Effect of Cold Chain on Chicken Egg Quality in a Simulated Post Washing Processing and Consumer Storage Model

This study assessed the effect of the cold chain on egg quality in a model simulation of post-washing processing and consumer storage. Post-washed eggs were assigned to 12 groups that simulated the conditions of temporary storage after washing (step 1; 7°C or 25°C for 1 day), transportation (step 2; 7°C or 30°C for 8 h), and selling or storage (step 3; 7°C, 25°C or 30°C for 4 weeks). The freshness and microbial characteristics of the eggs were analyzed for 4 weeks. High-temperature conditions in steps 1 or 2 resulted in reduced quality and more bacteria on eggshells, and this egg quality deterioration worsened after storage for over 2 weeks. In step 3, the quality of the eggs stored at 7°C was maintained during the entire storage, whereas the eggs stored at 25°C had lower quality and broken vitelline membranes in week 4, and the eggs stored at 30°C were spoiled. Eggs should be stored from post-washing until storage by consumers in a cold environment without interruption of temperature control to maintain quality and safety. Consumers must be aware that eggs should be stored at refrigerator temperature.(AU)

Effect of different lighting sources on the performance of broiler breeder hens

The present study aimed to evaluate the effects of using light-emitting diode (LED) lamps versus incandescent/tungsten (Inc) bulbs on broiler breeder hens' productive performance during the brooding and rearing periods (25 weeks), as well as the first 15 weeks of production. A total of 46600 one-day-old Arbor Acres Plus breeder chicks were placed in eight enclosed houses and randomly/evenly divided into two groups (four houses for each group): birds raised under yellow LED lighting, and birds raised under orange Inc lighting. Several traits have been studied to determine productive performance, including body weight at different ages, body weight gain, feed consumption, feed conversion ratio, mortality rate, uniformity, age and weight at sexual maturity, egg number, egg production rate, egg number per bird, egg weight, and egg mass. According to the findings, using LED lighting instead of Inc lighting during the rearing period resulted in a significant improvement in all studied traits, and this positive effect continued until the production period, yielding excellent results for all studied production traits. LED lighting proved to be an effective source of lighting in broiler breeders' houses.(AU)

Analysis of the Quality of Eggs Marketed in Santarém, Brazil

Eggs are foods with almost perfect proteins, while also containing nutrients with high biological value. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the morphological structure, physical-chemical, nutritional, and microbiological parameters of commercial and free-range eggs sold in the municipality of Santarém, State of Pará, Brazil. The two types of eggs were also compared to check for any differences in quality. The evaluations were conducted on variables such as Haugh unit, weight loss, egg width and length, specific gravity, yolk and albumen dimensions, pH, among others. A total of 240 eggs were purchased in the Brazilian municipality of Santarém (2º45'06" S and 54º70'09" W). A statistical study was also performed using the BIOESTAT 5.0 statistical program. A comparison of the industrial and free-range eggs and their various parameters is given in the tables along with the coefficient of variation. The results obtained were satisfactory and showed that the quality of eggs is affected more by environmental factors than by the source from which they are obtained. The results were also compared to previously published literature, and it was determined that this study offers a better foundation for the nutritional examination of egg quality.(AU)

Resposta do arroz irrigado a herbicidas em função do sombreamento e da inundação do solo / Paddy rice response to herbicides due to shadowing and soil flooding

A existência de uma ampla diversidade de plantas daninhas faz com que seja necessário a utilização de manejo adequado, a fim de não comprometer a produtividade da cultura do arroz irrigado. Em anos onde há ocorrência de El Niño, a saturação do solo é favorecida e a nebulosidade frequente pode afetar diretamente a eficiência de controle das plantas daninhas e/ou aumentar a fitotoxicidade a cultura após a aplicação dos herbicidas. Deste modo, o objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar a resposta do arroz irrigado aherbicidas em função do sombreamento e da inundação do solo. Para isto utilizaram-se dois regimes de saturação do solo após a aplicação dos herbicidas (sem ou com inundação do solo) e a exposição das plantas a duas condições de luminosidade, desde a emergência até a aplicação dos herbicidas (sem ou com sombreamento) e quatro tratamentos herbicidas: 1) testemunha sem herbicida, 2) [imazapyr + imazapic], 3) [imazapyr + imazapic] + saflufenacil e 4) [imazapyr +imazapic] + carfentrazone-ethyl. As variáveis avaliadas foram fitotoxicidade, teor de clorofila, altura de plantas e massa seca da parte aérea. Os herbicidas causaram fitotoxicidade nicial, entretanto houve a recuperação da culturaao longo das avaliações. O crescimentodo arroz irrigado, cultivar SCS121 CL, foi afetado pelos herbicidas, principalmente pelas misturas de [imazapyr + imazapic] + saflufenacil ou carfentrazone-ethyl. A inundação do solo e o sombreamento pouco influenciaram a seletividade dos tratamentos herbicidas para o arroz irrigado.(AU)

