento do fluxo urinário. O presente estudo tem como objetivo demonstrar o uso de uma técnica de cistostomia temporária em felino com ruptura de uretra, feito a partir da inserção de uma sonda tipo Foley na região ventral da bexiga e fixação desta à parede abdominal para que a urina pudesse ser conduzida ao meio externo.(AU)

The iatrogenic urethral rupture is usually an intercurrence secondary to the forced passage of rigid tubes during the urethral clearance attempt; procedure that is performed as a means of immediate elimination of urine in cases of acute retention. Obstructed patients may show signs of acute kidney injury, requiring prompt restoration of urinary flow. The present study aims to demonstrate the use of a temporary cystostomy technique in feline with rupture of the urethra, made from the insertion of a Foley type probe in the ventral region of the bladder and fixation of it to the abdominal wall so that the urine could be conducted to the external environment.(AU)

La ruptura uretral iatrogénica suele ser una intercurrencia secundaria al paso forzado de tubos rígidos durante el intento de aclaramiento uretral; procedimiento que se realizó como un medio de eliminación inmediata de orina en casos de retención aguda. Los pacientes obstruidos pueden mostrar signos de lesión renal aguda, lo que requiere una pronta restauración del flujo urinario. El presente estudio tiene como objetivo demostrar el uso de una técnica de cistostomía temporal en felinos con ruptura de la uretra, realizada mediante la inserción de una sonda tipo Foley en la región ventral de la vejiga y su fijación a la pared abdominal para que la orina pueda ser conducida al ambiente externo.(AU)

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...]

Sciatic nerve injection palsy in a dog: electrodiagnostic testing and microsurgical treatment

Background: Iatrogenic damage to the ischiatic nerve is considered uncommon and may cause dysfunction with variable clinical signs dependent on type and severity of injury. Due to important role of this nerve in locomotion and weightbearing limb, a poor prognosis for recovery may be observed in many cases. Electromyography analysis may suggest the neuroanatomic localization, diagnosis information, and severity of lesion to determine better therapeutic intervention. Therefore, the aim of this report is to describe the possible cause, diagnosis and treatment of a postinjection ischiatic nerve injury in a dog with complete recovery.Case: A 3-year-old neutered male dachshund dog was referred to the Veterinary Hospital due to inability to weight support in the right hind limb after diminazene diaceturate intramuscular injection. The gait evaluation showed dropped-hock and knuckling into the digits of the right hind limb and neurologic examination revealed moderate muscle atrophy below to femorotibial joint of the right hind limb with sensory analgesia (superficial and deep) on the lateral, dorsal, and plantar surfaces, absent patellar reflex, and proprioceptive deficit. Electrophysiologic testing was done under general anesthesia in a 2-channel Nicolet Compass Meridian apparatus. Absence of compound muscle action potentials after right fibular and tibial nerve stimulations, and abnormal spontaneous activity in cranial tibial, gastrocnemius and deep digital extensor muscles were observed. A diagnosis of moderate/severe axonotmesis of sciatic nerve was achieved. Under microscope magnification, all adherent adjacent tissue and epineural sheat were removed. Due this, a small epineural window was created. On neurological examination performed 30 days after surgery, complete recovery of sensitivity of the right hind limb, and normal proprioception were observed. The muscle atrophy was also noted to have improved.[...](AU)

Experimental and iatrogenic poisoning by sodium selenite in pigs / Intoxicação iatrogênica e experimental por selenito de sódio em suínos

Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.(AU)

A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do "H" medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.(AU)

Experimental and iatrogenic poisoning by sodium selenite in pigs / Intoxicação iatrogênica e experimental por selenito de sódio em suínos

Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.(AU)

A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do "H" medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.(AU)

Experimental and iatrogenic poisoning by sodium selenite in pigs

ABSTRACT: Following a case of iatrogenic selenium poisoning in a young pig, an experimental study was carry out. Sodium selenite was orally and parenterally administered to 13 pigs that were subdivided into three groups (G1, G2 and G3). The animals in groups G1 and G3 received sodium selenite intramuscularly (IM), G1 received a comercial formula, and G3 received sodium selenite mixed with distilled water at different dosages, and those in group G2 were fed commercial sodium selenite. Acute and subacute poisoning was observed in both groups, although the onset of clinical signs was slower in group G2. Only one pig (in group G1) that had received the highest dose showed a peracute course. Apathy, anorexia, dyspnea, vomiting, muscular tremors, proprioceptive deficit, ataxia and paresis of the hind limbs progressing to the front limbs evolving to tetraplegia were observed. Postmortem findings differed whether the animals received the injected (G1 and G3) or oral (G2) sodium selenite. The liver was moderately atrophic in some animals of G2. Some of the animals in groups G1 and G3 presented with lung edema. One pig in G3 had yellowish-brown areas in the ventral horns of the cervical intumescences of the spinal cord. The most important histological changes were present in the ventral horns of the cervical and lumbar intumescences of the spinal cord. In one animal, changes were present in the brainstem and mesencephalon. The initial lesion was a perivascular and astrocyte edema that progressing to lysis and death of astrocytes and neurons. In the chronic stage of the lesions, there were extensive areas of liquefaction necrosis with perivascular lymphocytic and histiocytic infiltration and occasional eosinophils. It seems that disruption of the blood-brain barrier due to astrocyte edema is the most likely mechanism of CNS lesion.

