Importação de organismos aquáticos com fins ornamentais e de aquariofilia / Importation of aquatic organisms for ornamental and aquarium purposes

O mercado pet mundial alcançou em 2019 a movimentação de US$131,3 bilhões (ABINPET, 2020), apresentando taxa de crescimento de 5,2% em relação ao ano anterior. Os 8. Importação de organismos aquáticos com fins ornamentais e de aquariofilia pixabay.com Estados Unidos respondem por mais de 40% do mercado de vendas no setor de varejo no mundo. Nesse mercado, o Brasil atualmente ocupa a 4ª posição, com 4,7%, seguido por Alemanha e França, com participações de 4,4% e 4,3%, respectivamente. Ressalta-se que os 10 principais mercados do setor pet no mundo representaram 77,3% do total movimentado. Estimativas apontam que a população pet mundial é de cerca de 1,8 bilhão de animais (Figura 1), sendo aproximadamente 40% correspondentes aos peixes ornamentais, o que demonstra o potencial deles no mercado de animais de estimação. A concentração da população em pequenos espaços nas áreas urbanas torna o aquarismo uma atividade atrativa pelo pouco espaço demandado, e o desenvolvimento tecnológico permite a utilização de equipamentos que substituem a atenção constante do ser humano, ao se comparar a outros animais de estimação. Os aquariofilistas estão em busca incessante por novidades, seja por diferentes espécies ou fenótipos. Portanto, é comum nesse mercado a exportação e a importação de organismos aquáticos com fins de ornamentação e aquariofilia. O Brasil se destaca como exportador e, internacionalmente, é reconhecido como um celeiro de espécies para o aquarismo. Entretanto, quando se visitam lojas de aquário brasileiras, percebe-se que a grande maioria das espécies comercializadas são exóticas, mesmo com toda a biodiversidade existente no Brasil. Vários fatores levaram a esse cenário, como benefícios fiscais para exportação de peixes ornamentais (Lei Kandir de incentivo à exportação), pacote tecnológico desenvolvido para espécies exóticas e dificuldade logística para envio de espécies dos polos de produção para as principais áreas de consumo, que estão localizadas principalmente na região Sudeste do país.(AU)

Colouring the Balassa index: a hermeneutic approach towards Romanian meat import / Colorindo o índice Balassa: uma abordagem hermenêutica para as importações de carne da Romênia

Romania has good agricultural resources and declining meat consumption, yet the country's meat imports are on the rise. This study uses Balassa's idea to link national trade patterns to worldwide ones and extends it, for the period between 2004 and 2019, to the ratio between prices and to the ratio between variables describing intra-industry trade. For price ratios, this study showed that Romania imported primarily inferior qualities of meat, particularly at the beginning of the study period. Regarding intra-industry trade, the Romanian trend moves in the opposite direction to the worldwide trend. Although, the trade of meat parts compared with whole/ half carcasses is on the rise internationally, it is declining in Romania, probably due to increasing competitiveness of the industry.

A Romênia tem bons recursos agrícolas e declínio no consumo de carne, mas as importações de carne do país estão aumentando. Este estudo usa a ideia de Balassa para vincular os padrões de comércio nacional aos mundiais e estende-a, para o período entre 2004 e 2019, à razão entre os preços e à razão entre as variáveis que descrevem o comércio intra-indústria. Para as relações de preços, este estudo mostra que a Romênia importou principalmente qualidades inferiores de carne, especialmente no início do período de estudo. No que diz respeito ao comércio intra-indústria, a tendência romena move-se na direção oposta à tendência mundial. Embora o comércio de partes de carne em comparação com carcaças inteiras / meias carcaças esteja crescendo internacionalmente, apresenta uma diminunuição na Romênia, provavelmente devido ao aumento da competitividade da indústria.

Potassium extraction from the silicate rock Verdete using organic acids

ABSTRACT: Although Brazil is one of the world's leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L1. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

Potassium extraction from the silicate rock Verdete using organic acids

Although Brazil is one of the world’s leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L–¹. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

Potassium extraction from the silicate rock Verdete using organic acids

Although Brazil is one of the world's leading exporter of agricultural products, the country is highly dependent on the importation of potassic fertilizers. K-bearing silicate rocks are reported as potential solutions to reduce external K dependency. This work evaluated K extraction from silicate Verdete rock, a glauconite-bearing rock containing 10 % of K2O, by solubilization with organic acids. Firstly, Verdete rock was reacted during 3-120 h with solutions of citric or oxalic acid at 2 % (m/v) in Erlenmeyer flasks by shaking. Oxalic acid extracted 6.5 % of K in Verdete, while citric acid extracted 2.3 %. Another experiment was performed to evaluate the effect of various oxalic acid concentrations (2, 4, 6, 8, and 10 %) and differing reaction times (12, 24, 48, and 72 h) on K extraction from Verdete rock. Soluble K concentration nearly doubled with the increase of reaction time from 12 to 72 h, rising from 20 to 37 mg L-1. Increments in K extraction were obtained by increasing oxalic acid concentrations up to 6 % and above this concentration, no significant gain was observed. The X-ray diffraction data showed that K extraction resulted from the formation of oxalate-metal complexes with metals in Verdete rock.