A wide weed diversity requires efficient weed management to avoid weed interference and decrease grain yield. In season that El Niño is prevalent, the soil flooding is usually in paddy fields, and the cloudy time is frequent. This combination can directly decrease the weed control and to rise the crop injury after the herbicide spraying. So, the objective of this researchwas to evaluate the paddy rice response to herbicide to shadowing and soil flooding. For that were assessed two conditions of soil saturation (with or without soil flooding) and the exposition of plant rice to two light conditions, since deemergence until herbicide application (with or without shadowing) and four herbicide treatments: 1) check without herbicide, 2) [imazapyr + imazapic], 3) [imazapyr + imazapic] + saflufenacil and 4) [imazapyr + imazapic] + carfentrazone-ethyl. The assessedvariables wererice injury, chlorophyll content, plant height and aboveground biomass. The herbicides caused initial injury, however there was recovery of rice plants at long of the evaluations. The paddy rice growth, of cultivar SCS121 CL, were affected by herbicide application, mainly when the tank mixture of [imazapyr + imazapic] plus saflufenacil or carfentrazone-ethyl. The soil flooding and the shadowing little affected the herbicide selectivity to paddy rice.(AU)

Cryopreservation of jaguar (Panthera onca) sperm cells using different cryoprotectants and different thawing temperatures

The cryopreservation of jaguar semen must be improved to produce high-quality biobanking doses. Until now, the rare studies of semen freezing in the species have only evaluated glycerol, always with a significant reduction in sperm quality in thawed semen. The purpose of this study was to assess the efficacy of three cryoprotectants, dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), glycerol (GLY), and methanol (MET), in the cryopreservation of jaguar semen in an LDL-based extender, as well as the effect of thawing temperature on dosage quality. Five mature males with a history of reproduction were used. On the males, an infrared thermal image (IRT) was captured, the spicules and testes were analyzed, and the CASA system was used to evaluate the quality of fresh and thawed sperm. The superficial IRT was 4.6 ± 1.2 °C cooler than the anal sphincter, and the semen measured between 27.3 and 28.7 °C shortly after exiting the urethra. The total motility of fresh sperm was 55.3 ± 22.6%, and progressive motility was 36.3 ± 18%. The total motility of thawed sperm was 5.28 ± 2.51%, 4.49 ± %2.49, and 0.51 ± 0.62% for DMSO, GLY, and MET, respectively. DMSO and GLY performed better than MET, and there was no difference in thawing temperature (37°C 30 s vs. 50°C 12 s). All animals exhibit a considerable level of morphological changes in sperm. Low amounts of total and progressive motility were found in the thawed sperm. Males with a high level of sperm morphological changes were found to be fertile, but the lone male with normospermia was infertile. Thus, we contest the applicability of the commonly used morphological classification for bovines to felid species.(AU)

Relationship Between Pre-Slaughter Factors and Major Causes of Carcass Condemnation in a Broiler Slaughterhouse under Federal Inspection

This study aimed to investigate the relationship between pre-slaughter factors and major causes of total or partial carcass condemnation in a broiler slaughterhouse under federal inspection. Data on total and partial carcass condemnations between 2018 and 2020 were collected from 10 broiler farms supplying a slaughterhouse located in northern Paraná State, Brazil. The total sample comprised 2,562,642 birds. The pre-slaughter factors analyzed were age at slaughter, stocking density, weight at slaughter, feed conversion, and mortality.Associations between causes of condemnation and pre-slaughter factors were analyzed using a generalized linear model with negative binomial distribution, a generalized linear model with quasi-Poisson distribution, and a generalized linear mixed model with Poisson distribution. Total carcass condemnations were mostly due to repugnant appearance (48.67%) and arthritis (26.56%), whereas partial carcass condemnations were mainly due to arthritis (31.02%), bruising (27.97%), and myopathies (15.18%). Mean age and stocking density were the pre-slaughter factors that most contributed to increasing total and partial condemnation rates, indicating that reducing stocking density and age at slaughter might be important strategies for minimizing economic losses associated with carcass condemnation.(AU)

A comparative relation of distinct reference crop evapotranspiration models for Southern Brazil / Uma relação comparativa de distintos modelos de evapotranspiração de referência de culturas para o Sul do Brasil

