Analgesia perioperatória de gatas submetidas a ovariohisterectomia eletiva - uso preemptivo de carprofeno ou grapiprant / Perioperative analgesia in cats undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy - preemptive use of carprofen or grapiprant

Background: The nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) exert their analgesic effect through peripheral inhibition of prostaglandin synthesis and a variety of other peripheral and central mechanisms. However, NSAIDs are associated with some adverse effects, mainly related to the gastrointestinal, renal, and hepatic systems, highlighting the need for research to develop safer drugs. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of preoperative oral administration of carprofen or grapiprant in female cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy on the quality of perioperative analgesia and the need for hypnotic and analgesic drugs. Materials, Methods & Results: Thirty-three adult female cats were selected, without defined breed and healthy based on physical examination, routine laboratory analyses (complete blood count, total protein, Heinz body investigation and serum quantification of alanine transaminase [ALT], aspartate transaminase [AST], gamma glutamyl transpeptidase [GGT], alkaline phosphatase [ALP], urea, frutosamine, and glucose) and negative tests for feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) and feline leukemia virus (FeLV). After 3 days of adaptation, they were submitted to ovariohysterectomy by celiotomy and randomly allocated into 2 groups according to the preoperative drug used: GCAR [carprofen - 4 mg/kg, VO, 2 h before surgery; n = 11] and GGRA (grapiprant - 2 mg/kg IV, 2 h before surgery; n = 21]. The cats were pre-medicated with acepromazine 0.05 mg/ kg IV and later submitted to general anesthesia with propofol intravenously. Anesthesia was maintained with isoflurane in 100% oxygen. After anesthetic induction, a continuous infusion of remifentanil at a rate of 10 µg/kg/h was initiated. During the transanesthetic period, the parameters of heart rate; respiratory rate; systolic, mean, and diastolic arterial pressure using the oscillometric method; electrocardiogram; rectal temperature; partial pressure of CO2 at the end of expiration: and partial saturation of O2 in hemoglobin were continuously monitored. The evaluation of nociception was based on the changes in the aforementioned physiological parameters. The rate of remifentanil used did not change over time with the use of carprofen. However, animals that received grapiprant required a lower remifentanil dose at 20, 25, and 30 min during the procedure. The female cats that received carprofen showed an increase in mean heart rate at 30 min compared to that at 20 and 25 min. In the Grapiprant group, the heart rate at 35 min was higher only than that observed at 25 min. Discussion: The remifentanil rate did not differ between the groups, even between the times for GCAR. However, the remifentanil rate was lower from 20 min of the procedure for GGRA. This decrease may be related to a decrease in the need for anesthetics and analgesics by decreasing temperature, which causes decreases in metabolism and surgical stimulation. The increase in systolic, mean, diastolic, and heart rate arterial pressure parameters observed in both treatments after 15 min of anesthesia is related to the nociceptive stimulus resulting from traction and ligation of the ovarian pedicles and maneuvers for exteriorization of the uterus. These are considered the moments of greater surgical stimulus during ovariohysterectomy, evidenced by the greater release of cortisol and increase in physiological parameters. The results of this study show that the administration of carprofen or grapiprant was clinically similar when used preemptively for perioperative analgesia in cats submitted to elective ovariohysterectomy.

Hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival flaps in dogs

Background: Hydrodissection is a minimally invasive procedure that consists of injecting fluid into an anatomical space to facilitate dissection during surgery. Although this procedure is employed in several areas of veterinary medicine, including ophthalmology, there are no reports of the use of this maneuver in conjunctival procedures in dogs. The use of this technique can facilitate the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps, thereby improving the results. The purpose of this work was to evaluate the use of hydrodissection in the construction of conjunctival pedicle flaps in dogs. Materials, Methods & Results: The sample consisted of 20 eyes from 10 healthy dogs that had been subjected to elective surgical procedures of ovariohysterectomy and orchiectomy. The dogs were divided into 2 groups; the 1st group of 10 eyes underwent hydrodissection and the 2nd group of 10 eyes did not. All the patients underwent a complete ophthalmic examination and assessment of their systemic conditions. The patients were then anesthetized and the procedures were performed under a surgical microscope. In the group subjected to hydrodissection, the conjunctival flap was prepared by means of a previous subconjunctival injection of 0.7 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride, followed by preparation of the flap. In the group without hydrodissection, the flap was prepared by means of conventional divulsion using iris scissors. After producing the conjunctival flaps, a conjunctival fragment was collected from both groups for histological analysis and evaluation of the presence of the Tenon capsule. The operating time, degree of hemorrhage and ease of handling the conjunctiva in the intraoperative period were evaluated. Postoperative evaluations were performed at 1, 7 and 14 days after surgery and included: blepharospasm, conjunctival hyperemia and edema, which were classified as absent, mild, moderate or severe; tear production was evaluated using the Schirmer test, and the appearance of the conjunctival scar was assessed based on photographs taken in the postoperative period, and by a visual analogue scale, with healing classified as fair, good or excellent. The 2 groups showed no statistical difference in terms of operating time, bleeding, ease of handling and conjunctival divulsion. A volume of 0.48 ± 0.12 mL of 0.9% sodium chloride was administered to the conjunctiva. Postoperative assessments of hyperemia, blepharospasm, conjunctival edema, and tear production also did not differ statistically. Conjunctival scarring was considered optimal until the 14th postoperative day, with no statistically significant difference between the 2 groups. These results demonstrate that both maneuvers are effective in creating conjunctival flaps. The Tenon capsule could not be identified in histological stains. Discussion: The literature offers numerous descriptions of the use of hydrodissection in surgical procedures in humans in order to facilitate dissection and reduce surgical duration and handling, thereby improving the clinical recovery of patients. Conversely, this technique has not been described frequently in veterinary medicine, notably with respect to conjunctival procedures. In this study, we demonstrated that conjunctival hydrodissection was perfectly feasible, contributing to the divulsion and preparation of conjunctival flaps, thus proving to be a viable option for this type of procedure. The absence of the Tenon capsule in the evaluated samples demonstrates that, in both groups, the techniques were effective in separating them from the conjunctiva. It was therefore concluded that the hydrodissection technique is a feasible maneuver in the construction of conjunctival flaps, providing a new option for surgeons, especially for novice ophthalmologists.