Survey of bovine brucellosis on the island of Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brazil / Investigação sobre brucelose bovina na Ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Pernambuco, Brasil

Considering the lack of information about livestock diseases on Brazilian oceanic islands, the occurrence of bovine brucellosis was investigated on the island of Fernando de Noronha, state of Pernambuco, Brazil. Serum samples were collected in October 2009, from all the 105 cows raised on the island at that time. These were examined concurrently using the Rose Bengal test and the Complement Fixation Test. All the samples were negative in both tests, indicating that the cows on the island were likely free from infection by smooth forms of Brucella. These results can partly be explained by the prohibition of introduction and importation of both small and large-sized animals that had been implemented through District Decree 19 of February 28, 2004.(AU)

Tendo em vista a inexistência de informações sobre a ocorrência da brucelose bovina em ilhas oceânicas brasileiras, investigou-se a presença da infecção na ilha de Fernando de Noronha, Estado de Pernambuco, Brasil. Soros de todas as 105 fêmeas bovinas existentes, colhidos em outubro de 2009, foram examinados concomitantemente pelo teste do Antígeno Acidificado Tamponado e pela Reação de Fixação de Complemento. Todas as amostras foram negativas em ambos os testes, indicando que provavelmente os animais presentes na ilha encontravam-se livres da infecção por Brucella. Estes resultados podem ser explicados, em partes, pela proibição da introdução e importação de grandes e pequenos animais, implementada pelo Decreto Distrital 19, de 28 de fevereiro de 2004.(AU)

Canine mast cell tumour lomustine's sensitization by tyrosine kinase inhibitors

Background: Tyrosine kinase inhibitors (TKIs) may sensitize neoplasms to conventional antineoplastic agents, however such studies are scarse in the veterinary literature and there is no in vivo study about this subject. Although the literature recommend consensual about the use of masitinib for unresectable or metastatic MCTs, the potential of tumour sensitization to chemotherapeutic agents exerted by the drug is poorly explored in veterinary medicine. The objective of this paper was to report, for the first time, the sensitization of 2 canine mast cell tumours (MCTs) to lomustine, with the use of 2 tyrosine kinase inhibitors: masitinib and toceranib. Cases: Two dogs were referred due tumour recurrence in the left pelvic limb (dog 1), and unilateral mass in the right nasal mucocutaneous region (dog 2). The first case was a 8-year-old female Pinscher, and the second case refers to a 8-year-old male mixed-breed dog. Fine needle aspiration of both lesions was performed, and the cytological analysis were compatible with high grade canine MCT. In the first case, it was started a chemotherapeutic treatment with intravenous vinblastine (2 mg/m² ), associated with prednisolone (40 mg/m2 , every 24 h for 7 days), followed by 25 mg/m2 every 24 h, for more 30 days, tramadol (4 mg/kg every 8 h, until new recommendations) and gabapentin (3 mg/kg every 12 h, until new recommendations). However, there was no objective response, and vinblastine was substituted by lomustine (60 mg/m2 every 21 days), however there was also no response after 2 doses. After masitinib importation, the same was started at 12.5 mg/kg orally every 24 h, but there was also no objective response. However, after new lomustine administration the lesion showed complete remission. The second dog initiated its treatment with toceranib, recently licensed in Brazil, at a dosage of 2.7 mg/kg every 48 h, and after 30 days, there was partial remission. However, the remaining lesion still deemed unresectable, and systemic chemotherapy with lomustine (50 mg/m2 ) was initiated along with continuous toceranib. After 3 weeks of the first chemotherapy complete remission was noted and a second dose was administered. Once the patient remained in complete clinical remission, only toceranib was maintained at the same dose. After 11 months using the toceranib, there was sign of disease recurrence and lomustine was re-initiated resulting in complete remission. Discussion: The TKIs masitinib and toceranib might be considered the first-line therapy for unresectable and/or metastatic canine MCT, but also for those cases with confirmed internal tandem duplications in the exon 11 of the c-KIT protooncogene. Masitinib appears to be more selective than others TKI, such as toceranib, imatinib, dasatinib and sunitinib, because it causes weak inhibition of BCR/ABL (breakpoint cluster region-Abelson), Fms (macrophage colony-stimulating factor receptor), Flt-3 (FMS-like tyrosine kinase-3) and VEGFR (vascular endothelial growth factor receptor), which may partially explains its increased safety and lower risk of cardiotoxicity. In the first case, the animal has been treated with lomustine associated to masitinib and showed a progression-free interval of 33 days, however, the response reported may have been lower, due previously exposition to chemotherapeutic agents, which might compromise the response to TKI. The second case, with the association of lomustine and toceranib, was followed up for 365 days, presenting only one recurrence in the final third of the follow-up, however, with subsequent new complete remission. Sensitization of canine MCT to lomustine with TKIs increases the therapeutic possibilities for this neoplasm, mainly in patients with advanced stage and high-grade tumours.

