Histomorphometry of muscle fibers in breast fillets of broilers with wooden breast myopathy

Wooden breast myopathy (WB) strongly affects the poultry industry mainly in terms of consumers rejection and economical loses, due to morphological changes in broiler muscle tissue and consequently low meat quality. The aim of this study is to evaluate the histomorphometry of muscle fibers of breast fillets of broilers with severity levels of WB myopathy. The histological evaluation considered 30 samples of the pectoralis major muscle and the level of WB myopathy (ten normal fillets, ten moderate fillets, and ten severe fillets). Fillets with a severe level of WB present low average fiber number, high average fiber diameter, low percentage of fibers with diameter of less than 20 µm, low percentage of fibers with diameter between 20 and 40 µm, and high percentage of fibers with diameter between 40 and 70 µm. Fiber cross-sectional area is greater in fillets affected by moderate and severe WB. Thus, fillets with a severe level of WB damage the muscle fiber structure and contribute more severely to the degenerative processes of breast meat.(AU)

Ruptura bilateral do músculo fibular terceiro em bovino / Bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in bovine

Background: The peroneus tertius muscle is responsible for tarsal flexion and coordinate extension of the stifle joint. The most common causes of rupture are excessive effort when trying to rise on a slippery surface, mounting, or being mounted. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is characterized by an inability to flex the hock. Most cases are not curable, presenting an unfavorable to poor prognosis, and the animal has to be euthanized. This study aimed to report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a cow from the municipality of Castanhal, state of Pará (Amazonian biome). Case: We report the clinical picture and treatment of a bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in a 4-year-old cow, mixed breed, weighing approximately 400 kg, calved 3 months ago, belonging to a batch of 40 cattle kept on extensive breeding system in a pasture of Urochloa (Brachiaria) brizantha. The clinical signs appeared after the cow was mounted by a 1,100 kg bull and consisted of lameness, falling into sternal decubitus with hind limbs extended backward, hyperextension of the hocks with flexed stifle, with the tibia and metatarsus in a straight line, which lead to a 90-degree position of the femur and knee. Abrasions in the dorsal region of the fetlocks reinforce evidence of dragging hooves. Diagnosis of bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle was performed by a clinical examination and semiological test. Nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (flunixin meglumine, 2,2 mg/kg, every 24 h for 4 days) were prescribed for treatment, in addition to resting in a paddock with good availability of pasture, water, and mineral salt. After 3 months, we observed an improvement of the clinical signs, and after 6 months, an almost complete recovery. Only a slight difficulty in flexing the hock when moving remained. Discussion: In the present report, bull mounting was the probable cause of the hyperextension of both hocks and the bilateral rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle. According to the handler, these clinical signs were only evidenced after the animal was mounted. As stated in the literature, accidents such as falls, slips, mounting or being mounted, as well as excessive traction and over-elevation of the limb are considered predisposing factors for the onset of the disease. Rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle is unusual in production animals; therefore, the low occurrence of reports on this kind of rupture in the literature makes this case even more unique. The bilateral injury differs from cases described in the literature, in which the reported injuries were always unilateral. Our findings reinforce the hypothesis that the act of mounting was the triggering factor for the bilateral rupture of the animal peroneus tertius muscle. The breeding system also differs from the cases diagnosed by the same authors, since they describe the disease in bovines kept on intensive or semi-intensive breeding. In the present case, the cattle were kept on an extensive breeding system. The extension and flexion tests used in the clinical examination allowed for the diagnosis of rupture of the peroneus tertius muscle in both limbs, similarly to what has been reported by other authors. Anamnesis, clinical findings, and exclusion of different diagnoses were decisive for establishing the diagnosis. The treatment chosen was efficient, even though the case was severe, as the injury occurred in both hind limbs.

An uncommon anatomic variation of the sartorius muscle in a domestic dog (Canis lupus familiaris)

The sartorius muscle is located in the pelvic limb of the dog and is divided into a cranial and caudal part. There is no report describingof the three parts of the sartorius muscle. The aim of the present report was to describe the presence of a third part of the sartorius muscle in a dog. Although it does not represent a malformation, it is an important anatomical variation to consider fordidactic purposes of dissection and in surgeries of the pelvic limb, as in this case there is a need to move the muscles apart to maintain their integrity.Furthermore, this anatomical description is relevant for comparative purposes in this animal species.(AU)

Impact of maternal protein supplementation during mid or late gestation on skeletal muscle energy metabolism of beef calves / Impacto da suplementação proteica materna durante o terço médio ou terço final da gestação sobre o metabolismo energético do tecido muscular de bezerros de corte