Gastroesophageal foreign bodies in dogs - endoscopy and surgical removal

Background: Gastroesophageal foreign bodies (GFD) are commonly diagnosed in dogs and are considered an endoscopic emergency that, although not resulting in serious clinical sequelae or mortality, can compromise the health and well-being of the patient. The use of the digestive endoscopy for the diagnosis and treatment of GFD can be a valuable and viable alternative. There are cases of GFD in dogs for which the indicated treatment is surgery, which can be performed using minimally invasive or conventional techniques, associated or not with flexible endoscopy. The objective of this work is to describe 16 cases of GFD removal in dogs demonstrating the efficiency of upper digestive endoscopy. Cases: Of the 16 GFD cases, 63% (10/16) were male and 37% (6/16) female. Most aged under 1 year (63%), puppies (5/16) and juveniles (5/16). The patient with the lowest body weight was a miniature pinscher weighing 0.8 kg (Case 14) and the heaviest was an American Pit Bull Terrier weighing 28 kg (Case 11), the mean body weight of patients diagnosed with GFD was 10.2 ± 6.7 kg. Small and medium breeds were more affected, 44.7% (7/16) and 44.7% (7/16), respectively, and large breeds (Golden Retrievier and Bull Terrier), from cases 1 and 4, the least affected, 12.6% (2/16) of the cases. The 16 patients underwent a 12 h food fast and a 4 h water fast, as gastrointestinal emptying in these cases of GFD can be influenced by these foreign bodies. All underwent general inhalation anesthesia with monitoring of physiological parameters (temperature, heart rate, respiratory rate, oxygen saturation and blood pressure) before, during and after EGD, being positioned in left lateral decubitus. The 16 canine patients with suspected GFD underwent EGD for diagnostic confirmation and removal of foreign bodies. Five esophageal FB were diagnosed, 31% (5/16), and 11 gastric FB, 69% (11/16). The most frequently diagnosed foreign bodies were bone and tissue, 37.5% (6/16) and 31% (5/16). Other foreign bodies were materials such as plastics, metals, rubber, foam and stone. Of the 16 cases of GFD, EGD efficiently treated 88% (14/16) without the need for hospitalization, with only supportive treatment for the remission of complications caused by the presence of foreign bodies in the gastroesophageal tract. The main complications related to the presence of GFD were esophagitis in 25% (4/16) of cases, gastritis in 38% (6/16) and both alterations in 13% (2/16). Discussion: In this work, we can observe that more than a third of the clinical cases of treated dogs were diagnosed with GFD, demonstrating that these cases are common in the veterinary clinic. Most of these animals were males less than 1 year old. The improvement of learning in this category can lead these animals to exacerbated oral exploration of new objects. Most FBs were found in the stomach because they were of adequate size, consistency and shape for their passage through the esophagus, whereas esophageal FBs were all bone fragments of rigid consistency with diameters and sizes larger than the esophageal lumen. The interval between the ingestion of the object and the veterinary care can be decisive for the removal of the FB in the esophagus or stomach. Most gastric FBs removed were fabrics and plastics, flexible objects that can pass through the esophageal lumen more easily. Removal of GFD by endoscopy was performed with a high success rate, with only 2 cases being resolved by esophagostomy and gastrotomy. Flexible endoscopy proved to be an efficient technique for removing treated GFD, which can help remove FB during esophagotomy and be associated with rigid endoscopy. Patients recovered quickly and without complications, but it is important to emphasize that inadequate maneuvers and conducts can determine other outcomes. The use of endoscopy for GFD removal needs to be more popularized, as it can ensure better results for dogs treated with GFD.

Descriptive electromyography signals analysis of equine longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius muscles during maneuvers used to activate the core / [Análise descritiva do sinal eletromiográfico dos músculos longuíssimo dorsal, reto abdominal e glúteo médio de equinos durante a realização de manobras utilizadas para ativação do core]

Maneuvers to activate the equine's core can make a difference in their physical and psychic health. Although these activities are recommended and practiced, there is little research proving their effectiveness. This article aims to describe, through surface electromyography, the occurrences, durations and sequences activity of longissimus dorsi, rectus abdominis and gluteus medius during thoracolumbar flexion (TLF), lumbar and lumbosacral flexion (LLSF), global flexion (GF), which is the combination of TLF and LLSF, and tail traction (TT). Seven healthy adult horses of three different breeds performed five repetitions of these movements for five seconds (sec). Electromyographic activity was captured with non-invasive superficial sensors positioned in the skin regions covering these muscles. The sequence was performed once per animal, muscle activity captured by surface electromyography, data from two replicates of each animal were selected, analyzed on matLab software and data tabulation were described during each maneuver. These maneuvers provoked punctual and transient activation of muscles mentioned above, confirming the ability to activate equine core muscles. However, responses were not standardized, which means there were variations of occurrence, duration and sequence, suggesting that for practical application of those maneuvers it is necessary to perform more repetitions with longer durations to activate more muscles.(AU)

Manobras para ativação da musculatura do core equino podem ser diferenciais para saúde física e psíquica dos animais, sendo recomendadas e praticadas, mas existem poucas pesquisas comprovando a eficácia delas. Este artigo tem como objetivo descrever, por meio da eletromiografia de superfície, as ocorrências, as durações e as sequências temporais da atividade muscular do longuíssimo dorsal, do reto abdominal e do glúteo médio durante a realização das manobras de flexão toracolombar, flexão lombar e lombossacra, flexão global (toracolombar e lombossacra) e tração de cauda. Para isso, sete equinos adultos e hígidos de três raças realizaram esses quatro movimentos clássicos para ativar o core equino, com cinco repetições e manutenção do estímulo reflexivo por cinco segundos. Durante a realização, a atividade eletromiográfica foi capturada com a utilização de sensores superficiais posicionados de forma não invasiva em regiões cutâneas referentes a cada músculo. O protocolo completo de manobras foi realizado uma vez por cada animal enquanto a atividade muscular era capturada. Posteriormente, duas repetições de cada animal foram triadas e submetidas ao software matLab para análise. Com base na tabulação dos dados, foram descritas as variáveis eletromiográficas de presença ou ausência de ativação muscular, a duração média dos picos eletromiográficos superiores ao RMS (root mean square) e a sequência da atividade muscular observada durante cada manobra. Essas manobras provocaram ativações pontuais e transitórias nos três músculos, o que confirma a capacidade de excitar músculos do core equino. Contudo, as respostas não foram padronizadas, sugerindo que, na prática dessa atividade, devem-se realizar mais repetições com durações superiores a cinco segundos, a fim de se buscarem maiores ativações.(AU)

