Craniolateral forearm muscles of the crab-eating raccoon (Procyon cancrivorus) and a comparative review with other carnivorans / Músculos cráneo-laterales del antebrazo del mapache cangrejero (Procyon cancrivorus) y una revisión comparativa con otros carnívoros

The crab-eating raccoon Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) is a species of the order Carnivora and family Procyonidae with a geographical distribution in Central and South America. Although crab-eating raccoons use scansorial locomotion, they also have aquatic habits, displaying greatly developed skills when handling their food. This species can frequently be found in wildlife care centers due to injuries caused by domestic dogs, humans, and car collisions. Having knowledge of the species' gross anatomy and anatomical bases is imperative to perform the most appropriate medical and surgical procedures. Thus, the objective of this investigation was to analyze the interspecific and intraspecific differences of the craniolateral forearm muscles of Procyon cancrivorus. Gross dissections were performed in four specimens describing the origin, insertion, shape, innervation, and arterial supply of the craniolateral forearm muscles. There is a constant and well development of brachioradialis muscle comparatively to that described in strictly cursorial species; the extensor carpi radialis muscle has two bellies that are fused proximally; the extensor digitorum communis muscle can also extend the tendon to the digit I as an anatomical variant, and the extensor digiti I and II muscle also extends the tendon to digit III. All are innervated by the deep branch of the radial nerve, and their arterial supply is mainly by the radial collateral, cubital transverse, and cranial interosseous arteries. The anatomical characteristics observed in this study complement the previous descriptions for Procyon cancrivorus, and the anatomical variants found in this species can also be in other carnivorans. Thus, the intraspecific anatomical variations of the digital extensor muscles in P. cancrivorus are phylogenetic traits that can occur as a common pattern or as anatomical variants in other species of the order Carnivora.

El mapache cangrejero Procyon cancrivorus (Cuvier, 1798) es una especie del orden Carnivora y familia Procyonidae con distribución geográfica en América Central y del Sur. Esta especie tiene hábitos arbóreos y acuáticos. Tiene una alta frecuencia en los centros de rehabilitación de fauna silvestre debido a las lesiones causadas por perros, humanos y colisiones de automóviles, por esto, tener conocimiento de la anatomía macroscópica de la especie es imprescindible para realizar los procedimientos médicos y quirúrgicos más adecuados. Por lo tanto, el objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar las diferencias inter e intraespecíficas de los músculos cráneo-laterales del antebrazo de Procyon cancrivorus. Se realizaron disecciones macroscópicas en cuatro especímenes donde se describió el origen, inserción, forma, inervación y la irrigación arterial de la musculatura cráneo-lateral del antebrazo. Entre los principales hallazgos se pueden mencionar: el músculo braquiorradial es constante y bien desarrollado comparativamente a lo descrito en especies estrictamente cursoriales; el músculo extensor radial del carpo presenta dos vientres fusionados proximalmente; el músculo extensor común de los dedos también puede formar un tendón al dedo I como una variante anatómica, y el músculo extensor de los dedos I y II también extiende un tendón al dedo III. Todos están inervados por el ramo profundo del nervio radial y su irrigación arterial es principalmente por las arterias colateral radial, transversa cubital e interósea craneal. Las características anatómicas encontradas en este estudio complementan las descripciones anteriores para Procyon cancrivorus, y las variantes anatómicas encontradas en esta especie también pueden encontrarse en otros carnívoros. Así, las variaciones anatómicas intraespecíficas de los músculos extensores digitales en P. cancrivorus son rasgos filogenéticos que se puede presentar en el patrón común o como variante anatómica en otras especies del orden Carnivora.