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the effect of maternal protein supplementation during mid or late gestation on energy metabolism of the skeletal muscle of beef calves. Sixteen pregnant cows were divided into 3 groups: CTRL (not supplemented); MID (supplemented from 30 to 180 days of gestation); and LATE (supplemented from 181 to 281 days of gestation). The supplement contained 30% crude protein. Thirty days after birth, blood and muscle samples of the calves were collected for analyses of gene expression, proteins, and metabolites. No differences (P ≥ 0.15) in birth weight, performance at weaning, or muscle expression of the genes evaluated (P ≥ 0.21) were observed. Calves born to CTRL cows had a lower ratio (P = 0.03) of p-AMPK/AMPK protein in the skeletal muscle. Calves born to MID cows had lower (P = 0.04) glucose concentration than those born to LATE cows. Changes in p-AMPK/AMPK protein, indicated a possible metabolic inflexibility in the skeletal muscle of calves born to CTRL cows. These results indicated that lack of protein supplementation in pregnant cows alter the energy metabolism of their calves and reflect in a metabolic inflexibility.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da suplementação proteica materna sobre o metabolismo energético do músculo esquelético de bezerros de corte. Dezesseis matrizes gestantes foram divididas em três grupos: CONTROLE (não suplementado); MÉDIO (suplementados entre 30 e 180 dias de gestação); e FINAL (suplementado entre 181 e 281 dias de gestação). O suplemento continha 30% de proteína bruta e foi fornecido em quantidades totais iguais aos tratamentos. Trinta dias após o nascimento, amostras de sangue e músculo dos bezerros foram coletadas para análises de expressão gênica, abundância de proteínas e metabólitos. Não foram observadas diferenças (P ≥ 0,15) no peso ao nascimento ou parâmetros de desempenho ao desmame, bem como na expressão dos genes avaliados (P ≥ 0,21). Os bezerros nascidos de matrizes do tratamento CONTROLE apresentaram menor proporção (P = 0,03) de proteína p-AMPK/AMPK no músculo esquelético. Os bezerros nascidos de matrizes do tratamento MÉDIO apresentaram concentração de glicose menor (P = 0,04) do que aqueles nascidos de matrizes do tratamento FINAL. Os resultados observados indicam que a ausência de suplementação proteica em matrizes gestantes pode alterar o metabolismo energético da progênie e refletir em uma inflexibilidade metabólica, a qual pode ocasionar limitações quanto à eficiência energética do tecido muscular esquelético e consequentemente, limitar o desempenho da progênie ao longo da fase pós-natal.

Fatty acid profile of slow-growing broilers supplemented with biocomplexed minerals / Perfil de ácidos graxos de frangos de corte de crescimento lento suplementados com minerais biocomplexados

ABSTRACT: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with biocomplexed selenium and chromium on the fatty acid profile of the breast and thigh of males and females broilers of the Label Rouge lineage. The experimental design was completely randomized arranged in a 3 x 2 factorial scheme corresponding to three diets (control; 0.40 ppm of chromium; 0.50 ppm of selenium) and two sexes. Each treatment consisted of three plots of five broilers. The fatty acid profile was evaluated in the breast and thigh samples. The addition of biocomplexed selenium in the broilers diets increased the content of long chain fatty acid of the omega 3 and 6 series (docosahexaenoic - DHA and arachidonic acids, respectively), the total of omega 6 and the stearic acid content on the breast (pectoralis major muscle). In addition, selenium supplementation caused a reduction in oleic acid content and in total of monounsaturated in the same muscle. Males had higher contents of linoleic and linolenic acids, and total of polyunsaturated; and lower content of oleic acid, total of monounsaturated and saturated in the thigh. The broilers supplemented with biocomplexed selenium and males presented better lipid quality in the muscle by breast and thigh, respectively.

RESUMO: Este estudo foi conduzido com o objetivo de avaliar os efeitos da suplementação dietética com selênio e cromo biocomplexados sobre o perfil de ácidos graxos do peito e da coxa de frangos de corte machos e fêmeas da linhagem Label Rouge. O delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3 x 2 correspondendo a três dietas (controle; 0,40 ppm de cromo; 0,50 ppm de selênio) e dois sexos. Cada tratamento foi composto por três parcelas de cinco frangos de corte. O perfil de ácidos graxos foi avaliado nas amostras de peito e coxa. A adição de selênio biocomplexado na dieta de frangos de corte aumentou o teor de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa das séries ômega 3 e 6 (ácido docosahexaenóico - DHA e araquidônico, respectivamente), o total de ômega 6 e o conteúdo de ácido esteárico no peito (músculo pectoralis major). Além disso, a suplementação com selênio causou redução no teor de ácido oleico e no total de monoinsaturados no mesmo músculo. Os machos apresentaram maiores teores dos ácidos linoléico e linolênico e total de poliinsaturados; e menor conteúdo de ácido oleico, total de monoinsaturados e saturados na coxa. Os frangos suplementados com selênio biocomplexado e os machos apresentaram melhor qualidade lipídica no músculo do peito e coxa, respectivamente.

Cardiorespiratory/sedative effects of a peptide identified in crotalic venom compared to acepromazine and xylazine in horses / Efeitos cardiorrespiratórios/sedativos de um peptídeo identificado no veneno crotálico comparado à acepromazina e à xilazina em equinos

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether intravenous crotalphine produces significant sedation, as well as physiological changes, in healthy standing horses. Six mares, aged 8 years and weighing 415kg underwent three different treatments in a crossover design: TA (acepromazine: 50µg.kg-1), TC (crotalphine: 0.01µg.kg-1) and TX (xylazine: 1000µg.kg-1), intravenously. At various time points over 60 minutes, physiologic variables were recorded: heart rate, respiratory rate, and rectal temperature. The head height from the ground (HHG) was evaluated in centimeters. Data were analyzed using ANOVA followed by Dunnett's test or Friedman followed by Dunn's test, under 5% significance. Heart rate decreased significantly at M5 and M10 compared with Mb in TX (28±7, 26±6 and 40±8 beats/minute-1, respectively; p=0.0004). Respiratory rate and rectal temperature did not differ among groups or time points. The HHG significantly decreased in all groups compared with Mb at various time points (p<0.0001). In conclusion, crotalphine did not produce reliable and durable sedation in healthy standing mares and did not influence cardiorespiratory variables in a clinically relevant manner.