Prevalência de mastite bovina no planalto de Santa Catarina / Bovine mastitis prevalence in the plateau of Santa Catarina

A mastite bovina é amplamente distribuída nos rebanhos leiteiros, acarretando em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de mastite clínica e subclínica nos rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros, na região do Planalto Catarinense. Foram visitadas 44 propriedades leiteiras, onde foram registradas as principais informações sobre o rebanho de fêmeas em lactação. O diagnóstico de mastite clínica foi realizado pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto, para mastite subclínica, foi utilizado o CMT (California Mastitis Test). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico R, para cálculo da prevalência, e foi aplicado teste Qui-quadrado ao nível de 5% de significância para as seguintes variáveis: manejos de ordenha, dados individuais dos animais (número e estágio de lactação) e Escore de Limpeza de Úbere (ELU). Foram estimadas, a partir do CMT, as perdas produtivas decorrentes da mastite subclínica. A prevalência média de mastite clínica e subclínica foi, respectivamente, de 4,29% e 76,92% para os animais avaliados. Não foram encontradas associações entre a mastite e o manejo de ordenha, os dados individuais dos animais e o ELU. As perdas produtivas são importantes, com mais de 15.000 litros de leite que deixam de ser produzidos por mês, devido à mastite subclínica no rebanho. Assim, as prevalências encontradas são preocupantes, visto a importância da atividade como fonte de renda aos produtores. Órgãos públicos devem investir na conscientização e em medidas de controle e prevenção da doença para melhorar a rentabilidade desses produtores e para que a atividade tenha crescimento na região.

Bovine mastitis is widely distributed among dairy herds and causes large economic losses to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the plateau of Santa Catarina. Forty-four dairy farms were visited and the main information about the lactating female herd was recorded. The test of the mug of black background was performed for the identification of clinical mastitis, while CMT (California Mastitis Test) was performed for subclinical mastitis. The data was processed with the statistical program R, where the prevalence was calculated. Chi-square test at 5% significance level were used to the variables: milking maneuvers, individual animal data (number and stage of lactation) and Udder Cleaning Score (ELU). The production losses resulting from subclinical mastitis were estimated through the CMT result. The mean prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 4.29% and 78,92%, respectively, for the animals evaluated. There was no correlation between the prevalence found and the management of milking, number and stage of lactation and ELU. Production losses were significant, with more than 15.000 liters of milk being stopped every month, due to the presence of subclinical mastitis in the herd. Thus, the prevalence found is worrisome, given the importance of the activity as a source of income for these producers. Public bodies should invest in awareness and in measures of control and prevention of the disease so that the profitability of these producers improves and the activity grows in the region.

Prevalência de mastite bovina no planalto de Santa Catarina / Bovine mastitis prevalence in the plateau of Santa Catarina

A mastite bovina é amplamente distribuída nos rebanhos leiteiros, acarretando em perdas econômicas aos produtores. Assim, o objetivo do estudo foi identificar a prevalência de mastite clínica e subclínica nos rebanhos de bovinos leiteiros, na região do Planalto Catarinense. Foram visitadas 44 propriedades leiteiras, onde foram registradas as principais informações sobre o rebanho de fêmeas em lactação. O diagnóstico de mastite clínica foi realizado pelo teste da caneca de fundo preto, enquanto, para mastite subclínica, foi utilizado o CMT (California Mastitis Test). Os dados foram processados no software estatístico R, para cálculo da prevalência, e foi aplicado teste Qui-quadrado ao nível de 5% de significância para as seguintes variáveis: manejos de ordenha, dados individuais dos animais (número e estágio de lactação) e Escore de Limpeza de Úbere (ELU). Foram estimadas, a partir do CMT, as perdas produtivas decorrentes da mastite subclínica. A prevalência média de mastite clínica e subclínica foi, respectivamente, de 4,29% e 76,92% para os animais avaliados. Não foram encontradas associações entre a mastite e o manejo de ordenha, os dados individuais dos animais e o ELU. As perdas produtivas são importantes, com mais de 15.000 litros de leite que deixam de ser produzidos por mês, devido à mastite subclínica no rebanho. Assim, as prevalências encontradas são preocupantes, visto a importância da atividade como fonte de renda aos produtores. Órgãos públicos devem investir na conscientização e em medidas de controle e prevenção da doença para melhorar a rentabilidade desses produtores e para que a atividade tenha crescimento na região.(AU)

Bovine mastitis is widely distributed among dairy herds and causes large economic losses to farmers. The objective of this study was to identify the prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy herds in the plateau of Santa Catarina. Forty-four dairy farms were visited and the main information about the lactating female herd was recorded. The test of the mug of black background was performed for the identification of clinical mastitis, while CMT (California Mastitis Test) was performed for subclinical mastitis. The data was processed with the statistical program R, where the prevalence was calculated. Chi-square test at 5% significance level were used to the variables: milking maneuvers, individual animal data (number and stage of lactation) and Udder Cleaning Score (ELU). The production losses resulting from subclinical mastitis were estimated through the CMT result. The mean prevalence of clinical and subclinical mastitis was 4.29% and 78,92%, respectively, for the animals evaluated. There was no correlation between the prevalence found and the management of milking, number and stage of lactation and ELU. Production losses were significant, with more than 15.000 liters of milk being stopped every month, due to the presence of subclinical mastitis in the herd. Thus, the prevalence found is worrisome, given the importance of the activity as a source of income for these producers. Public bodies should invest in awareness and in measures of control and prevention of the disease so that the profitability of these producers improves and the activity grows in the region.(AU)