The impact of agriculture trade and exchange rate on economic growth of Pakistan: an NARDL and asymmetric analysis approach / O impacto do comércio agrícola e da taxa decâmbio no crescimento econômico do Paquistão: uma abordagem de análise NARDL e assimétrica

This study contributes to the extant literature on the nexus among agriculture export, import exchange rate and economic growth in Pakistan. We used annual time series data for 1980-2017 and employ the Non-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL) model. The NARDL testing results affirms asymmetric co-integration among the variables. The study main results show: (i) Co-integration test for long run the positive shocks in export and import have positive significant while exchange rate has positive effect the economic growth. (ii) Co-integration test for short run the positive shocks in import has positive significant and while Export and exchange rate have negative significant effect on economic growth. The symmetrical results show: (i) Export has unidirectional granger causality (ii) Exchange rate has bidirectional granger causality (iii) Import has not ganger causality with economic growth. In addition, the results demonstrated that causality relationship can help out policy maker to design such policies which are useful to economic growth of Pakistan, which could further promote foreign trade to gain the maximum level of economic growth.(AU)

Este estudo contribui para a literatura existente sobre o nexo entre exportação agrícola, taxa de câmbio de importação e crescimento econômico no Paquistão. Utilizamos dados de séries temporais anuais para 1980-2017 e empregamos o modelo Não-linear Autoregressive Distributed Lag (NARDL). Os resultados dos testes NARDL afirmam a co-integração assimétrica entre as variáveis. Os principais resultados do estudo mostram: (i) no teste de co-integração de longo prazo, os choques positivos nas exportações e importações têm uma significância positiva, enquanto a taxa de câmbio afeta positivamente o crescimento econômico; (ii) Teste de co-integração para curto prazo, os choques positivos nas importações são positivos significativos e, enquanto a exportação e a taxa de câmbio têm um efeito negativo significativo no crescimento econômico. Os resultados simétricos mostram: (i) a exportação tem causalidade unidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (ii) a taxa de câmbio tem causalidade bidirecional sobre o crescimento ; (iii) a importação não tem causalidade sobre o crescimento econômico. Além disso, os resultados demonstraram que a relação de causalidade pode ajudar o formulador de políticas a elaborar políticas úteis ao crescimento econômico do Paquistão, o que poderia promover ainda mais o comércio exterior para obter o nível máximo de crescimento econômico.(AU)

Genetic material from buffalo and cattle: crucial importance in the formalization of bilateral trade between India and Brazil

The trade in live animals between India and Brazil dates from the late nineteenth century when European travellers traded animals of Indian origin for display in zoos. Considering the origin of coffee and sugar cane, as well as the expertise related to mineral evaluation, we need to consider that India was involved in important economic cycles of Brazil, even indirectly. This virtuous flow of trade has been maintained and intensified throughout modern history, especially after these two nations gained political independence from their colonisers, thereby becoming independent in mercantile affairs. This paper addresses the main points related to the use of animals of Indian origin in Brazil. We revisit some of the historical aspects of the process of colonisation of Brazil, as well as the importation of animals from India. The restrictions imposed on this process due to the occurrence of diseases in cattle and buffalo in India will be examined. At the end of the text, emphasis will be given to the risks of introducing exotic diseases into Brazil.