RESUMO: A partir de um caso de intoxicação iatrogênica por selenito de sódio injetável em suíno verificaram-se alguns aspectos patogenéticos não esclarecidos, o que ensejou o estudo experimental. Selenito de sódio foi administrado pelas vias oral e parenteral a 13 suínos, subdivididos em três grupos (G1, G2 e G3). Os grupos G1 e G3 receberam selenito de sódio por via intra-muscular (IM); (G1 - fórmula comercial e G3 - selenito de sódio misturado à água destilada, em diversas dosagens) e o grupo G2, por via oral (VO), misturado à ração. Quadros de evolução aguda e subaguda foram observados em todos os grupos, embora o início dos sintomas tenha sido mais lento no grupo G2. Um único porco (do grupo G1), que havia recebido a dose mais alta, apresentou evolução superaguda. Apatia, anorexia, dispneia, vômito, tremores musculares, déficit proprioceptivo, ataxia e paresia dos membros posteriores com progressão para os anteriores e evolução para tetraplegia foram observados. Os achados de necropsia foram diferentes entre os animais que receberam o selenito de sódio injetável (IM - G1 e G3) e oral (G2). Havia moderada atrofia hepática em alguns animais do G2. Parte dos animais dos grupos G1 e G3 apresentaram edema pulmonar. Em um suíno (G3) notaram-se áreas marrom-amareladas nos cornos ventrais da intumescência cervical. As alterações histológicas mais importantes ocorreram nos cornos ventrais do H medular das intumescências cervical e lombar. Em um animal, as alterações envolviam o tronco cerebral e o mesencéfalo. Inicialmente, a lesão caracterizava-se por edema perivascular e astrocitário que progredia para lise e necrose de astrócitos e neurônios. O estágio crônico das lesões caracterizava-se por extensas áreas de necrose liquefativa e infiltração perivascular linfocítica e histiocítica, com raros eosinófilos. Sugere-se que a ruptura da barreira hematoencefálica por edema astrocitário seja o mecanismo mais provável da lesão no SNC.

Reconstructive surgical repair of a forth degree iatrogenic burn in a dog

Background: Burns are uncommon in small animal surgery routine and represents a real therapeutic challenge. Skin can be affect in different degrees of deepness as superficial, partial thickness, full thickness and full thickness affecting underlying tissues. Each degree has individual features. Progression through degrees can occur in the first 24 h or if treatment is inadequate. This paper aims to describe therapeutic approach and surgical technique to treat a huge dorsal iatrogenic thermal burn injury.Case: A 4-year-old female German Shepard was referred to veterinary hospital after 11 days of elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy. The patient presented a severe skin injury with crusts, eschars, purulent discharge and myiasis on dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar region. Beside severity of the wound, animal present good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. Histopathologic analysis of a wound tissue sample revealed the presence of coagulation necrosis and inflammatory response. The absence of traumatic events, histopathologic result and wound features increased suspicious of an iatrogenic burn injury from a poorly regulated thermal mattress used during surgical intervention. Rule of Nines was estimated as 25% of total body surface area. Systemic antibiotics and topical treatment with 0.05% [...]

Reconstructive surgical repair of a forth degree iatrogenic burn in a dog

Background: Burns are uncommon in small animal surgery routine and represents a real therapeutic challenge. Skin can be affect in different degrees of deepness as superficial, partial thickness, full thickness and full thickness affecting underlying tissues. Each degree has individual features. Progression through degrees can occur in the first 24 h or if treatment is inadequate. This paper aims to describe therapeutic approach and surgical technique to treat a huge dorsal iatrogenic thermal burn injury.Case: A 4-year-old female German Shepard was referred to veterinary hospital after 11 days of elective ovariosalpingohisterectomy. The patient presented a severe skin injury with crusts, eschars, purulent discharge and myiasis on dorsal cervical, thoracic and lumbar region. Beside severity of the wound, animal present good general status and normal vital signs. Complete blood count and biochemical analysis were within normal ranges. Histopathologic analysis of a wound tissue sample revealed the presence of coagulation necrosis and inflammatory response. The absence of traumatic events, histopathologic result and wound features increased suspicious of an iatrogenic burn injury from a poorly regulated thermal mattress used during surgical intervention. Rule of Nines was estimated as 25% of total body surface area. Systemic antibiotics and topical treatment with 0.05% [...](AU)