Water is one of the main limiting factors for achieving high productivity in agriculture. The hydric requirement of plants is fundamental for the dimensioning of the irrigation system and contributes to the better use of hydric resources. Moreover, the accurate computation of this element is essential for water management in agricultural systems. Nonetheless, due to the heterogeneity of different evapotranspiration estimation methods, the performance of its calculation can be considerably compromised. Accordingly, the aim of this study was to compare the methods for estimating reference evapotranspiration (ETo) by Benevides&Lopes, Camargo,Hargreaves&Samani, Jensen&Haise, Linacre, Makkink, Penman, Priestley&Taylor, Tanner&Pelton, and Turc, with the FAO-56 Penman-Monteith standard method, toevaluate the performance and accuracy of equational models. Furthermore, data from an automatic weather station belonging to the Brazilian National Institute of Meteorology(INMET), located in Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, from January 1, 2020, to January 1, 2021, were used. Comparative statistical methods were utilizedto express the accuracy of the models and indicate the most appropriate equations for the conditions of the selected location. Cluster analysis and Principal Component Analysis (PCA) were applied. For Palmeira das Missões, the model proposed by Hargreaves&Samani indicated the best results and was characterized as the most appropriate alternative to estimate the ETo more accurately. The method indicated the most favorable results for R2(0.9890), d (0.9253), and r (0.9944). Furthermore, cluster and PCA analyses expressed the behavior of relationships between different mathematical models and meteorological parameters in relation to the ETo determination.(AU)

A água é um dos principais fatores limitantes para se atingir altas produtividades na agricultura. A necessidade hídrica da cultura é fundamental para o dimensionamento do sistema de irrigação e contribui para o melhor aproveitamento dos recursos hídricos. Desta forma, a computação acurada de tal elemento é essencial para o manejo da água em sistemas agrícolas. Entretanto, devido à heterogeneidade de diferentes métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração, o desempenho de sua apuração pode ser consideravelmente comprometido. Adequadamente, o objetivo deste estudo foi comparar os métodos de estimativa da evapotranspiração de referência (ETo) de Benevides&Lopes, Camargo, Hargreaves&Samani, Jensen&Haise, Linacre, Makkink, Penman, Priestley&Taylor, Tanner&Pelton e Turc, com o método padrão FAO-56 Penman-Monteith, com o propósito de avaliar a performance e precisão dos modelos equacionais. Com isso, foram utilizados dados de uma estação meteorológica automática pertencente ao Instituto Nacional de Meteorologia (INMET), localizada em Palmeira das Missões, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil, de 1 de janeiro de 2020 a 1 de janeiro de 2021. Métodos estatísticos comparativos foram utilizados para expressar a precisão dos modelos e indicar as equações mais apropriadas para as condições do local selecionado. A análise de agrupamento e Análise de Componentes Principais (PCA) foi aplicada. Para Palmeira das Missões, o modelo proposto por Hargreaves&Samani indicou os melhores resultados e se caracterizou como a alternativa mais apropriada para estimar a ETo da forma mais precisa. O método indicou os resultados mais favoráveis para R2(0,9890), d (0,9253) e r (0,9944). Ainda, as análises de agrupamento e PCA expressaram o comportamento de relações entre os diferentes modelos matemáticos e parâmetros meteorológicos em relação à determinação da ETo.(AU)

Renovação de diluidor na tecnologia de sêmen de pequenos ruminantes / Extender renewal in the technology of small ruminants semen

O objetivo desta revisão foi compilar o que se tem na literatura a respeito do efeito da renovação de diluidor seminal, mediante centrifugação, na qualidade do sêmen refrigerado de caprinos e ovinos e no tempo de viabilidade seminal. Um dos primeiros estudos publicados com essa metodologia foi realizado com sêmen de cão, em 2005, por Verstegen et al., seguido por estudos em outras espécies, como a equina e suína. Nosso grupo de pesquisa desenvolveu alguns estudos com diferentes metodologias para avaliar a eficiência do método, a necessidade do uso da centrífuga refrigerada nesse processo, o uso de antioxidantes no diluidor para renovação e o tempo de renovação do diluidor em pequenos ruminantes.(AU)

The objective of this revision was to compile what exists in literature regarding the effect of seminal diluent renewal, through centrifugation, in the quality of cooled semen of goat and sheep and during seminal viability time. One of the first studies published with this methodology was performed with dog semen in 2005 by Verstegen et al., followed by studies in other species, such as equine and swine. Our research group developed some studies using different methodologies to evaluate method efficiency, the need to use a cooled centrifuge in this process, the use of antioxidants in the diluent for renewal and the diluent renewal time in small ruminants.(AU)