Agenesia ovariana unilateral em gata - relato de caso / Unilateral ovarian agenesis in cat: case report / Agenesia ovárica unilateral en gata - relato de caso

Anomalias reprodutivas em fêmeas domésticas são de rara ocorrência e caracterizam-se na grande maioria dos casos pela ausência de sintomatologia clínica que possa ser percebida pelos proprietários, dessa maneira o diagnóstico ocorre muitas vezes de forma incidental durante OSH, necropsia ou celiotomia exploratória. Este artigo descreve o achado incidental de agenesia ovariana unilateral direita em gata SRD submetida a OSH em programa de castração solidária. Na ocasião, não foram realizados exames complementares pré-cirúrgicos, estando a avaliação do animal restrita apenas a exame físico geral e palpação abdominal. A abordagem foi realizada por meio de acesso mediano ventral. Após a exposição do corno uterino esquerdo foi constatada inexistência do ovário esquerdo, que foi confirmada mediante palpação cranial do complexo arteriovenoso ovariano (CAVO) até a superfície renal. Não houve dificuldades na realização das manobras de hemostasia, no entanto, a ausência de exames de imagem pode aumentar o risco cirúrgico, sobretudo para profissionais ou estudantes inexperientes. Apesar de ser uma condição de simples resolução cirúrgica, deve-se evitar demasiada e brusca tração do CAVO devido ao risco de complicações decorrentes de sua ruptura.

Reproductive anomalies in domestic cats are uncommonand in most cases, they are characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms that can be perceived by the owners, this way the diagnosis often occurs incidentally during OSH, necropsy or exploratory celiotomy. This article describes the incidental finding of right unilateral ovarian agenesis in a female cat submitted to OSH in a solidarity castration program. At the time, no pre-surgical complementary exams were performed, the evaluation of the animal is restricted to general physical examination and abdominal palpation. The approach was performed through the ventral median approach. After exposure of the left uterine horn there was no left ovary, confirmed by cranial palpation of the ovarian arteriovenous complex (OAVC) to the surface kidney. No difficulties were found in performing hemostasis maneuvers, however, the absence of imaging may increase the surgical risk, especially for inexperienced professionals or students. Despite being a condition of simple surgical resolution, excessive and sudden traction should be avoided OAVC due to the risk of complications arising from its rupture.

Las anomalías reproductivas en las hembras domésticas son de rara ocurrencia y se caracterizan en la gran mayoría de los casos por la ausencia de sintomatología clínica que pueden ser percibidas por los propietarios, así como la forma de descubrir muchas veces de forma incidental durante la OSH, necropsia o celiotomía exploratoria. Este artículo describe el trabajo incidental de agenesia ovárica unilateral en una gata SRD sometido a OSH en programa de castración solidaria. En la ocasión, se mantuvieron las pruebas pre quirúrgicas, con la evaluación del animal restringido sólo un examen físico general y palpación abdominal. El abordaje fue realizado por medio de acceso mediano ventral. Después de la exposición del cuerno uterino continental inexistente inexplicablemente, lo que es confirmado por invasión craneal del complejo arteriovenoso ovariano (CAVO) hasta una superficie renal. El intento de intentar aumentar la capacidad de hemostasia, sin embargo, la ausencia de exámenes de imagen puede aumentar el riesgo quirúrgico, sobre todo para los individuos o para los inexpertos. A pesar de ser una condición de simple resolución, es necesario que la tracción del CAVOS ocurra debido al riesgo de complicaciones resultantes de su ruptura.

Agenesia ovariana unilateral em gata - relato de caso / Unilateral ovarian agenesis in cat: case report / Agenesia ovárica unilateral en gata - relato de caso

Anomalias reprodutivas em fêmeas domésticas são de rara ocorrência e caracterizam-se na grande maioria dos casos pela ausência de sintomatologia clínica que possa ser percebida pelos proprietários, dessa maneira o diagnóstico ocorre muitas vezes de forma incidental durante OSH, necropsia ou celiotomia exploratória. Este artigo descreve o achado incidental de agenesia ovariana unilateral direita em gata SRD submetida a OSH em programa de castração solidária. Na ocasião, não foram realizados exames complementares pré-cirúrgicos, estando a avaliação do animal restrita apenas a exame físico geral e palpação abdominal. A abordagem foi realizada por meio de acesso mediano ventral. Após a exposição do corno uterino esquerdo foi constatada inexistência do ovário esquerdo, que foi confirmada mediante palpação cranial do complexo arteriovenoso ovariano (CAVO) até a superfície renal. Não houve dificuldades na realização das manobras de hemostasia, no entanto, a ausência de exames de imagem pode aumentar o risco cirúrgico, sobretudo para profissionais ou estudantes inexperientes. Apesar de ser uma condição de simples resolução cirúrgica, deve-se evitar demasiada e brusca tração do CAVO devido ao risco de complicações decorrentes de sua ruptura.(AU)

Reproductive anomalies in domestic cats are uncommonand in most cases, they are characterized by the absence of clinical symptoms that can be perceived by the owners, this way the diagnosis often occurs incidentally during OSH, necropsy or exploratory celiotomy. This article describes the incidental finding of right unilateral ovarian agenesis in a female cat submitted to OSH in a solidarity castration program. At the time, no pre-surgical complementary exams were performed, the evaluation of the animal is restricted to general physical examination and abdominal palpation. The approach was performed through the ventral median approach. After exposure of the left uterine horn there was no left ovary, confirmed by cranial palpation of the ovarian arteriovenous complex (OAVC) to the surface kidney. No difficulties were found in performing hemostasis maneuvers, however, the absence of imaging may increase the surgical risk, especially for inexperienced professionals or students. Despite being a condition of simple surgical resolution, excessive and sudden traction should be avoided OAVC due to the risk of complications arising from its rupture.(AU)