DIRETRIZES PARA ABORDAGEM MINIMAMENTE INVASIVA COM HASTE INTRAMEDULAR EM CÃES

Objetivou-se descrever detalhadamente os corredores seguros e acessos cirúrgicos para aplicação minimamente invasiva de haste intramedular bloqueada (MINO) em cães. Foram utilizados 14 cadáveres de cães, pesando entre 30 e 40 kg e de raças variadas, sendo 10 deles para estudo anatômico e abordagem do acesso cirúrgico e 4 para planejamento radiográfico e aplicação da técnica MINO com implantação das hastes bloqueadas (ILN) no úmero, fêmur e tíbia. Para tal foram escolhidos aleatoriamente 3 úmeros, 3 fêmures e 3 tíbias desses 4 animais, onde a tíbia utilizada não poderia ser ipsilateral ao fêmur em um mesmo animal. Após a realização da técnica foi feita avaliação das estruturas neurovasculares e musculares de cada abordagem. Em sequência os membros foram radiografados para avaliação da aplicação do implante. Não observou-se lesão macroscópica às grandes estruturas neurovasculares regionais no presente estudo, além disso, lesões leves às musculaturas de cada abordagem foram encontradas. O presente estudo determinou de forma criteriosa e precisa, as referências e interrelações anatômicas dos acessos cirúrgicos para a MINO nas diáfises do úmero, fêmur e tíbia.

The aim of this study was to describe in detail the safe corridors and surgical approaches of minimally invasive interlocking nail (MINO) technique. Forteen cadavers of different dog breeds weighing between 30 and 40 kg were used, 10 of them for anatomical study, and 4 for creation of the MINO portals and dissect to evaluate iatrogenic lesions. A review of the anatomy and surgical approaches of the MINO was performed to establish the landmarks. The first one was a compound of the realisation of portals on the bones and anatomical study. Posteriorly was performed the MINO technic and after this application was to check possible injuries or interferences with noble neurovascular structures. Radiographic evaluation was performed to check the alignment and the position of the implants. The references and anatomical interrelationships of the surgical accesses for the minimally invasive approach of the tibial, femur, and humerus diaphyses were determined in a careful and accurate way. No lesion of important neurovascular structures was observed in any cadaver. The construction of access points for minimally invasive application of the MINO is feasible and safe when using safe corridors.

Presença do Mycoplasma haemocanis (hemoplasma hemotrópico) em concentrado de eritrócitos canino e sua interferência no metabolismo eritrocitário

A medicina veterinária transfusional desempenha um papel importante na estabilização do paciente crítico. Infelizmente, patógenos como Mycoplasma haemocanis, uma bactéria pleomórfica, pode estar presente no sangue do doador e serem transmitidos na transfusão. Os mycoplasmas hemotrópicos podem causar doença subclínica, onde portadores assintomáticos podem ser identificados como doadores de sangue saudáveis, aumentando o risco de infecção iatrogênica. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a presença de M. haemocanis em concentrado de eritrócitos canino, utilizando a técnica de reação em cadeia da polimerase quantitativa (qPCR), correlacionando-se com o metabolismo eritrocitário durante o armazenamento. Foram selecionados oito cães negativos (Grupo Controle) e oito positivos (Grupo Mycoplasma) para M. haemocanis, previamente confirmados pela técnica de qPCR, clinicamente saudáveis, que atendiam aos critérios de inclusão como doadores. Uma bolsa de sangue (390 a 450 mL) contendo 63 mL de CPDA-1 foi coletada de cada animal selecionado e centrifugadas para obter o concentrado de eritrócitos. Alíquotas do concentrado de eritrócitos nos dias 1, 7, 18 e 29 durante o armazenamento a 4°C foram analisadas por qPCR para determinar a presença de M. haemocanis e foi padronizado o número de cópias/µL de sangue, usando um controle interno sintético. Adicionalmente, foram avaliados os parâmetros pH, bicarbonato (HCO3-), potássio (K+), sódio (Na+), cloro (Cl-), glicose, lactato e amônia. Os dados foram analisados por ANOVA entre os grupos Controle e Mycoplasma e correlação de Pearson para determinar as interações entre as variáveis. M. haemocanis foi detectado em concentrado de eritrócitos nos dias 1, 7, 18 e 29 de armazenamento. Diferenças significativas nos parâmetros bioquímicos entre os grupos foram observadas ao longo do período de armazenamento. Não foram identificadas correlações entre o número de cópias/µL de M. haemocanis e os parâmetros bioquímicos avaliados. Mais estudos são necessários para avaliar o potencial de infecção de M. haemocanis. No entanto, os dados do presente estudo são uma grande contribuição, demonstrando o risco de transmissão a traves da transfusão de concentrado de eritrócitos.

