Use of aerobic treadmill exercises on nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury in spontaneously hypertensive rats

Purpose: Various postoperative protocols have been proposed to improve outcomes and accelerate nerve regeneration. Recently, the use of physical exercise in a post-surgical neurorraphy procedure has shown good results when started early. We experimentally investigated the hypothesis that post-operative exercise speeds up results and improves clinical and morphologic parameters. Methods: Isogenic rats were randomly divided into four groups: 1 SHAM; 2 SHAM submitted to the exercise protocol (EP); 3 Grafting of the sciatic nerve; and 4 Grafting of the sciatic nerve associated with the EP. The EP was based on aerobic activities with a treadmill, with a progressive increase in time and intensity during 6 weeks. The results were evaluated by the sciatic functional index (SFI), morphometric and morphologic analysis of nerve distal to the lesion, and the number of spinal cord motor neurons, positive to the marker Fluoro-Gold (FG), captured retrogradely through neurorraphy. Results: Functional analysis (SFI) did not show a statistical difference between the group grafted with (­50.94) and without exercise (-65.79) after 90 days. The motoneurons count (Spinal cord histology) also showed no diference between these groups (834.5 × 833 respectively). Although functionally there is no difference between these groups, morphometric study showed a greater density (53.62) and larger fibers (7.762) in GRAFT group. When comparing both operated groups with both SHAM groups, all values were much lower. Conclusions: The experimental model that this aerobic treadmill exercises protocol did not modify nerve regeneration after sciatic nerve injury and repair with nerve graft.

Stem cells in end-to-side neurorrhaphy: experimental study in rats

Purpose: To evaluate the influence of mesenchymal stem cells from adipose tissue in the end-to-side neurorrhaphy, focusing in the nerve regeneration and the muscle reinnervation in acute trauma. Methods: 140 animals were randomly divided in seven groups: control, denervated, end-to-side neurorrhaphy between distal stump of common peroneal nerve and tibial nerve (ESN), ESN wrapped in fascia, ESN wrapped in fascia and platelet gel, ESN wrapped in platelet gel, ESN wrapped in fascia and platelet gel within stem cells (without culture) removed from the adipose tissue. Mass measurements of the animal and of cranial tibial muscles, electromyography, walking track analysis tests and histological examinations of the nerves and muscles after 180 days was performed. Results: In the groups where the ESN was performed, the results were always better when compared to the denervated group, showing reinnervation in all ESN groups. The most sensitive methods were walking track and histological analysis. Only the group with stem cells showed values similar to the control group, as well as the functional indices of peroneal nerve and the number of nerve fibers in the peroneal nerve. Conclusions: Stem cells were effective in ESN according with the functional index of the peroneal nerve, evaluated by walking track analysis and the number of nerve fibers in the peroneal nerve.(AU)

Combination of heterologous fibrin sealant and bioengineered human embryonic stem cells to improve regeneration following autogenous sciatic nerve grafting repair

Background Peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical problem, and the preferred surgical method for treating it is the end-to-end neurorrhaphy. When it is not possible due to a large nerve gap, autologous nerve grafting is used. However, these surgical techniques result in nerve regeneration at highly variable degrees. It is thus very important to seek complementary techniques to improve motor and sensory recovery. One promising approach could be cell therapy. Transplantation therapy with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is appealing because these cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into specialized cell types and have self-renewal ability. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to find conditions under which functional recovery is improved after sciatic nerve neurorrhaphy. We assumed that hESC, either alone or in combination with heterologous fibrin sealant scaffold, could be used to support regeneration in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury and repair via autografting with end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Methods Five millimeters of the sciatic nerve of C57BL/6 J mice were transected off and rotated 180 degrees to simulate an injury, and then stumps were sutured. Next, we applied heterologous fibrin sealant and/or human embryonic stem cells genetically altered to overexpress fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) at the site of the injury. The study was designed to include six experimental groups comprising neurorrhaphy (N), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant (N + F), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + doxycycline (N + F + D), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + wild-type hESC (N + F + W), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC off (N + F +T), and neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC on via doxycycline (N + F + D + T). We evaluated the recovery rate using Catwalk and von Frey functional recovery tests, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis. Results The experiments indicated...

