Pantanal's fish native meatballs has the nutritional values increased with the use of pequi in its recipe

The study aimed to evaluate whether the addition of pequi increases the nutritional value of meatballs made with piranha and pacu fillets. Piranhas were obtained from the colony of fishermen; pacu with the fish farmer and the pequis were collected in nature. Fish were filleted and triturated, and the resulting masses were used to prepare 4 types of meatballs: piranha fillet with 2.0% pequi pulp, piranha fillet without pequi pulp, pacu fillet with with 2.0% pequi pulp, and pacu fillet without pequi pulp. After preparation, acceptance, purchase intention and frequency of consumption were evaluated with untrained tasters. Chemical composition parameters evaluated were crude protein, lipids, ash, moisture, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Results of acceptability for all formulations were similar. The chemical composition of piranha meatballs presented differences (p < 0.05) for lipids and carotenoids. Pacu meatballs showed no difference (p > 0.05) for moisture, carotenoids, and antioxidant activity. The addition of pequi did not alter the organoleptic characteristics, however increased the nutritional values, therefore, it can add value to the product to be marketed and be more nutritionally attractive to the consumer.(AU)

Pantanals fish native meatballs has the nutritional values increased with the use of pequi in its recipe

The s tudy aimed to evaluate whether the addition of pequi increases the nutritional v alue of meatballs made with piranha and pacu fillets. Piranhas were obtained fro m the colony of fishermen; pacu with the fish farmer and the pequis were collected in nature. Fish were filleted and triturated, and the result ing masses were used to prepare 4 types of meatballs: piranha fillet with 2.0% pequi pulp, piranha fillet without pequi pulp, pacu fillet with w ith 2.0% pequi pulp, and pacu fillet without pequipulp. After preparation, accep tance, purchase intention and frequency of consumption were evaluated with untra ined tasters. Chemical composition parameters evaluated were crude protein, lipi ds, ash, moisture, carotenoids and antioxidant activity. Results of acce ptability for all formulations were similar. The chemical composit ion of piranha meatballs presented differences (p<0.05) for lipids and carotenoi ds. Pacu meatballs showed no difference (p>0.05) for moisture, carotenoids,and a ntioxidant activity. The addition of pequi did not alter the organoleptic c haracteristics, however increased the nutritional values, therefore, it can add value to the product to be marketed and be more nutritionally attractive to the consumer.(AU)

Fish products developed from ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet mixtures: physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological analyses / Produtos de pescado elaborados a partir de misturas de carne moída de truta-arco-íris (Oncorhynchus mykiss) e tilápia (Oreochromis sp. ): análises físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas

Constant fishing industry innovations in response to consumer demands for novel, balanced healthy products exhibiting high nutritional value, as well as easy to prepare and ready to consume, have led to the emergence of new technologies. Among them, the development of products based on ground beef and fish mixtures are noteworthy. In this context, the purpose of this study was to develop products from different ground rainbow trout and tilapia fillet ratios, in the form of meatballs and nuggets, determining their proximate composition and physico-chemical, microbiological and toxicological characteristics. The average dry matter percentage of the developed products was 29.20±2.30%, while mineral content was 1.45±0.55%, lipid pulp content, 3.70±0.30% and crude pulp protein, 16.60±2.04%. Total psychotropic counts remained below 102 CFU/g, for standard counting on aerobic microorganism plates. Histamine and sulfur-based compounds were not detected in any of the prepared samples. The purpose of the work proposal was to develop foods and technologies that can serve as standards, allowing for simple handling products that apply ground meat mixtures from different fish species to maintain adequate nutritional indices after processing.(AU)

A constante inovação da indústria pesqueira, em resposta às demandas dos consumidores por novos produtos saudáveis, com alto valor nutritivo, balanceados, de fácil preparo e prontos para consumo, levou ao surgimento de novas tecnologias, entre elas o desenvolvimento de produtos à base de mistura de carne moída de pescado. Nesse contexto, a proposta deste trabalho é desenvolver produtos a partir de carne moída de pescado de truta-arco-íris e tilápia, confeccionando almôndegas e nuggets em diferentes proporções, com determinação da composição centesimal e de suas características físico-químicas, microbiológicas e toxicológicas. A matéria seca percentual média foi de 29,20±2,30%. Teores de matéria mineral nos produtos estão em 1,45±0,55%. Os teores de lipídeos aferidos na polpa foram de 3,70±0,30%, e os níveis de proteína bruta apresentados na polpa de 16,60±2,04%. A contagem de psicrotróficos totais manteve-se abaixo de 102 CFU/g, para contagem padrão em placas de micro-organismos aeróbicos. Nas amostras, não foram detectados níveis de histamina e de compostos à base de enxofre. A proposta de trabalho objetivou, por fim, desenvolver alimentos e tecnologias que possam servir como padrões, permitindo que produtos de manipulação simples e que utilizem misturas de carne moída de diferentes espécies de pescado mantenham índices nutricionais adequados após o processamento.(AU)

Replacement of Animal Fat by Canola Oil in Chicken Meatball

This work aimed to develop chicken meatballs with five levels of animal fat replacement by canola oil and to evaluate the products behavior during 120 days of storage. For that, analyzes were performed in the centesimal composition, fatty acid profile, shelf life and sensory parameters. The centesimal composition of the product did not present significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatments. However, canola oil addition improved the lipid profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, and the ratios of PUFAs/SFAs (0.91 to 1.61) and n6/n3 (12.63 to 3.74) in the products. Animal fat replacement and storage time also reduced meatballs Aw and pH. No differences in texture between treatments were detected after 30 days of storage. The lipid oxidation presented by mean values of TBARs ranged from 0.71 and 1.35 mg MDA/kg, indicating the onset and the regression of lipid oxidation. The color parameters exhibited a spectrum towards the luminous yellow color, predominant in both chicken meat and canola oil. The results of this study indicate that the substitution of animal fat by canola oil is promising in the production of meat products with good acceptability (70%) during the sensory analysis.(AU)

Replacement of Animal Fat by Canola Oil in Chicken Meatball

This work aimed to develop chicken meatballs with five levels of animal fat replacement by canola oil and to evaluate the products behavior during 120 days of storage. For that, analyzes were performed in the centesimal composition, fatty acid profile, shelf life and sensory parameters. The centesimal composition of the product did not present significant difference (p>0.05) between the treatments. However, canola oil addition improved the lipid profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic indexes, and the ratios of PUFAs/SFAs (0.91 to 1.61) and n6/n3 (12.63 to 3.74) in the products. Animal fat replacement and storage time also reduced meatballs Aw and pH. No differences in texture between treatments were detected after 30 days of storage. The lipid oxidation presented by mean values of TBARs ranged from 0.71 and 1.35 mg MDA/kg, indicating the onset and the regression of lipid oxidation. The color parameters exhibited a spectrum towards the luminous yellow color, predominant in both chicken meat and canola oil. The results of this study indicate that the substitution of animal fat by canola oil is promising in the production of meat products with good acceptability (70%) during the sensory analysis.