Amputation of the front medial digit of a Holstein cow - successful parturition and milk production

Background: Diseases of the bovine digit and hoof remain major problems in dairy farming and the beef cow industry. Severe claudication accompanying swelling and pain at the lesion is often observed in deep digital sepsis, septic arthritis, severe sole ulcers, and chronic interdigital phlegmon. In addition, digital amputation is often performed in cases of white line disease or severe trauma, such as bone fractures. There are few reports of amputation of the medial digit of the bovine front hoof. In this case, amputation of the medial digit of the front leg of a pregnant cow was performed; its hospitalization and return to productivity is reported. Case: The bovine was a 9-year-old Holstein cow in the 6th month of pregnancy, weighing 671 kg. Upon admission, the cow could not bear weight on its right front leg, and swelling and a purulent discharge were observed in the coronary area of the medial digit. X-ray examination results indicated a periosteal reaction centered on the 3rd phalanx of the medial digit of its right front leg hoof and slight periosteal reactions at the adaxial sides of the middle and proximal phalanges, strongly suggestive of septic arthritis caused by infection. According to the X-ray examination results, no abnormalities of the lateral digit of the front right hoof were observed; thus, it was estimated that the post-amputation hoof would be able to bear weight. Therefore, a decision was made to perform immediate amputation of the medial digit of the right front leg hoof to reduce pain for improved delivery of the offspring and improved milk production during the lactation period, rather than allowing the lesion progress until the dry period or the expected date of delivery. According to the X-ray examination results, amputation of the 1st phalanx alone was expected to suffice for removal of the cause of the pain; thus, a decision was made to perform amputation at the edge adjacent to the 2nd phalanx. The right front medial digit was prepared for aseptic surgery, and infiltration anesthesia was performed. An incision was made with a surgical knife at the interdigit of the right front limb. A wire saw was inserted into the site to cut the 2nd phalanx in the anti-axial direction down to the skin to resect the lesion. White viscous pus was discharged at the resection site; therefore, the wound was lavaged with tap water and packed with povidone iodine-impregnated gauze. The wound was also covered with a diaper and dressed with non-elastic and elastic bandages. The dressing was changed daily to aid wound healing. No problems were observed in the standing-up motion or other relevant movements immediately after the surgery. Granulation tissue formed rapidly, approximately 2 weeks after the surgery, and the lesion dried gradually. Approximately one month after the surgery, the subject exhibited little difficulty in both standing up and walking. The subject successfully delivered its 7th offspring at the farm on postoperative day 93. Discussion: The animal of this study was a 9-year-old, pregnant cow, and although amputation of the front medial digit is a relatively rare procedure, the cow was able to deliver and return to production, owing to sufficient postoperative treatment and care. The case also demonstrated the advantage of X-ray examination in bovine hoof diseases for accurate diagnosis, precise operation, and prognostic assessment.

Chronic progressive lymphoedema in a Friesian horse: clinical aspects and diagnostic approach - case report / [Linfedema progressivo crônico em um cavalo Friesian: aspectos clínicos e abordagem diagnóstica - relato de caso]

Chronic Progressive Lymphoedema (CPL) is a disabling disease of draft horses that affects lymphatic system function typically in the distal limbs. Deformities of distal limbs, especially of the pastern, with fibrosis and skin nodular lesions are consequences of disease progression. A 15-year-old Friesian stallion presented for evaluation with history of forelimb enlargement and nodule formations distal to the carpus for four years. Simple radiographs showed soft tissue nodular lesions and venous contrasted radiography showed intense enlargement of II common digital palmar vein of both forelimbs. Tissue culture tests revealed Streptococcus equi and Proteus mirabilis isolation and skin scraping test identified Chorioptes bovis mites. Histological examination revealed perivasculitis and lymph vessels distention. History, clinical and histological findings, and complementary exams suggested CPL diagnosis. We were unable to find previously published cases describing this disease in Brazil, where the increasing number of draft horses requires attention to this problem. The correct and early diagnosis substantially delays disease progression. Therefore, we highlight the need for nationwide propagation of these data to ensure better diagnosis and early treatment of future CPL cases.