Las anomalías reproductivas en las hembras domésticas son de rara ocurrencia y se caracterizan en la gran mayoría de los casos por la ausencia de sintomatología clínica que pueden ser percibidas por los propietarios, así como la forma de descubrir muchas veces de forma incidental durante la OSH, necropsia o celiotomía exploratoria. Este artículo describe el trabajo incidental de agenesia ovárica unilateral en una gata SRD sometido a OSH en programa de castración solidaria. En la ocasión, se mantuvieron las pruebas pre quirúrgicas, con la evaluación del animal restringido sólo un examen físico general y palpación abdominal. El abordaje fue realizado por medio de acceso mediano ventral. Después de la exposición del cuerno uterino continental inexistente inexplicablemente, lo que es confirmado por invasión craneal del complejo arteriovenoso ovariano (CAVO) hasta una superficie renal. El intento de intentar aumentar la capacidad de hemostasia, sin embargo, la ausencia de exámenes de imagen puede aumentar el riesgo quirúrgico, sobre todo para los individuos o para los inexpertos. A pesar de ser una condición de simple resolución, es necesario que la tracción del CAVOS ocurra debido al riesgo de complicaciones resultantes de su ruptura.(AU)

Avaliação do bloqueio bilateral do tronco do nervo pudendo em gatos com obstrução uretral / Assessment of the bilateral block of the trunk of the pudendal nerve in cats with urethral obstruction

Background: Clinical care of cats with urethral obstruction is a common routine in feline clinical medicine and the re-establishment of urinary flow is essential for long-lasting correction of the pathophysiological alterations presented. For this chemical restraint is usually employed, that together with the alteration, increases the anesthetic risk of these patients. Improvement in anesthetic techniques, especially the loco-regional, may contribute to reducing the anesthetic risk of these patients and facilitate maneuvers to clear the obstruction. Thus the objective of the present study was to describe and assess the bilateral block technique of the pudendal nerve in 16 cats with urethral obstruction.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen male crossbred cats were used, with partial or total urethral obstruction, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The anesthetic block of the pudendal nerve trunk was carried out by placing the local anesthetic close to the ventral foramen of the second sacral vertebra, using a 13 x 0.45 mm needle attached to a 1 mL syringe. To assess the effectiveness of the bilateral block, the analgesia promoted was assessed using the substitute (“Reaction to Palpating the Surgical Wound” of subscale 1 (pain expression) of the “Compound Multi-dimensional Scale to Assess Post Operational Pain in Cats”. This assessment was made before the bilateral block (M0) and 10 min afterwards (M1) and the scores ranged from 0 to 3. In addition, a segmental assessment of the urethra was made, where, by passing a probe the sensitivity was assessed of the urethral ostium, penile and pelvic urethra and the relaxing of the external urethral sphincter. This assessment was made at M1 and classified as present or absent.[...]

Avaliação do bloqueio bilateral do tronco do nervo pudendo em gatos com obstrução uretral / Assessment of the bilateral block of the trunk of the pudendal nerve in cats with urethral obstruction

Background: Clinical care of cats with urethral obstruction is a common routine in feline clinical medicine and the re-establishment of urinary flow is essential for long-lasting correction of the pathophysiological alterations presented. For this chemical restraint is usually employed, that together with the alteration, increases the anesthetic risk of these patients. Improvement in anesthetic techniques, especially the loco-regional, may contribute to reducing the anesthetic risk of these patients and facilitate maneuvers to clear the obstruction. Thus the objective of the present study was to describe and assess the bilateral block technique of the pudendal nerve in 16 cats with urethral obstruction.Materials, Methods & Results: Sixteen male crossbred cats were used, with partial or total urethral obstruction, attended at the Veterinary Hospital of the Federal University of Campina Grande, PB, Brazil. The anesthetic block of the pudendal nerve trunk was carried out by placing the local anesthetic close to the ventral foramen of the second sacral vertebra, using a 13 x 0.45 mm needle attached to a 1 mL syringe. To assess the effectiveness of the bilateral block, the analgesia promoted was assessed using the substitute (“Reaction to Palpating the Surgical Wound” of subscale 1 (pain expression) of the “Compound Multi-dimensional Scale to Assess Post Operational Pain in Cats”. This assessment was made before the bilateral block (M0) and 10 min afterwards (M1) and the scores ranged from 0 to 3. In addition, a segmental assessment of the urethra was made, where, by passing a probe the sensitivity was assessed of the urethral ostium, penile and pelvic urethra and the relaxing of the external urethral sphincter. This assessment was made at M1 and classified as present or absent.[...](AU)

Distocia em égua pônei (mini horse) Relato de caso / Dystocia in pony mare (mini horse) Caso report

A criação de pôneis em miniatura tem crescido em todo o mundo. No entanto, existe falta de informações sobre os padrões reprodutivos da raça, sobre a reprodução seletiva e ocorra a consangüinidade. E um dos problemas reprodutivos comuns é a ocorrência de distocia. Nesse aspecto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de cessariana em uma fêmea minihorse com quadro de distocia e morte fetal. Foi atendido pelo setor de Clínica e Cirurgia de Grandes animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Cruz Alta RS, uma fêmea égua pônei (mini horse) com nove anos de idade, com mais de seis horas de trabalho do parto, com quadro de distocia, feto morto. Haviam sido realizadas manobras obstétricas sem sucessos pelo médico veterinário que atendeu o animal anteriormente. No hospital, decidiu-se pela cesariana emergencial pelo fato do feto estar morto e passado um longo período sem expulsá-lo. O protocolo anestésico utilizado foi infusão com Quetamina e Isofluorano e O2 100%, e durante a cirurgia foi feito uma dose de antibiótico (Ceftriaxona). A técnica cirúrgica seguiu-se a metodologia descrita por Bresciani et al. (2001). Após o procedimento a fêmea se recuperou bem. (AU)

The creation of miniature ponies has grown all over the world. However, there is a lack of information on the breed's reproductive patterns, on selective breeding, and on consanguinity. And one of the common reproductive problems is the occurrence of dystocia. In this aspect, the present work aims to report a case of cephalalgia in a female minihorse with dystocia and fetal death. It was attended by the Clinic and Surgery Department of Great Animals of the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Cruz Alta -RS, a female mare (mini horse) with nine years of age, with more than six hours of labor, with dystocia, Dead fetus. Obstetric maneuvers had been performed without success by the veterinarian who previously attended the animal. In the hospital, the emergency cesarean was decided by the fact that the fetus was dead and spent a long period without expelling it. The anesthetic protocol used was infusion with Ketamine and Isofluorane and 100% O2, and during the surgery a dose of antibiotic (Ceftriaxone). (AU)

