Clinical presentation, histological findings, and prognosis in female dogs with mixed mammary neoplasms / Apresentação clínica, achados histológicos e prognóstico em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias mistas

The aim of this study was to describe the clinical and morphological characteristics of mixed mammary neoplasms and verify what characteristics affect the prognosis of female dogs with carcinomas in mixed tumors and carcinosarcomas. This was a retrospective study of 67 female dogs that underwent mastectomies and were diagnosed with benign mixed tumors (n=13), carcinomas in mixed tumors (n=44) and carcinosarcomas (n=10). Data regarding the clinical and histological aspects of the neoplasms were collected and the relation with specific survival times, and hazard ratios (HR) in 24 months was calculated. In univariate analysis, the diagnosis of carcinosarcoma (HR 8.26, p=0.006), carcinomatous areas with micropapillary or solid patterns (HR 17.49; p=0. 001) and lymph node metastasis (HR 7.07;p=0.020) were associated with specific survival. In multivariable analysis, only micropapillary or solid pattern (HR=16.34; p=0.007) remained independent factor associated with lower specific survival. Micropapillary or solid carcinomatous patterns were associated with shorter specific survival time (p=0.002) among animals with carcinomas in mixed tumors. Among the carcinosarcomas, lymph node metastasis (p=0.010) was associated with a shorter specific survival time. In conclusion, carcinomas in mixed tumors and carcinosarcomas vary in prognosis depending on the carcinomatous proliferation patterns and spread of the disease.

O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever as características clínicas e morfológicas das neoplasias mamárias mistas e verificar quais características interferem no prognóstico de cadelas com carcinomas em tumores mistos e carcinossarcomas. Este foi um estudo retrospectivo de 67 cadelas, que foram submetidas a mastectomias e diagnosticadas com tumores mistos benignos (n = 13), carcinomas em tumores mistos (n = 44) e carcinossarcomas (n = 10). Foram coletados dados sobre os aspectos clínicos e histológicos das neoplasias e a relação com o tempo de sobrevida específica e a razão de risco (OR) em 24 meses foram calculadas. Na análise univariada, o diagnóstico de carcinossarcoma (HR 8,26; p=0,006), as áreas carcinomatosas com padrão micropapilar e sólido (HR 17,49; p= 0,001) e metástase linfonodal (HR 7,07; p=0,020) foram associadas à menor sobrevida específica. Na análise multivariável, apenas o padrão micropapilar ou sólido (HR=16,34; p=0,007) permaneceu como fator independente associado à sobrevida. Proliferações carcinomatosas micropapilares ou sólidas (p = 0,002) foram associadas a tempos de sobrevida específica mais curtos entre os animais com carcinomas em tumor misto. Entre os pacientes com carcinossarcoma, metástases em linfonodos (p = 0,010) foram associadas a um menor tempo de sobrevida específica. Em conclusão, os resultados mostraram que os carcinomas em tumores mistos e os carcinossarcomas podem ter prognóstico variável, dependendo do padrão de proliferação carcinomatosa e da disseminação linfática da doença.

Quality of breast reconstruction service at a university hospital as assessed by the patients

Purpose: To evaluate the quality of breast reconstruction service at a university hospital, as assessed by the patients. Methods: This cross-sectional study enrolled adult women who underwent immediate or delayed breast reconstruction by any technique performed at a university hospital between 1 and 24 months before the assessment. The Brazilian version of the Health Service Quality Scale (HSQS) was self-applied to the participants. The HSQS produces percentage scores, which are expressed in values ranging from 0 to 10 for each domain of the scale, and into an overall percentage quality score. The management team was asked to establish a minimum satisfactory score for the breast reconstruction service. Results: Ninety patients were included. The management team considered 8.00 the minimum satisfactory score for the service. The overall percentage score was 93.3%. Only one domain, 'Support,' had an average score lower than that considered satisfactory (7.22 ± 3.0); while the others had higher scores. The domain that scored highest was 'Qualification' (9.94 ± 0.3), followed by 'Result' (9.86 ± 0.4). There was a positive correlation between 'type of oncologic surgery' and 'intentions of loyalty to the service' (ρ = 0.272; p = 0.009) and a negative correlation between 'education' and 'quality of the environment' (ρ = ­0.218; p = 0.039). The higher the patient's level of education, the higher the score attributed to 'relationship' (ρ = 0.261; p = 0.013) and the lower the score of 'aesthetics and functionality' (ρ = ­0.237; p = 0.024). Conclusion: The quality of the breast reconstruction service was considered satisfactory, but there is a demand for structural improvements, better interpersonal relationships, and a stronger support network for patients.

Hiperplasia fibroepitelial mamária em um gato macho: relato de caso / Mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia in a male cat: case report

As neoplasias mamárias representam a terceira neoplasia mais comum em gatas, enquanto nos machos a incidência é rara. Esse trabalho relata o caso de um gato macho, não castrado, atendido no Hospital Veterinário da Universidade Estadual do Ceará, com uma neoformação mamária. O diagnóstico inicial, obtido por meio de punção aspirativa por agulha fina, sugeriu a presença de carcinoma mamário. Exames de imagem como a radiografia torácica e a ultrassonografia abdominal não evidenciaram a presença de metástase no parênquima pulmonar e nos órgãos abdominais, respectivamente. O tratamento instituído foi a remoção cirúrgica da neoformação, pela técnica de mastectomia parcial bilateral. O exame histopatológico da massa evidenciou uma hiperplasia fibroepitelial. Diante disso, conclui-se que, apesar de raras, as neoformações mamárias em gatos do sexo masculino podem ocorrer, devendo, dessa forma, compor parte da lista de diagnósticos diferenciais para aumentos de volume na região ventral desses animais.(AU)

Mammary neoplasms represent the third most common neoplasm in queens, while in tomcats the incidence is rare. This study reports the case of a tomcat, not neutered, treated at the Veterinary Hospital of the State University of Ceará, with a mammary neoformation. The initial diagnosis, obtained through aspiration cytology, suggested the presence of mammary carcinoma. Imaging tests such as thoracic radiography and abdominal ultrasound, did not show the presence of metastasis in the lung parenchyma and abdominal organs, respectively. The chosen treatment was the surgical removal of the neoformation, using the bilateral partial mastectomy technique. Histopathological examination of the mass showed a mammary fibroepithelial hyperplasia. Therefore, it is concluded that, although rare, mammary neoformations in male cats can occur, thus, it should be part of the list of differential diagnoses for increases in volume in the ventral region of these animals.(AU)

B-mode and Doppler ultrasound of bitches' kidneys with mammary neoplasia submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy / Ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler dos rins de cadelas com neoplasias mamárias submetidas à quimioterapia adjuvante