Polpa de jaca verde e farinha de castanha de caju utilizada na elaboração de almôndenga / The jackfruit pulp green and flour cashew nut for production of meatballs

A jaca madura e a castanha de caju são alimentos bastantes consumidos na região Nordeste do Brasil. A jaca, a parte comestível do fruto é caracterizada como polpa e normalmente é consumida in natura quando está no ponto de maturação. Já a castanha de caju normalmente é consumida torrada, sendo muito utilizada em diversas preparações culinárias de pratos doces e salgados. No entanto observa-se que consumo da polpa da jaca verde ainda é pequeno. Este trabalho teve como objetivo elaborar almôndega com a polpa verde de jaca e farinha de castanha do caju, para consumidores que são adeptos a uma alimentação vegetariana. A formulação da almondega elaborada com a polpa de jaca verde, foi analisada por provadores, pelo teste da aceitação, utilizando-se a escala hedônica de 7 pontos. Os resultados encontrados na análise sensorial demostram que a amostra teve uma boa aceitação por parte dos provadores, onde as notas obtidas ficaram entre 5 e 7 para os atributos cor, sabor, aroma e textura respectivamente. Com relação ao item de intenção de compra, as notas obtidas ficaram entre 4 e 5, onde os provadores informam que certamente e/ou provavelmente compraria a almondega. Conclui-se que o produto analisado apresentou sensorialmente resultados importantes.

Dietary supplementation of barbatimão (stryphnodendron adstringens) and pacari (lafoensia pacari) extracts on the oxidative stability and quality of chicken meat

In order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of barbatimão (BAR) or pacari (PAC) on chicken meat oxidative stability and quality, seven dietary treatments containing in three different BAR and PAC concentrations (200, 400 and 600ppm) plus a negative control (CONT) were fed to 350 broilers from 1 to 41 days of age. Ten birds per treatment were slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF) 24 hours postmortem, and TBARS levels in precooked meatballs stored chilled for 8days. The dietary supplementation with BAR and PAC extracts did not affect pH and color, but reduced (p 0.05) SF in breast meat compared with CONT suggesting improved tenderness. PAC200 increased (p 0.05) L* and protected (p 0.05) yellow pigments (b* values) of thigh meat from degradation compared with the CONT diet. At the end of the chilled storage period, BAR600 and PAC600 significantly reduced (p 0.06) MDA concentrations in breast meatballs compared to the CONT. The dietary supplementation of BAR and PAC improved (p 0.03) oxidative stability of thigh meatballs, except for BAR200. In conclusion, the dietary addition of BAR and PAC extracts may improve meat quality and prevent lipid oxidation in white and dark precooked and chilled chicken meatballs.

Dietary supplementation of barbatimão (stryphnodendron adstringens) and pacari (lafoensia pacari) extracts on the oxidative stability and quality of chicken meat

In order to evaluate the antioxidant effects of barbatimão (BAR) or pacari (PAC) on chicken meat oxidative stability and quality, seven dietary treatments containing in three different BAR and PAC concentrations (200, 400 and 600ppm) plus a negative control (CONT) were fed to 350 broilers from 1 to 41 days of age. Ten birds per treatment were slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF) 24 hours postmortem, and TBARS levels in precooked meatballs stored chilled for 8days. The dietary supplementation with BAR and PAC extracts did not affect pH and color, but reduced (p 0.05) SF in breast meat compared with CONT suggesting improved tenderness. PAC200 increased (p 0.05) L* and protected (p 0.05) yellow pigments (b* values) of thigh meat from degradation compared with the CONT diet. At the end of the chilled storage period, BAR600 and PAC600 significantly reduced (p 0.06) MDA concentrations in breast meatballs compared to the CONT. The dietary supplementation of BAR and PAC improved (p 0.03) oxidative stability of thigh meatballs, except for BAR200. In conclusion, the dietary addition of BAR and PAC extracts may improve meat quality and prevent lipid oxidation in white and dark precooked and chilled chicken meatballs.(AU)

Shelf Life of Chicken Meat Balls Submitted to Sous Vide Treatment

The objective of this study was to investigate the appropriate temperature for processing storage of chicken meatballs made of minced chicken meat with the sous vide method. The chicken meatballs were prepared and separated into four experimental groups according to the application of heat treatment (10 and 20 minutes) and storage time (+2 and +10°C). Sensory, microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total psychrotrophs, lactic acidbacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiumperfringens, Listeria spp.), chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid), color (L*, a*, b* values), and texture profile analyses were performed on meatball samples. Cl. perfringens and Listeria spp. were not detected in meatball samples during the storage period. Samples cooked at 10 minute and stored at +2°C the highest count of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (p 0.05). For lipid oxidation, interaction was observed between cooking time and storage temperature, with higher TBARs values for samples stored at 10 °C, while cooking time and storage temperature showed no influence on the color and textural analysis parameters. For the treatments evaluated, cooking time x storage temperature seem affect more microbiological and chemical parameters than color and textural parameters of chicken meatballs.(AU)

Effects of the Dietary Supplementation of Sucupira (Pterodon Emarginatus Vog.) and Copaiba (Copaifera Langsdorffii) Resinoils on Chicken Breast and Thigh Meat Quality and Oxidative Stability

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of the oil resins ofsucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vog.) and copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) to broiler diets on chicken meat composition, quality, and lipid peroxidation. 350 one-d-old broiler chicks were submitted to seven treatments, consisting of the diets supplemented with copaiba (COP) or sucupira (SUC) resin oils at three different concentrations (500, 900, and 1300 ppm) plus a negative control diet (CONT). At 37 days of age, 10 birds per treatment were selected according to the average weight of the experimental unit and slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat, which was stored at 4°C for 24 hours to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF). Raw meat was vacuum packed and stored frozen until lipid peroxidation analysis. Meat samples were pooled to prepare pre-cooked meatballs (30 ± 0.5g), stored under refrigeration (eight days), and analyzed every two days for TBARS concentration. Results were analyzed using the PROC GLM and MIXED procedures (SAS statistical software). Plant oils increased (p 0.05) breast meat humidity (HU) and crude protein (CP) levels and reduced (p 0.05) total lipid (TLC) and ash (AS) levels when compared with the CONT treatment. Plant oils increased (p 0.05) thigh meat HU when compared with the CONT. High COP dietary levels reduced (p 0.05) breast meat CWL, and increased (p 0.05) thigh meat L* values when compared to CONT, except for SUC500 and SUC900. The dietary inclusion of plant oil resins showed a pro-oxidant effect (p 0.01) on breast meat when compared with the CONT. Low SUC dietary supplementation levels significantly reduced (p 0.01) the concentration of secondary oxidation products in thigh meat.