O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar se a administração de crotalfina intravenosa produz sedação significativa e alterações fisiológicas em equinos saudáveis. Seis éguas, idade média de oito anos e peso médio de 415kg, foram submetidas a três tratamentos distintos: TA (acepromazina: 50µg/kg), TC (crotalfina: 0,01µg/kg) e TX xilazina: 1000µg/kg), por via intravenosa. Em vários momentos, ao de longo de 60 minutos, as variáveis fisiológicas registradas foram frequência cardíaca, frequência respiratória e temperatura retal. A altura de cabeça ao solo (ACS) foi avaliada em centímetros. Os dados foram analisados pela ANOVA, seguida pelo teste de Dunnett ou de Friedman e, depois, pelo teste de Dunn, sob 5% de significância. A frequência cardíaca diminuiu significativamente em M5 e M10 em comparação com Mb em TX (28±7, 26±6 e 40±8 bpm, respectivamente; P=0,0004). A frequência respiratória e a temperatura retal não diferiram entre os grupos ou os pontos de tempo. O HHG diminuiu significativamente em todos os grupos em comparação com Mb em vários momentos (P <0,0001). Em conclusão, a crotalfina não produziu sedação confiável e durável em éguas saudáveis e não influenciou as variáveis cardiorrespiratórias de maneira clinicamente relevante.

Effect of lunging exercise program with Pessoa training aid on cardiac physical conditioning predictors in adult horses / Efeito de um programa de exercício utilizando Rédea Pessoa sobre preditores de condicionamento físico em cavalos adultos

The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect the Pessoa training aid (PTA) exercise program exerts in some physical conditioning predictors. Eight detrained adult horses were evaluated in 12 sessions of work with PTA (3 sessions per week). All horses used a heart rate monitor and GPS (V800, Polar Electro) and data was used to calculate energy expenditure (EE), net cost of transport (COT), metabolic energy requirement (Pmet), oxygen pulse, oxygen utilization, heart rate and heart rate variability (HRV). The horses were weighted, and the thoracolumbar shape were measured at the level of the 18th (T18), 13th (T13) and 8th (T8) thoracic vertebrae with a flexible ruler before and after the experimental period. Data obtained weekly were submitted to ANOVA and Tukey test (p≤0.05). Data obtained just before and after the experimental period were submitted to paired t test. There was a decrease in left-right asymmetry. In the third week there was an increase in HR, EE, oxygen pulse and oxygen utilization followed by a decrease in the fourth week. The biomechanics related parameters, COT and Pmet decreased week by week. The HRV showed a sympathetic stimulus in the third week followed by a shift to parasympathetic in the fourth week. We conclude that 12 sessions of lunge exercise with PTA contributed to physical condition improvement.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito que um programa de exercício com Rédea Pessoa exerce sobre algumas variáveis de condicionamento físico. Oito cavalos adultos destreinados foram avaliados em 12 sessões de exercício de chão com Rédea Pessoa. Todos os cavalos trabalharam com frequencímetro cardíaco e GPS para a obtenção das frequências cardíacas (HR) e variabilidade de frequência cardíaca (HRV) e cálculos de gasto energético (EE), custo de transporte metabólico (COT), requerimento de energia metabólica (Pmet), pulso de oxigênio e utilização de oxigênio. Também foram avaliadas medidas na altura das vértebras torácicas T18, T13 e T8 com régua flexível antes e depois do experimento quando os animais foram pesados. Os dados obtidos semanalmente foram analisados por ANOVA e Tukey teste (p≤0.05). Os dados obtidos somente antes e após o período experimental foram analisados pelo teste t pareado. Houve diminuição da assimetria entre os lados direito e esquerdo. Na terceira semana houve aumento da FC, EE, pulso de oxigênio e utilização de oxigênio seguido de diminuição na quarta semana. Os parâmetros relacionados à biomecânica, COT e Pmet diminuíram semana a semana. A VFC apresentou estímulo simpático na terceira semana seguido de desvio para parassimpático na quarta semana. Concluiu-se que 12 sessões de exercício com a Rédea Pessoa contribuíram para melhora do condicionamento físico.

Polysaccharide storage myopathy in two Percheron horses / Miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo em dois equinos da raça Percheron

Polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM) is a genetic disorder or by undetermined cause characterized by the abnormal accumulation of glycogen and polysaccharides in skeletal muscle fibers. The present report describes two Percheron horses, from different properties in the municipality of Pouso Redondo -SC, with locomotor clinical signs that started after work. The clinical signs observed were rigid gait, mainly of the pelvic limbs, muscle weakness, and recumbency. In the first case, the animal was diagnosed with severe multifocal rhabdomyonecrosis, moderate multifocal myoglobin nephrosisand severe diffuse transmural fibrinonecrotic gastritis. PSSM was confirmed by the presence of polysaccharide inclusions in myofiber sarcolemma visualized by periodic acid-Schiff (PAS) staining. In the second case, the horse presented two episodes ofmuscle disorder after work. The therapeutic protocol was based on penicillin, flunixin meglumine and fluid therapy with ringer lactate. An increase in creatine kinase (669.0 UI/L) and aspartate aminotransferase (669.0 UI/L) was observed in the serum biochemical evaluation. Research for mutation in the GYS1 gene was performed, with a positive heterozygote result. After rest and gradual recovery, the horse was only submitted to light work, with no return of the clinical condition since then. Thus, this report describes two cases of PSSM with distinct clinical evolution and diagnostic methods.(AU)

A miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeos (PSSM) é uma desordem genética ou de causa indeterminada caracterizada pelo acúmulo anormal de glicogênio e polissacarídeos nas fibras musculares esqueléticas. O presente relato descreve dois cavalos Percheron, oriundos de diferentes propriedades do município de Pouso Redondo ­SC, com sinais clínicos locomotores que iniciaram após o trabalho. Os sinais clínicos observados foram marcha rígida, principalmente dos membros pélvicos, fraqueza muscular, e decúbito. No primeiro caso, o animal foi diagnosticado com rabdomionecrose multifocal acentuada, nefrose mioglobínica multifocal moderada e gastrite fibrinonecrótica transmural difusa acentuada. A PSSM foi confirmada pela presença de inclusões polissacarídicas no sarcolema de miofibras visualizadas pela coloração com ácido periódico de Schiff (PAS). No segundo caso, o equino apresentou dois episódios de disfunção muscular após o trabalho. O protocolo terapêutico foi baseado em penicilina, flunixin megluminee fluidoterapia com ringer lactato. Um aumento de creatina quinase (669,0 UI/L) e aspartato aminotransferase (669,0 UI/L) foi observado na avaliação bioquímica sérica. Foi realizada pesquisa de mutação nogene GYS1, com resultado heterozigoto positivo. Após repouso e recuperação gradual, o cavalo foi submetido apenas a trabalhos leves, sem retorno do quadro clínico desde então. Assim, este relato descreve dois casos com PSSM com evolução clínica e métodos diagnósticos distintos.(AU)

Performance and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens at different slaughter ages / Parâmetros de produção e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge em diferentes idades de abate

ABSTRACT: This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

RESUMO: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge criados em sistema alternativo em função do aumento da idade de abate. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e cinco idades de abate (70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias). Foram utilizadas 240 aves (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 120 fêmeas e 120 machos, sendo avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, carcaça, físico-químicos, composição centesimal e fibra muscular. Com o aumento no tempo de produção houve efeitos dos períodos de produção e sexo em relação a variáveis de desempenho, com melhores resultados para os machos. Para os parâmetros de carcaça e físico-químicos, houve interação entre sexo e idade de abate, revelando comportamento diferenciado para machos e fêmeas com aumento da idade de abate. Para a composição centesimal e análise das fibras musculares, somente para extrato etéreo no peito foi verificado interação entre os fatores estudados. O aumento da idade proporcionou a obtenção de frangos com maiores pesos vivos e de carcaça ao abate com consequente redução dos índices de desempenho, além de menor rendimento de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam menor maciez na coxa e os machos no peito com aumento da idade de abate e, em ambos os cortes, ocorreu maior intensificação da cor, índice de vermelho e redução do brilho a partir de 90 dias ou em maiores idades de abate.

Efeitos da melatonina exógena na viabilidade embrionária e no ambiente uterino de ovelhas / Effects of exogenous melatonin on embryo viability and uterine environment of ewes

O objetivo deste artigo é revisar o efeito da melatonina na viabilidade embrionária e ambiente uterino em ovinos, tanto in vivo quanto in vitro, considerando as vias pelas quais esse hormônio pode ter influência no embrião ou o mecanismo de reconhecimento materno e estabelecimento de gravidez em ovelhas.(AU)

The aim of this article is to review the effect of melatonin on embryo viability and uterine environment in sheep, both in vivo and in vitro, considering the pathways by which this hormone could have influences at the embryo or the mechanism of maternal recognition and establishment of pregnancy in sheep.(AU)

Clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical findings in a case of bovine cutaneous angiomatosis in a Holstein heifer / Achados clínico-patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos em um caso de angiomatose cutânea bovina em uma novilha Holandesa

ABSTRACT: Bovine cutaneous angiomatosis (BCA) is a rare condition characterized by vasoproliferative skin lesions mainly affecting cattle in the northern hemisphere. An eight-month-old Holstein heifer showed two skin easy-bleeding nodules bulging from the epidermis in the forehead and close to the right prescapular region. Skin lesions were within the dermis and had an irregular surface and a soft heterogeneous reddish parenchyma composed of numerous variable-sized arterioles, veins, and capillaries surrounded by abundant collagenous fibrous tissue. Immunohistochemical assays evidenced endothelial cells lining proliferative vascular structure immunolabeled for CD31 and Von Willebrand factor, and vascular smooth muscle cells immunostained for smooth muscle actin. All clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features observed in the Holstein heifer were hallmarks of BCA. Considering its potential for hereditary spread, BCA must be included in the differential diagnosis of easily bleeding skin nodules that do not respond to routine topical wound treatments to prevent its spread in Brazilian herds.