Mammary neoplasia represents the most frequently diagnosed type of neoplasia in bitches. Although surgical removal is the procedure of choice for therapeutic management, chemotherapy protocols appear as important allies and adjuvants. Despite the great advances that have occurred in the field of cancer therapy, the systemic repercussions of these drugs still impose important limitations on their use. In this sense, the development of increasingly targeted therapeutic protocols and preventive monitoring of patients represent important strategies to avoid possible complications - among them, Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). Routinely, ultrasound evaluation is used to identify morphological or metastatic variations in abdominal cavity organs. Acting complementary to the B-mode evaluation, Doppler mapping proves to be efficient in recognizing alterations in vascular hemodynamics. Therefore, the objective of the present study was to evaluate the use of B-mode and Doppler ultrasound to identify renal morphological and hemodynamic alterations in bitches with mammary neoplasia submitted to adjuvant chemotherapy protocols that associate gemcitabine with carboplatin. Thirteen bitches were included, without distinction of breed and between seven and 13 years of age. The animals were evaluated ultrasonographically at two different times during three consecutive chemotherapy cycles: before (T0) and one and a half hours after each cycle (T1), for 42 days. No morphological changes were observed in B-mode throughout the chemotherapy protocol. However, the Doppler velocimetry indices demonstrated statistical differences before (T0) and after (T1) the administration of the drugs. It was concluded that Doppler ultrasound could be used as a complementary method for monitoring the renal response of patients exposed to nephrotoxic drugs and potentially causing renal injury.

As neoplasias mamárias representam o tipo de neoplasma mais frequentemente diagnosticado em fêmeas da espécie canina. Embora a remoção cirúrgica seja o procedimento de eleição para a conduta terapêutica, os protocolos quimioterápicos aparecem como importantes aliados e adjuvantes. Apesar dos grandes avanços ocorridos na área da terapia oncológica, as repercussões sistêmicas destes fármacos ainda impõem importantes limitações ao seu uso. Neste sentido, o desenvolvimento de protocolos terapêuticos cada vez mais direcionados e o monitoramento preventivo dos pacientes representam estratégias importantes para evitar possíveis complicações - dentre elas, a injúria renal aguda (IRA). Rotineiramente, a avaliação ultrassonográfica é utilizada para identificação de variações morfológicas ou metastáticas em órgãos da cavidade abdominal. Atuando de forma complementar à avaliação em modo-B, o mapeamento Doppler mostra-se eficiente no reconhecimento de alterações na hemodinâmica vascular. Portanto, o objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a utilização da ultrassonografia modo-B e Doppler como método para identificação de alterações morfológicas e hemodinâmicas renais em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias submetidas a protocolos quimioterápicos adjuvantes que associam a gencitabina à carboplatina. Foram incluídas 13 fêmeas caninas, sem distinção quanto a raça e com idades entre sete e 13 anos. Os animais foram avaliados ultrassonograficamente em dois momentos distintos durante três ciclos quimioterápicos consecutivos: antes (T0) e uma hora e meia após a realização de cada ciclo (T1), totalizando 42 dias. Não foram observadas alterações morfológicas em modo-B ao longo do protocolo quimioterápico. Entretanto, os índices dopplervelocimétricos demonstraram diferenças estatísticas antes (T0) e após (T1) a administração dos fármacos. Concluiu-se que a ultrassonografia Doppler pode ser utilizada como método complementar para o monitoramento da resposta renal de pacientes expostos a fármacos nefrotóxicos e potencialmente causadores de injúrias renais.

Hematological and biochemical alterations in female dogs with mammary cancer and inflammatory carcinoma / Alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias e carcinoma inflamatório

Hematological and biochemical alterations in animals with neoplasms may result from the direct effects of tumor growth or paraneoplastic syndromes. The objective of this study was to evaluate these hematological and biochemical alterations in female dogs with mammary tumors and with inflammatory carcinoma (IC). Blood samples were collected from 43 female dogs divided into three groups according to clinical staging: Group 1 (G1) - animals in initial stage (T1,2,3N0M0, N=17), Group 2 (G2) - animals in advanced stage (T1,2,3N1M0,1, N=15) and Group 3 (G3) - animals presenting IC (N=11). Hematological and biochemical parameters obtained were related to patients' clinical staging. Among alterations, the most common were anemia, neutrophilic leukocytosis, monocytosis, increased ALT, AST, and hypoalbuminemia, mainly in dogs in advanced clinical staging and with inflammatory carcinoma.

Aterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em animais portadores de neoplasias podem resultar dos efeitos diretos do crescimento tumoral ou de síndromes paraneoplásicas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar as alterações hematológicas e bioquímicas em cadelas com neoplasias mamárias e carcinoma inflamatório (IC). Foram coletadas amostras de sangue de 43 cadelas divididas em três grupos de acordo com o estadiamento clínico: grupo 1 (G1) - cadelas em estádio inicial (T1,2,3N0M0, N=17), grupo 2 (G2) - cadelas em estádio avançado (T1,2,3N1M0,1, N=15) e grupo 3 (G3) - cadelas que apresentaram IC (N=11). Os parâmetros hematológicos e bioquímicos obtidos foram relacionados com o estadiamento clínico das pacientes. Entre as alterações, as mais comuns foram anemia, leucocitose neutrofílica, monocitose, aumento de ALT, AST e hipoalbuminemia, principalmente em cadelas em estadiamento clínico avançado e com carcinoma inflamatório.

Association between vitamin D and malignant mammary tumors in obese female dogs

Overweight and obesity are known risk factors that are involved in the development and aggressiveness of breast tumors in women. In situations of obesity, local and systemic inflammation may worsen the prognosis of oncological patients. Moreover, hypovitaminosis D increases the risk of breast tumors in women. In female dogs, low vitamin D levels have been found in cases of lymphoma, osteosarcoma and mast cell tumor. The present study aimed to make correlations between body fat composition and serum 25(OH)D concentration in female dogs with mammary tumors. Two experimental groups were formed: healthy female dogs (n = 12; control group) and female dogs with mammary tumors (n = 11). An analysis on body composition was performed using dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA) equipment. In the tumor group, multicentric nodules were most prevalent (63,6%), with diameters of up to 8.2 cm. The most frequent histopathological diagnosis was tubular carcinoma (45.5%), and 9.1% presented metastases in axillary lymph nodes. The mean 25(OH)D concentration in the female dogs with mammary tumors (37.6 ng mL-1) was lower than the level in the control group (65.4 ng mL-1). Multivariate statistical analysis showed that elderly female dogs with malignant mammary tumors and high body fat levels presented lower 25(OH)D concentrations than those of the control group. It was concluded that female dogs with higher body adiposity presented mammary tumors of higher aggressivity, and that the higher the fat percentage was in the female dogs with malignant mammary tumors, the lower their vitamin D concentration was.(AU)

Phytochemical and biological attributes of Bauhinia variegata L. (Caesalpiniaceae) / Atributos fitoquímicos e biológicos de Bauhinia variegata L. (Caesalpiniaceae)