Utilização de métodos alternativos como indutor de muda forçada em codornas poedeiras / Use of alternative methods as an inducer of forced molting in laying quail

Objetivou-se avaliar métodos alternativos de restrição alimentar qualitativa e quantitativa em comparação à técnica convencional de muda forçada em codornas japonesas para o segundo ciclo de produção. O período de muda forçada teve duração de 10 dias e dois períodos de 21 dias de pós-muda. Foram utilizadas 72 codornas japonesas fêmeas, emfinal de produção com 72 semanas deidade. As aves foram distribuídas em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos e quatro repetições cada, com seiscodornas por repetição. Os tratamentos experimentais foram:T1 ­aves submetidas a três dias de jejum com posterior fornecimento de ração de postura à vontade por setedias; T2 ­aves que receberam alimentação controlada (10 g/ave/dia) por 10 dias; T3 ­aves que receberam farelo de arroz à vontade por 10 dias. Durante todo o experimento todasas aves foram submetidas a iluminação natural com média de 12 horas de luz diária e água a vontade e após os 10 dias de muda foi fornecido ração de postura a vontade. A utilização do T2 (10 g/ave/dia de ração de postura) e de farelo de arroz como alimentoalternativo no programa de muda forçada foi viável. Mesmo a perda de peso sendo abaixo do recomentado, as aves que receberam 10 g de ração ave/dia e farelo de arroz à vontade apresentaram resultados de desempenho e qualidade do ovo pós muda semelhantes àsaves que ficaram em jejum, além de possibilitar melhores condições de bem-estar animal.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate alternative methods of qualitative and quantitative feed restriction compared to theconventional technique of forced moulting in Japanese quails for the second production cycle. The forced moulting period lasted 10 days and two 21-day post-molt periods. 72 female Japanese quails were used, at the end of production at 72 weeks of age. Thebirds were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments and four replications each, with sixquails per replicate. The experimental treatments were: T1 ­birds submitted to three days of fasting with subsequent provision of layingfeed ad libitum for sevendays; T2 ­birds that received controlled feeding (10 g/bird/day) for 10 days; T3 ­birds that received rice bran ad libitum for 10 days. Throughout the experiment, all birds were submitted tonatural lighting with an average of12hours of daily light and water ad libitum and after 10 days of molting, laying feed was provided ad libitum. The use of T2 (10 g/bird/day of laying ration) and ricebran as an alternativefood in the forced molt program was feasible. Even the weight loss being below the recommended, the birds that received 10 g of poultry feed/day and rice bran ad libitum showed similar post-moult performance and egg quality results to birds that were fasted, in addition to enabling better conditions. of animal welfare.(AU)

Análise microbiológica de sushi comercializado em Rio Branco, Acre / Microbiological analysis of sushi marketed in Rio Branco, Acre / Análisis microbiológico de sushi comercializado en Rio Branco, Acre

O Brasil é um dos países mais diversificados no ramo gastronômico oferecendo vários alimentos diferentes aos seus consumidores, com base nos próprios pratos típicos ou provenientes de outras culturas. O pescado trata-se de um alimento perecível que necessita de atenções especiais em seu processamento. Falhas nas condições higiênico-sanitárias, associadas com a não cocção do alimento, podem ocasionar em uma contaminação e proliferação de bactérias, o que leva à uma grande preocupação a nível de saúde pública. O estudo analisou os aspectos microbiológicos de sushi comercializado na cidade de Rio Branco ­ Acre verificando os parâmetros de qualidade e as condições higiênicas sanitárias, comparando os resultados obtidos com a legislação vigente estabelecida pela ANVISA. Foram escolhidos 5 estabelecimentos aleatoriamente, sendo escolhidas 3 amostras de sushis do tipo niguiri de cada. As análises microbiológicas incluíram coliformes totais e coliformes termotolerantes utilizando a técnica dos tubos multiplos e a técnica de semeadura por profundidade para mesófilos e Salmonella. Constatou-se que todas as amostras tiveram um crescimento bacteriano e presença sugestiva de Salmonella, tornando o alimento impróprio para o consumo e mostrando uma falha nas condições higiênico- sanitária ao qual o sushi é processado e armazenado. É necessário maior fiscalização dos órgãos responsáveis e cuidado dos estabelecimentos que vendem sushi na cidade de Rio Branco, para que o produto vendido seja de boa qualidade e não cause malefícios a saúde de quem o consome.(AU)