Shelf Life of Chicken Meat Balls Submitted to Sous Vide Treatment

The objective of this study was to investigate the appropriate temperature for processing storage of chicken meatballs made of minced chicken meat with the sous vide method. The chicken meatballs were prepared and separated into four experimental groups according to the application of heat treatment (10 and 20 minutes) and storage time (+2 and +10°C). Sensory, microbiological (total aerobic mesophilic bacteria, total psychrotrophs, lactic acidbacteria, Enterobacteriaceae, Clostridiumperfringens, Listeria spp.), chemical (pH, thiobarbituric acid), color (L*, a*, b* values), and texture profile analyses were performed on meatball samples. Cl. perfringens and Listeria spp. were not detected in meatball samples during the storage period. Samples cooked at 10 minute and stored at +2°C the highest count of total aerobic mesophilic bacteria (p 0.05). For lipid oxidation, interaction was observed between cooking time and storage temperature, with higher TBARs values for samples stored at 10 °C, while cooking time and storage temperature showed no influence on the color and textural analysis parameters. For the treatments evaluated, cooking time x storage temperature seem affect more microbiological and chemical parameters than color and textural parameters of chicken meatballs.

Effects of the Dietary Supplementation of Sucupira (Pterodon Emarginatus Vog.) and Copaiba (Copaifera Langsdorffii) Resinoils on Chicken Breast and Thigh Meat Quality and Oxidative Stability

ABSTRACT An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of the oil resins ofsucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vog.) and copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) to broiler diets on chicken meat composition, quality, and lipid peroxidation. 350 one-d-old broiler chicks were submitted to seven treatments, consisting of the diets supplemented with copaiba (COP) or sucupira (SUC) resin oils at three different concentrations (500, 900, and 1300 ppm) plus a negative control diet (CONT). At 37 days of age, 10 birds per treatment were selected according to the average weight of the experimental unit and slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat, which was stored at 4°C for 24 hours to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF). Raw meat was vacuum packed and stored frozen until lipid peroxidation analysis. Meat samples were pooled to prepare pre-cooked meatballs (30 ± 0.5g), stored under refrigeration (eight days), and analyzed every two days for TBARS concentration. Results were analyzed using the PROC GLM and MIXED procedures (SAS statistical software). Plant oils increased (p 0.05) breast meat humidity (HU) and crude protein (CP) levels and reduced (p 0.05) total lipid (TLC) and ash (AS) levels when compared with the CONT treatment. Plant oils increased (p 0.05) thigh meat HU when compared with the CONT. High COP dietary levels reduced (p 0.05) breast meat CWL, and increased (p 0.05) thigh meat L* values when compared to CONT, except for SUC500 and SUC900. The dietary inclusion of plant oil resins showed a pro-oxidant effect (p 0.01) on breast meat when compared with the CONT. Low SUC dietary supplementation levels significantly reduced (p 0.01) the concentration of secondary oxidation products in thigh meat.

USO DE PIGMENTANTES NATURAIS OU ARTIFICIAIS NA QUALIDADE DA CARNE DE FRANGOS DE CORTE EM DIFERENTES SISTEMAS DE CRIAÇÃO

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da inclusão dos pigmentantes cantaxantina e luteína em dietas com farelo de trigo sobre a composição e aspectos de qualidade da carne de frangos de corte da linhagem Cobb. Foram utilizados 840 frangos alimentados com dietas formuladas, segundo Rostagno et al. (2011), à base de milho e farelo de soja com ou sem farelo de trigo na proporção de 5% na fase pré-inicial, 10% na fase inicial, 15% na fase de crescimento e 20% na fase de terminação associados a pigmentantes, compondo os tratamentos isonutritivos: 1) Dieta basal (DB); 2) Dieta basal+trigo (TR); 3) TR+cantaxantina (CAT); 4) TR+luteína (LUT); 5) TR+cantaxantina+luteína (CAT+LUT). Cerca de 30 aves por tratamento foram abatidas em condições experimentais e retiradas amostras de peito, coxa e sobrecoxa. Os parâmetros avaliados foram: cor (luminosidade - *L; verde/vermelho - *a; azul/amarelo - *b), caracterização química e oxidação lipídica durante armazenamento utilizando o método de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS) para almôndegas pré-cozidas (100 oC) de carne do peito, coxa e sobrecoxa e armazenadas sob refrigeração por 8 dias em delineamento inteiramente casualizado. Na carne do peito ainda foram avaliados: pH, força de cisalhamento e perda por cocção (PPC). Os resultados médios foram comparados usando o GLM do SAS e o teste de Tukey com 5% de significância. Para as amostras de peito, o tratamento LUT apresentou maior média de *b (amarelo) e *a (vermelho), e maior força de cisalhamento, o tratamento LUT+CAT apresentou maior *a (vermelho). Por outro lado, os tratamentos aplicados não afetaram significativamente os valores de pH e PPC. Para a carne da coxa, o tratamento LUT apresentou maior *b do que CAT, mas não diferiu dos demais. Para a carne da sobrecoxa não houve diferença de coloração. Na composição centesimal, o tratamento LUT resultou em carne de peito com maior teor de proteína bruta (PB). Em relação às análises da oxidação lipídica, o tratamento LUT+CAT foi o único que demonstrou proteção antioxidante ao final do armazenamento. Neste experimento, os pigmentantes utilizados em rações em associação com farelo de trigo influenciaram a qualidade da carne, sendo que a luteína aumentou a pigmentação da carne do peito, e quando associados, cantaxantina e luteína exerceram efeito sinérgico na pigmentação de peito e na proteção antioxidante em almôndegas de carne em peito, coxa e sobrecoxa.