Veterinary transfusion medicine plays an important role in stabilizing the critically ill patient. Unfortunately, pathogens such as Mycolasma haemocanis may be present in the donor's blood and be transmitted during the transfusion. Haemotropic mycoplasmas can cause subclinical disease, where asymptomatic carriers can be identified as healthy blood donors, increasing the risk of iatrogenic infection. The aim of this work was evaluating the survival of M. haemocanis in canine packed red blood cell, using the quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR) technique, correlating with erythrocyte metabolism. Eight negative (Control group) and eight positive (Mycoplasma group) dogs for M. haemocanis, previously confirmed by qPCR, clinically healthy, which met the inclusion criteria as blood donors were selected. Blood transfusion bags (390 to 450 mL) containing 63 mL of CPDA-1 were collected from the selected animals and centrifuged to obtain packed red blood cells. Sampling were performed on days 1, 7, 18 and 29 during storage at 4°C and samples were analyzed by qPCR for determinate the presence of M. haemocanis. Log copy number/µL blood in real-time PCR assay was standardize using a synthetic gene as internal control. The parameters evaluated included pH, bicarbonate (HCO3-), potassium (K+), sodium (Na+), chlorine (Cl-), glucose, lactate and ammonia. Statistical analyzes were performed using the SAS 9.4 software by ANOVA between the negative and M. haemocanis positive groups, and finally a Pearson correlation were made to determine interactions between variables. M. haemocanis was detected in pRBC on days 1, 7, 18 and 29 of storage. Significant differences in biochemical parameters between the pRBC control and Mycoplasma group were observed over the course of storage. Correlations analysis were not identified between qPCR copy number/µL and biochemical parameters evaluated. Further studies are needed to assess the potential for M. haemocanis infection. However, the data from the present study are an important contribution, demonstrating the risk of transmission through the transfusion of canine packed red blood cell.

Estudo comparativo biomecânico ex vivo após estabilização curta unilateral e bilateral de segmento de coluna vertebral toracolombar de cães com parafusos vertebrais poliaxiais e hastes conectoras

Fraturas vertebrais, luxações e deformidades da coluna vertebral possuem uma alta taxa de morbimortalidade em cães. O segmento toracolombar é o mais acometido nas fraturas, pois nele há a transição de uma porção rígida (torácica) para uma com maior mobilidade (lombar). Em muitos casos há necessidade de intervenções cirúrgicas, para promover estabilização do segmento acometido. Porém, há uma carência de pesquisas na área. Assim, muitos procedimentos utilizados são extrapolados de conhecimentos obtidos em medicina humana, como por exemplo a teoria dos três compartimentos, no qual é indicado o tratamento cirúrgico quando há comprometimento de dois ou mais compartimentos. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar a estabilização obtida em um segmento da coluna vertebral toracolombar (T11 L3) com a utilização de parafusos vertebrais poliaxiais e hastes conectoras (PVPHC), após a criação de um defeito na vértebra L1, simulando uma fratura com acometimento de dois compartimentos. Foram comparados quatro grupos, a saber: grupo intacto, o controle, com o segmento íntegro; grupo defeito, com lesão criada em L1; grupo unilateral, com fixação unilateral de parafusos poliaxiais nas vértebras T13 - L2, unidos por uma haste conectora e grupo bilateral, com fixação bilateral de parafusos poliaxiais nas vértebras T13 L2, unidos por duas hastes conectoras. Utilizaram-se 13 segmentos de colunas vertebrais toracolombares de espécimes caninas, com dissecação muscular das vértebras T11 L3, preservando-se o tecido ligamentar, com o segmento fixado a uma base de resina nas extremidades (T11-T12 e L3). Após esses procedimentos as peças foram avaliadas radiograficamente, sendo a densitometria, o fator de exclusão de espécimes com valores discrepantes ao grupo. Nos segmentos incluídos no estudo, foram mensurados, em dispositivo de análise biomecânica, três parâmetros vertebrais de movimentos; amplitude de movimento (AM), zona neutra (ZN) e zona elástica (ZE), no grupo intacto. Após, realizou-se ostectomia parcial em cunha do corpo vertebral de L1 repetindo as mensurações nos três eixos (flexão/extensão, inclinação lateral e rotação axial). Posteriormente, realizou-se a estabilização unilateral e bilateral, respectivamente, repetindo-se as mensurações em cada situação. Por fim, os resultados foram comparados estatisticamente, onde verificou-se diminuição significativa da AM na flexão/extensão do grupo bilateral em comparação ao intacto (p= 0,0202988) e defeito (p= 0,0130306); redução significativa da AM entre os grupos unilateral e bilateral em comparação aos grupos intacto (p= 0,0136439 e p= 0,0005799, respectivamente) e defeito (p= 0,0032576 e p= 0,0001124, respectivamente), no ensaio de inclinação lateral e ausência de significância estatística na torção. A ZN e ZE não tiveram significância. Sendo assim, é possível concluir que a estabilização bilateral com PVPHC, promove uma fixação significativa em coluna toracolombar e apresenta-se como uma alternativa promissora. No entanto, são necessários mais estudos com a utilização desta técnica e do dispositivo.