Brazil is one of the most diversified countries in the gastronomic field, offering several different foods to its consumers, based on typical dishes or from other cultures. Fish is a perishable food that requires special attention in its processing. Failures in hygienic-sanitary conditions, coupled with the consumption of undercooked food, can lead to contamination and the proliferation of bacteria, which raises significant concerns regarding public health. The study analyzed the microbiological aspects of sushi sold in the city of Rio Branco - Acre, verifying the quality parameters and the hygienic sanitary conditions, comparing the obtained results with the current legislation established by ANVISA. Five establishments were randomly selected, and three samples of nigiri sushi were chosen from each establishment. The microbiological analysis included total coliforms and thermotolerant coliforms using the multiple tube technique, as well as depth seeding technique for mesophiles and Salmonella. It was found that all samples exhibited bacterial growth and suggested the presence of Salmonella, rendering the food unsuitable for consumption and indicating a failure in the hygienic-sanitary conditions under which the sushi was processed and stored. Greater inspection by the responsible authorities and improved care by establishments selling sushi in the city of Rio Branco are necessary to ensure that the product sold is of good quality and does not pose harm to the health of consumers.(AU)

Brasil es uno de los países más diversificados en el campo gastronómico, ofreciendo muchos alimentos diferentes a sus consumidores, basados en platos típicos ode otras culturas El pescado es un alimento perecedero que necesita especial atención en su elaboración. Las fallas en las condiciones, higiénico-sanitarias asociadas a la no cocción de los alimentos, pueden conducir a la contaminación y proliferación de bacterias, lo que genera una gran preocupación en términos de salud pública. El estudio analizó los aspectos microbiológicos del sushi comercializado en la ciudad de Rio Branco - Acre, verificando los parámetros de calidad y las condiciones higiénicas sanitarias, comparando los resultados obtenidos con la legislación vigente establecida por la ANVISA. Se eligieron 5 establecimientos al azar, y de cada uno se escogieron 3 muestras de sushi niguiri. Los análisis microbiológicos incluyeron coliformes totales y coliformes termotolerantes mediante la técnica de tubos múltiples y la técnica de siembra profunda para mesófilos y Salmonella. Se encontró que todas las muestras presentaban crecimiento bacteriano y la sugestiva presencia de Salmonella, lo que hace que el alimento no sea apto para el consumo y presenta una falla en las condiciones higiénico-sanitarias en las que se procesa y almacena el sushi. Se necesita mayor fiscalización por parte de los órganos responsables y cuidado de los establecimientos que venden sushi en la ciudad de Rio Branco, para que el producto vendido sea de buena calidad y no cause daño a la salud de quien lo consume.(AU)

Fermentation dynamics and quality of maize silage with Pigeon pea / Dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com feijão guandu

Tropical legumes are used to prepare mixed silages to enrich the crude protein (CP) content. In This context, objective of this study was to evaluate the dynamics of fermentation and quality of maize silage with different levels of Pigeon pea. The experimental design was entirely randomized, with four repetitions. The treatments comprised maize silages with six levels of added Pigeon pea (0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100%), calculated based on natural matter. The maize hybrid and Pigeon pea varieties used were B 2800 PWU and Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarin, respectively. For the silage, the maize and Pigeon pea were harvested when they reached 335.7 g kg-1 dry matter (DM) and 281.3 g kg-1 DM, respectively. The results revealed that the added of up to 40% Pigeon pea in maize silages promote nutritive increment without compromising their fermentative profile of the silage. Exclusive Pigeon pea silage (100%) undergoes fermentative losses that compromise the silage quality. Therefore, mixed silages of maize with Pigeon pea, with appropriate levels of addition, are a viable alternative to increase the nutritive value of silages, mainly the CP content, contributing to reducing the cost of acquisition of protein salts.(AU)

As leguminosas tropicais têm sido utilizadas para a confecção de silagens mistas para enriquecer os teores de proteína bruta (PB). Neste contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a dinâmica da fermentação e qualidade da silagem de milho com níveis de feijão guandu. O delineamento experimental utilizado foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos foram constituídos da silagem de milho com seis níveis de feijão guandu (0; 20; 40; 60, 80 e 100%), calculado com base na matéria natural. O híbrido de milho e a variedade de feijão guandu utilizados foram o B 2800 PWU e o Cajanus cajan cv. BRS Mandarim, respectivamente. Para a ensilagem, o milho e o feijão guandu foram colhidos quando atingiram 335,7 g kg-1 de MS (matéria seca) e 281,3 g kg-1 MS, respectivamente. Os resultados mostraram que a adição de até 40% de feijão guandu na ensilagens de milho promove incremento nutritivo sem comprometer o seu perfil fermentativo da silagem. Silagem exclusiva de feijão guandu apresenta perdas fermentativas que compromete a qualidade da silagem. Portanto, silagens mistas de milho com feijão guandu, combinadas com níveis adequados de adição, torna-se alternativa viável para incrementar o valor nutritivo da silagem, principalmente os teores de PB, contribuindo com redução do custo com aquisição de sais proteínados.(AU)