RESUMO: A angiomatose cutânea bovina (ACB) é uma condição rara caracterizada por lesões vasoproliferativas na pele que afetam principalmente bovinos do hemisfério norte. Uma novilha Holandesa de oito meses de idade apresentou dois nódulos cutâneos protuberantes na epiderme, que apresentavam fácil sangramento localizados na fronte e próximo à região pré-escapular direita. As lesões cutâneas dérmicas tinham uma superfície irregular e um parênquima avermelhado heterogêneo macio composto por numerosas arteríolas, veias e capilares de tamanho variável circundadas por tecido fibroso colagenoso abundante. O exame imuno-histoquímico evidenciou células endoteliais revestindo a estrutura vascular proliferativa imunomarcadas para CD31 e fator de Von Willebrand, e células vasculares de músculo liso imunomarcadas para actina de músculo liso. Todas as características clínicas, patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas observadas na novilha Holandesa foram características da ACB. Considerando seu potencial de disseminação hereditária, a ACB deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial dos nódulos cutâneos de fácil sangramento que não respondem aos tratamentos tópicos de rotina para evitar sua disseminação nos rebanhos brasileiros.

Polineuropatia motora em cão adulto / Motor polyneuropathy in an adult dog

Background: Nonambulatory flaccid tetraparesis can be the result of diseases of the peripheral nervous system and it is characterized by generalized lower motor neuron (LMN) signs, as weakness, tetraparesis/tetraplegia, decreased muscle tone and reflexes. The term polyneuropathy is used for dysfunction of multiple peripheral nerves. In Brazil, there are several etiologies for polyneuropathy in dogs, such as acute idiopathic polyradiculoneuritis, botulism and myasthenia gravis. Toxoplasma gondii is an uncommon cause of LMN diseases in dogs. The aim of this report was to describe a case of flaccid tetraplegia toxoplasmosis in an adult dog with a Toxoplasma gondii serology with a markedly elevated IgG titer of 1:4096. Case: A 4-year-old intact mongrel male dog, weighing 19.6 kg, was referred to the Veterinary Medical Teaching Hospital of the Universidade Estadual de Londrina (UEL) with a 5-day history of weakness that progressed to tetraparesis. Physical examination revealed no significant changes other than the dull and unkempt coat. Neurologic examination revealed severe tetraparesis that was worse in the pelvic limbs, with decreased muscle tone in all four limbs. Postural reactions and the interdigital reflex were absent in all four limbs, as was the patellar reflex, but pain perception was present. There were no clinical signs of dysfunction on examination of the cranial nerves. Laboratory tests were performed, and creatine kinase was elevated (819 U/L). Blood was drawn to look for antibodies to Toxoplasma gondii and Neospora caninum class IgG using the indirect immunofluorescence technique. The antibody titer for Toxoplasma gondii (IgG) was 1:4096. A chest radiograph was performed to look for megaesophagus, and a pulmonary pattern suggestive of mild diffuse pneumonia was observed. Treatment was performed with sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim, and the dog's condition improved slightly. Discussion: Based on lower motor neuron findings, the neurologic lesion was localized in the nerve roots, peripheral nerves, neuromuscular junctions, or muscles. The most important diseases in the list of differential diagnoses were immune-mediated or infectious polyradiculoneuritis (toxoplasmosis, neosporosis), myasthenia gravis, toxic polyneuropathy (botulism, chronic organophosphate poisoning), and paraneoplastic polyneuropathy. Among these differential diagnoses, polyradiculoneuritis is one of the most common. It is an idiopathic inflammatory disease. Exposure to raccoon saliva (in the U.S.), vaccination, or infection have been proposed as precipitating causes, but the triggers of this disease remain unknown. Serology for neosporosis was negative, while IgG titers for toxoplasmosis were 1:4096. In a previous study, dogs with acute polyradiculoneuritis were more likely to have T. gondii IgG serum antibody titers than dogs without neurologic signs. Infection with the protozoa T. gondii and N. caninum can cause intense polyradiculoneuritis in dogs accompanied by myositis, especially in puppies. One treatment trial was based on the administration of sulfonamide-trimethoprim with pyrimethamine, whose efficacy in the treatment of toxoplasmosis in dogs has also been reported in the literature. Neurologic deficits improved slightly, and there is a possibility that certain signs may not disappear completely because of the permanent damage caused by inflammation of the nervous system, as observed in the present case. The case had the limitation that it was not possible to perform other laboratory tests to demonstrate histopathologically the presence of Toxoplasma gondii organisms in muscles or nerves. Recovery of normal function is less likely in protozoan polyradiculoneuritis than in noninfectious polyradiculoneuritis. Thus, in the present case, the main suspicion was polyradiculoneuritis secondary to toxoplasmosis. Although it is a rare condition, it is important to consider toxoplasmosis in dogs with LMN-type tetraparesis or tetraplegia.

Effects of different levels of nano-selenium on growth performance, antioxidant capacity, biochemical parameters, and selenium content in Landes geese

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of dietary supplementation with different levels of nano-selenium (NS) on growth performance, antioxidant activity, biochemical parameters, and selenium content in Landes geese. A total of 120 80-week-old healthy Landes geese (4.44±0.03 kg) were randomly assigned to three groups, each with four replicates of 10 birds. The control birds were fed a basal diet without further dietary supplementation (0.0 mg/kg of NS) and the two experimental groups were fed the basal diet supplemented with dietary NS at 0.2 or 0.4 mg/kg of feed. The results demonstrated that NS dietary supplementation had no significant effect on growth performance. Increased total superoxide dismutase activity in serum, breast muscle and liver, glutathione peroxidase level in serum and liver, and catalase in breast muscle and liver were observed for both NS supplemented groups. Additionally, reduced malondialdehyde in serum, breast muscle, and liver was detected in both NS-supplemented groups. Compared with the control, the birds fed diets supplemented with NS had lower concentrations of alanine aminotransferase, triglyceride, aspartate aminotransferase, and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol in serum, while high-density lipoprotein cholesterol was increased. Furthermore, increased selenium, especially in the liver, was found in groups with dietary supplementation of NS. These findings suggest the supplementation of NS in diets can improve antioxidant status, biochemical parameters, and tissue selenium content, although it has no significant effect on growth performance of Landes geese.