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of the inclusion of canthaxanthin and lutein pigments in diets with wheat bran on the composition and quality aspects of meat from Cobb broilers. A total of 840 chickens fed diets formulated according to Rostagno et al. (2011) based on corn and soybean meal with or without wheat bran in the proportion of 5% in the pre-initial phase, 10% in the initial phase, 15% in the growth phase and 20% in the finishing phase associated with pigments, composing the isonutritive treatments: 1) Basal diet (DB); 2) Basal diet + wheat (TR); 3) TR + canthaxanthin (CAT); 4) TR + lutein (LUT); 5) TR + canthaxanthin+ lutein (CAT + LUT). Approximately 30 birds per treatment were slaughtered and samples of breast, thigh and drumstick were taken. The parameters evaluated were: color (luminosity - * L; green/red - * a; blue/yellow - * b), chemical composition and lipid oxidation during chilled storage using the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) method for breast, thigh and drumstick precooked meatballs distributed in a completely randomized design. In the breast meat were also evaluated: pH, shear force and cooking loss. The average results were compared using the GLM of the SAS and the Tukey test with 5% significance. For breast samples, the LUT treatment showed higher * b (yellow), * a (red), and shear force, the LUT + CAT treatment showed a higher * a (red). On the other hand, the treatments applied did not significantly affect the pH values and cooking loss. For the thigh meat, LUT treatment showed a higher *b than CAT, but it did not differ from the other treatments. There was no difference in color for the drumstick meat. LUT treatment resulted in breast meat with a higher crude protein (CP) content. Regarding the analysis of lipid oxidation, at the end of the storage experiment, LUT + CAT showed antioxidant protection. In this experiment, the pigments used in diets in association with wheat bran influenced the quality of the meat, with lutein increasing the pigmentation of breast meat, and when combined, canthaxanthin and lutein exerted a synergistic effect on breast pigmentation and antioxidant protection in the breast, thigh and drumstick meatballs.

Atividade antioxidante e antimicrobiana dos extratos de plantas do Cerrado em carne de peito de frango

Um dos maiores responsáveis pela depreciação da qualidade da carne é a oxidação, sendo responsável pela perda das características organolépticas e redução do tempo de prateleira da carne, em especial da carne de frango. Como uma forma de se evitar tal oxidação tem-se pesquisado o uso de antioxidantes naturais, como os compostos fenólicos, encontrados em vegetais e frutos. Por isso, este trabalho buscou avaliar o potencial antioxidante e antimicrobiano dos extratos de murici (Byrsonima sp.), pau-terra (Qualea grandiflora), mama cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii) e pimenta de macaco (Xylopia aromatica) em almôndegas de carne do peito de frango armazenadas sob refrigeração e congelamento. A carne de peito de frango foi moída, adicionada de 0,5% de sal, homogeneizada e dividida em seis tratamentos após a adição de 0,5% dos antioxidantes naturais, sendo: controle negativo (CONT): sem extrato, controle positivo (BHT): adição de 150 ppm de BHT, murici (MU), pau-terra (PT), mama cadela (MC) e pimenta de macaco (PM). Foram confeccionas almôndegas (25- 30g), embaladas à vácuo e pré-cozidas em banho maria (100 oC) por 8 min, sendo reembaladas depois de resfriadas e armazenadas durante 8 dias (sob refrigeração) e 4 meses (sob congelamento). A progressão da oxidação lipídica foi feita através do método de TBARS antes e após o cozimento e nas amostras cozidas nos dias 0, 2, 4, 6, e 8 e nos meses 0, 1, 2, 3 e 4 de armazenamento. E pelo método de tióis para a oxidação proteica nos dias 0 e 8 e dos meses 0 e 4 de armazenamento. A análise estatística foi realizada utilizando o teste Tukey ao nível de 5% de significância usando TBARS e tióis como variáveis resposta. Para a atividade antimicrobiana foi realizado o teste de difusão em disco frente a Salmonela, P. mirabilis e E. coli. O extrato de murici apresentou atenuação frente aos três micro-organismos testados, sendo maior atenuação do crescimento bacteriano frente à Salmonela. Quanto à oxidação lipídica, a adição dos antioxidantes naturais ou BHT foi eficaz na proteção dos lipídios durante o cozimento, uma vez que os valores médios de TBARS foram estatisticamente menores (P<0,05) em relação ao CONT. Ao final dos 8 dias de refrigeração, todos os tratamentos contendo adição de extratos de plantas foram eficientes (P<0,05) em relação ao CONT, mas os extratos de murici e pau-terra apresentaram os melhores resultados. No ensaio de armazenamento congelado, todos os extratos de plantas apresentaram atividade antioxidante na proteção dos lipídios, comparados ao CONT e ao BHT (P<0,05). Os extratos de murici e pau-terra apresentaram uma maior proteção (P<0,05) das proteínas em relação ao BHT, enquanto os extratos de mama cadela e pimenta de macaco apresentaram resultado semelhante ao do BHT, no ensaio de armazenamento refrigerado. Em conclusão, todos os extratos de plantas testados apresentaram proteção antioxidante dos lipídios e das proteínas, com destaque para os extratos de murici e pau-terra.

One of the main factors responsible for the depreciation of meat quality is oxidation, being responsible for the loss of organoleptic characteristics and reduction of the shelf life of meat, especially chicken meat. One way to avoid such oxidation, the use of natural antioxidants, such as phenolic compounds, found in vegetables and fruits has been researched. Therefore, this work sought to evaluate the antioxidant and antimicrobial potential of the extracts of murici (Byrsonima sp.), Pau-terra (Qualea grandiflora), mama cadela (Brosimum gaudichaudii) and pimento de macaco (Xylopia aromatica) in breast meatballs of chicken stored under refrigeration and freezing. The chicken breast meat was ground and added 0.5% salt, homogenized and divided into six treatments, being: negative control (CONT) with no extract, positive control ( BHT) with addition of 150 ppm of BHT, murici (MU), pau-terra (PT), mama cadela (MC) and pimento de macaco (PM), with 0.5% of which one of the natural extracts. Meatballs (25- 30g) were made, vacuum-packed and pre-cooked in a water bath (100 °C) for 8 minutes, repacked after being chilled and stored for 8 days (under refrigeration) and 4 months (under freezing). The progression of lipid oxidation was made using the TBARS method before and after cooking and in the samples cooked on days 0, 2, 4, 6, and 8 and on months 0, 1, 2, 3 and 4 of storage. The thiols method was used for protein oxidation on days 0 and 8 and months 0 and 4 of storage. Statistical analysis was performed using the Tukey test at the level of 5% significance, using TBARS and thiols as response variables. For the antimicrobial activity, the disk diffusion test was performed against Salmonella, P. mirabilis and E. coli. The murici extract showed attenuation against the three microorganisms tested, with greater attenuation of bacterial growth against Salmonella. As for lipid oxidation, the addition of natural antioxidants or BHT was effective in protecting lipids during cooking, since the mean TBARS values were statistically lower (P <0.05) compared to CONT. At the end of the 8 days of refrigeration, all treatments containing plant extracts were efficient (P <0.05) compared to CONT, but murici and pau-terra extracts showed the best results. In the frozen storage test, all plant extracts showed antioxidant activity in protecting lipids, compared to CONT and BHT (P <0.05). The extracts of murici and pau-terra showed a greater protection (P <0.05) of the proteins compared to BHT, while the extracts of mama cadela and pimento de macaco presented a similar result to that of BHT, in the refrigerated storage test. In conclusion, all plant extracts tested showed antioxidant protection from lipids and proteins, especially murici and pau-terra extracts.