Spatial variability of the occurrence of lesions on cattle carcasses in association with pre-slaughter factors in the forest-savannah transition zone

This study mapped cattle carcass lesions and associated the isoline maps with the occurrence factors of these lesions. Isoline maps were drawn by common kriging. The associated occurrence factors were the layout of the boards in the crowding tub (CT), characteristics of the hauling truck (general state and the presence of loose and/or sharp boards), broken boards in the corral (BBC), type of road covered (TRC), and animal falls upon unloading at the slaughterhouse (FAUS). The BBC showed a higher number of carcass lesions in the rib region. The data on FAUS and deterioration of hauling trucks fit an exponential model, with more carcass lesions in the rib and hindquarters, and plate regions, respectively. The data on spaced boards in the CT and TRC (mixed) showed greater carcass lesions in the rib region. Therefore, this method provides important information about the spatial distribution of lesions in bovine carcasses, and the drawing sheet used is adequate to represent such lesions.(AU)

Daily Egg-Cycle in Japanese Quail: Serum Biochemistry, Bones, and Oviduct Changes

This study described changes in the serum biochemistry, morphology of genital organs, long bone, and eggshell during the daily egg formation cycle in Japanese quails. Sixty quails (18-wk) were distributed in 6 groups according to hours post-oviposition (POV): 0 hr POV (16h00), 2 hrs POV (egg in magnum), and 4, 8, 14, and 20 hrs POV (egg in uterus). The magnum had higher relative weight before the next ovulation (20 and 0 hr POV), and its tubular glands showed functional variation through periods: abundant eosinophilic, PAS+, and negative Alcian blue secretion at 0 and 2 hrs, empty glands aspect at 4 hrs, and filled again at 20 hrs POV. Serum albumin and total Ca had the highest value in the 2 hrs group, and the lowest in 8 and 14 hrs groups. Egg-cycle period affected the Ca% of the medullar bone of the femur and tibiotarsus, with the lowest mean at 14 hrs POV (06h00), and the highest mean after oviposition (0 hr POV), showing the recovery of Ca stores in long bones for the next egg cycle. Analysis of the eggshell using scanning electron microscopy evidenced that palisade layer formation starts during the night (8­14 hrs POV), and most parts are secreted during the day period. In conclusion, eggshell secretion in light periods, high magnum activity and medullary bone Ca deposition during midday and afternoon, as well as the ovulation/oviposition in the afternoon, are the main characteristics of the distinct physiological aspects of the egg cycle in quails.(AU)

Genome-sequence, annotation and phylogenetic insights of the lactic acid bacterium Limosilactobacillus fermentum strain LAB1 obtained from the dairy beverage borhani

Limosilactobacillus fermentum is a promising probiotic with several documented health benefits. LAB1 is an antagonistic L. fermentum strain isolated from borhani, a traditional South Asian beverage prepared from dairy and plant ingredients. Here, I present the genome sequence of the L. fermentum LAB1 strain, its annotation, and phylogenetic features. The 2.01 Mb genome with a G+C content of 51.9% was assembled into 221 contigs and predicted to have 1,913 protein-coding genes, 98 pseudo genes, 7 rRNAs, 60 tRNAs, and 1 CRISPR array. As much as 91.1% of the coding sequences could be assigned to known functional genes. Determination of average nucleotide identity (ANI) of the genome sequence revealed 99.37% identity to that of the type strain ATCC 14931. Its 16S rRNA gene sequence extracted from the genome sequence showed close phylogenetic association with several L. fermentum strains. The genome sequence is expected to provide useful insights with regard to the phenotypic, metabolic and beneficial aspects of this lactic acid bacterium.(AU)

Carcass characteristics and meat quality of lambs fed diets with different roughage: concentrate ratios supplemented with liquid residue of cassava

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of lambs fed two roughage: concentrate (R:C) ratios, with or without the liquid residue of cassava (LRC) on carcass traits and meat quantity. Forty lambs (19.5 ± 1.45 kg body weight), non-castrated, crossbred Santa Inês were distributed in a completely randomized 2 × 2 factorial design. There was no effect (p > 0.05) of the inclusion of LRC on the variables. The roughage:concentrate ratio of 40:60 promoted higher values for empty body weight, hot carcass weight, cold carcass weight, subcutaneous thickness fat, cooling loss, Longissimus muscle area, carcass morphometric measurements, and commercial cuts. Higher weight of leg, muscles, fat, bone and other tissues, as well as for the ratio muscle:fat, and muscle:bone was observed in lambs fed 40R:60C. For the meat chemical composition, there was the effect (p < 0.05) only for ether extract (EE) for lambs fed 40R:60C ratio. The redness (a*) of meat was greater (p < 0.05) for lambs fed 80R:20C. The other physicochemical characteristics were not influenced. The roughage:concentrate ratio of 40:60 improves the carcass traits and commercial cuts, but does not promote changes in meat quality, independent of supplementation with liquid residue of cassava.(AU)