Genetic material from buffalo and cattle: crucial importance in the formalization of bilateral trade between India and Brazil

The trade in live animals between India and Brazil dates from the late nineteenth century when European travellers traded animals of Indian origin for display in zoos. Considering the origin of coffee and sugar cane, as well as the expertise related to mineral evaluation, we need to consider that India was involved in important economic cycles of Brazil, even indirectly. This virtuous flow of trade has been maintained and intensified throughout modern history, especially after these two nations gained political independence from their colonisers, thereby becoming independent in mercantile affairs. This paper addresses the main points related to the use of animals of Indian origin in Brazil. We revisit some of the historical aspects of the process of colonisation of Brazil, as well as the importation of animals from India. The restrictions imposed on this process due to the occurrence of diseases in cattle and buffalo in India will be examined. At the end of the text, emphasis will be given to the risks of introducing exotic diseases into Brazil.(AU)

Indirect ELISA (iELISA) standardization for the diagnosis of bovine enzootic leukosis / Padronização de um ELISA indireto (iELISA) para diagnóstico da leucose enzoótica bovina

Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is an infectious disease caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) that affects cattle worldwide. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was the reference test for EBL diagnosis for many years, but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed higher sensitivity, was faster to perform, and resulted in an objective reading. However, the importation of ELISA kits is lengthy and expensive, and currently, no AGID kits are available in Brazil. The aim of this work was to standardize an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for EBL diagnosis using BLV antigens produced in Tadarida brasiliensis lung (Tb1Lu) cells, which are Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) free, unlike fetal lamb kidney (FLK) cells, currently used for this purpose. Following standardization, iELISA results were compared with those obtained by AGID and the commercial Chekit Leucose-Serum ELISA. Compared to AGID, iELISA had 94,44% sensitivity, 75.68% specificity, 79.10% positive predictive value (PPV) and 93.30% negative predictive value (NPV), with 84% concordance and a Kappa index of 0.699. Compared to the Chekit Leucose-Serum ELISA, iELISA showed 92.60% sensitivity, 87.09% specificity, 90.27% PPV and 90,00% NPV, with 90.27% concordance and a Kappa index of 0.801. Taking into account the high agreement with the traditional tests and the absence of non-specific reactions with BVDV, the developed assay could be used as diagnostic method to control EBL in Brazil.(AU)

A leucose enzoótica bovina (LEB) é uma doença infecciosa natural dos bovinos com distribuição mundial causada pelo "bovine leukemia virus" (BLV). A imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi considerada por muitos anos o teste de eleição, porém ensaios imunoenzimáticos (ELISA) apresentam sensibilidade mais elevada e leitura mais rápida e objetiva. No entanto, a importação de kits de ELISA é um processo dispendioso e demorado, e atualmente não há kits de IDGA comercialmente disponíveis no Brasil. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar um ELISA indireto (iELISA) para diagnóstico da LEB utilizando antígenos produzidos a partir do cultivo do BLV em linhagem celular Tadarida brasiliensis "lung" (Tb1Lu) livre de "bovine viral diarrhea virus" (BVDV), diferentemente do que acontece com as linhagens "fetal lamb kidney" (FLK) atualmente utilizadas na produção desses antígenos para uso em ensaios sorológicos. Após a padronização do iELISA, os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por IDGA e pelo ELISA comercial "Chekit Leucose-Serum". Comparado ao IDGA, o iELISA apresentou 94,44% de sensibilidade, 75,68% de especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 79,1% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 93,3%, com concordância entre os testes de 84% e o índice Kappa 0,699. Quando comparado ao ELISA "Chekit Leucose-Serum", o iELISA apresentou sensibilidade de 92,6%, especificidade de 87,09%, VPP de 90,27% e VPN de 90%, com concordância de 90,27% e o índice Kappa 0,801. Portanto, devido à alta concordância com os testes tradicionais e ausência da ocorrência de reações inespecíficas com BVDV, o ensaio desenvolvido pode ser utilizado como ferramenta diagnóstica para o controle da LEB no Brasil.(AU)

Indirect ELISA (iELISA) standardization for the diagnosis of bovine enzootic leukosis / Padronização de um ELISA indireto (iELISA) para diagnóstico da leucose enzoótica bovina

Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is an infectious disease caused by bovine leukemia virus (BLV) that affects cattle worldwide. Agar gel immunodiffusion (AGID) was the reference test for EBL diagnosis for many years, but enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) showed higher sensitivity, was faster to perform, and resulted in an objective reading. However, the importation of ELISA kits is lengthy and expensive, and currently, no AGID kits are available in Brazil. The aim of this work was to standardize an indirect ELISA (iELISA) for EBL diagnosis using BLV antigens produced in Tadarida brasiliensis lung (Tb1Lu) cells, which are Bovine viral diarrhea virus (BVDV) free, unlike fetal lamb kidney (FLK) cells, currently used for this purpose. Following standardization, iELISA results were compared with those obtained by AGID and the commercial Chekit Leucose-Serum ELISA. Compared to AGID, iELISA had 94,44% sensitivity, 75.68% specificity, 79.10% positive predictive value (PPV) and 93.30% negative predictive value (NPV), with 84% concordance and a Kappa index of 0.699. Compared to the Chekit Leucose-Serum ELISA, iELISA showed 92.60% sensitivity, 87.09% specificity, 90.27% PPV and 90,00% NPV, with 90.27% concordance and a Kappa index of 0.801. Taking into account the high agreement with the traditional tests and the absence of non-specific reactions with BVDV, the developed assay could be used as diagnostic method to control EBL in Brazil.(AU)