Effects of the Dietary Supplementation of Sucupira (Pterodon Emarginatus Vog. ) and Copaiba (Copaifera Langsdorffii) Resinoils on Chicken Breast and Thigh Meat Quality and Oxidative Stability

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of the oil resins ofsucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vog.) and copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) to broiler diets on chicken meat composition, quality, and lipid peroxidation. 350 one-d-old broiler chicks were submitted to seven treatments, consisting of the diets supplemented with copaiba (COP) or sucupira (SUC) resin oils at three different concentrations (500, 900, and 1300 ppm) plus a negative control diet (CONT). At 37 days of age, 10 birds per treatment were selected according to the average weight of the experimental unit and slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat, which was stored at 4°C for 24 hours to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF). Raw meat was vacuum packed and stored frozen until lipid peroxidation analysis. Meat samples were pooled to prepare pre-cooked meatballs (30 ± 0.5g), stored under refrigeration (eight days), and analyzed every two days for TBARS concentration. Results were analyzed using the PROC GLM and MIXED procedures (SAS statistical software). Plant oils increased (p<0.05) breast meat humidity (HU) and crude protein (CP) levels and reduced (p<0.05) total lipid (TLC) and ash (AS) levels when compared with the CONT treatment. Plant oils increased (p<0.05) thigh meat HU when compared with the CONT. High COP dietary levels reduced (p<0.05) breast meat CWL, and increased (p<0.05) thigh meat L* values when compared to CONT, except for SUC500 and SUC900. The dietary inclusion of plant oil resins showed a pro-oxidant effect (p<0.01) on breast meat when compared with the CONT. Low SUC dietary supplementation levels significantly reduced (p<0.01) the concentration of secondary oxidation products in thigh meat.

Effects of the Dietary Supplementation of Sucupira (Pterodon Emarginatus Vog. ) and Copaiba (Copaifera Langsdorffii) Resinoils on Chicken Breast and Thigh Meat Quality and Oxidative Stability

An experiment was conducted to evaluate the addition of the oil resins ofsucupira (Pterodon emarginatus Vog.) and copaiba (Copaifera langsdorffii) to broiler diets on chicken meat composition, quality, and lipid peroxidation. 350 one-d-old broiler chicks were submitted to seven treatments, consisting of the diets supplemented with copaiba (COP) or sucupira (SUC) resin oils at three different concentrations (500, 900, and 1300 ppm) plus a negative control diet (CONT). At 37 days of age, 10 birds per treatment were selected according to the average weight of the experimental unit and slaughtered to collect breast and thigh meat, which was stored at 4°C for 24 hours to evaluate pH, color (L*, a*, b*), cooking weight loss (CWL), and shear force (SF). Raw meat was vacuum packed and stored frozen until lipid peroxidation analysis. Meat samples were pooled to prepare pre-cooked meatballs (30 ± 0.5g), stored under refrigeration (eight days), and analyzed every two days for TBARS concentration. Results were analyzed using the PROC GLM and MIXED procedures (SAS statistical software). Plant oils increased (p<0.05) breast meat humidity (HU) and crude protein (CP) levels and reduced (p<0.05) total lipid (TLC) and ash (AS) levels when compared with the CONT treatment. Plant oils increased (p<0.05) thigh meat HU when compared with the CONT. High COP dietary levels reduced (p<0.05) breast meat CWL, and increased (p<0.05) thigh meat L* values when compared to CONT, except for SUC500 and SUC900. The dietary inclusion of plant oil resins showed a pro-oxidant effect (p<0.01) on breast meat when compared with the CONT. Low SUC dietary supplementation levels significantly reduced (p<0.01) the concentration of secondary oxidation products in thigh meat.(AU)

ELABORAÇÃO E CARACTERIZAÇÃO DE ALMÔNDEGAS DE TILÁPIA DO NILO (Oreochromis niloticus) E PIRARUCU (Arapaima gigas) CULTIVADOS: APLICAÇÃO NA MERENDA ESCOLAR.