Effect of ageing and MAP on quality of striploin from cattle of Holstein-Friesian breed

There have been determined the features of m. longissimus lumborum steaks from young cattle-for-fattening of Holstein-Friesian breed, Polish black-and-white variety. There were measured pH values, basic chemical composition and colour parameters. The meat was subjected to moist-ageing for 12 days and, next, stored in modified atmosphere for the following 10 days. The amount of heat loss in relation to the temperature of thermal processing was determined. Texture parameters were studied instrumentally and organoleptically. The studied muscles from young cattle-for-fattening characterised with proper and similar pH values. The average fat content was 4.37%. The surface colour of the studied dorsal muscle was relatively bright, the average value L*=37.97, and on the cross-section L*=32.97. The average value of the muscle surface's 'redness' was a*=18.98, whereas cross-section's a*=20.27. The amounts of heat leakages were rising along with the increase of temperature from 11.24 to 37.14%. Ageing and storing in MAP led to a significant decrease in the amounts of heat leakages. Ageing and storing in MAP had a significant influence on decreasing shear force and on increasing the organoleptic evaluation marks of the m. longissimus lumborum after thermal processing, which shows that the muscle may become culinary meat with features accepted by consumers.(AU)

Performance and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens at different slaughter ages / Parâmetros de produção e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge em diferentes idades de abate

This study evaluated the performance parameters, carcass characteristics, and meat quality of Label Rouge chickens raised under an alternative system as a function of age at slaughter. The design was completely randomized with a 5×2 factorial arrangement, with slaughtering at five ages (70, 90, 120, 150, and 180 days) and two sexes. A total of 240 birds (Pescoço Pelado strain) were used, including 120 females and 120 males. Performance, carcass, physicochemical, proximate composition, and muscle fiber traits were evaluated. Rearing time and sex had significant effects on performance-related traits, with better results for males. The interaction between slaughter age and sex had a significant effect on the carcass and physicochemical parameters, which cause different responses in males and females with increasing slaughter age. For the proximate composition and muscle fiber analysis, the interaction between the parameters studied only had a significant effect on ether extract in the breast. The increase in age resulted in chickens with higher live and carcass weight at slaughter but lower performance indices. Females had lower carcass yield and greater deposition of abdominal fat. Females had lower tenderness in the drumstick and males in the breast with increasing slaughter age, and both cuts had more intense color and redness and reduced lightness starting at the slaughter age of 90 days.

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os parâmetros de desempenho e as características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de frangos Label Rouge criados em sistema alternativo em função do aumento da idade de abate. O delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado (DIC) disposto em esquema fatorial (2x5), sendo dois sexos (macho e fêmea) e cinco idades de abate (70, 90, 120, 150 e 180 dias). Foram utilizadas 240 aves (Pescoço Pelado), sendo 120 fêmeas e 120 machos, sendo avaliados os parâmetros de desempenho, carcaça, físico-químicos, composição centesimal e fibra muscular. Com o aumento no tempo de produção houve efeitos dos períodos de produção e sexo em relação a variáveis de desempenho, com melhores resultados para os machos. Para os parâmetros de carcaça e físico-químicos, houve interação entre sexo e idade de abate, revelando comportamento diferenciado para machos e fêmeas com aumento da idade de abate. Para a composição centesimal e análise das fibras musculares, somente para extrato etéreo no peito foi verificado interação entre os fatores estudados. O aumento da idade proporcionou a obtenção de frangos com maiores pesos vivos e de carcaça ao abate com consequente redução dos índices de desempenho, além de menor rendimento de carcaça e maior deposição de gordura abdominal nas fêmeas. As fêmeas apresentam menor maciez na coxa e os machos no peito com aumento da idade de abate e, em ambos os cortes, ocorreu maior intensificação da cor, índice de vermelho e redução do brilho a partir de 90 dias ou em maiores idades de abate.

Molecular detection of Sarcocystis spp. in the breast muscle of captive birds from the southern region of Brazil / Detecção molecular de Sarcocystis spp. no músculo peitoral de aves de cativeiro da região sul do Brasil

Studies on diseases of wild birds are essential in the context of public health, as these animals act as sentinels, allowing information regarding a determined geographic area. In addition, birds are food protein sources for animals, and therefore play an important role in the life cycle of the protozoan Sarcocystis spp. This study aimed to identify the Sarcocystis spp. in breast muscle samples of naturally infected captive birds. The breast muscle of 89 birds were sampled, and the DNA amplified by PCR targeting the 18S ribosomal RNA gene to detect Sarcocystis spp. PCR products were sequenced and 5.61% (5/89) samples showed 100% similarity with Sarcocystis spp. (one Cyanoliseus patagonus, one Psittacula krameri, two Pyrrhura frontalis, and one Ramphastos dicolorus). The large number of naturally infected species analyzed by molecular methods allowed the detection of Sarcocystis spp. in different bird species, corroborating the epidemiology of Sarcocystis spp.