Vertebral fractures, luxations and spinal deformities have high morbidity and mortality rates in dogs. The thoracolumbar segment is more prone to fractures because at this region there is a transition between a stiff segment (thoracic vertebrae) and a more mobile one (lumbar vertebrae). Surgical treatment is needed in most of the cases to fix the unstable spine segments. Nevertheless, there is a paucity of veterinary research in this area and plenty of surgical knowledge is translated from human medicine. One example is the three-compartment theory, that advocates surgical treatment in cases that present two or more vertebral compartments are compromised by the fracture. The aim of this study was to determine the biomechanical behavior of a polyaxial vertebral screw and connecting rods (PVSCR) construct on the canine thoracolumbar spinal segment (T11 - L3) after creating a two-compartment vertebral defect on L1.We compared range of motion of four groups: control group (intact spines), defect group (with the iatrogenic L1 lesion left untreated); unilateral PVSCR group (the same L1 lesion treated with an unilateral PVSCR frame extending from T13 to L2) and bilateral PVSCR frame group (treated with a bilateral T13-L2 construct frame). We harvested 13 thoracolumbar vertebral units (T11 - L3) from dog cadavers and stripped them of the musculature while preserving ligament tissues and joint capsules. The endplates of the spinal units (T11-T12 and L3) were cured and fixed to a testing jig by acrylic resin. After these procedures, bone densitometry was assessed by radiographic examinations and specimens with discrepant values compared to the group, were excluded from further analyses. We them assessed the biomechanical properties of the remaining vertebral units to determine range of motion (ROM), neutral zone (NZ) and elastic zone (EZ), at first in the intact group. Afterwards, we created a partial wedge ostectomy on the L1 vertebral body and repeated the measurements in the three axes (flexion/extension, lateral bending and axial rotation). Subsequently, unilateral and bilateral stabilization were performed, respectively, repeating the measurements for each situation. Finally, the results were statistically compared in which ROM was significantly decreased in flexion/extension ROM decrease on the treated groups (bilateral group) when compared to intact (p= 0,0202988) and unstable defect (p= 0,0130306) groups and were statistically compared in which ROM was significantly decreased in lateral bending ROM decrease on the treated groups (unilateral and bilateral group) when compared to intact ((p= 0,0136439 e p= 0,0005799, respectively) and unstable defect (p= 0,0032576 e p= 0,0001124, respectively) groups. There were no statistically differences for any of the groups for torsional tests.NZ and EZ did not significantly differ among themselves. Thus, we concluded that bilateral PVSCR stabilization promotes significant spinal fixation in the thoracolumbar spine, thus it represents a promising internal fixation alternative. Nonetheless, further studies are needed to prove its clinical efficacy and devices safety.

Avaliação dos efeitos metabólicos, da qualidade de vida e da redução do prurido em cães com dermatite atópica tratados com prednisolona e oclacitinibe