O desenvolvimento de produtos de valor agregado do pescado tem gerado muitas pesquisas, principalmente com espécies provenientes da aquicultura, com a finalidade de abordar aspectos tecnológicos e nutricionais do pescado que suscitam o desenvolvimento industrial. O objetivo geral desta pesquisa foi o de elaborar e caracterizar físico-química, microbiológica, nutricional e sensorialmente as almôndegas a partir de carne mecanicamente separada-CMS de tilápia do Nilo (Oreochromis niloticus) e pirarucu (Arapaima gigas) provenientes de cultivo com aplicação na merenda escolar. Esse estudo visou especificamente a elaboração, o cálculo do rendimento e obtenção de planilhas de custos, a sua caracterização através da avaliação de seus aspectos físicos, químicos, microbiológicos, nutricionais e sensoriais. A escolha das espécies utilizadas recaiu sobre a demanda da indústria, tendo sido as tilápias do Nilo e os pirarucus coletadas de pisciculturas de dois municípios no Estado do Ceará. As amostras foram beneficiadas na indústria seguindo fluxograma padrão. A caracterização das almondegas de pescado e da CMS foram determinadas pelas análises físico-químicas (pH e Atividade de água - Aw), pela composição proximal (umidade, proteína, lipídeos, cinzas e carboidratos) e pelo perfil de aminoácidos. As análises microbiológicas foram realizadas para Estafilococos coagulase positiva, coliformes a 45 °C e Salmonella sp. Para as almôndegas foram realizadas as mesmas análises microbiológicas considerando uma vida de prateleira no período de 90 dias. A análise sensorial feita para as almondegas foi realizada por meio da aplicação do teste de aceitabilidade global, segundo as normas do PNAE (2010). O rendimento médio de 34,5% para o filé da tilápia do Nilo e de 26,7% para a CMS, em relação ao peixe inteiro e 70,0% em relação ao dorso. O rendimento para o filé de pirarucu foi de cerca de 52,2% e da CMS 9,0%, em relação ao peixe inteiro e 47,7% em relação ao dorso. Os resultados das planilhas de custo de filé de tilápia do Nilo tiveram valores de R$ 36,14/kg (USD $ 11.06) e para o filé de pirarucu os valores de R$ 31,0/kg (USD $ 9.49), valores que não se aplicam à merenda escolar. No caso da CMS para a produção almôndega de tilápia do Nilo o valor ficou em R$ 8,16/kg (USD $ 2.50) e a CMS para a produção almôndega de pirarucu o valor foi de R$ 10,4/kg (USD 3.18). Esses dois valores encontrados, são plenamente aceitáveis e viáveis para os produtos de merenda escolar, pois, estão abaixo do que é praticado no mercado de produtos institucionais (R$ 15,00/kg) (USD $ 4.59). As CMS apresentaram maiores teores proteico (21% e 20%) e maior umidade (76% e 76,8%) em comparação às almondegas de pescado das mesmas espécies respectivamente proteína (17% e 18%) e umidade (72% e 71%), que também são valores muito aceitáveis. Por outro lado, as almôndegas (tilápia do Nilo e pirarucu) apresentaram maiores teores de lipídios (7% e 8,1%), carboidratos (2,5% e 1,3%) e cinzas (1,5% e 1,6%) que a CMS, em virtude do uso de insumos (sal, temperos e ligantes). Os perfis de aminoácidos das almôndegas de pescado foram semelhantes entre as espécies estudadas, apresentando alto valor nutricional, pela sua composição de aminoácidos essenciais. As análises microbiológicas demonstraram que os produtos derivados das duas espécies estão dentro do padrão sanitário exigido pela legislação e que o teste de vida de prateleira foi satisfatório. A análise sensorial mostrou que a maioria das crianças aceitaram a merenda escolar em forma de almôndegas de pescado nos conceitos conferidos da escala hedônica gostei (pirarucu 80,0 %)e adorei (tilápia 65,5%). Com base nos resultados obtidos, pode-se concluir que as almôndegas de pescado elaboradas a partir de CMS de tilápia do Nilo e pirarucu, têm um indicativo fortíssimo para utilização na merenda escolar, visto que a quantidade de aminoácidos essenciais encontrados nesse estudo superou as necessidades diárias desses aminoácidos recomendados pela FAO/WHO, além de apresentarem atributos físico-químicos, nutricionais, microbiológicos e sensoriais desejáveis servindo de estímulo para o aproveitamento integral de pescado em produtos de valor agregado.

The development of value-added fish products has generated a large number of research studies, especially with species from aquaculture, aimed at addressing the technological and nutritional aspects of fishery that might boost industrial development. This Doctorate Thesis seeks to develop and characterize the physiochemical, microbiological, nutritional and sensorial character of the meatballs made from mechanically deboned (MDM) meat of farm-grown Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus) and pirarucu (Arapaima gigas), and their application in school meals. The specific goals were to prepare, calculate the yield, obtain the cost spreadsheets and ultimately carry out their characterization, by assessing their physical, chemical, microbiological, nutritional and sensory aspects. The choice of species used in this study was based on the industrys demand and the Nile tilapia and pirarucu were collected from fish farms in two cities in the state of Ceará, both processed in the industry in a standard process. The characterization of fish meatballs and the MDM was determined by a physiochemical analysis (pH and water activity Aw), proximal composition (moisture, protein, lipids, ashes and carbohydrates) and the amino acid profile. The microbiological analyses were carried out for positive coagulase Stafilococos tests, coliforms at 45° C and Salmonella sp. For the meatballs were made the same microbiological analyzes considering a shelf life of 90 days. The sensory analysis conducted for the meatballs was accomplished through the application of global accessibility test, in accordance with the standards of PNAE(2010). The average yield of 34.5% for the Nile tilapia fillet and 26.7% for the MDM, in relation to the whole fish and 70.0% as compared to the headless carcass. The average yield for the pirarucu fillet was about 52.2% and 9.0% for MDM, as compared to the whole fish and 47.7% in relation to the headless carcass. The results of the cost spreadsheets for Nile tilapia fillet had values of BRL 36.14/kg (USD 11.06) and for the pirarucu fillet the values amounted to BRL 31.0/kg (USD 9.49), values that are not suitable for school meals. In the case of MDM for Nile tilapia meatball production, the value stood at BRL 8,16/kg (USD 2.50) and for pirarucu meatballs the value was BRL 10.4/kg (USD 3.18), values that are acceptable and viable for school meals products, as they rank below what is practiced in the school lunch market (BRL 15.00/kg) (USD 4.59). Both MDM presented higher protein contents (21% and 20%) and higher humidity (76% and 76.8%) as compared to fish meat balls of the same species, respectively (17% and 18% for protein) and (72% and 71% for moisture), which are quite acceptable values as well. On the other hand, the meatballs (Nile tilapia and pirarucu) showed higher levels of lipids (7% and 8.1%), carbohydrates (2.5% and 1.3%) and ashes (1.5% and 1.6%) than MDM, due to the use of inputs (salt, seasonings and binders). The amino acid profiles of the fish meatballs were similar, showing high nutritional value, due to their composition of essential amino acids. The microbiological analysis has shown that derivatives of the two species are within the sanitary standards required by the legislation in force, and that the shelf life test turned out to be satisfactory. Sensory analysis demonstrates that the school meals in the form of fish meatballs were widely accepted by most children, within the concepts of the hedonic scale: Like it (pirarucu 80%) and Love it (tilapia 65.5%). Based on the results obtained, one may conclude that the fish meatball prepared from MDM of Nile tilapia and pirarucu, strongly indicates that they are recommended for use in school meals, since the amount of essential amino acids found in this study surpassed recommended daily requirements of these amino acids by FAO / WHO, as they have all the desirable physiochemical, nutritional, microbiological and sensory attributes, besides stimulating the full utilization of fishery inputs in value-added products.