A leucose enzoótica bovina (LEB) é uma doença infecciosa natural dos bovinos com distribuição mundial causada pelo "bovine leukemia virus" (BLV). A imunodifusão em gel de ágar (IDGA) foi considerada por muitos anos o teste de eleição, porém ensaios imunoenzimáticos (ELISA) apresentam sensibilidade mais elevada e leitura mais rápida e objetiva. No entanto, a importação de kits de ELISA é um processo dispendioso e demorado, e atualmente não há kits de IDGA comercialmente disponíveis no Brasil. Desta forma, o objetivo deste trabalho foi padronizar um ELISA indireto (iELISA) para diagnóstico da LEB utilizando antígenos produzidos a partir do cultivo do BLV em linhagem celular Tadarida brasiliensis "lung" (Tb1Lu) livre de "bovine viral diarrhea virus" (BVDV), diferentemente do que acontece com as linhagens "fetal lamb kidney" (FLK) atualmente utilizadas na produção desses antígenos para uso em ensaios sorológicos. Após a padronização do iELISA, os resultados foram comparados com aqueles obtidos por IDGA e pelo ELISA comercial "Chekit Leucose-Serum". Comparado ao IDGA, o iELISA apresentou 94,44% de sensibilidade, 75,68% de especificidade, valor preditivo positivo (VPP) de 79,1% e valor preditivo negativo (VPN) de 93,3%, com concordância entre os testes de 84% e o índice Kappa 0,699. Quando comparado ao ELISA "Chekit Leucose-Serum", o iELISA apresentou sensibilidade de 92,6%, especificidade de 87,09%, VPP de 90,27% e VPN de 90%, com concordância de 90,27% e o índice Kappa 0,801. Portanto, devido à alta concordância com os testes tradicionais e ausência da ocorrência de reações inespecíficas com BVDV, o ensaio desenvolvido pode ser utilizado como ferramenta diagnóstica para o controle da LEB no Brasil.(AU)

Evolução da produção e exportação de frangos de corte no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul / Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul broilers production and exports evolution

O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar um panorama evolutivo da cadeia de produção e exportação de frangos de corte no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul considerando o período de 2007 à 2016. Posteriormente se fez uma comparação dos resultados com os encontrados no estado do Paraná e um levantamento das barreiras comercias impostas à importação da carne de frango do Mato Grosso do Sul. A pesquisa se trata de uma análise descritiva e foram utilizados dados do InfoAgro, Secretária do Estado de Meio Ambiente, Desenvolvimento Econômico, Produção e Agricultura Familiar, Estatística de Comércio Exterior do Agronegócio Brasileiro e Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal. Os resultados apontam que o setor encontra-se em evolução dentro do Mato Grosso do Sul, com crescimentos significativos na produção e exportação. O Paraná possui um crescimento superior ao do Mato Grosso do Sul no período avaliado, o que evidencia o potencial de crescimento do estado. Verificou-se que as barreiras à importação da carne de frango comerciais impostas ao Mato Grosso do Sul não influem significantemente no crescimento da cadeia avícola no estado, e que atualmente o mesmo atende a todas as exigências. Conclui-se que o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul necessita de tempo para que ocorra a consolidação da avicultura, e que para tanto se faz necessário incentivo do governo para atração de novas empresas e fortalecimento da atividade junto aos produtores do estado.

The aim of this work was to bring out an evolutionary panorama of the broilers production and export in the Mato Grosso do Sul state, considering the period between 2007 and 2016. Subsequently a survey was made for the commercial barriers imposed on the importation of Mato Grosso do Sul broiler meat. The research is a descriptive analysis and data from InfoAgro, Famasul System and Agrostat and the Brazilian Association of Animal Proteins. The results indicate that the sector is in evolution within the Mato Grosso do Sul, with significant increases in production and exports. Paraná has a higher growth than Mato Grosso do Sul in this evaluated period, which shows the growth potential of the state. It has also been found that the barriers to the importation of commercial broiler meat, imposed on the MS do not influence significantly the growth of the poultry production chain in the state, that currently meets with all requirements imposed. It is concluded that the State of Mato Grosso do Sul needs time for the poultry industry consolidation, and that therefore, is necessary the encouragement and attraction of new companies to strengthen the activity of broilers production in Mato Grosso do Sul.