O linfedema crônico progressivo (LCP) é uma enfermidade incapacitante de cavalos de tração que afeta o sistema linfático e se manifesta especialmente na região distal dos membros. A progressão da doença resulta em deformações na região distal dos membros, especialmente na quartela, com fibrose e lesões nodulares na pele. Foi atendido um garanhão da raça Friesian, de 15 anos de idade, com histórico de aumento de volume, nodulações e deformações na região distal dos membros torácicos, com início há aproximadamente quatro anos. Ao exame radiográfico simples, foram identificadas nodulações na pele e no subcutâneo e, ao exame venoso contrastado, identificou-se marcante dilatação II veia digital palmar comum em ambos os membros torácicos. Foi isolado Streptococcus equi e Proteus mirabilis ao cultivo tecidual e identificou-se sarna do tipo corióptica ao raspado de pele. No exame histopatológico, foram identificadas perivasculite e dilatação de vasos linfáticos. Os achados clínicos, histórico, de raça do animal e os exames complementares direcionaram o diagnóstico para o LCP. A pesquisa da literatura nacional não revelou descrições clínicas dessa enfermidade, mas, devido ao aumento do número de animais de tração no país nos últimos anos, a descrição dessa enfermidade se torna importante. O diagnóstico correto e precoce é necessário para retardar a progressão da doença. Nesse sentido, ressalta-se a relevância da divulgação nacional desses achados, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce e permitir o retardo da evolução da doença.

Clinical and morphological justification of the treatment of purulonecrotic lesion in deep structures of limb distal segment in pig: case report / [Justificativa clínica e morfológica do tratamento de lesão purulonecrótica em estruturas profundas do segmento distal de membros em porco: relato de caso]

Surgical pathology of the musculoskeletal system, and in particular the diseases of the limb distal segment in pigs are quite common. Their significant spread leads to economic losses due to culling, compulsory slaughter, short-received pig production and pig crop. The purpose of this work was to reveal clinical and morphological features of limb distal segment diseases in pigs and to study the possibility of preserving their health and productivity. The conservative treatment of purulonecrotic lesions in the deep structures of the limb distal segment in pigs is not promising. It is shown that the best way to treat a given pathology is amputation of a sick limb. The technique of carrying out exarticulation of talus shin consists in separation of soft tissues, capsule and ligaments, ligation of vessels, formation of stump. The postoperative recovery period of the animal body is 25 days.(AU)

A patologia cirúrgica do sistema musculoesquelético e, em particular, as doenças do segmento distal dos membros em suínos são bastante comuns. A sua propagação significativa leva a perdas econômicas devido ao abate seletivo, abate obrigatório, produção de suínos pouco recebida e colheita de suínos. O objetivo deste trabalho foi revelar características clínicas e morfológicas das doenças do segmento distal de membros em suínos e estudar a possibilidade de preservar sua saúde e produtividade. O tratamento conservador das lesões purulonecróticas nas estruturas profundas do segmento distal do membro em porcos não é promissor. Fica estabelecido que a melhor forma de tratar uma determinada patologia é a amputação de um membro doente. A técnica de realizar a exarticulação da canela do talos consiste na separação dos tecidos moles, cápsula e ligamentos, ligadura dos vasos, formação do coto. O período de recuperação pós-operatória do corpo do animal é de 25 dias.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.(AU)

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.(AU)

Transposição de coxim digital associada à órtese articulada caseira como alternativa à amputação de membro pélvico em cão - relato de caso