ATIVIDADE ANTIOXIDANTE E ANTIMICROBIANA DA ERVA-MATE (Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) EM CARNE DE PEITO DE FRANGO

Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito antioxidante e antimicrobiano da adição de extrato liofilizado de erva-mate em carnes de peito de frango, para aumentar o tempo de prateleira. Os peitos de frango frescos foram divididos em cinco tratamentos: controle negativosem extrato (CN), 0,05% (0,05EM), 0,10% (0,1EM), 0,15% (0,15EM) e 0,20% (0,2EM) de extrato de erva-mate. Para avaliação da atividade antioxidante foi analisado periodicamente o acúmulo dos compostos secundários da oxidação lipídica através do método de TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) nos dias 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 e 10 em almôndegas cozidas e armazenadas a 4ºC. No estudo da atividade antimicrobiana foram realizadas contagens de bactérias mesofílicas totais, psicotróficas e bolores e leveduras a cada dois dias (dia 1, 3, 5 e 7) na carne de peito de frango crua armazenada a 7ºC. Ainda foi realizado o teste de difusão em disco frente a E. coli e ao P. mirabilis previamente isolados da carne de frango, utilizando diferentes concentrações do extrato (125mg/ml, 250mg/ml, 550mg/ml, controle negativo (solução salina 0,85%) e erva-mate pura). A adição de 0.10%; 0.15% e 0.20% do extrato de erva-mate foi eficiente na proteção dos lipídios durante o cozimento, uma vez que não houve diferença significativa (P>0.05) nos valores de TBARS entre as almôndegas cruas e cozidas. A adição do extrato de erva-mate reduziu (P <0.0001) a produção de compostos secundários da oxidação lipídica, agindo como um antioxidante natural em almôndegas pré-cozidas durante 10 dias de armazenamento refrigerado, independente da concentração utilizada, quando comparado com o CN. Foi observada uma regressão quadrática (P<0,0001) entre os tratamentos, indicando que os valores de TBARS diminuíram à medida que a concentração de extrato aumentou, sendo possível estimar a concentração de 0,18% como a mais eficiente no controle da oxidação nas condições do estudo. A contagem de bactérias mesofílicas e psicotróficas foi reduzida (P< 0,05) com o aumento da inclusão do extrato somente no primeiro dia de armazenamento. Para bolores e leveduras, a contagem foi reduzida linearmente (P<0,05) quando armazenado por um dia e de forma quadrática (P<0,05) no terceiro dia a medida que a inclusão do extrato aumentou. A aplicação dos tratamentos no teste de difusão em disco apresentou regressão de segundo grau (P<0,0001) tanto para a E. coli quanto para o P. mirabilis, sendo que quanto maior a concentração de mate, maior o halo de inibição formado, sendo que o tratamento com o mate puro foi o mais eficiente contra ambas as bactérias. Em conclusão, a adição do extrato de erva mate mostrou efeito antimicrobiano in vitro frente às bactérias avaliadas, porém quando adicionado diretamente nas amostras de carne de peito de frango não exerceu controle do crescimento microbiano durante os 7 dias de armazenamento resfriado, não contribuindo para a extensão do tempo de prateleira.

The objective of this study was to investigate the antioxidant and antimicrobial effects of the addition of yerba mate extract on chicken breast meat to increase the shelf life. Fresh chicken breast meat was divided into five treatment: negative control with no extract (NC), 0.05% (0,05EM), 0.10% (0,1EM), 0,15% (0,15EM) and 0.20% (0,2EM) of yerba mate extract. In order to evaluate the antioxidant effect, TBARS method (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) was applied in pre-cooked meatballs to measure the accumulation of secondary lipid oxidation compounds during cooking on days 0, 2, 4, 6, 8 and 10 of chilled storage (4 °C). The antimicrobial activity was evaluated in raw chicken meat stored at 7 °C by counting the amount of total mesophilic bacteria, psychrotrophic bacteria,molds and yeasts every two days (days 1, 3, 5 and 7). E. coli and P. mirabilis isolated from the chicken meat was used to perform a disc diffusion test using different extract concentrations (125mg/ml, 250mg/ml, 550mg/ml, negative control (solution saline 0.85%) and pure yerba mate). The addition of 0.10%; 0.15% and 0.20% yerba mate extract effectively protected lipids during cooking, since no differences (P>0.05) were found in TBARS values between raw and cooked samples. The addition of yerba mate extract to chicken meatballs reduced (P <0.0001) the production of secondary lipid oxidation compounds acting as a natural antioxidant in pre-cooked meatballs during 10 days of chilled storage regardless the concentration used, when compared to NC. It was observed a quadratic regression (P <0.0001) in which TBARS values reduced as the addition of yerba mate increased and it was possible to estimate that 0,18% of yerba mate was the most effective concentration to control lipid oxidation in this study. The total mesophilic and psychrotrophic bacteria count was statistically reduced (P <0.05) as the addition of yerba mate increased only on day 1. For molds and yeasts, increasing yerba mate addition reduced linearly (P<0,05) the count on day 1 and quadratically (P<0,05) on day 3. Increasing addition of yerba mate extract also increased (P<0,0001) inhibition for E. coli and P. mirabilis and the treatment with pure yerba mate showed the most effective treatment against both bacteria. The yerba mate extract showed in vitro antimicrobial activity against the studied bacteria, however, did not exhibited microbial growth control when added to raw chicken breast meat during 7 days of chilled storage, not contributing to the extent of shelf life.