Estudos sobre doenças de aves silvestres são essenciais no contexto da saúde pública, pois esses animais atuam como sentinelas, permitindo obter informações sobre uma determinada área geográfica. Além disso, as aves são fontes de proteína alimentar para os animais e, portanto, desempenham um papel importante no ciclo de vida do Sarcocystis. Este estudo teve como objetivo identificar Sarcocystis spp. nos músculos do peito de aves de cativeiro naturalmente infectadas. Os músculos do peito de 89 aves foram coletados, e o DNA amplificado pela PCR do gene RNA ribossômico 18S para detecção de Sarcocystis spp. Os produtos da PCR foram sequenciados e 5,61% (5/89) amostras apresentaram 100% de similaridade com o Sarcocystis spp. (um Cyanoliseus patagonus, um Psittacula krameri, dois Pyrrhura frontalis e um Ramphastos dicolorus). O grande número de espécies naturalmente infectadas analisadas por métodos moleculares permitiu a detecção de Sarcocystis spp. em diferentes espécies de aves, corroborando a epidemiologia de Sarcocystis spp.

Concomitant occurrence of multicentric hemangiosarcoma and histiocytic sarcoma in a dog

Histiocytic sarcoma (HS) is uncommon malignant neoplasia of round cells with marked predilection in Rottweiler and Bernese Mountain. The disseminated form, which mainly affects the spleen, lungs, lymph nodes, bone marrow, skin, and subcutis, presents a quick and aggressive clinical behavior. Hemangiosarcoma (HAS) is a malignant neoplasm of endothelial vessel cells commonly reported to affect the right atrium of dogs' hearts. A male Rottweiler, five years old, presented flaccid paraplegia and progressive muscular atrophy in the temporal, masseter, and limbs muscles; Due to the clinical stage of the animal, euthanasia was conducted. During the necroscopic examination, it was noticed that several masses presented different sizes; some were whitish, and others were reddish and spread in multiple organs (lungs, heart, spleen, stomach, kidneys, brain, medulla, skeletal muscle, and pre-scapular lymph node). Microscopically, in some organs such as the stomach, right ventricle, lungs, and medulla, it was noticed a proliferation of myeloid cells, highly cellular, with poor demarcation, no encapsulation, and with the infiltrative growth pattern of cells with high pleomorphism. Numerous tumoral emboli were observed in the spleen, brain, skeletal muscle, and lymph node. These cells were submitted for immunohistochemistry and were positive for CD18 (HS antibody). In the right atrium, liver, and kidney it was observed malignant and infiltrative endothelial proliferation (HSA) and emboli in the medulla. Therefore, we conclude that both neoplasms (HS and HSA) cause the animal's paraplegia due to their embolism and metastasis to the spinal cord and skeletal muscle.(AU)

Hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch - sonographic findings

Background: A 10-year-old spayed bitch with hip dysplasia was referred for periarticular ultrasound evaluation. A poorly marginated structure of mixed echogenicity, predominantly hypoechoic, with heterogeneous echotexture, was identified in the vastus lateralis muscle of the right pelvic limb with increased stiffness, assessed using acoustic radiation force impulse (ARFI) elastography, compared to that of the adjacent muscle tissues, and intense vascularization by pulsed Doppler and contrast-enhanced ultrasound (CEUS). Guided biopsy was performed to confirm the diagnosis of hemangiosarcoma. The objective of this study was to describe B-mode ultrasound, CEUS, and ARFI findings of hemangiosarcoma in the vastus lateralis musculature of a bitch. Case: A 10-year-old spayed bitch Golden Retriever weighing 36 kg was evaluated for pelvic limb lameness. The patient presented with bilateral pain during hip extension. The primary diagnostic suspicion was degenerative joint disease and secondary hip dysplasia. The patient was referred for imaging evaluation of the hip joints (radiography and ultrasound) under anesthesia. Right lateral and ventrodorsal projections with the pelvic limbs extended were obtained to confirm the diagnosis. In the right pelvic limb, an amorphous hypoechoic structure with irregular contours and heterogeneous echotexture was observed in the vastus lateralis muscle. In ARFI elastography, it was possible to identify differences in tissue stiffness between healthy and compromised portions. Pulsed-wave Doppler evaluation demonstrated an arterial waveform pattern with a peak systolic velocity of 38.8 cm/s, end-diastolic velocity of 6.9 cm/s, pulsatility index of 1.76, and resistive index of 0.82. CEUS study identified a mean peak of 27.26 %, mean time to peak of 39.95 s, and mean transmission time of 49.96 s. The popliteal lymph node was hyperechoic and heterogeneous in B-mode. In ARFI elastography, the average stiffness was 2.52 m/s, and the CEUS obtained an average peak of 19.98%, average time to peak of 17.52 s, and mean transit time of 22.83 s. Doppler assessment revealed no clear vascularization in the lymph node. Thoracic radiography in 3 projections and abdominal ultrasonography were performed. Radiographic evidence of pulmonary nodules was not observed. On abdominal ultrasound evaluation, it was possible to identify changes in the spleen, which presented with splenomegaly, mixed echogenicity, and heterogeneous echotexture. The animal underwent ultrasound-guided muscle biopsy, which confirmed the presence of hemangiosarcoma in the muscle. The bitch was referred for splenectomy and lymphadenectomy of the right popliteal, which confirmed neoplastic involvement of the same neoplasm. Discussion: On B-mode ultrasound, the observed changes were similar to those in a report of hemangiosarcoma in the muscles of the chest wall in dogs, which contributed to the diagnosis. Although it was only one patient, ARFI elastography results suggest that muscle hemangiosarcoma tends to follow the same elastographic characteristics as malignant lesions in other tissues. Additionally, the popliteal lymph node had a stiffness suggestive of malignancy (mean 2.52 m/s) because it presented a similar result and greater elasticity of metastatic axillary lymph nodes in bitches (>2.5 m/s) and women (> 1.44 m/s) with breast tumor. With CEUS, it was possible to identify vascularization in the sentinel lymph node that was not visible by pulsed Doppler, and in muscle mass. The findings of this report provided relevant results on muscle hemangiosarcoma in a bitch and demonstrated that the information obtained with the association of imaging methods supported the malignancy criteria described in other studies.