Os coxins podem ser definidos como a porção mais resistente da pele de cães e gatos, e possuem as funções de sustentação do peso do animal, e a proteção contra as forças de tração e de atrito. As cirurgias que objetivam a reconstrução dos coxins são alternativas viáveis à amputação do membro em diversas situações clínicas. Dentre as opções cirúrgicas, destaca-se a transposição dos coxins. Entretanto, quando se faz necessária a amputação dos dígitos, o encurtamento do membro pode comprometer a deambulação. Uma alternativa neste sentido é a associação à órteses. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi descrever o caso de um cão da raça pitbull, fêmea, com quatro anos de idade e histórico de gangrena úmida da extremidade do membro pélvico esquerdo, submetida à amputação dos dígitos e transposição dos coxins. Durante o período pós-operatório foi desenvolvida uma órtese articulada caseira a fim de facilitar a sustentação do peso e auxiliar na deambulação do animal. A paciente se adaptou ao dispositivo ortopédico e foi acompanhado até a completa reepitelização do membro residual aos 30 dias de pós-operatório. Desta forma, conclui-se que a transposição dos coxins associada à órtese articulada pode ser uma opção viável à amputação do membro pélvico em cães de grande porte.

The digital pad can be defined as the most resistant area of the skin of the dogs and cats, which functions includes animal weight support and protection against to tractive and frictional forces. The reconstructive surgeries of the digital pad are viable alternatives to the limb amputation in many clinical situations. Among the surgical options, the transposition of the digital pad is highlighted. However, when amputation of the digits is necessary, shortening of the limb can compromise ambulation. An alternative to this, it is the use of orthoses. The aim of this report was to describe the case of a four-years-old female pit bull with clinical history of wet gangrene of left pelvic limb, submitted to transposition of digital pad, obtained from the contralateral hindlimb. An articulate orthosis was projected at postoperative period in order to facilitate weight support and assist the patient ambulation. The patient has adapted itself to the new orthopedic device, and was constantly monitored until complete reepithelialization of the residual limb at 30 days of postoperative. Thus, it can be concluded that the transposition of digital pad associated to the articulate orthosis can be a viable option to the limb amputation in large breed dogs.

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.(AU)

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.(AU)

Anatomia óssea e muscular do antebraço e mão de Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae) / Bone and muscular anatomy of the antibone and handof Chrysocyon brachyurus (Carnivora, Canidae)

O lobo-guará Chrysocyon brachyurus Illiger, 1815, é o maior canídeo da América do Sul, pesa cerca de 25 kg quando adulto e está ameaçado de extinção. Descrições anatômicas contribuem para a complementação das informações sobre espécies silvestres e para implicações conservacionistas, clínicas e cirúrgicas. Objetivou-se descrever os ossos e os músculos do antebraço e mão do lobo-guará. A preparação das peças foi feita a partir dos métodos usuais de dissecação, em animais preservados em solução de formol a 10%. Os espécimes pertencem ao acervo didático do Laboratório de Ensino e Pesquisa em Animais Silvestres da UFU e são provenientes de indivíduos atropelados. Os ossos descritos foram: rádio, ulna, ossos cárpico acessório, cárpico ulnar e cárpico intermédio; ossos cárpicos I, II, III e IV; ossos metacárpicos I, II, III, IV, V; falanges proximais, falanges médias e falanges distais do primeiro ao quinto dedo. Os músculos observados foram: extensor radial do carpo; pronador redondo; braquiorradial; extensor comum dos dedos; extensor ulnar do carpo; extensor lateral dos dedos; supinador; abdutor longo do dedo I; flexor radial do carpo; flexor profundo dos dedos; flexor superficial dos dedos; flexor ulnar do carpo; pronador quadrado; interflexor; lumbricais; abdutor curto dos dedos I e II e flexor curto do dedo I.