A Dermatite Atópica canina representa uma doença alérgica tegumentar de etiologia multifatorial, influenciada por fatores genéticos e ambientais, que culminam na patogenia complexa e não completamente elucidada da doença. Ocorre liberação de interleucinas e enzimas pró-inflamatórias que causam um intenso prurido corpóreo. O prurido é a principal manifestação clínica da doença, que por sua vez, induz o paciente ao autotraumatismo e ao desenvolvimento de infecções bacterianas e fúngicas secundárias. Classicamente a atopia canina é tratada com glicocorticoides, que apesar da grande eficácia, pode gerar efeitos colaterais importantes e distúrbios metabólicos graves como dislipidemia, hiperglicemia e hiperadrenocorticismo iatrogênico. O advento do oclacitinib em 2016 tem se tornado uma ótima opção de terapia para o controle do prurido sem relatos de efeitos colaterais importantes até o momento. Por este motivo, o presente estudo teve como objetivos avaliar a frequência de efeitos metabólicos, da qualidade de vida e da redução do prurido em cães atópicos tratados com glicocorticoides, incialmente, e com oclacitinib, posteriormente. Para tanto foram incluídos dez cães atópicos, de forma prospectiva, os quais receberam 30 dias de tratamento com prednisolona e depois mais 30 dias de tratamento com oclacitinib, sequencialmente. Todos os animais foram avaliados em três momentos diferentes, isto é, antes do início da terapia (T0), 30 dias após a instituição da terapia com prednisolona e imediatamente antes de iniciar a terapia com oclacitinib (T1) e 30 dias após terapia com oclacitinib (T2). Essa avaliação compreendeu exames laboratoriais (colesterol, triglicérides, glicose, fosfatase alcalina e alanino aminotransferase), estadiamento do prurido e das lesões cutâneas pelo método CADESI e questionário aplicado aos tutores. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas sobre as concentrações séricas dos parâmetros bioquímicos entre os períodos T0, T1 e T2. Foi constatada uma melhora significativa tanto do prurido quanto das lesões cutâneas com o uso do corticoide, que foi superada com uso do Oclacitinib. Além disso, o questionário aplicado aos tutores dos cães atópicos nos três tempos (T0, T1 e T2) apontou um ganho de qualidade de vida mais significativo ao término do uso do oclacitinib em comparação ao período de tratamento com a prednisolona. Concluiu-se, dessa forma, que não houve alterações metabólicas significativas com os dois tratamentos instituídos, porém a redução do prurido, do quadro lesional, e da melhora da qualidade de vida foram mais significativas com o uso do oclacitinib

Canine Atopic Dermatitis represents a multifactorial allergic disease that is influenced by genetic and environmental factors, culminating in the complex and not completely elucidated pathogenesis of the disease. There is release of interleukins and proinflammatory enzymes that cause intense body pruritus. Pruritus is the main clinical manifestation of the disease, which in turn induces the patient to self-trauma and the development of secondary bacterial and fungal infections. Classically canine atopy is treated with glucocorticoids, which despite its high efficacy, can generate important side effects and serious metabolic disorders such as dyslipidemia, hyperglycemia and iatrogenic hyperadrenocorticism. The advent of oclacitinib in 2016 has become a great therapy option for pruritus control without reports of major side effects so far. For this reason, the present study aimed to evaluate the impact of systemic corticosteroid replacement by oclacitinib in the treatment of canine atopy, regarding the development of side effects and metabolic, pruritus and cutaneous lesions, as well as the quality of life of the patients. animals and their tutors before and after therapy with prednisolone and with oclacitinib. To this end, ten atopic dogs were included prospectively, who received 30 days of treatment with prednisolone and then another 30 days of treatment with oclacitinib, sequentially. All animals were evaluated at three different times, ie prior to initiation of therapy (T0), 30 days after institution of prednisolone therapy, and immediately prior to initiation of oclacitinib (T1) therapy and 30 days following oclacitinib therapy (T2). This evaluation included laboratory tests (cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, alkaline phosphatase and alanine aminotransferase), staging of pruritus and cutaneous lesions using the CADESI method and questionnaire applied to the tutors. No statistical differences were observed in the serum concentrations of the biochemical parameters between the periods T0, T1 and T2. There was a significant improvement in both pruritus and cutaneous lesions with corticoid use, which was overcome with Oclacitinib. In addition, the questionnaire applied to tutors of atopic dogs in the three times (T0, T1 and T2) showed a more significant gain in quality of life at the end of the use of oclacitinib compared to the treatment period with prednisolone. It was concluded, therefore, that there were no significant metabolic changes with the two treatments instituted, but the reduction of pruritus, lesion, and improvement of the quality of life were more significant with the use of oclacitinib.

Lesão iatrogênica meningomedular em um cão submetido à espondilectomia ventral para tratamento de extrusão crônica de disco intervertebral cervical / Iatrogenic meningo-medullary lesion in a dog undergoing ventral spondylectomy for treatment of a chronic cervical intervertebral disc extrusion

Objetivou-se descrever a ocorrência de lesão iatrogênica meningomedular em um cão da raça Dachshund, macho, oito anos de idade, apresentando tetraparesia flácida há dois meses, que foi submetido à espondilectomia ventral para tratamento de extrusão crônica de disco intervertebral cervical. Durante remoção do material de disco herniado com removedores de tártaro e pinça hemostática, observou-se severa hemorragia dos seios venosos, descolamento meníngeo com laceração medular e imediata queda dos parâmetros cardiovasculorrespiratório, com evolução para a morte ante a ausência de respostas às medidas de ressuscitação cardiopulmonar.(AU)