Bauhinia variegata plant is a very popular and traditionally potent ethnomedicine. Therefore, it is need of hour to study ameliorative characteristics of B. variegata for novel secondary metabolites. The current study was designed to explore antiproliferative potential of B. variegata due to scant reports on this aspect. Extracts of various parts (flowers, leaves, bark, stem, and roots) were prepared by successive maceration using organic solvents in increasing order of polarity (n-hexane, ethyl acetate, methanol, and water). The determination of polyphenolic contents was done by using colorimetric methods while antioxidant potential was measured using reducing power assay. Brine shrimp lethality assay was performed for determining preliminary cytotoxicity and antiproliferative activity against breast cancer MCF-7 cell line using MTT protocols. Moreover, antimicrobial activities were detected by using disc diffusion assay. The alpha-amylase assay was performed to monitor the antidiabetic potential of the plant. In case of phytochemical analysis methanolic extract of leaves and bark showed highest phenolic and flavonoids contents. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of stem and roots exhibited more than 90% mortality with LD50 ranges between 1-25 µg/mL when studied by brine shrimp lethality assay. n-Hexane and ethyl acetate extracts of roots and stem also showed antiproliferative activity against human breast cancer MCF-7 cell line with IC50 values ranges between 12.10-14.20 µg/mL. Most of the extracts displayed moderately high antibacterial and antifungal activities. The n-hexane extract of roots showed antidiabetic activity with 60.80 ± 0.20% inhibition of alpha-amylase. In sum, these preliminary results will be useful for further compound isolation from selected plant parts for the discovery of antibacterial, antidiabetic, and anticancer lead candidates.

A planta Bauhinia variegata é uma etnomedicina muito popular e tradicionalmente potente. Portanto, as características de melhoria de B. variegata foram estudadas. Foi avaliada a determinação dos teores antioxidantes e polifenólicos. O ensaio de letalidade do camarão de salmoura foi realizado para determinar a citotoxicidade preliminar e a atividade antiproliferativa contra linhas de células de câncer de mama MCF-7 usando protocolos de MTT. Além disso, foram detectadas atividades antimicrobianas. O ensaio da alfa-amilase foi realizado para monitorar o potencial antidiabético da planta. Dentre vinte amostras diferentes, o extrato metanólico (EM) da casca apresentou os maiores teores fenólicos totais. A EM das folhas apresentou excelente conteúdo de flavonoides, atividade antioxidante significativa foi exibida pelo extrato hexânico do caule. O extrato do caule de hexano exibe 77,40% como citotóxico em DL50 10,50 µg/mL quando avaliado através do ensaio de letalidade de artêmia. Extratos de hexano e acetato de etila de raiz e caule mostraram atividade antiproliferativa contra a linhagem celular MCF7 de câncer de mama humano (IC50 12,10-14,20 µg/mL). Para potencial antimicrobiano importante, vários extratos exibiram excelentes atividades antibacteriana e antifúngica, enquanto o extrato de n-hexano da raiz mostrou atividade antidiabética (60,80 ± 0,20% na concentração de 200 µg/mL). Em suma, estes resultados preliminares serão úteis para isolamento adicional de compostos a partir de partes de plantas selecionadas para a descoberta de candidatos a antibacterianos, antidiabéticos e anticâncer.

Epidemiological, clinical, and histopathological aspects of mammary neoplasms in dogs from Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil / Aspectos epidemiológicos, clínicos e histopatológicos das neoplasias mamárias em cães do município Rio Branco, Acre, Brasil

Mammary neoplasms are very common in the clinical routine of small animals and have an enormous histological diversity and complexity. Most of these neoplasms are classified as malignant and originate from metastases, considered the main cause of death. This study aimed to present and correlate epidemiological data with the malignancy of histological types of mammary neoplasms in dogs in the municipality of Rio Branco, Acre, Brazil. The analyzed samples were collected in collaborating hospitals and veterinary clinics, the data acquired through a questionnaire filled in by them, the clinical staging carried out through the TNM system, and the histological classification according to the Consensus regarding the Diagnosis, Prognosis, and Treatment of Canine and Feline Mammary Tumors. The fixed material was evaluated macroscopically and then subjected to classical histological processing. Histological preparations were observed under optical microscopy. The data were organized statistically using Pearson's chi-square test (p<0.05). Of the 71 samples obtained from dogs, 50 consisted of mammary neoplasms, 18 skin neoplasms, and three non-tumor lesions. Eleven breeds of dogs were identified. Among them, 48 were females and two males with an average age of 10 years and most patients intact (90%) and the minority used progestogens (16%). Of the mammary neoplasms, 94% had a malignant profile, with carcinoma in a mixed tumor being the most frequent (60%). Statistically, no correlation was observed between breed, sex, age, reproductive status, use of progestogens, mammary location, or tumor size with malignancy. In general, dogs can be affected by malignant mammary neoplasms, regardless of the mentioned variables, reinforcing the importance of clinical staging and early diagnosis for the best prognosis within the small animal clinic.

As neoplasias mamárias são muito frequentes na rotina clínica de pequenos animais e possuem uma enorme diversidade e complexidade histológica. A maior parte dessas neoplasias é classificada como malignas e originam às metástases, sendo consideradas a principal causa mortis. Este estudo objetivou apresentar e correlacionar os dados epidemiológicos com a malignidade dos tipos histológicos das neoplasias mamárias em cães dentro do município de Rio Branco, Acre. As amostras analisadas foram coletadas em hospitais e clínicas veterinárias colaboradoras, os dados adquiridos através de questionário preenchido pelos mesmos, o estadiamento clínico realizado através do sistema TNM e a classificação histológica segundo o Consenso de Diagnóstico, Prognóstico e Tratamento de Neoplasias Mamárias Caninas. O material fixado foi avaliado macroscopicamente e, em seguida, submetido ao processamento histológico clássico. As preparações histológicas foram observadas sob microscopia óptica. Os dados obtidos foram organizados na forma estatística utilizando o Teste de Qui-quadrado de Pearson (p<0,05). Das 71 amostras obtidas em cães, 50 foram neoplasias mamárias, 18 foram tumores de pele e três eram lesões não tumorais. Foram identificadas 11 raças caninas, 48 eram fêmeas e dois machos, com idade média de 10 anos, onde a maioria dos pacientes eram inteiros (90%) e a minoria fazia uso de progestágenos (16%). Das neoplasias mamárias, 94% apresentaram o perfil maligno, sendo o carcinoma em tumor misto o mais frequente (60%). Estatisticamente não houve correlação entre raça, sexo, idade, estado reprodutivo, uso de progestágenos, localização das mamas ou tamanho tumoral com a malignidade. A espécie canina de modo geral pode ser acometida de neoplasia mamária maligna, independente das variáveis citadas, reforçando a importância do estadiamento clínico e diagnóstico precoce para o melhor prognóstico dentro da clínica de pequenos animais.