Evolução da produção e exportação de frangos de corte no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul / Brazilian State of Mato Grosso do Sul broilers production and exports evolution

O objetivo do trabalho foi realizar um panorama evolutivo da cadeia de produção e exportação de frangos de corte no estado do Mato Grosso do Sul considerando o período de 2007 à 2016. Posteriormente se fez uma comparação dos resultados com os encontrados no estado do Paraná e um levantamento das barreiras comercias impostas à importação da carne de frango do Mato Grosso do Sul. A pesquisa se trata de uma análise descritiva e foram utilizados dados do InfoAgro, Secretária do Estado de Meio Ambiente, Desenvolvimento Econômico, Produção e Agricultura Familiar, Estatística de Comércio Exterior do Agronegócio Brasileiro e Associação Brasileira de Proteína Animal. Os resultados apontam que o setor encontra-se em evolução dentro do Mato Grosso do Sul, com crescimentos significativos na produção e exportação. O Paraná possui um crescimento superior ao do Mato Grosso do Sul no período avaliado, o que evidencia o potencial de crescimento do estado. Verificou-se que as barreiras à importação da carne de frango comerciais impostas ao Mato Grosso do Sul não influem significantemente no crescimento da cadeia avícola no estado, e que atualmente o mesmo atende a todas as exigências. Conclui-se que o estado do Mato Grosso do Sul necessita de tempo para que ocorra a consolidação da avicultura, e que para tanto se faz necessário incentivo do governo para atração de novas empresas e fortalecimento da atividade junto aos produtores do estado.(AU)

The aim of this work was to bring out an evolutionary panorama of the broilers production and export in the Mato Grosso do Sul state, considering the period between 2007 and 2016. Subsequently a survey was made for the commercial barriers imposed on the importation of Mato Grosso do Sul broiler meat. The research is a descriptive analysis and data from InfoAgro, Famasul System and Agrostat and the Brazilian Association of Animal Proteins. The results indicate that the sector is in evolution within the Mato Grosso do Sul, with significant increases in production and exports. Paraná has a higher growth than Mato Grosso do Sul in this evaluated period, which shows the growth potential of the state. It has also been found that the barriers to the importation of commercial broiler meat, imposed on the MS do not influence significantly the growth of the poultry production chain in the state, that currently meets with all requirements imposed. It is concluded that the State of Mato Grosso do Sul needs time for the poultry industry consolidation, and that therefore, is necessary the encouragement and attraction of new companies to strengthen the activity of broilers production in Mato Grosso do Sul.(AU)

Risk factors for enzootic leukosis in dairy cattle from the Brazilian Amazon

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral and lymphoproliferative disease that attributes negative economicimpacts to dairy farming. The immunosuppressive condition of these bovines favors the development of bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, and bovine leptospirosis, which implications to the public health given that theyare zoonosis. Diagnosis and control of EBL are neglected in cattle rearing, allowing their dissemination, especially indeveloping countries. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors of EBL in dairy cattle fromthe Brazilian Amazon.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to identify the BLV-infected animals (527 serological samples), we used theagarose gel immunodiffusion serological test (IDGA) to diagnose the EBL and characterize the risk factors through theapplication of epidemiological questionnaires. We used the logistic regression test to evaluate the existence of a significantassociation between the variables. The EBL frequency in the study area was 14.42%. We detected seroreagent bovines inall municipalities evaluated with 95% of the properties showing outbreaks of the disease. The reuse of needles was therisk factor with the most significant statistical association (P < 0.01; OR = 2.16).Discussion: The origin of EBL in the Brazilian Amazon is probably related to the expansion of dairy cattle in the 1980s,which, at first, demanded the importation of cattle for the fast formation of the herds, without complying with the sanitarycriteria of animal commercialization. The frequency of EBL in the Rio Branco microregion is below the estimated nationalaverage, as well as the regional level. The reduced influx of animals due to the geographical situation of Acre, since itis an area of greater physical isolation due to forest and river barriers, may influence the observed frequency. Differentenvironmental...