Our objective was to describe the occurrence of an iatrogenic meningo-medullary lesion and the trans-surgical complications in an eight-year-old male Daschund, which presented flacid tetraparesis for two months, and underwent ventral spondylectomy to treat a chronic cervical intervertebral disc extrusion. During the removal of the herniated disc with dental picks and hemostatic forceps, we observed meningeal dislocation with medullary laceration and an immediate reduction in cardiovasculatory and respiratory parameters, which progressed to a cardiorespiratory arrest that was non-responsive to medication and finally led to the death of the patient.(AU)

Caseous Lymphadenitis as a cause of hind limb paralysis in sheep in Rio Grande do Sul State / Linfadenite caseosa como causa de paralisia de membros pélvicos em ovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul

Background: Caseous lymphadenitis (CL), an infectious disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is characterized by pyogranulomas, white to greenish-yellow contents with aspect of rennet-coagulated cheese, and concentric laminations. Transmission occurs through direct contact with animals showing superfi cial lesions, via iatrogenic, or by respiratory route from aerosols. This paper reports the association of pyogranulomatous spondylitis with caseous lymphadenitis in two sheep, in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil.Cases: Two male sheep, 7- and 6-months-old, Texel (lamb 1) and mixed Texel (lamb 2), respectively, were submitted to necropsy. Affected sheep were reared under semi-intensive system in the same group, and had not been tail-docked. Both lambs showed weakness, diarrhea and paralysis of hind limbs. At necropsy, sheep had good body conditions, pale mucous membranes and large numbers of Haemonchus sp. worms within the abomasum. Lamb 1 showed serous fat atrophy and two abscesse-like lesions, one measuring 3.0 cm in diameter in the left apical lung lobe and other affecting the last lumbar vertebrae body. In lamb 2 there were three lesions like abscesses, a thoracic lesion involving the 13th vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae, a 3.0 cm in diameter lesion in the left axillary region, and a 1.5 cm lung lesion in the left apical lobe, ap

Background: Caseous lymphadenitis (CL), an infectious disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is characterized by pyogranulomas, white to greenish-yellow contents with aspect of rennet-coagulated cheese, and concentric laminations. Transmission occurs through direct contact with animals showing superfi cial lesions, via iatrogenic, or by respiratory route from aerosols. This paper reports the association of pyogranulomatous spondylitis with caseous lymphadenitis in two sheep, in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil.Cases: Two male sheep, 7- and 6-months-old, Texel (lamb 1) and mixed Texel (lamb 2), respectively, were submitted to necropsy. Affected sheep were reared under semi-intensive system in the same group, and had not been tail-docked. Both lambs showed weakness, diarrhea and paralysis of hind limbs. At necropsy, sheep had good body conditions, pale mucous membranes and large numbers of Haemonchus sp. worms within the abomasum. Lamb 1 showed serous fat atrophy and two abscesse-like lesions, one measuring 3.0 cm in diameter in the left apical lung lobe and other affecting the last lumbar vertebrae body. In lamb 2 there were three lesions like abscesses, a thoracic lesion involving the 13th vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae, a 3.0 cm in diameter lesion in the left axillary region, and a 1.5 cm lung lesion in the left apical lobe, ap

INFLUÊNCIA DAS CÉLULAS-TRONCO MESENQUIMAIS E DA MEMBRANA DE PLASMA RICO EM FIBRINA, NA REPARAÇÃO OSTEOCONDRAL DO JOELHO DE COELHOS

A presente dissertação está dividida em dois capítulos. O primeiro capítulo aborda o estado da arte das lesões e reparações osteocondrais, bem como das terapias usadas atualmente e o potencial das células-tronco mesenquimais e da membrana de plasma rico em fibrina nestes tipos de lesões. O segundo capítulo avalia a influência das células-tronco mesenquimais derivadas da medula óssea (CTMO) e da membrana de plasma rico em fibrina (MPRF), isoladas ou associadas na reparação osteocondral do joelho de coelhos. O estudo mostra que a associação de CTMO e MPRF nas proporções avaliadas, 5x106 de CTMO e MPRF de 0,5 x 1 cm resultante de 8 ml de sangue total, foi superior aos tratamentos isolados na diminuição da lesão iatrogênica. Em todos os grupos a densidade de condrócitos tanto do tecido regenerado como do tecido adjacente foi maior que a densidade observada no Grupo 0, já a densidade de condroblastos todos os grupos foi menor que a densidade observada no Grupo 0. Em relação ao escore total e itens isolados pertencentes à graduação de International Cartilage Repair Society, não foi observada diferença estatística entre os Grupos A, B, C e D. Conclui-se que a associação de CTMO e MPRF foi mais eficiente em diminuir a lesão iatrogênica do que a reparação natural e suas utilizações isoladas. Mesmo sem diferença estatística a associação da CTMO e da MPRF apresentou uma avaliação histológica mais uniforme. Esse estudo será submetido à avaliação da Revista Pesquisa Veterinária Brasileira.