Distocia em égua pônei (mini horse) – Relato de caso / Dystocia in pony mare (mini horse) – Caso report

A criação de pôneis em miniatura tem crescido em todo o mundo. No entanto, existe falta de informações sobre os padrões reprodutivos da raça, sobre a reprodução seletiva e ocorra a consangüinidade. E um dos problemas reprodutivos comuns é a ocorrência de distocia. Nesse aspecto, o presente trabalho tem como objetivo relatar um caso de cessariana em uma fêmea minihorse com quadro de distocia e morte fetal. Foi atendido pelo setor de Clínica e Cirurgia de Grandes animais do Hospital Veterinário da Universidade de Cruz Alta – RS, uma fêmea égua pônei (mini horse) com nove anos de idade, com mais de seis horas de trabalho do parto, com quadro de distocia, feto morto. Haviam sido realizadas manobras obstétricas sem sucessos pelo médico veterinário que atendeu o animal anteriormente. No hospital, decidiu-se pela cesariana emergencial pelo fato do feto estar morto e passado um longo período sem expulsá-lo. O protocolo anestésico utilizado foi infusão com Quetamina e Isofluorano e O2 100%, e durante a cirurgia foi feito uma dose de antibiótico (Ceftriaxona). A técnica cirúrgica seguiu-se a metodologia descrita por Bresciani et al. (2001). Após o procedimento a fêmea se recuperou bem.

The creation of miniature ponies has grown all over the world. However, there is a lack of information on the breed's reproductive patterns, on selective breeding, and on consanguinity. And one of the common reproductive problems is the occurrence of dystocia. In this aspect, the present work aims to report a case of cephalalgia in a female minihorse with dystocia and fetal death. It was attended by the Clinic and Surgery Department of Great Animals of the Veterinary Hospital of the University of Cruz Alta -RS, a female mare (mini horse) with nine years of age, with more than six hours of labor, with dystocia, Dead fetus. Obstetric maneuvers had been performed without success by the veterinarian who previously attended the animal. In the hospital, the emergency cesarean was decided by the fact that the fetus was dead and spent a long period without expelling it. The anesthetic protocol used was infusion with Ketamine and Isofluorane and 100% O2, and during the surgery a dose of antibiotic (Ceftriaxone).

Acidentes com aeronaves especializadas em aplicações aéreas na agricultura / Accidents involving specialized aircraft in agriculture aerial spraying

O grande desafio para a prática da aviação agrícola tem sido evitar acidentes. Ainda que haja progresso tecnológico e elevados recursos destinados à segurança, acidentes continuam acontecendo. O artigo analisa a influência e ocorrência dos fatores em acidentes aeroagrícolas ocorridos no Brasil recentemente. Com base em pesquisas e trabalhos técnico-científicos elaborados por pesquisadores e autoridades de aviação, são avaliadas as recomendações direcionadas para reduzir os riscos inerentes a esta modalidade de aviação. Os principais fatores responsáveis pelos acidentes normalmente são erros de operação, manobras e falta de manutenção que ocasionam colisões de voo, falhas do motor e perda de altitude. A qualificação e conscientização do profissional convergem para o sucesso do piloto aeroagrícola na detecção de perigos inerentes ou esporádicos nos diversos sistemas envolvidos.

The great challenge for the practice of agricultural aviation has been to avoid accidents. Although, there are technological progress and high resources for safety, accidents continue to occur. The objective of this research was to analyze the influence and occurrence of factors in agricultural aviation accidents in Brazil recently. Based on research and technical - scientific papers written by researchers and aviation authorities, recommendations directed towards reducing the risks associated with this aircraft modality are assessed. The main factors responsible for accidents are normally operational errors and maneuvers that cause flight collisions, engine failures and altitude loss. Professional awareness and qualification converge towards the success of the agricultural pilot in the detection of inherent dangers or occasional in the various systems involved.

Acidentes com aeronaves especializadas em aplicações aéreas na agricultura / Accidents involving specialized aircraft in agriculture aerial spraying

O grande desafio para a prática da aviação agrícola tem sido evitar acidentes. Ainda que haja progresso tecnológico e elevados recursos destinados à segurança, acidentes continuam acontecendo. O artigo analisa a influência e ocorrência dos fatores em acidentes aeroagrícolas ocorridos no Brasil recentemente. Com base em pesquisas e trabalhos técnico-científicos elaborados por pesquisadores e autoridades de aviação, são avaliadas as recomendações direcionadas para reduzir os riscos inerentes a esta modalidade de aviação. Os principais fatores responsáveis pelos acidentes normalmente são erros de operação, manobras e falta de manutenção que ocasionam colisões de voo, falhas do motor e perda de altitude. A qualificação e conscientização do profissional convergem para o sucesso do piloto aeroagrícola na detecção de perigos inerentes ou esporádicos nos diversos sistemas envolvidos.(AU)

The great challenge for the practice of agricultural aviation has been to avoid accidents. Although, there are technological progress and high resources for safety, accidents continue to occur. The objective of this research was to analyze the influence and occurrence of factors in agricultural aviation accidents in Brazil recently. Based on research and technical - scientific papers written by researchers and aviation authorities, recommendations directed towards reducing the risks associated with this aircraft modality are assessed. The main factors responsible for accidents are normally operational errors and maneuvers that cause flight collisions, engine failures and altitude loss. Professional awareness and qualification converge towards the success of the agricultural pilot in the detection of inherent dangers or occasional in the various systems involved.(AU)

Laceração perineal de 3° grau em égua Quarto de Milha / 3° grade Perineal laceration in mare Quarter horse