Corn productivity and topdressing application cost of nitrogen fertilizers / Produtividade de milho e custo da aplicação em cobertura de fertilizantes nitrogenados

Nitrogen(N) is the most required nutrient in the cultivation of corn (Zea maysL.), also representing a significantshare in the production costs. The objective was to evaluate the efficiency for one experimental year of different sourcesof nitrogen fertilizers applied in topdressing on the corn grain yield and their respective fertilization costs. The experiment was carried out under field conditions and without irrigation under no-tillage system, in a Red Oxissol. For sowing, 280 kg ha-1of NPK fertilizer 12-30-20 was used for all treatments. In addition to the control treatment (NPK), four nitrogen formulations wereapplied in topdressing: Urea, Super N, Nitromag, and Sulfammo, both formulations applied 50% in the V3/V4 and 50% V7/V8 stages, in four replicates.Grain yield was determined at the physiological maturation. The type of nitrogen fertilizer did not influence corn grain yield, an average of 9016 kg ha-1. The largest profits were achieved with the application of Super N, Urea and Nitromag. Nitrogen fertilizers with slow and controlled N release does not promote an increase in corn grain yield in relation to Urea. The use of Super N in topdressing has the highest profitability in corn cultivation.(AU)

O nitrogênio (N) é o nutriente mais requerido no cultivo do milho (Zea maysL.), ainda representa significativa participação no custo de produção. O objetivo foi avaliar a eficiência em um ano experimental de diferentes fontes de fertilizantes nitrogenados aplicados em cobertura na produtividade de grãos demilho e os seus respectivos custos da adubação. O experimento foi realizado em condições de campo e sem irrigação sob sistema plantio direto, em Latossolovermelho. Na semeadura foi utilizado 280 kgha-1de adubo NPK 12-30-20 para todos os tratamentos. Além do tratamento testemunha (NPK), quatro formulações nitrogenadas foram aplicadas em cobertura: Ureia, Super N, Nitromag, e Sulfammo, ambas as formulaçõesaplicadas 50% no estádioV3/V4 e 50% V7/V8,em quatro repetições. Na maturação fisiológica foi determinada a produtividade de grãos.O tipo de fertilizante nitrogenado não influenciou na produtividade de grãos de milho, média de 9016 kg ha-1. Os maiores lucros foram com a aplicação de Super N, Ureia e Nitromag. O uso em cobertura de fertilizantes nitrogenados de lenta e controlada liberação de N não promovem aumento na produtividade de grãos de milho em relação a Ureia. O uso de Super N em cobertura apresenta a maior lucratividadeno cultivo do milho.(AU)

Fatores que impactam na eficiência reprodutiva de vacas de corte / Factors that impact the reproductive efficiency of beef cows

A maior produtividade na pecuária está correlacionada com a eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho. As biotécnicas da reprodução, principalmente os protocolos de sincronização da ovulação, são de grande importância para otimizar a produção e acelerar o ganho genético em rebanhos de corte e de leite. No entanto, alguns fatores como a categoria animal, o manejo reprodutivo implementado na propriedade e o reprodutor utilizado podem afetar os resultados de fertilidade nos protocolos de IATF. Dessa maneira, algumas estratégias foram desenvolvidas para contornar alguns desafios inerentes a vacas de corte em anestro pós-parto e aumentar a eficiência reprodutiva dessas fêmeas. Dentre as estratégias, destacam-se a utilização de progesterona e a suplementação energética/proteica previamente ao início do protocolo de IATF.(AU)

The reproductive efficiency of the herd is correlated with higher productivity in livestock. Reproduction biotechniques as ovulation synchronization protocols are important to optimize production and accelerate genetic profit in beef and dairy herds. However, some factors such as the animal category, the reproductive management implemented on the farm and the sire used can affect the fertility results in the TAI protocols. In this way, some strategies were developed to overcome some challenges of postpartum anestrus beef cows and to increase the reproductive efficiency of these cows. The use of progesterone and energy/protein supplementation before starting the TAI protocol stand out are the strategies.(AU)

O que análises avançadas do sêmen podem contribuir de fato para a os resultados da IA em suínos? / What advanced semen analyzes can contribute to AI results in pigs?