The prognostic value of serum neoplastic biomarkers CA 15-3 and CEA in canine mammary neoplasms: a review / O valor prognóstico dos biomarcadores neoplásicos séricos CA 15-3 e CEA em neoplasias mamárias caninas: uma revisão

As neoplasias mamárias caninas (NMCs) são as mais frequentes em cadelas, com isso, uma grande variedade de técnicas tem sido utilizada para identificar os seus fatores prognósticos. Dentre as possibilidades, os biomarcadores neoplásicos séricos antígeno do câncer (CA 15-3) e o antígeno carcinoembrionário (CEA) são os mais promissores. Biomarcadores neoplásicos são substâncias presentes na neoplasia, sangue ou demais produtos biológicos, produzidos pela neoplasia, ou secundariamente pelo paciente, em resposta à sua presença. Na medicina veterinária, esses marcadores são pouco estudados. Em termos gerais, eles não podem ser usados para o diagnóstico primário de neoplasias mamárias, mas estão relacionados com os fatores prognóstico já bem estabelecidos na literatura e tem como vantagem se tratar de uma análise menos invasiva e que é possível de ser feita de forma seriada. O objetivo desta revisão é descrever o CA 15-3 e o CEA como biomarcadores utilizados nas NMCs, o progresso recente feito na literatura e providenciar um sumário dos principais resultados já obtidos. O CA 15-3 e o CEA apresentam potencial prognóstico nas NMCs. Apesar de existir uma grande variação de resultados para esses biomarcadores na literatura, o seu uso deve ser considerado, visto os resultados obtidos na caracterização e prognóstico das NMC.(AU)

Female canine mammary neoplasms (CMNs) are the most frequent neoplasm in bitches, and a variety of techniques have been used to identify they prognostic factors. Among the possibilities, the serum biomarkers cancer antigen (CA 15-3) and carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) are the most reliable. Neoplastic biomarkers are substances present in the neoplasia, blood, or other biological products, produced mainly by the neoplasia, or secondarily by the patient, in response to their presence. In veterinary medicine, these biomarkers are poorly studied. In general terms they cannot be used for primary diagnosis of mammary neoplasms but are related to the prognostic factors and have the advantage of being a less invasive analysis and that it is possible to be done in a serial way. The objective of this review is to describe CA 15-3 and CEA use as biomarkers in CMNs, the recent progress made in literature and the main overall results that had been already obtained. CA 15-3 and CEA have prognostic potential for CMNs. There is a wide variation of results for these biomarkers in literature, but despite this, its use must be considered as they provide relevant results in terms of characterization and prognostic in CMNs.(AU)

Modulação farmacológica da melatonina na resistência a drogas em neoplasia mamária canina / Modulación farmacológica de melatonina sobre la resistencia a drogas en la neoplasia mamaria canina / Pharmacological modulation of melatonin on drug resistance in canine mammary neoplasia

El cáncer mamario es una enfermedad de frecuente presentación en perras. Dentro de la masa tumoral, hay una subpoblación de células neoplásicas con características de troncalidad (CSCs), que forman estructuras esferoides que crecen libres de anclaje (esferas), y resisten quimioterapia, explicando en parte la recurrencia de algunos cánceres. Melatonina ha mostrado efectos antitumorales sobre células tumorales mamarias; sin embargo, sus efectos han sido poco estudiados en CSCs mamarias caninas. Células CF41.Mg y REM 134 se cultivaron bajo condiciones standard. Esferas derivadas de estas células se cultivaron en placas de ultra baja adherencia, en ausencia de suero fetal bovino y conteniendo diferentes factores de crecimiento. Esferas de ambas líneas celulares mostraron quimioresistencia. Melatonina indujo un efecto antiproliferativo solo en CSC-CF41.Mg, siendo este efecto de mayor magnitud que en células parentales no troncales, sin embargo, no indujo un efecto aditivo con doxorrubicina y mitoxantrona. La invasión celular se redujo en respuesta a concentraciones no citotóxicas de la hormona. Además, resultados preliminares muestran que melatonina no modula la expresión génica de MDR1, molécula clave en el fenómeno de resistencia a drogas. Estos resultados indican que melatonina modula la actividad proliferativa e invasiva de CSCs, efecto que es dependiente del tipo celular.(AU)

O câncer de mama é uma doença comum em cadelas. Dentro da massa tumoral existe uma subpopulação de células neoplásicas com características de tronco (CSCs), que formam estruturas esferóides que crescem livres de ancoragem (esferas) e resistem à quimioterapia, explicando em parte a recorrência de alguns cânceres. A melatonina mostrou efeitos antitumorais em células tumorais mamárias; entretanto, seus efeitos têm sido pouco estudados em CSCs mamárias caninas. As células CF41.Mg e REM 134 foram cultivadas sob condições padrão. Esferas derivadas dessas células foram cultivadas em placas de ultra baixa aderência, na ausência de soro fetal bovino e contendo diferentes fatores de crescimento. As pérolas de ambas as linhas celulares mostraram quimiorresistência. A melatonina induziu um efeito antiproliferativo apenas em CSC-CF41.Mg, sendo este efeito maior do que em células não-tronco parentais, no entanto, não induziu efeito aditivo com doxorrubicina e mitoxantrona. A invasão celular foi reduzida em resposta às concentrações não citotóxicas do hormônio. Além disso, resultados preliminares mostram que a melatonina não modula a expressão gênica de MDR1, uma molécula chave no fenômeno de resistência a drogas. Esses resultados indicam que a melatonina modula a atividade proliferativa e invasiva das CSCs, um efeito que é dependente do tipo celular.(AU)

EpCAM expression in canine malignant mammary tumors - immunohistochemical study

Background: Epithelial cell adhesion molecule (EpCAM) is a glycoprotein responsible for multiple cellular functions that includes cell-to-cell adhesion and signal transduction. Studies in human breast cancer demonstrated that its overexpression has been linked to a more aggressive histological phenotype. However, in canine mammary tumors, its use is still scarce and its function, remains unknown. The main goal of the present study was to characterize the expression of EpCAM in canine mammary malignant tumors and associate its expression with clinicopathological features. Materials, Methods & Results: Forty-eight canine mammary samples were analyzed in the present study and went through the Hematoxylin-Eosin (HE) routine technique for histopathological and immunohistochemical analysis. EpCAM expression was evaluated considering the total immunolabelling (TI) which consists of the addition of 2 parameters: proportion score (PS) and intensity score (IS). Thirteen (27.1%) cases showed weak expression, 9 (18.7%) were characterized by a moderate expression and 27 (54.2%) were classified as intense. EpCAM overexpression was described in 36 (72.9%) primary tumors and in 5 lymph node metastases (71.4%). Immunoreactivity was, mainly, characterized by a staining in the lateral cell membrane of luminal epithelial cells, both in primary tumors and lymph node metastases. The statistical analysis was performed using the SPSS Statistics, version 24. Clinicopathological features, such as histological grade (P = 0.027), intravascular emboli (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.016) demonstrated to be associated with a more aggressive histological type. Intravascular emboli and lymph node metastases were also linked to a higher histological grade. Discussion: EpCAM overexpression has been described in the literature both in canine mammary tumors and breast cancer. While the results in breast cancer could be ambiguous, depending on the tumor subtype, in the present study our findings demonstrated that overexpression was present in more than 50% of the total cases evaluated. In addition, immunoreactivity was also in accordance with the literature that describes membranous staining as the most prevalent pattern type. It was not possible to correlate overexpression with histological type and histological grade. However, those clinicopathological features are essential to evaluate tumor prognosis. For instance, our results demonstrated that histological type was statistically significant with histological grade (P = 0.027), intravascular emboli (P = 0.004) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.016). Additionally, the Nottingham system was statistically significant with intravascular emboli (P = 0.033) and lymph node metastases (P = 0.006). These findings have also been described in similar studies using canine mammary tissues in bitches. When it comes to pattern of expression in primary tumors and lymph nodes metastases, our findings described that neoplastic cell presented the same phenotype in these 2 different locations. In addition, loss of expression was also described in cluster cells within the subcapsular area which reflects the idea that the expression of EpCAM molecule changes according to time, which could be translated into the multistep process of metastases. Finally, it demonstrates that the development of neoplasia is not something static, but rather dynamic.

Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary metastasis of carcinoma mammary solid grade III in a dog: case report / Osteopatia hipertrófica associada à metástase pulmonar de carcinoma mamário sólido grau III de malignidade em um cão: relato de caso

The hypertrophic osteopathy is a syndrome characterized by bone proliferation as a consequence of lung disease, such as metastatic nodules. The diagnosis is based on radiography of the appendicular bones evidencing the proliferation. Mammary neoplasms are the ones that affect dogs the most and, their malignant variants, frequently metastasize. The present report describe the case of a bitch with carcinoma mammary solid grade III of malignancy that presented pulmonary metastasis and, consequently, developed hypertrophic osteopathy. Due to advanced stage of the neoplasm the patient was submitted to euthanasia. In this way, the osteopathy can act as a sinalizer for the veterinarian for pulmonary diseases, especially metastatic nodules.

A osteopatia hipertrófica é uma síndrome caracterizada por proliferação óssea em consequência de doença pulmonar, como nódulos metastáticos. O diagnóstico é baseado na radiografia dos ossos apendiculares evidenciando a proliferação. As neoplasias mamárias são as que mais acometem os cães e, suas variantes malignas, frequentemente metastatizam. O presente relato apresenta o caso de uma cadela com carcinoma mamário sólido grau III de malignidade que apresentou metástase pulmonar e, em decorrência, desenvolveu a osteopatia hipertrófica. Devido o estágio avançado da neoplasia, a paciente foi submetida à eutanásia. Desse modo, a osteopatia pode atuar como um sinalizador para o médico veterinário para doenças pulmonares, sobretudo nódulos metastáticos.

Hypertrophic osteopathy associated with pulmonary metastasis of carcinoma mammary solid grade III in a dog: case report / Osteopatia hipertrófica associada à metástase pulmonar de carcinoma mamário sólido grau III de malignidade em um cão: relato de caso

The hypertrophic osteopathy is a syndrome characterized by bone proliferation as a consequence of lung disease, such as metastatic nodules. The diagnosis is based on radiography of the appendicular bones evidencing the proliferation. Mammary neoplasms are the ones that affect dogs the most and, their malignant variants, frequently metastasize. The present report describe the case of a bitch with carcinoma mammary solid grade III of malignancy that presented pulmonary metastasis and, consequently, developed hypertrophic osteopathy. Due to advanced stage of the neoplasm the patient was submitted to euthanasia. In this way, the osteopathy can act as a sinalizer for the veterinarian for pulmonary diseases, especially metastatic nodules.(AU)

A osteopatia hipertrófica é uma síndrome caracterizada por proliferação óssea em consequência de doença pulmonar, como nódulos metastáticos. O diagnóstico é baseado na radiografia dos ossos apendiculares evidenciando a proliferação. As neoplasias mamárias são as que mais acometem os cães e, suas variantes malignas, frequentemente metastatizam. O presente relato apresenta o caso de uma cadela com carcinoma mamário sólido grau III de malignidade que apresentou metástase pulmonar e, em decorrência, desenvolveu a osteopatia hipertrófica. Devido o estágio avançado da neoplasia, a paciente foi submetida à eutanásia. Desse modo, a osteopatia pode atuar como um sinalizador para o médico veterinário para doenças pulmonares, sobretudo nódulos metastáticos.(AU)

Sentinel lymph node biopsy using single-agent mapping tracer (blue dye) after neoadjuvant chemotherapy in a Brazilian cohort of breast cancer patients. Real world evidence

ABSTRACT Purpose To reduce false-negative rates (FNR) in sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) of clinically positive (cN+) axilla in patients undergoing neoadjuvant chemotherapy (NAC). The removal of three or more lymph nodes with dual-tracer mapping including a radioisotope was used. However, in the Brazilian Unified Health System, the radioisotope tracer is not feasible in some hospitals. We conducted a cross-sectional study to evaluate the detection rate of sentinel lymph node (SLN) in patients who converted from cN+ to ycN0 after NAC using blue dye as a single-agent mapping tracer. Methods During the period of March 2018 to September 2019, 34 patients who underwent NAC with cN+ who converted to ycN0 were enrolled in the study. The SLNB was performed using blue dye as a single-agent mapping followed by axillary lymph node dissection (ALND). Results The detection rate of sentinel lymph node was of 85.3%, being SLNB not possible for five patients (14.7%), due to fibrosis. The mean number of removed SLN was 2.5. Conclusions The use of blue dye as a single-agent mapping tracer demonstrated an acceptable detection rate of 85.3%. Although the FNR was possible to be determined, the small sample size might overestimate this rate. The removal of three or more lymph nodes with single-agent mapping tracer might be indicated for breast cancer patients who converted to ycN0 after NAC in the Brazilian health public services, in which radioisotope tracer is not suitable.

Relationship between PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in canine mammary tumor

Background: Studies pointed out that the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have considerable importance in caninemammary tumor (CMT). On the other hand, cancer cells sometimes find ways to use immune checkpoint proteins as ashield to avoid being identified and attacked by the immune system as programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). In this study,it was investigated the relationship between PD-L1 expression, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in caninemammary tumor (CMT), and the association with clinical and pathological characteristics of the tumors.Materials, Methods & Results: PD-L1 expression and TILs were assessed in 23 female dogs with CMT. The tumors weregrouped into simple carcinoma (CA, n = 8) and complex carcinoma (CC, n = 15). Stromal TILs were assessed using twothresholds as TILs-Low representing < 50% of infiltrate within stromal area and TILs-High representing ≥ 50% of stromalarea. Clinicopathological data of CMT was characterized according to key parameters, as well as survival rates. TILs evaluation within tumor stroma revealed that 65.2% (n = 15) of tumors had TILs-Low. PD-L1 expression and stromal TILs weresignificantly associated (P = 0.009). PD-L1 expression was observed in 39% (n = 9) of all tumors of which 17.4% (n = 4)were from CA group and 21.7% (n = 5) were from CC group. PD-L1 expression within TILs was observed in 39% (n =9) of the tumors. PD-L1 in malignant epithelium was present in all lymph node metastasis (n = 5). PD-L1 was associatedwith involvement of regional lymph nodes (P = 0.034). Survival curves demonstrated TILs-Low had higher (P = 0.010)overall survival (OS) compared with TILs-High, and PD-L1+ and PD-L1– (P = 0.06) did not differed. The clinicopathological variables significantly correlated with OS by univariate analysis were the histological grade (P = 0.009), lymphnode involvement (P = 0.004), stromal...