USO DE EXTRATO DE GOIABA (PSIDIUM GUAJAVA L.) NA PREVENÇÃO DA OXIDAÇÃO DA CARNE DE FRANGO

Foram realizados 2 experimentos avaliando a capacidade antioxidante do extrato de resíduos da goiaba (EG) na preservação da carne de peito e sobrecoxa de frango, em resfriamento e congelamento. O extrato, em pó, utilizado nos experimentos foi composto de casca, semente e poupa de goiaba e foi analisado quanto a quantidade de fenólicos totais e atividade antiradical (DPPH) em diferentes solventes de extração. Para cada experimento, a carne foi adquirida em supermercado local na cidade de Brasília/DF, e foram confeccionadas almondegas pré-cozidas com os tratamentos: CONT: sem adição de antioxidantes; BHT: adição de 0,2% do antioxidante sintético BHT; 0,5EG: adição de 0,5% de EG; 1,0EG: adição de 1,0% de EG; 1,5EG: adição de 1,5% de EG. As almôndegas de carne pré-cozidas foram armazenadas em um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, refrigeração (4 oC) por 8 dias e em congelamento (-12 oC) por 4 meses, e analisadas periodicamente, em duplicata, quanto a concentração de substâncias reativas ao ácido tiobarbitúrico (TBARS). Os resultados foram analisados utilizando o teste de TUKEY para a comparação das médias, com nível de significância de 5%, e foi feita análise de regressão comparando o tratamento sem extrato com os tratamentos com níveis crescentes de EG, utilizando o PROC Mixed do SAS Enterprise Guide 5.1 (SAS Inc, Cary, NC,USA). O extrato analisado apresentou resultados superiores (P<0,05) da composição fenólica e de DPPH com extração em água, sendo: 52,22 mg GAE/g, 80,43% de atividade antioxidante e 81,33% de porcentagem de inibição. No experimento 1, realizado com carne de peito de frango, todos os tratamentos conservaram eficientemente (P<0,05) os lipídios da carne em relação ao CONT, sob resfriamento ou congelamento, superando inclusive o BHT, porém o 1,5EG foi o tratamento mais eficaz (P<0,05) no controle da oxidação lipídica. Foram encontradas regressões lineares negativas significativas (P<0,05) e, aplicando-as para predizer o valor ótimo de inclusão do EG para minimizar a produção de TBARS foram encontrados os valores de 1,62% para refrigeração e 1,81% para congelamento. No experimento 2, que utilizou a sobrecoxa de frango, todos os tratamentos aumentaram (P<0,05) a estabilidade oxidativa do produto, em comparação com CONT, sendo que 1,5EG e 1,0EG foram superiores (P<0,05) ao BHT. Para o armazenamento congelado, todos os tratamentos reduziram significativamente (P<0,05) os valores médios de TBARS em relação ao CONT, indicando maior preservação dos lipídios, , porém 1,0EG, 1,5EG e BHT não foram diferentes estatisticamente. No calculo da predição do valor ótimo de EG utilizando as equações de regressão lineares negativas significativas (P<0,05) encontradas, os valores foram: 1,66% para o armazenamento resfriado e 1,61% para o congelado. Em conclusão, o extrato de goiaba pode ser uma alternativa natural eficiente na prevenção da oxidação lipídica em produtos à base de carne de frango.

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the antioxidant capacity of guava residue extract in preserving pre-cooked chicken breast and thigh meat balls during chilled and frozen storage. The extract was composed of the dried residue containing pulp, seeds and skin of guava was and analyzed for DPPH and total phenolics in different solvents for extraction. For each experiment fresh chicken meat was purchased in local supermarket in Brasilia/DF, and used to prepare pre-cooked meatballs with the following treatments: CONT: without antioxidants; BHT: addition of 0.2% of the synthetic antioxidant BHT; 0.5EG: addition of 0.5% of guava extract (EG); 1,0EG: addition of 1.0% of EG; 1,5EG: addition of 1.5% of EG. The samples were stored in a complete randomized design in chilled (4 ° C) for 8 days and frozen (-12 ° C) storage for 4 months, and analyzed in duplicate periodically for TBARS (Thiobarbituric acid reactive substances). The results were analyzed using the Tukey test with 5% significance and linear regression analysis between treatments with EG using the Mixed SAS Enterprise Guide 5.1 (SAS Inc, Cary, NC, USA). The EG showed higher (p<0.05) values extracted in water: 52.22 mg GAE/g, 80.43% of antioxidant activity and 81.33% of inhibition. In experiment 1 using chicken breast meat balls, all treatments preserved (p<0.05) lipids from oxidation, when compared to CONT during chilled and frozen storage. TBARS results were lower (p<0.05) compared to BHT, however, 1.5EG was the most effective treatment. As increased EG addition to meat products, a significant (p<0.05) reduction in TBARS values was seen and reflected in significant (p<0.05) negative regression that resulted in 1.62% and 1.81% EG for minimal TBARS production during chilled and frozen storage, respectively Experiment 2 showed a positive and significant (p<0.05) effect of the antioxidants in general on the lipid stability, compared to CONT , however, 1.0%EG and 1.5% EG reduced (p<0.05) TBARS more than BHT during chilled storage. During frozen storage all treatments were effective (p<0.05) when compared to CONT, but 1.0%EG; 1.5%EG and BHT did not differ. Applying significantly negative linear regression, the addition of 1.7% and 1.6 of EG should minimize TBARS production during chilled and frozen storage, respectively. In conclusion, EG can be an efficient natural antioxidant to improve lipid stability in chicken meat products.

Avaliação da contaminação microbiológica de alimentos em serviço de hotelaria / Microbiological contamination of food evaluation in hotel service

No serviço de hotelaria, o controle de qualidade microbiológica dos alimentos representa importante estratégia para garantir segurança e saúde aos hóspedes, pois o grande volume de refeições servidas em hotéis potencializa o surgimento de doenças transmitidas por alimentos (DTAs) e os riscos da ocorrência de surtos. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a contaminação microbiológica de alimentos em serviço de hotelaria como parte do controle de higiene e segurança alimentar, durante o período de janeiro de 2010 a outubro de 2012, quando foram avaliadas 23 amostras de alimentos, segundo a metodologia preconizada pelo American Public Health Association - APHA (2001), baseados nos parâmetros exigidos pela RDC n. 12 de 200 I, do Ministério da Saúde. No estudo constatou-se que 30,4% das amostras encontravam- se impróprias para consumo humano pela presença de coliformes termotolerantes. Para os demais micro-organismos pesquisados, apenas uma amostra apresentou contaminação por coliformes totais acima dos parâmetros permitidos pela legislação e em três amostras houve a presença de coliformes termotolerantes com o resultado dentro do limite de tolerância. Os alimentos que se apresentaram impróprios para consumo devido à elevada contaminação por coliforrnes terrnotolerantes foram ovos mexidos, almôndegas, peixe, manteiga, gelo, salada de maionese e salada de batata com atum. Os demais alimentos analisados obtiveram resultados satisfatórios evidenciando desta forma o controle de higiene e segurança alimentar. (AU)

The microbiological quality control of food in the hotel service is an important strategy to ensure health and safety for guests. The large volume of meals served leverages the appearance of foodborne diseases and the risk of outbreaks. With the evaluation of23 samples of food during the period from January 2010 to October 2012, the object of this study was the evaluation of the microbiological contamination of food in the hotel service as part of the control of hygiene and food safety, according to the methodology recommended by the Public Health Association - APHA (2001) and based on the parameters required by the RDC. 12, 2001, from the Health Department. The study found that 30.4% of the samples were unfit for human consumption due to the presence of fecal coliform. For other microorganisms examined, only one sample showed total coliforms above parameters allowed by law and three samples showed the presence of fecal coliform with result within the limits of tolerance. Food samples unfit for consumption due to high fecal coliform contamination were scrambled eggs, meatballs, fish, butter, ice, salad and mayonnaise potato salad with tuna fish. Further analyzed samples showed satisfying results evidencing hygiene and food safety control. (AU)