The present report describes the occurrence of a third degree perineal laceration of a Quarter Horsemare and the clinical and surgical measures addressed. During the anamnesis it was reported that the femalepresented a dystocic birth with obstetric maneuvers for the removal of a dead colt from the handler. Areproductive clinical examination revealed third degree perineal laceration compromising mucosa of the vulva,vestibule and vagina with presence of hemorrhage, small amount purulent exudate, pnemovagina and presenceof a rectovaginal communication orifice with fecal contamination. The surgical treatment approached wasvulvoplasty for plastic recovery of the vulva, perineum and rectum allied to the use of antibiotic therapy, antiinflammatory,cleaning of the lesion and adequate diet. The treatment used was successful, associated withveterinary monitoring during the pre, trans and postoperative period, thus minimizing the risks of compromisingthe mare's reproductive efficiency.(AU)

First record of dystocia and reproductive aspects in cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) / Aspectos da reprodução e primeiro registro de distocia em raia-ticonha (Rhinoptera bonasus)

The registration of reproductive processes of elasmobranchs is rare and little documented in public aquariums. The present work registers the first case of dystocia in cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), (Mitchill, 1815). The ray maintained in captivity by 16 years, it presented a gestation of 14 months. There was not occurrence of the natural childbirth, being necessary the human intervention through obstetric maneuvers for the retreat of the fetus. The described procedures can be used as reference in other cases of dystocia with the species.(AU)

O registro de processos reprodutivos de elasmobrânquios são raros e pouco documentados em aquários destinados à visitação pública. O presente trabalho registra o primeiro caso de distocia em raia-ticonha (Rhinoptera bonasus), (Mitchill, 1815). O exemplar, mantido em cativeiro por 16 anos, apresentou uma gestação de 14 meses. Não houve ocorrência do parto natural, sendo necessária a intervenção humana através de manobras obstétricas para a retirada do feto. Os procedimentos descritos podem ser utilizados como referência em outros casos de distocia com esta espécie.(AU)

First record of dystocia and reproductive aspects in cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus) / Aspectos da reprodução e primeiro registro de distocia em raia-ticonha (Rhinoptera bonasus)

The registration of reproductive processes of elasmobranchs is rare and little documented in public aquariums. The present work registers the first case of dystocia in cownose ray (Rhinoptera bonasus), (Mitchill, 1815). The ray maintained in captivity by 16 years, it presented a gestation of 14 months. There was not occurrence of the natural childbirth, being necessary the human intervention through obstetric maneuvers for the retreat of the fetus. The described procedures can be used as reference in other cases of dystocia with the species.

O registro de processos reprodutivos de elasmobrânquios são raros e pouco documentados em aquários destinados à visitação pública. O presente trabalho registra o primeiro caso de distocia em raia-ticonha (Rhinoptera bonasus), (Mitchill, 1815). O exemplar, mantido em cativeiro por 16 anos, apresentou uma gestação de 14 meses. Não houve ocorrência do parto natural, sendo necessária a intervenção humana através de manobras obstétricas para a retirada do feto. Os procedimentos descritos podem ser utilizados como referência em outros casos de distocia com esta espécie.

Laceração perineal de 3° grau em égua Quarto de Milha / 3° grade Perineal laceration in mare Quarter horse

The present report describes the occurrence of a third degree perineal laceration of a Quarter Horsemare and the clinical and surgical measures addressed. During the anamnesis it was reported that the femalepresented a dystocic birth with obstetric maneuvers for the removal of a dead colt from the handler. Areproductive clinical examination revealed third degree perineal laceration compromising mucosa of the vulva,vestibule and vagina with presence of hemorrhage, small amount purulent exudate, pnemovagina and presenceof a rectovaginal communication orifice with fecal contamination. The surgical treatment approached wasvulvoplasty for plastic recovery of the vulva, perineum and rectum allied to the use of antibiotic therapy, antiinflammatory,cleaning of the lesion and adequate diet. The treatment used was successful, associated withveterinary monitoring during the pre, trans and postoperative period, thus minimizing the risks of compromisingthe mare's reproductive efficiency.

Abordagem da asfixia neonatal e infecção bacteriana em neonatos caninos: uso da troponina I e avaliação da sepse

O primeiro estudo teve como objetivo avaliar e comparar os níveis de troponina cardíaca I (cTnI) em cães recém-nascidos com asfixia e não asfixiados, correlacionando com a avaliação do escore Apgar modificado, saturação de oxigênio, glicemia, lactatemia e hemogasometria. O estudo visou determinar o possível uso da troponina I como marcador de lesão isquêmica do miocárdio e indicador de hipóxia perinatal grave em cães neonatos. Foram avaliados 15 animais no grupo parto eutócico (GE), 15 animais no grupo cesariana (GC) e 13 animais no grupo hipóxia (com asfixia) (GH). No GH os recém-nascidos exibiram acidose mista proeminente (p<0,05) (respiratória por aumento pCO2 e metabólica por redução do pH, HCO3, BEecf e aumento do lactato) em comparação ao GE e GC, em decorrência da hipoxemia grave. Os parâmetros no escore de Apgar e hemogasometria demonstraram que estes cães nasceram com asfixia, apresentando baixa vitalidade e necessidade de manobras reanimatórias. Os níveis de troponina I estavam dentro dos padrões de referência para cães hígidos nos grupos GE e GC. No GH os níveis de troponina I foram significativamente mais elevados do que o GE e GC (p<0,05) e estavam acima dos padrões de referência para cães hígidos. Conclui-se que a troponina I é um marcador de hipóxia e lesão miocárdica em cães neonatos. O objetivo do segundo estudo foi descrever a incidência de sepse em cães recém-nascidos, os aspectos clínicos envolvidos, os principais agentes bacterianos isolados e as taxas de mortalidade. Das 152 ninhadas e 762 neonatos avaliados, 14,8% (113/762) apresentaram sepse ou choque séptico, e a taxa de mortalidade entre os filhotes afetados foi de 25,6% (29/113). Diferenças significativas (p <0,0001) nos parâmetros clínicos (frequência cardíaca e respiratória, glicemia, temperatura corporal, saturação periférica de oxigênio e reflexos) foram observadas entre neonatos saudáveis e neonatos com sepse e choque séptico. Os principais e mais relevantes sinais clínicos foram: apatia, redução do reflexo de sucção, diarreia, tríade neonatal, insuficiência de ganho de peso, bradicardia, dispneia, mucosas cianóticas, eritema corporal, redução da saturação periférica de oxigênio, cianose e necrose dos tecidos das extremidades. A mãe pode ter sido a principal fonte de infecção para 87,6% (99/113) dos neonatos com sepse. O agente bacteriano mais isolado foi a Escherichia coli, responsável por 25,6% (29/113) dos casos de sepse. A morbidade e mortalidade da sepse neonatal em cães são altas. A avaliação clínica e o diagnóstico de sepse em neonatos diferem daqueles em animais adultos. Assim, o conhecimento das particularidades neonatais da sepse é essencial para o manejo clínico adequado e maior sobrevida desses pacientes.