The maned wolf Chrysocyon brachyurus (Illiger, 1815) is the largest canid in South America, weighs about 25 kg as an adult and is threatened of extinction. Anatomical descriptions contribute to the complementation of information on wild species and for conservation, clinical and surgical implications. The purpose of this study was to describe the bones and muscles of the forearm and hand of the maned wolf. The methodology was through the usual dissecting methods in animals preserved in 10% formalin solution. The animals belong to the didactic collection of the Laboratory of Teaching and Research in Wild Animals of the UFU and come from run over. The bones evaluated were: radius, ulna, carpal accessory, carpi ulnar and carpi intermedium; carpal bones I, II, III and IV; metacarpal bones I, II, III, IV, V; proximal phalanges, middle phalanges and distal phalanges from first to fifth finger. The muscles observed were: radial extensor carpal; pronator round; brachioradial; common extensor of fingers; ulnar carpal extensor; lateral extensor of the fingers; supinator; abductor long finger I; flexor carpi radialis; flexor deep fingers; superficial flexor of the fingers; ulnar flexor of the carpus; square pronator; interflexor; lumbrils; short abductor of fingers I and II and short flexor of finger I.

Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos / Regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.

Perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos / Regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses

As infecções ortopédicas são condições comumente observadas em equinos, afetando frequentemente estruturas nobres como ossos e tecido sinovial. Afecções de origem séptica são de extrema importância na espécie equina, pois podem resultar em claudicação permanente provocada por danos articulares irreversíveis. Desta forma, tratamentos que resultam em concentrações elevadas de antimicrobianos nas áreas infectadas atuam de maneira mais eficaz na eliminação da população bacteriana nestes tecidos. Neste sentido, a perfusão regional do membro tem se mostrado uma excelente alternativa. A presente revisão aborda os principais aspectos relacionados às técnicas de perfusão regional do membro com antimicrobianos em equinos. Serão descritas as técnicas intravenosa e intraóssea, as quais envolvem a administração de antimicrobianos, em uma região selecionada do membro, isolada previamente da circulação sistêmica por meio da aplicação de um torniquete. A perfusão regional tem sido descrita com sucesso no tratamento de condições sépticas da região distal do membro de equinos, visto que altas concentrações de antimicrobianos são alcançadas nos locais afetados. Além disso, é de fácil realização e apresenta baixo risco de efeitos adversos sistêmicos, bem como custo reduzido.(AU)

Orthopedic infections are conditions commonly observed in horses, often affecting important structures such as bone and synovial tissue. Septic source conditions are extremely important in horses as they may result in permanent lameness caused by irreversible joint lesions. Therefore, treatments that result in higher concentrations of antimicrobials in infected areas act more effectively eliminating the bacterial population in these tissues. Therefore, the regional limb perfusion has proven to be an excellent alternative. This review addresses the main issues of regional limb perfusion with antimicrobials in horses. It will describe intravenous and intraosseous techniques, which involve the administration of an antimicrobial solution, in a part of the limb, previously isolated from the systemic circulation by applying a tourniquet. Regional perfusion has been described as a successful treatment for septic conditions at the distal region of the equine limb, since high concentrations of antimicrobial are achieved at the sites affected. In addition, it is easy to perform and presents a low risk of adverse systemic effects as well as reduced cost.(AU)

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calf’s forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...

Bloqueio de plexo braquial guiado por neuroestimulador para amputação em bezerro / Nerve stimulator-guided brachial plexus block performed in the amputation of a calfs forelimb

Background: Locoregional anesthesia techniques enable the performance of procedures in the distal portion of the limbs,through the parenteral administration of local anesthetic nerve block. There are devices that can increase the effectivenessof these blocks by accurately locating the nerves. These devices include peripheral nerve stimulators, which enable anesthetic to be injected near the plexus, thus reducing the volume of anesthetic required and allowing for the specific blockadeof a nerve branch by desensitizing exclusively the area of interest. This paper describes the use of nerve stimulator in thebrachial plexus block (BPB) of a calf subjected to amputation of the left foreleg.Case: A newborn calf weighing 30 kg, with a history of injury to the left foreleg, was treated at the Veterinary Hospital ofthe Federal Rural University of the Semi-Arid Region. Clinical and X-ray examinations revealed a fracture in the medialportion of the metacarpus and radiographic alterations indicative of osteomyelitis, so amputation of the affected limb wasrecommended. Prior the beginning, during and after the surgical procedure, the animal was submitted to the evaluation ofits physiological parameters (heart and respiratory rate, capillary refill time, diastolic, systolic and mean blood pressure andrectal temperature). Because it is a newborn animal, it was decided not to pre-operatively fast. After applying preanestheticmedication (xylazine 0.01 mg/kg IV), anesthesia was induced with ketamine (2 mg/kg IV) and midazolam (0.3 mg/kg IV)and maintained with isoflurane. For the brachial plexus block, 0.4 mL/kg (1.5 mg/kg) of 0.375% bupivacaine was usedand aided by a peripheral nerve stimulator to generate 10 mA current, 1 HZ frequency and 100 μs pulse duration, coupledto a nerve stimulation needle, it was possible to observe flexion movements...(AU)