Characterization of uterine involution using B-mode ultrasonography, color Doppler and elastography (acoustic radiation force impulse) for assessing postpartum in Santa Inês ewes

The aim of this study was to investigate uterine involution using ultrasonography techniques during postpartum. Postpartum ultrasonography evaluation (B-mode, color Doppler and Acoustic Radiation Force Impulse elastography) of the uterus was performed by transabdominal approach at immediate after birth and sequentially every 48 hours, during 30 days. The uterine echotexture did not present significant variations (P >0.05) being homogeneous in most evaluations; echogenicity of the uterus increased along the evaluation period (P =0.0452). Progressive and remarkable decrease of the total uterine diameter (UD) were observed (P <0.0001), especially during the first days postpartum. The thickness of uterine wall gradually decreased, as well the endometrial, myometrium and lumen diameters (P <0.0001). Uterine blood flow was assessed by Doppler and decreased during postpartum period, being significantly lower (P=0.0225) on the 30th day of postpartum. Uterine parenchyma presented as homogeneous dark areas (not deformable) on qualitative ultrasound elastography and the means shear velocity values of the uterine wall on quantitative elastography did not differ. This is the first study that evaluate the stiffness of uterine wall in healthy ewes, providing baseline data about quantitative and qualitative stiffness of the normal uterus, and it may be a useful tool for early diagnosis of uterine alterations during the postpartum period, using the reference parameter established for the assessment of uterine integrity during postpartum period.(AU)

Study of the mutation causing type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy in a Mangalarga Marchador population used in breeding programs / Estudo da mutação causadora da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1 em uma população de cavalos Mangalarga Marchador utilizados em programas de melhoramento

The Mangalarga Marchador (MM) breed, which originated in Brazil, constitutes the largest number of horses in the country. The animals are versatile and used in several sports because of major investments made for the genetic improve-ment of the breed. In recent decades, advances in molecular techniques enabled the identification of genetic diseases in hor-ses. Conducting molecular tests and determining the occurrence of mutations are fundamental for the early identification and prevention of abnormalities. Among the known genetic diseases that occur in horses, the c.926G>A mutation in the GYS1gene that causes type 1 polysaccharide storage myopathy (PSSM1) stands out, because it has been identified in several breeds of horses. Although myopathy is common in MM horses, the occurrence of the c.926G>A mutation in the GYS1 gene has not yet been evaluated. The lack of knowledge about the possible presence of PSSM1 averts the adoption of control measures to prevent the spread of the disease in MM horses. Therefore, the aim of this study was to verify the occurrence of the muta-tion that causes PSSM1 in MM horses used in breeding programs. Blood DNA was extracted and the region of the GYS1gene containing the mutation was amplified and sequenced. No mutation in the GYS1 gene was found in the evaluated sam-ples. However, since clinical signs of myopathy are frequently observed in MM horses, further studies, including histological analysis, are necessary to establish the underlying causes. In addition, if there is a genetic pattern of occurrence, molecular studies should be considered.(AU)

A raça Mangalarga Marchador (MM), originária do Brasil, constitui a raça de maior número de equinos no país. Os animais são versáteis e utilizados em diversos esportes devido aos seus grandes investimentos em melhoramento genético. Nas últimas décadas, o avanço das técnicas moleculares permitiu a identificação de doenças genéticas em cavalos. A realização de testes moleculares e a determinação da ocorrência de mutações são fundamentais para a identificação precoce e prevenção de anormalidades. Dentre as doenças genéticas conhecidas em equinos, destaca-se a mutação c.926G>A no gene GYS1 causadora da miopatia por acúmulo de polissacarídeo tipo 1 (PSSM1), pois foi identificada em diversas raças equinas. Embora a miopatia seja comum em cavalos MM, a ocorrência da mutação c.926G>A no gene GYS1 ainda não foi avaliada. A falta de conhecimento sobre a possível presença de PSSM1 inviabiliza a adoção de medidas de controle para prevenir a disseminação da doença em equinos MM. Portanto, o objetivo deste estudo foi verificar a ocorrência da mutação causadora de PSSM1 em cavalos MM utilizados em programas de melhoramento. O DNA sanguíneo foi extraído e a região do gene GYS1contendo a mutação foi amplificada e sequenciada. Nenhuma mutação no gene GYS1 foi encontrada nas amostras avaliadas. No entanto, como sinais clínicos de miopatia são frequentemente observados em cavalos com MM, mais estudos, incluindo análises histológicas, são necessários para estabelecer as causas subjacentes. Além disso, se houver um padrão genético de ocorrência, estudos moleculares devem ser considerados.(AU)