Relationship between PD-L1 expression and tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes in canine mammary tumor

Background: Studies pointed out that the tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) have considerable importance in caninemammary tumor (CMT). On the other hand, cancer cells sometimes find ways to use immune checkpoint proteins as ashield to avoid being identified and attacked by the immune system as programmed death 1 ligand 1 (PD-L1). In this study,it was investigated the relationship between PD-L1 expression, stromal tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) in caninemammary tumor (CMT), and the association with clinical and pathological characteristics of the tumors.Materials, Methods & Results: PD-L1 expression and TILs were assessed in 23 female dogs with CMT. The tumors weregrouped into simple carcinoma (CA, n = 8) and complex carcinoma (CC, n = 15). Stromal TILs were assessed using twothresholds as TILs-Low representing < 50% of infiltrate within stromal area and TILs-High representing ≥ 50% of stromalarea. Clinicopathological data of CMT was characterized according to key parameters, as well as survival rates. TILs evaluation within tumor stroma revealed that 65.2% (n = 15) of tumors had TILs-Low. PD-L1 expression and stromal TILs weresignificantly associated (P = 0.009). PD-L1 expression was observed in 39% (n = 9) of all tumors of which 17.4% (n = 4)were from CA group and 21.7% (n = 5) were from CC group. PD-L1 expression within TILs was observed in 39% (n =9) of the tumors. PD-L1 in malignant epithelium was present in all lymph node metastasis (n = 5). PD-L1 was associatedwith involvement of regional lymph nodes (P = 0.034). Survival curves demonstrated TILs-Low had higher (P = 0.010)overall survival (OS) compared with TILs-High, and PD-L1+ and PD-L1(P = 0.06) did not differed. The clinicopathological variables significantly correlated with OS by univariate analysis were the histological grade (P = 0.009), lymphnode involvement (P = 0.004), stromal...(AU)

Oxidative stress in female dogs with mammary neoplasms / Estresse oxidativo em cadelas com neoplasia mamária

The result of the reaction of free radicals with biomolecules is the formation of substances with the potential of inducing oxidative damage, a condition known as oxidative stress. There are voluminous literature data reporting the association, both as a cause and as a consequence, between different diseases and oxidative stress. In this study, 144 female dogs with mammary neoplasia were analyzed. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation for disease staging, hematological evaluation, serum biochemistry (renal and hepatic function tests), and dosage of the oxidative damage biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA), at the time of its approach and 30 days after treatment. A control group of 100 healthy animals was also submitted to determination of serum MDA levels. The mean age of the animals affected by mammary neoplasms was 9.88±2.95 (4 to 14) years, while in healthy animals it was 2.31±1.90 years (1 to 6). Of the 144 animals, 113 (78.9%) had malignant neoplasms, and 15, 21, 46, 17 and 14 animals were in clinical stage I, II, III, IV and V respectively and the carcinoma in a mixed tumor was the most frequent histological pattern in this group (26%). Thirty-one animals were diagnosed with benign neoplasms and mammary adenoma was the most frequent histological pattern in 15 animals (51.61%). Hematological changes in the preoperative period were observed in 44 (38.9%) and 12 (38.7%) animals with malignant and benign neoplasias, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between anemia and higher levels of MDA (P=0.0008) for animals with malignant tumors. Regarding serum biochemical parameters, the most frequent alterations in animals with malignant neoplasms were elevated ALT levels in 12 animals (10.6%), creatinine in 10 animals (8.84%) and urea in eight animals (7.07%). Females with benign neoplasms presented less occurrence of changes in these parameters. In the group of healthy animals (control), the mean serum MDA values were 12.08±4.18, whereas in the pre-treatment group, mean MDA was 24.80±5.74 for bitches with benign neoplasms and 32.27±10.24 for bitches with malignant tumors. A significant increase (P<0.001) in MDA levels was observed in animals with malignant mammary neoplasms when compared to healthy animals and with benign tumors. In addition, a significant reduction (P<0.001) was observed 30 days after treatment in MDA levels (27.37±7.86) in animals with malignant tumors. In conclusion, our results indicate an association between MDA seric levels and mammary neoplasms in dogs. The results suggest that this factor can be used as a biomarker of oxidative stress with a potential impact in the prognostic of mammary tumors, since significantly higher levels of MDA were detected especially in dogs carrying malignant tumors and presenting anemia.(AU)

O resultado da reação de radicais livres com biomoléculas é a formação de substâncias que podem ser utilizadas como marcadores de dano oxidativo, condição mais conhecida como estresse oxidativo. Evidências científicas comprovam a relação, quer como causa, quer como consequência, entre muitas doenças e o estresse oxidativo. Neste estudo, 144 cadelas portadoras de neoplasia de mama, foram submetidas à avaliação clínica para estadiamento da doença, avaliação hematológica, testes de função renal e hepática e dosagem do biomarcador de dano oxidativo, malondialdeído (MDA), no momento de sua abordagem e 30 dias após realização de tratamento. Um grupo controle de 100 cadelas saudáveis foi submetido também à determinação dos níveis séricos de MDA. A idade média dos animais acometidos por neoplasias mamárias foi de 9,88±2,95 (4 a 14) anos, enquanto que nos animais saudáveis foi de 2,31±1,90 anos (1 a 6). Dos 144 animais, 113 (78, 9%) apresentavam neoplasias malignas, sendo que 15, 21, 46, 17 e 14 animais encontravam-se em estadiamento clínico I, II, III, IV e V respectivamente, e o carcinoma em tumor misto foi o padrão histológico mais frequente neste grupo (26%). Trinta e um animais tiveram diagnóstico de neoplasias benignas, sendo que 7 estavam no estádio I, 16 no estádio II e 8 no estádio III e o adenoma mamário foi o padrão histológico mais frequente em 15 animais (51,61%). Alterações hematológicas no período pré-operatório foram observadas em 44 (38,9%) e 12 (38,7%) animais portadores de neoplasias malignas e benignas, respectivamente, sendo que houve correlação positiva entre anemia e níveis mais elevados de MDA (P=0,0008), para os animais com tumores malignos. Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos, as alterações mais frequentes nos animais com neoplasias malignas foram a elevação dos níveis de ALT em 12 animais (10,6%), de creatinina em 10 animais (8,84%) e de ureia em oito animais (7,07%) Cadelas portadoras de neoplasias benignas apresentaram menor ocorrência de alterações nesses parâmetros. No grupo controle, a média dos valores séricos de MDA foi 12,08±4,18, enquanto que no grupo pré-tratamento, a média de MDA foi de 24,80±5,74 para as cadelas com neoplasia benigna e 32,27±10,24 para as neoplasias malignas. Verificou-se aumento significativo do valor sérico de MDA em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias malignas em comparação com os animais hígidos ou com neoplasias benignas (P<0,001). Ainda, 30 dias após o tratamento observou-se uma diminuição significativa (P<0,001) no valor médio de MDA (27,37±7,86) nos animais com neoplasias malignas. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam uma associação entre níveis séricos aumentados de MDA e presença de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas. Os resultados sugerem que este fator pode ser utilizado como biomarcador de estresse oxidativo em cães, com provável impacto no prognóstico dos tumores mamários, uma vez que níveis significativamente mais altos de MDA foram detectados especialmente nas cadelas portadoras de tumores malignos e apresentando anemia.(AU)