Pulmonary carcinoma metastasis in a feline digit

Background: Primary pulmonary neoplasia is rare in domestic cats, with fewer than 1% of all tumors diagnosed in thisspecies. Primary lung tumors have a high percentage of metastases, observed in up to 75% of cases in cats. The lung-digitsyndrome is characterized by primary pulmonary neoplasms with metastases to the extremities of the limbs, mainly distalphalanges, possibly involving several digits and more than one limb. This report describes a case of pulmonary carcinomametastasis in a cat digit.Case: A 16-year-old neutered female cat was showing increased volume of the fourth digit was examined at the Universityof Caxias do Sul veterinary clinic. The animal also showed signs of progressive weight loss, apathy and limping on theright thoracic limb. After clinical evaluation, the animal was sent for radiographic examination of the right metacarpal/phalangeal region and the thorax. A radiopaque structure was observed with discreet central regions of radiolucency,measuring approximately 3 cm in height, 3.4 cm in length and 2.4 cm in depth in the left caudal lung, suggesting neoplasiaor pulmonary abscess. Digit image revealed osteolysis of the right and middle distal phalanx measuring 2 cm in height, 3cm in breadth and 1 cm in length. In view of these radiographic changes, we performed fine needle aspiration cytology ofthe digit and a nodule in the region of the skeletal musculature of the right thoracic limb. Cytological evaluation revealedcells had cilia on their surface (compatible with respiratory epithelium). The cytologic findings of the fine-needle biopsywere suggestive of carcinoma. After stabilization, the digit was amputated. The material was sent to the laboratory of theFederal University of Pelotas for histopathological examination...

Pulmonary carcinoma metastasis in a feline digit

Background: Primary pulmonary neoplasia is rare in domestic cats, with fewer than 1% of all tumors diagnosed in thisspecies. Primary lung tumors have a high percentage of metastases, observed in up to 75% of cases in cats. The lung-digitsyndrome is characterized by primary pulmonary neoplasms with metastases to the extremities of the limbs, mainly distalphalanges, possibly involving several digits and more than one limb. This report describes a case of pulmonary carcinomametastasis in a cat digit.Case: A 16-year-old neutered female cat was showing increased volume of the fourth digit was examined at the Universityof Caxias do Sul veterinary clinic. The animal also showed signs of progressive weight loss, apathy and limping on theright thoracic limb. After clinical evaluation, the animal was sent for radiographic examination of the right metacarpal/phalangeal region and the thorax. A radiopaque structure was observed with discreet central regions of radiolucency,measuring approximately 3 cm in height, 3.4 cm in length and 2.4 cm in depth in the left caudal lung, suggesting neoplasiaor pulmonary abscess. Digit image revealed osteolysis of the right and middle distal phalanx measuring 2 cm in height, 3cm in breadth and 1 cm in length. In view of these radiographic changes, we performed fine needle aspiration cytology ofthe digit and a nodule in the region of the skeletal musculature of the right thoracic limb. Cytological evaluation revealedcells had cilia on their surface (compatible with respiratory epithelium). The cytologic findings of the fine-needle biopsywere suggestive of carcinoma. After stabilization, the digit was amputated. The material was sent to the laboratory of theFederal University of Pelotas for histopathological examination...(AU)