The WHO strategy for prevention and control of snakebite envenoming: a sub-Saharan Africa plan

Snakebite is a critical public health issue in tropical countries, particularly in Africa, where 20% of snakebites globally occur. In 2017, the WHO added snakebite envenoming to the category A of neglected tropical diseases. In 2019, thanks to broad institutional and international NGO support, including strong mobilization of African experts and governments, WHO launched a strategy for prevention and control of snakebite envenoming with more ambitious goals. In sub-Saharan Africa, accessibility of antivenoms and symptomatic, adjuvant or replacement therapy is a priority. Several antivenoms are available but their evaluation has not been properly carried out and they remain expensive. To date, there are no manufacturers of antivenom in sub-Saharan Africa (except in South Africa), which requires their importation from other continents. The lack of experience in antivenom choice and its use by health authorities, health personnel and population largely explains the shortage in sub-Saharan Africa. The deficiency of epidemiological data does not allow the implementation of appropriate and efficient care. It is crucial to strengthen the health system which does not have the necessary means for emergency management in general and envenoming in particular. Providing peripheral health centers with antivenoms would decrease complications and deaths. The motivation of communities at risk, identified through the epidemiological data, would be to reduce the delay in consultation that is detrimental to the efficiency of treatment. Partnerships need to be coordinated to optimize resources from international institutions, particularly African ones, and share the burden of treatment costs among all stakeholders. We propose here a project of progressive implementation of antivenom manufacturing in sub-Saharan Africa. The various steps, from the supply of...(AU)

Risk factors for enzootic leukosis in dairy cattle from the Brazilian Amazon

Background: Enzootic bovine leukosis (EBL) is a viral and lymphoproliferative disease that attributes negative economicimpacts to dairy farming. The immunosuppressive condition of these bovines favors the development of bacterial diseases such as tuberculosis, brucellosis, and bovine leptospirosis, which implications to the public health given that theyare zoonosis. Diagnosis and control of EBL are neglected in cattle rearing, allowing their dissemination, especially indeveloping countries. In this sense, the objective of this study was to analyze the risk factors of EBL in dairy cattle fromthe Brazilian Amazon.Materials, Methods & Results: In order to identify the BLV-infected animals (527 serological samples), we used theagarose gel immunodiffusion serological test (IDGA) to diagnose the EBL and characterize the risk factors through theapplication of epidemiological questionnaires. We used the logistic regression test to evaluate the existence of a significantassociation between the variables. The EBL frequency in the study area was 14.42%. We detected seroreagent bovines inall municipalities evaluated with 95% of the properties showing outbreaks of the disease. The reuse of needles was therisk factor with the most significant statistical association (P < 0.01; OR = 2.16).Discussion: The origin of EBL in the Brazilian Amazon is probably related to the expansion of dairy cattle in the 1980s,which, at first, demanded the importation of cattle for the fast formation of the herds, without complying with the sanitarycriteria of animal commercialization. The frequency of EBL in the Rio Branco microregion is below the estimated nationalaverage, as well as the regional level. The reduced influx of animals due to the geographical situation of Acre, since itis an area of greater physical isolation due to forest and river barriers, may influence the observed frequency. Differentenvironmental...(AU)

The WHO strategy for prevention and control of snakebite envenoming: a sub-Saharan Africa plan

Snakebite is a critical public health issue in tropical countries, particularly in Africa, where 20% of snakebites globally occur. In 2017, the WHO added snakebite envenoming to the category A of neglected tropical diseases. In 2019, thanks to broad institutional and international NGO support, including strong mobilization of African experts and governments, WHO launched a strategy for prevention and control of snakebite envenoming with more ambitious goals. In sub-Saharan Africa, accessibility of antivenoms and symptomatic, adjuvant or replacement therapy is a priority. Several antivenoms are available but their evaluation has not been properly carried out and they remain expensive. To date, there are no manufacturers of antivenom in sub-Saharan Africa (except in South Africa), which requires their importation from other continents. The lack of experience in antivenom choice and its use by health authorities, health personnel and population largely explains the shortage in sub-Saharan Africa. The deficiency of epidemiological data does not allow the implementation of appropriate and efficient care. It is crucial to strengthen the health system which does not have the necessary means for emergency management in general and envenoming in particular. Providing peripheral health centers with antivenoms would decrease complications and deaths. The motivation of communities at risk, identified through the epidemiological data, would be to reduce the delay in consultation that is detrimental to the efficiency of treatment. Partnerships need to be coordinated to optimize resources from international institutions, particularly African ones, and share the burden of treatment costs among all stakeholders. We propose here a project of progressive implementation of antivenom manufacturing in sub-Saharan Africa. The various steps, from the supply of...