Oxidative stress in female dogs with mammary neoplasms / Estresse oxidativo em cadelas com neoplasia mamária

The result of the reaction of free radicals with biomolecules is the formation of substances with the potential of inducing oxidative damage, a condition known as oxidative stress. There are voluminous literature data reporting the association, both as a cause and as a consequence, between different diseases and oxidative stress. In this study, 144 female dogs with mammary neoplasia were analyzed. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation for disease staging, hematological evaluation, serum biochemistry (renal and hepatic function tests), and dosage of the oxidative damage biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA), at the time of its approach and 30 days after treatment. A control group of 100 healthy animals was also submitted to determination of serum MDA levels. The mean age of the animals affected by mammary neoplasms was 9.88±2.95 (4 to 14) years, while in healthy animals it was 2.31±1.90 years (1 to 6). Of the 144 animals, 113 (78.9%) had malignant neoplasms, and 15, 21, 46, 17 and 14 animals were in clinical stage I, II, III, IV and V respectively and the carcinoma in a mixed tumor was the most frequent histological pattern in this group (26%). Thirty-one animals were diagnosed with benign neoplasms and mammary adenoma was the most frequent histological pattern in 15 animals (51.61%). Hematological changes in the preoperative period were observed in 44 (38.9%) and 12 (38.7%) animals with malignant and benign neoplasias, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between anemia and higher levels of MDA (P=0.0008) for animals with malignant tumors. Regarding serum biochemical parameters, the most frequent alterations in animals with malignant neoplasms were elevated ALT levels in 12 animals (10.6%), creatinine in 10 animals (8.84%) and urea in eight animals (7.07%). Females with benign neoplasms presented less occurrence of changes in these parameters. In the group of healthy animals (control), the mean serum MDA values were 12.08±4.18, whereas in the pre-treatment group, mean MDA was 24.80±5.74 for bitches with benign neoplasms and 32.27±10.24 for bitches with malignant tumors. A significant increase (P<0.001) in MDA levels was observed in animals with malignant mammary neoplasms when compared to healthy animals and with benign tumors. In addition, a significant reduction (P<0.001) was observed 30 days after treatment in MDA levels (27.37±7.86) in animals with malignant tumors. In conclusion, our results indicate an association between MDA seric levels and mammary neoplasms in dogs. The results suggest that this factor can be used as a biomarker of oxidative stress with a potential impact in the prognostic of mammary tumors, since significantly higher levels of MDA were detected especially in dogs carrying malignant tumors and presenting anemia.(AU)

O resultado da reação de radicais livres com biomoléculas é a formação de substâncias que podem ser utilizadas como marcadores de dano oxidativo, condição mais conhecida como estresse oxidativo. Evidências científicas comprovam a relação, quer como causa, quer como consequência, entre muitas doenças e o estresse oxidativo. Neste estudo, 144 cadelas portadoras de neoplasia de mama, foram submetidas à avaliação clínica para estadiamento da doença, avaliação hematológica, testes de função renal e hepática e dosagem do biomarcador de dano oxidativo, malondialdeído (MDA), no momento de sua abordagem e 30 dias após realização de tratamento. Um grupo controle de 100 cadelas saudáveis foi submetido também à determinação dos níveis séricos de MDA. A idade média dos animais acometidos por neoplasias mamárias foi de 9,88±2,95 (4 a 14) anos, enquanto que nos animais saudáveis foi de 2,31±1,90 anos (1 a 6). Dos 144 animais, 113 (78, 9%) apresentavam neoplasias malignas, sendo que 15, 21, 46, 17 e 14 animais encontravam-se em estadiamento clínico I, II, III, IV e V respectivamente, e o carcinoma em tumor misto foi o padrão histológico mais frequente neste grupo (26%). Trinta e um animais tiveram diagnóstico de neoplasias benignas, sendo que 7 estavam no estádio I, 16 no estádio II e 8 no estádio III e o adenoma mamário foi o padrão histológico mais frequente em 15 animais (51,61%). Alterações hematológicas no período pré-operatório foram observadas em 44 (38,9%) e 12 (38,7%) animais portadores de neoplasias malignas e benignas, respectivamente, sendo que houve correlação positiva entre anemia e níveis mais elevados de MDA (P=0,0008), para os animais com tumores malignos. Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos, as alterações mais frequentes nos animais com neoplasias malignas foram a elevação dos níveis de ALT em 12 animais (10,6%), de creatinina em 10 animais (8,84%) e de ureia em oito animais (7,07%) Cadelas portadoras de neoplasias benignas apresentaram menor ocorrência de alterações nesses parâmetros. No grupo controle, a média dos valores séricos de MDA foi 12,08±4,18, enquanto que no grupo pré-tratamento, a média de MDA foi de 24,80±5,74 para as cadelas com neoplasia benigna e 32,27±10,24 para as neoplasias malignas. Verificou-se aumento significativo do valor sérico de MDA em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias malignas em comparação com os animais hígidos ou com neoplasias benignas (P<0,001). Ainda, 30 dias após o tratamento observou-se uma diminuição significativa (P<0,001) no valor médio de MDA (27,37±7,86) nos animais com neoplasias malignas. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam uma associação entre níveis séricos aumentados de MDA e presença de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas. Os resultados sugerem que este fator pode ser utilizado como biomarcador de estresse oxidativo em cães, com provável impacto no prognóstico dos tumores mamários, uma vez que níveis significativamente mais altos de MDA foram detectados especialmente nas cadelas portadoras de tumores malignos e apresentando anemia.(AU)