Descrição anatômica dos músculos do membro torácico da preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) / Anatomical description of the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

Background: Brown-throated sloths are mammals of the order Xenarthra, suborder Pilosa, family Bradypodidae. These folivorous and arboreal animals, which possess a peculiar type of arboreal quadrupedalism, move through the forest canopy by means of suspensory locomotion. On the ground, their extremely slow movements make them easy targets for road accidents, often leading to serious injury or even death. This paper describes the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), updating the literature on the subject to help veterinarians in clinical and surgical interventions on this species, and to provide data for comparative animal anatomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Five brown-throated sloths (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825), two adults and three babies were dissected. The animals were donated by the Arruda Câmara Zoo and Botanical Park in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil, where they were thawed and fixed in 10% formalin. The sloths’ forelimbs were dissected by lifting and folding over a skin flap to expose, identify and describe the underlying musculature. The dissection revealed the following muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, teres major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anconeus epitrochlearis, dorsoepitrochlearis, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi obliquus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digitorum lateralis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor indicis longus second finger, extensor indicis brevis second finger, extensor digitorum third finger, abductor digitorum second finger, abductor digitorum third finger, palmaris brevis, and interosseous muscles.[...]

Descrição anatômica dos músculos do membro torácico da preguiça-comum (Bradypus variegatus) / Anatomical description of the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus)

Background: Brown-throated sloths are mammals of the order Xenarthra, suborder Pilosa, family Bradypodidae. These folivorous and arboreal animals, which possess a peculiar type of arboreal quadrupedalism, move through the forest canopy by means of suspensory locomotion. On the ground, their extremely slow movements make them easy targets for road accidents, often leading to serious injury or even death. This paper describes the forelimb muscles of the brown-throated sloth (Bradypus variegatus), updating the literature on the subject to help veterinarians in clinical and surgical interventions on this species, and to provide data for comparative animal anatomy.Materials, Methods & Results: Five brown-throated sloths (Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825), two adults and three babies were dissected. The animals were donated by the Arruda Câmara Zoo and Botanical Park in João Pessoa, state of Paraíba, Brazil, where they were thawed and fixed in 10% formalin. The sloths forelimbs were dissected by lifting and folding over a skin flap to expose, identify and describe the underlying musculature. The dissection revealed the following muscles: supraspinatus, infraspinatus, deltoideus, teres major, subscapularis, coracobrachialis, brachialis, biceps brachii, triceps brachii, anconeus epitrochlearis, dorsoepitrochlearis, brachioradialis, supinator, pronator teres, pronator quadratus, extensor carpi radialis, extensor carpi ulnaris, extensor carpi obliquus, flexor carpi radialis, flexor carpi ulnaris, extensor digitorum communis, extensor digitorum lateralis, palmaris longus, flexor digitorum superficialis, flexor digitorum profundus, extensor indicis longus second finger, extensor indicis brevis second finger, extensor digitorum third finger, abductor digitorum second finger, abductor digitorum third finger, palmaris brevis, and interosseous muscles.[...](AU)

Lesions of hypertrophic osteopathy in the forelimbs of a dog associated with pulmonary metastasis from a periostealosteosarcoma

Hypertrophic osteopathy is commonly associated with primary lung neoplasms. It may also be secondary to intrathoracic lesions such as pulmonary metastasis, granulomatous pleurisy and chronic pneumonia, among others. It is characterized by progressive proliferation of sub periosteal bone tissue in limb bones. Clinically, patient usually exhibits lameness. It is a rare disease most frequently observed in dogs among domestic animals. A case of a dog with pulmonary hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary metastases coming from an appendicular periosteal osteosarcoma is reported.