The first study aimed to evaluate and compare the levels of cardiac troponin I (cTnI) in asphyxiated and non-asphyxiated newborn dogs, correlating with the modified Apgar score, oxygen saturation, glycemia, lactatemia and blood gas analysis. The study aimed to determine the possible use of troponin I as a marker of myocardial ischemic injury and an indicator of severe perinatal hypoxia in neonatal dogs. Fifteen animals in the eutocic delivery group (EG), 15 animals in the cesarean group (CG) and 13 animals in the hypoxia group (asphyxiated) (GH) were evaluated. In GH, newborns showed prominent mixed acidosis (p<0.05) (respiratory due to pCO2 increase and metabolic due to reduced pH, HCO3, BEecf and increase in lactate) compared to EG and GC, due to severe hypoxemia. The parameters in the Apgar score and blood gas analysis showed that these dogs were born asphyxiated, with low vitality and need for resuscitation maneuvers. Troponin I levels were within the reference standards for healthy dogs in the GE and GC groups. In GH, troponin I levels were significantly higher than in GE and GC (p<0.05) and were above the reference standards for healthy dogs. It is concluded that troponin I is a marker of hypoxia and myocardial injury in neonatal dogs. The aim of the second study was to describe the incidence of sepsis in newborn dogs, the clinical aspects involved, the main bacterial agents isolated and the mortality rates. Of the 152 litters and 762 neonates evaluated, 14.8% (113/762) had sepsis or septic shock, and the mortality rate among affected pups was 25.6% (29/113). Significant differences (p < 0.0001) in clinical parameters (heart and respiratory rate, blood glucose, body temperature, peripheral oxygen saturation and reflexes) were observed between healthy neonates and neonates with sepsis and septic shock. The main and most relevant clinical signs were: apathy, reduced sucking reflex, diarrhea, neonatal triad, failure to gain weight, bradycardia, dyspnea, cyanotic mucous membranes, body erythema, reduced peripheral oxygen saturation, cyanosis and tissue necrosis from the ends. The mother may have been the main source of infection for 87.6% (99/113) of neonates with sepsis. The most isolated bacterial agent was Escherichia coli, responsible for 25.6% (29/113) of sepsis cases. The morbidity and mortality of neonatal sepsis in dogs is high. Clinical evaluation and diagnosis of sepsis in neonates differ from those in adult animals. Thus, knowledge of neonatal sepsis particularities is essential for proper clinical management and better survival of these patients.

Uretrostomia com preservação prepucial em felinos portadores de Doença do trato urinário inferior

Silva, Jéssica Araújo. Uretrostomia prepucial em gatos. Salvador, Bahia, 2020. 50p. Dissertação (Mestre em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2020. A uretrostomia prepucial, ainda pouco difundida na literatura, tem como fundamento a anastomose da uretra a mucosa prepucial. Os poucos relatos de sua utilização no tratamento de animais portadores de doença do trato urinário inferior, apesar dos bons resultados, apresentam divergências na condução das manobras cirúrgicas realizadas para a preservação do prepúcio e posterior anastomose peniana. Após análise das técnicas relatadas e treinamento em cadáveres para compreensão das manobras cirúrgicas e definição da técnica cirúrgica a ser empregada, buscou-se a padronização da técnica, sua exequibilidade e aplicabilidade no tratamento de 19 felinos portadores de doença do trato urinário inferior com obstrução uretral, acompanhados por um período 180 dias de observação pós-operatória. A técnica operatória foi de fácil execução, mostrando-se exequível, aplicável e eficaz em pacientes que necessitem de um estoma uretral para derivação do fluxo urinário. O índice de complicações pós-operatórias foi mínimo, ocorrendo apenas um caso de deiscência de sutura e consequências, devido a lambedura por falta de método de restrição. A análise dos resultados obtidos neste estudo nos permite concluir que a técnica de uretrostomia com preservação prepucial, pode ser considerada uma alternativa de primeira escolha para o tratamento da obstrução uretral em felinos, uma vez que, o estoma criado forma-se em continuidade a mucosa prepucial, minimizando o risco de complicações como estenose, dermatite, infiltrações urêmicas e infecções ascendentes, além de favorável aparência estética.

Silva, Jéssica Araújo. Preputial urethrostomy in cats. Salvador, Bahia, 2020. 50p. Dissertação (Mestre em Ciência Animal nos Trópicos) Escola de Medicina Veterinária e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal da Bahia, 2020. Prepucial urethrostomy, still not widespread in the literature, is based on the anastomosis of the urethra to the prepucial mucosa. The few reports of its use in the treatment of animals with lower urinary tract disease, despite the good results, present divergences in the conduction of surgical maneuvers performed to preserve the foreskin and subsequent penile anastomosis. After analyzing the reported techniques and training in cadavers to understand the surgical maneuvers and defining the surgical technique to be employed, the standardization of the technique, its feasibility and applicability in the treatment of 19 felines with lower urinary tract disease with urethral obstruction were sought, followed by a period of 180 days of postoperative observation. The operative technique was easy to perform, proving to be feasible, applicable and effective in patients who need a urethral stoma for derivation of the urinary flow. The rate of postoperative complications was minimal, with only one case of suture dehiscence and consequences, due to licking due to the lack of a restriction method. The analysis of the results obtained in this study allows us to conclude that the technique of urethrostomy with preputial preservation, can be considered a first choice alternative for the treatment of urethral obstruction in felines, since the stoma created forms continuously in the mucosa prepucial, minimizing the risk of complications such as stenosis, dermatitis and uremic infiltrations and ascending infections, in addition to a favorable aesthetic appearance.