Oxidative stress in female dogs with mammary neoplasms

ABSTRACT: The result of the reaction of free radicals with biomolecules is the formation of substances with the potential of inducing oxidative damage, a condition known as oxidative stress. There are voluminous literature data reporting the association, both as a cause and as a consequence, between different diseases and oxidative stress. In this study, 144 female dogs with mammary neoplasia were analyzed. The animals were submitted to clinical evaluation for disease staging, hematological evaluation, serum biochemistry (renal and hepatic function tests), and dosage of the oxidative damage biomarker, malondialdehyde (MDA), at the time of its approach and 30 days after treatment. A control group of 100 healthy animals was also submitted to determination of serum MDA levels. The mean age of the animals affected by mammary neoplasms was 9.88±2.95 (4 to 14) years, while in healthy animals it was 2.31±1.90 years (1 to 6). Of the 144 animals, 113 (78.9%) had malignant neoplasms, and 15, 21, 46, 17 and 14 animals were in clinical stage I, II, III, IV and V respectively and the carcinoma in a mixed tumor was the most frequent histological pattern in this group (26%). Thirty-one animals were diagnosed with benign neoplasms and mammary adenoma was the most frequent histological pattern in 15 animals (51.61%). Hematological changes in the preoperative period were observed in 44 (38.9%) and 12 (38.7%) animals with malignant and benign neoplasias, respectively, and there was a positive correlation between anemia and higher levels of MDA (P=0.0008) for animals with malignant tumors. Regarding serum biochemical parameters, the most frequent alterations in animals with malignant neoplasms were elevated ALT levels in 12 animals (10.6%), creatinine in 10 animals (8.84%) and urea in eight animals (7.07%). Females with benign neoplasms presented less occurrence of changes in these parameters. In the group of healthy animals (control), the mean serum MDA values were 12.08±4.18, whereas in the pre-treatment group, mean MDA was 24.80±5.74 for bitches with benign neoplasms and 32.27±10.24 for bitches with malignant tumors. A significant increase (P 0.001) in MDA levels was observed in animals with malignant mammary neoplasms when compared to healthy animals and with benign tumors. In addition, a significant reduction (P 0.001) was observed 30 days after treatment in MDA levels (27.37±7.86) in animals with malignant tumors. In conclusion, our results indicate an association between MDA seric levels and mammary neoplasms in dogs. The results suggest that this factor can be used as a biomarker of oxidative stress with a potential impact in the prognostic of mammary tumors, since significantly higher levels of MDA were detected especially in dogs carrying malignant tumors and presenting anemia.

RESUMO: O resultado da reação de radicais livres com biomoléculas é a formação de substâncias que podem ser utilizadas como marcadores de dano oxidativo, condição mais conhecida como estresse oxidativo. Evidências científicas comprovam a relação, quer como causa, quer como consequência, entre muitas doenças e o estresse oxidativo. Neste estudo, 144 cadelas portadoras de neoplasia de mama, foram submetidas à avaliação clínica para estadiamento da doença, avaliação hematológica, testes de função renal e hepática e dosagem do biomarcador de dano oxidativo, malondialdeído (MDA), no momento de sua abordagem e 30 dias após realização de tratamento. Um grupo controle de 100 cadelas saudáveis foi submetido também à determinação dos níveis séricos de MDA. A idade média dos animais acometidos por neoplasias mamárias foi de 9,88±2,95 (4 a 14) anos, enquanto que nos animais saudáveis foi de 2,31±1,90 anos (1 a 6). Dos 144 animais, 113 (78, 9%) apresentavam neoplasias malignas, sendo que 15, 21, 46, 17 e 14 animais encontravam-se em estadiamento clínico I, II, III, IV e V respectivamente, e o carcinoma em tumor misto foi o padrão histológico mais frequente neste grupo (26%). Trinta e um animais tiveram diagnóstico de neoplasias benignas, sendo que 7 estavam no estádio I, 16 no estádio II e 8 no estádio III e o adenoma mamário foi o padrão histológico mais frequente em 15 animais (51,61%). Alterações hematológicas no período pré-operatório foram observadas em 44 (38,9%) e 12 (38,7%) animais portadores de neoplasias malignas e benignas, respectivamente, sendo que houve correlação positiva entre anemia e níveis mais elevados de MDA (P=0,0008), para os animais com tumores malignos. Em relação aos parâmetros bioquímicos séricos, as alterações mais frequentes nos animais com neoplasias malignas foram a elevação dos níveis de ALT em 12 animais (10,6%), de creatinina em 10 animais (8,84%) e de ureia em oito animais (7,07%) Cadelas portadoras de neoplasias benignas apresentaram menor ocorrência de alterações nesses parâmetros. No grupo controle, a média dos valores séricos de MDA foi 12,08±4,18, enquanto que no grupo pré-tratamento, a média de MDA foi de 24,80±5,74 para as cadelas com neoplasia benigna e 32,27±10,24 para as neoplasias malignas. Verificou-se aumento significativo do valor sérico de MDA em cadelas portadoras de neoplasias malignas em comparação com os animais hígidos ou com neoplasias benignas (P 0,001). Ainda, 30 dias após o tratamento observou-se uma diminuição significativa (P 0,001) no valor médio de MDA (27,37±7,86) nos animais com neoplasias malignas. Em conclusão, os resultados deste estudo evidenciam uma associação entre níveis séricos aumentados de MDA e presença de neoplasias mamárias em cadelas. Os resultados sugerem que este fator pode ser utilizado como biomarcador de estresse oxidativo em cães, com provável impacto no prognóstico dos tumores mamários, uma vez que níveis significativamente mais altos de MDA foram detectados especialmente nas cadelas portadoras de tumores malignos e apresentando anemia.

Vantagens do rastreamento precoce de metástases por tomografia computadorizada na rotina clínica oncológica de tumores mamários em cadelas: revisão de literatura / Advantages of early metastasis screening by computed tomography in the clinical oncology routine of breast tumors in bitches: literature review

Os avanços clínicos, terapêuticos e diagnósticos ocorridos na Medicina Veterinária permitiram que a longevidade dos animais de estimação fosse ampliada. Com isso a casuística de atendimentos oncológicos na rotina clínica veterinária também vem crescendo, visto que a idade avançada é um grande fator predisponente ao câncer. O diagnóstico precoce é fundamental para o sucesso terapêutico, e os exames de imagem apresentam grande utilidade para a detecção tumoral e de metástases. O presente trabalho é uma revisão bibliográfica que analisa as vantagens da aplicabilidade de exames por imagem, mais precisamente da tomografia computadorizada (TC), em casos oncológicos de tumores das glândulas mamárias, com destaque para a sua importância no diagnóstico, estadiamento, planejamento e acompanhamento terapêutico na rotina clínica oncológica veterinária.

With the increase in the longevity of pets, mainly dogs and cats, due to their closer relationship with humans and also the clinical, therapeutic and diagnostic advances that occurred in veterinary medicine, it was observed an increase in the occurrence of oncological cases in the routine attendance of small animals. This article perform a bibliographic review, analysing the advantages of the applicability of imaging exams, more precisely computed tomography (CT), in oncological cases of tumor of the mammary glands, aiming to demonstrate its importance in the diagnosis, staging and therapeutic planning in veterinary oncology clinical routine.