Lesions of hypertrophic osteopathy in the forelimbs of a dog associated with pulmonary metastasis from a periostealosteosarcoma

Hypertrophic osteopathy is commonly associated with primary lung neoplasms. It may also be secondary to intrathoracic lesions such as pulmonary metastasis, granulomatous pleurisy and chronic pneumonia, among others. It is characterized by progressive proliferation of sub periosteal bone tissue in limb bones. Clinically, patient usually exhibits lameness. It is a rare disease most frequently observed in dogs among domestic animals. A case of a dog with pulmonary hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary metastases coming from an appendicular periosteal osteosarcoma is reported.(AU)

Fratura cominutiva e articular distal de úmero tratada com fixador esquelético externo transarticular em três gatos / Comminuted articular fractures of the distal humerus of the three cats treated by transarticular skeletal fixators

Background: Humeral fractures account for 13% of all fractures in cats and commonly affect the middle diaphysis and supracondylar region with comminution. They are usually the result of high energy traumas such as falls, car accidents and firearm injuries. There are few treatment options for these types of fractures and since they are joint injuries, early surgical repair is mandatory to achieve perfect anatomical reduction, to maintain joint congruence and to allow early weight bearing. Our purpose is to report four subacute and chronic fractures of the distal diaphysis associated with comminuted supra and intercondylar fractures, stabilized with transarticular external skeletal fixator in three domestic felines. Cases: (1)- A 3-year-old male docile Siamese cat with 3.7 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with a 14-day history of high rise syndrome after falling from a 12-meter high. It presented distal comminuted humeral fracture that involved the inter and supracondylar regions. It also had right carpal-ulnar subluxation and comminuted right olecranon fracture involving the articular surface in the left thoracic limb. Fracture and joint stabilization was achieved by use of a transarticular hybrid external skeletal fixator on the right front limb. Fracture healing was observed at 150 days postoperatively. (2)- A 10-year-old female aggressive mixed breed cat with 4.1 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with a 16-day history of high rise syndrome after falling from a 9-meter high. The cat had a comminuted right humeral articular fracture with supra and intercondylar involvement and scapular fracture on the contralateral limb. The humerus fracture was treated with a transarticular linear external skeletal fixator and fracture healing was obtained at 240 postoperative days […]

Fratura cominutiva e articular distal de úmero tratada com fixador esquelético externo transarticular em três gatos / Comminuted articular fractures of the distal humerus of the three cats treated by transarticular skeletal fixators

Background: Humeral fractures account for 13% of all fractures in cats and commonly affect the middle diaphysis and supracondylar region with comminution. They are usually the result of high energy traumas such as falls, car accidents and firearm injuries. There are few treatment options for these types of fractures and since they are joint injuries, early surgical repair is mandatory to achieve perfect anatomical reduction, to maintain joint congruence and to allow early weight bearing. Our purpose is to report four subacute and chronic fractures of the distal diaphysis associated with comminuted supra and intercondylar fractures, stabilized with transarticular external skeletal fixator in three domestic felines. Cases: (1)- A 3-year-old male docile Siamese cat with 3.7 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with a 14-day history of high rise syndrome after falling from a 12-meter high. It presented distal comminuted humeral fracture that involved the inter and supracondylar regions. It also had right carpal-ulnar subluxation and comminuted right olecranon fracture involving the articular surface in the left thoracic limb. Fracture and joint stabilization was achieved by use of a transarticular hybrid external skeletal fixator on the right front limb. Fracture healing was observed at 150 days postoperatively. (2)- A 10-year-old female aggressive mixed breed cat with 4.1 kg of body weight was presented for consultation with a 16-day history of high rise syndrome after falling from a 9-meter high. The cat had a comminuted right humeral articular fracture with supra and intercondylar involvement and scapular fracture on the contralateral limb. The humerus fracture was treated with a transarticular linear external skeletal fixator and fracture healing was obtained at 240 postoperative days […](AU)