O controle da qualidade seminal produzido por centrais e unidades de disseminação genética permite a maximização da produção de doses inseminantes por ejaculado, bem como organiza o acompanhamento da produtividade de cada macho. Este acompanhamento é crítico tanto quando o reprodutor jovem é introduzido na rotina de coleta de sêmen quanto na determinação do momento do descarte e reposição. Essencialmente, a avaliação do sêmen em suínos é a mesma há décadas, porém novas metodologias de análise individual da célula como a citometria de fluxo e de constituintes de tecidos e fluídos como a proteômica e metabolômica já estão trazendo avanços na andrologia animal. Na presente revisão, são abordados os aspectos técnicos, vantagens e limitações destas três análises avançadas aplicadas ao sêmen suíno, discutindo a sua implementação e impactos no manejo reprodutivo da espécie.(AU)

The quality control of the semen doses produced by artificial insemination centers and allows the maximization of the production of inseminating doses per ejaculate, as well as organizes the monitoring of the productivity of each male. This follow-up is critical when the young male is initiated in routine semen collection and in determining the moment of male replacement. Essentially, semen evaluation in pigs has been the same for decades, but new methodologies for individual cell analysis such as flow cytometry and tissue and fluid constituents such as proteomics and metabolomics are already bringing advances in animal andrology. In this review, the technical aspects, advantages, and limitations of these three advanced analyzes applied to swine semen are addressed, discussing their implementation and impacts on the reproductive management of the species.(AU)

Exame clínico andrológico em búfalos: particularidades e mercado / Clinical andrological examination in buffaloes: particularities and market

A bubalinocultura tem expandido mundialmente com grande importância socioeconômica na produção de leite, carne e na tração animal. No entanto, algumas características como: a sazonalidade, poucos reprodutores com genética superior para ser multiplicada e reduzido número de touros com sucesso de coleta constante de sêmen nas Centrais, dificultam a obtenção de maiores índices reprodutivos a nível de Brasil. Neste contexto, a eficiência reprodutiva do rebanho possui papel de destaque, consequentemente, o touro bubalino e a realização do exame andrológico são essenciais para o desenvolvimento da bubalinocultura. Apesar da realização de pesquisas ao longo dos anos relacionadas à andrologia em búfalos, na prática a campo ainda existe uma lacuna referente aos aspectos reprodutivos nessa espécie, fazendo com que haja uma demanda por conhecimento específico. Diante disso, objetivou-se abordar alguns dos principais aspectos da andrologia na espécie bubalina, para auxiliar o Médico Veterinário no atendimento clínico e andrológico visando alcançar uma boa eficiência reprodutiva.(AU)

Buffalo farming has expanded worldwide with great socioeconomic importance in the production of milk, meat and animal traction. However, some characteristics such as: seasonality, few sires with superior genetics to be multiplied and reduced number of bulls with constant semen collection success in the Centrals, make it difficult to obtain higher reproductive rates in Brazil. In this context, the reproductive efficiency of the herd plays a prominent role, consequently, the buffalo bull and the performance of the andrological examination are essential for the development of buffalo breeding. Despite conducting research over the years related to andrology in buffaloes, in field practice there is still a gap regarding reproductive aspects in this species, causing a demand for specific knowledge. In view of this, the objective was to address some of the main aspects of andrology in the buffalo species, to assist the veterinarian in clinical and andrological care in order to achieve good reproductive efficiency.(AU)

Quality of refrigerated raw milk according to the bulk transport conditions

Technical regulations that determine milk quality standards in Brazil establish the minimum criteria that the processing industry's raw material must present. These rules can challenge the logistics sector (transport) to maintain adequate milk conservation levels. We aimed to evaluate the influence of bulk transport and storage conditions on refrigerated raw milk quality. The experiment was carried out in a dairy industry in Santa Catarina State. Information and samples of refrigerated raw milk were collected from dairy farms, from isothermal compartments of milk trucks, and from the industry's storage silo. These samples were submitted to microbiological analysis, somatic cell count(SCC), and physicochemical analysis. The results were evaluated by ANOVA and multivariate analysis (factor analysis). The transport of raw milk in bulk and the transfer of raw material to the industrial silo worsened the milk's microbiological quality (p < 0.0001) for standard plate count (SPC) and psychrotrophic microorganism count(PMC), without affecting, the physicochemical characteristics of the milk (p > 0.05). Poor hygienic conditions in milk storage rooms, in the refrigeration bulk tanks of the dairy farms, and during the transport, as well as the transport on longer routes, were related to higher SPC and psychrotrophic count while receiving milk by the dairy industry with higher temperatures was only associated with higher SPC.(AU)