This dissertation is divided into two chapters. The first chapter deals with the state of the art of osteochondral lesions and repairs, as well as the therapies currently used and the potential of mesenchymal stem cells and fibrin-rich plasma membrane in these types of lesions. Mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow and fibrin-rich plasma membrane, isolated or associated in the osteochondral repair of the knee of rabbits. The study shows that the association of CTMO and MPRF in the proportions evaluated, 5x106 de CTMO e MPRF de 0,5 x 1 cm resulting from 8 ml of whole blood, was higher than the treatments isolated in the reduction of the iatrogenic lesion. In all groups the chondrocyte density of both the regenerated tissue and the adjacent tissue was greater than the density observed in Group 0, whereas the chondroblasts density in all groups was lower than the density observed in Group 0. In relation to the total and Isolated items belonging to the International Cartilage Repair Society graduation, no statistical difference was observed between Groups A, B, C and D. It was concluded that the association of CTMO and MPRF was more efficient in decreasing the iatrogenic injury than the natural repair and their isolated uses. Even without statistical difference, the association of CTMO and MPRF presented a more uniform histological evaluation. This study will be submitted to the evaluation of the Brazilian Journal of Veterinary Research.

Linfadenite caseosa como causa de paralisia de membros pélvicos em ovinos no Estado do Rio Grande do Sul / Caseous ymphadenitis as a cause of hind limb paralysis in sheep in Rio Grande do Sul State

Background: Caseous lymphadenitis (CL), an infectious disease of sheep and goats caused by Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis, is characterized by pyogranulomas, white to greenish-yellow contents with aspect of rennet-coagulated cheese, and concentric laminations. Transmission occurs through direct contact with animals showing superficial lesions, via iatrogenic, or by respiratory route from aerosols. This paper reports the association of pyogranulomatous spondylitis with caseous lymphadenitis in two sheep, in Rio Grande do Sul State, southern Brazil. Cases: Two male sheep, 7- and 6-months-old, Texel (lamb 1) and mixed Texel (lamb 2), respectively, were submitted to necropsy. Affected sheep were reared under semi-intensive system in the same group, and had not been tail-docked. Both lambs showed weakness, diarrhea and paralysis of hind limbs. At necropsy, sheep had good body conditions, pale mucous membranes and large numbers of Haemonchus sp. worms within the abomasum. Lamb 1 showed serous fat atrophy and two abscesse-like lesions, one measuring 3.0 cm in diameter in the left apical lung lobe and other affecting the last lumbar vertebrae body. In lamb 2 there were three lesions like abscesses, a thoracic lesion involving the 13th vertebrae and the 1st lumbar vertebrae, a 3.0 cm in diameter lesion in the left axillary region, and a 1.5 cm lung lesion in the left apical lobe, apart of a calcified nodule with 0.5 cm in diameter in the diaphragmatic lobe. Histologically, these lesions were characterized by areas of caseous necrosis with foci of mineralization associated with peripheral infl ammatory infi ltrate rich in neutrophils surrounded by macrophages, epithelioid cells and occasional multinucleated giant cells and plasma cells and peripheral abundant fi brous connective tissue proliferation. In the vertebral bodies these lesions were partly surrounded by fibrous connective tissue, and in lamb 1 reached the dura mater, while in lamb 2, it extends to the spinal cord with pyogranulomatous myelitis, characterized by foci containing large amounts of neutrophils, surrounded by macrophages and epithelioid cells. There was thickening of blood vessel walls, with macrophages within or around them. Spinal cord injury affects both gray and white matter, with peripheral axonal spheroids. Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis grew in pure culture upon microbiological tests from samples of lung and vertebral lesions from both cases. Discussion: This paper describes, originally, caseous lymphadenitis as a cause of hind limb paralysis in sheep in Rio Grande do Sul State, Brazil. The association of the macroscopic and histological findings with the isolation of C. pseudotuberculosis allowed us to relate pyogranulomatous spondylitis with caseous lymphadenitis. The spondylitis and spinal cord compression and/or myelitis may explain the hind limb paralysis. The spread of the pathogen was probably hematogenous to the lungs and the other parts of the body. The hematogenous osteomyelitis caused by bacterial infection affects often young animals in the area of vascularization of the growth plate and epiphyseal articular complex. The blood vessels of these sites allow the bacterial installation due to slow flow and the blood turbulence in the larger descending vascular branches, but also due to lowed phagocytic capacity and discontinuity between endothelial cells. These factors, in addition to the antiphagocytic action of Corynebacterium pseudotuberculosis in endothelial cells may explain the location at spinal lesions of caseous lymphadenitis in these sheep.