First molecular data for Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) infesting Odontesthes bonariensis, a commercially important freshwater fish in Argentina / Primeiros dados moleculares para Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) infestando Odontesthes bonariensis, um peixe de água doce comercialmente importante na Argentina

Parasitic copepods of the family Lernaeidae are often found infesting freshwater fishes worldwide. They cause lernaeosis, a disease that can lead to serious pathogenic effects on their fish hosts. The most common lernaeid is the Lernaea cyprinacea, which has been widely introduced through importation of tropical fishes, e.g. cyprinids. In South America, it is one of the most common parasites both in wild and in farmed fish in the central region of Argentina. The silverside Odontesthes bonariensis is the most important fish of the sport fisheries of Argentina and one of the fish most affected by lernaeosis. Six specimens of copepods were collected from 30 specimens of O. bonariensis collected in a Pampean shallow lake (33°25'28S 62°53'56W) of Córdoba (Argentina). The 28S rRNA gene of L. cyprinacea was amplified by means of PCR to obtain the 28S rDNA sequence. The sequence obtained of this parasite from Argentina showed high genetic similarity with those from various geographical origins. The present study provided molecular characterization of L. cyprinacea in South America for the first time.(AU)

Os copépodos parasitos da família Lernaeidae são frequentemente encontrados infestando peixes de água doce em todo o mundo, causando a lernaeose, uma doença que pode levar a graves efeitos patogênicos em seus hospedeiros. O lerneídeo mais comum é a Lernaea cyprinacea, que tem sido amplamente introduzida por meio da importação de peixes tropicais, tais como ciprinídeos. Na América do Sul, é um dos parasitos mais comuns em peixes selvagens, bem como em peixes de cultivo na região central argentina. Odontesthes bonariensis é um dos peixes mais importantes para a pesca esportiva na Argentina e um dos mais afetados pela lerneose. Um total de seis espécimes desses copépodes foram coletados de espécimes de 30 O. bonariensis capturados em um lago de pouca profundidade nos Pampas (33°2528S 62°5356W) em Córdoba (Argentina). O gene 28S rRNA de L. cyprinacea foi amplificado por PCR para obter a sequência do 28S rDNA. A sequência obtida desse parasito da Argentina mostrou alta similaridade genética com aquelas de outras origens geográficas. O presente estudo forneceu, pela primeira vez, uma caracterização molecular de L. cyprinacea na América do Sul.(AU)

First molecular data for Lernaea cyprinacea (Copepoda: Cyclopoida) infesting Odontesthes bonariensis, a commercially important freshwater fish in Argentina

Parasitic copepods of the family Lernaeidae are often found infesting freshwater fishes worldwide. They cause lernaeosis, a disease that can lead to serious pathogenic effects on their fish hosts. The most common lernaeid is the Lernaea cyprinacea, which has been widely introduced through importation of tropical fishes, e.g. cyprinids. In South America, it is one of the most common parasites both in wild and in farmed fish in the central region of Argentina. The silverside Odontesthes bonariensis is the most important fish of the sport fisheries of Argentina and one of the fish most affected by lernaeosis. Six specimens of copepods were collected from 30 specimens of O. bonariensis collected in a Pampean shallow lake (33°25'28S 62°53'56W) of Córdoba (Argentina). The 28S rRNA gene of L. cyprinacea was amplified by means of PCR to obtain the 28S rDNA sequence. The sequence obtained of this parasite from Argentina showed high genetic similarity with those from various geographical origins. The present study provided molecular characterization of L. cyprinacea in South America for the first time.(AU)

Os copépodos parasitos da família Lernaeidae são frequentemente encontrados infestando peixes de água doce em todo o mundo, causando a lernaeose, uma doença que pode levar a graves efeitos patogênicos em seus hospedeiros. O lerneídeo mais comum é a Lernaea cyprinacea, que tem sido amplamente introduzida por meio da importação de peixes tropicais, tais como ciprinídeos. Na América do Sul, é um dos parasitos mais comuns em peixes selvagens, bem como em peixes de cultivo na região central argentina. Odontesthes bonariensis é um dos peixes mais importantes para a pesca esportiva na Argentina e um dos mais afetados pela lerneose. Um total de seis espécimes desses copépodes foram coletados de espécimes de 30 O. bonariensis capturados em um lago de pouca profundidade nos Pampas (33°2528S 62°5356W) em Córdoba (Argentina). O gene 28S rRNA de L. cyprinacea foi amplificado por PCR para obter a sequência do 28S rDNA. A sequência obtida desse parasito da Argentina mostrou alta similaridade genética com aquelas de outras origens geográficas. O presente estudo forneceu, pela primeira vez, uma caracterização molecular de L. cyprinacea na América do Sul.(AU)