Combination of heterologous fibrin sealant and bioengineered human embryonic stem cells to improve regeneration following autogenous sciatic nerve grafting repair

Background Peripheral nerve injury is a worldwide clinical problem, and the preferred surgical method for treating it is the end-to-end neurorrhaphy. When it is not possible due to a large nerve gap, autologous nerve grafting is used. However, these surgical techniques result in nerve regeneration at highly variable degrees. It is thus very important to seek complementary techniques to improve motor and sensory recovery. One promising approach could be cell therapy. Transplantation therapy with human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) is appealing because these cells are pluripotent and can differentiate into specialized cell types and have self-renewal ability. Therefore, the main objective of this study was to find conditions under which functional recovery is improved after sciatic nerve neurorrhaphy. We assumed that hESC, either alone or in combination with heterologous fibrin sealant scaffold, could be used to support regeneration in a mouse model of sciatic nerve injury and repair via autografting with end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Methods Five millimeters of the sciatic nerve of C57BL/6 J mice were transected off and rotated 180 degrees to simulate an injury, and then stumps were sutured. Next, we applied heterologous fibrin sealant and/or human embryonic stem cells genetically altered to overexpress fibroblast growth factor 2 (FGF2) at the site of the injury. The study was designed to include six experimental groups comprising neurorrhaphy (N), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant (N + F), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + doxycycline (N + F + D), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + wild-type hESC (N + F + W), neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC off (N + F +T), and neurorrhaphy + heterologous fibrin sealant + hESC on via doxycycline (N + F + D + T). We evaluated the recovery rate using Catwalk and von Frey functional recovery tests, as well as immunohistochemistry analysis. Results The experiments indicated...(AU)

End-to-side versus end-to-end neurorrhaphy at the peroneal nerve in rats

Purpose: To evaluate three different kinds of neurorrhaphy of the peroneal nerve. Methods: Eigthy rats were divided into 5 groups. Control: nerve had no intervention. End-to-end (EE): nerve was cut and elongated with a nerve graft with two end-to-end neurorrhaphies. End-to-side (ES): nerve was cut and sutured to the graft with at the lateral side of the nerve. Side-to-end (SE): the nerve was cut and sutured to the graft with end-to-end neurorrhaphy. Denervated: nerve was cut and both endings were buried into the muscle. The evaluation was done by walking track analysis, electrophysiology, body mass, cranial tibial muscle mass, nerve and muscle fibers morphometry. Results: The EE, ES and SE have the same potential of reinnervation. Conclusion: There is no functional or histological difference between these different types of neurorrhaphy.(AU)

Inside-out and standard vein grafts associated with platelet-rich plasma (PRP) in sciatic nerve repair. A histomorphometric study

Purpose: To evaluated the tubulization technique with standard and inside-out vein, filled or not with platelet-rich plasma (PRP), in sciatic nerve repair. Methods: Seventy male Wistar rats were randomly divided into five groups: IOVNF (Inside-Out Vein with No Filling); IOVPRP (Inside-Out Vein filled with PRP); SVNF (Standard Vein with No Filling); SVPRP (Standard Vein filled with PRP); Sham (Control). The left external jugular vein was used as graft in a 10 mm nervous gap. Results: In the morphological analysis of all groups, myelinated nerve fibers with evident myelin sheath, neoformation of the epineurium and perineurium, organization of intraneural fascicles and blood vessels were observed. In the morphometry of the distal stump fibers, SVPRP group had the highest means regarding fiber diameter (3.63±0.42 m), axon diameter (2.37±0.31 m) and myelin sheath area (11.70±0.84 m2). IOVPRP group had the highest means regarding axon area (4.39±1.16 m2) and myelin sheath thickness (0.80±0.19 m). As for values of the fiber area, IOVNF group shows highest means (15.54±0.67 m2), but are still lower than the values of the Sham group. Conclusion: The graft filled with platelet-rich plasma, with use standard (SVPRP) or inside-out vein (IOVPRP), promoted the improvement in axonal regeneration on sciatic nerve injury.(AU)

Effect of ozone and methylprednisolone treatment following crush type sciatic nerve injury

PURPOSE:To assess and compare the histopathological effects of ozone therapy and/or methylprednisolone (MPS) treatment on regeneration after crush type sciatic nerve injury.METHODS:Forty Sprague-Dawley male rats were randomly allocated into four groups. Four groups received the following regimens intraperitoneally every day for 14 days after formation of crush type injury on sciatic nerve: Group I: ozone (20mcg/ml); Group II: methylprednisolone (2mg/kg); Group III: ozone (20 mcg/ml) and methylprednisolone (2mg/kg); Group IV: isotonic saline (0.9%). The histomorphological evaluation was made after biopsies were obtained from the sites of injury.RESULTS:Significant differences were noted between groups in terms of degeneration (p=0.019), nerve sheath cell atrophy (p=0.012), intraneural inflammatory cellular infiltration (p=0.002), perineural granulation tissue formation (p=0.019), perineural vascular proliferation (p=0.004), perineural inflammatory cellular infiltration (p<0.001) and inflammation in peripheral tissue (p=0.006). Degeneration was remarkably low in Group III, while no change in nerve sheath cell was noted in Group II.CONCLUSION:The combined use of methylprednisolone and ozone treatment can have beneficial effects for regeneration after crush type nerve injury.(AU)

UTILIZAÇÃO DE CÉLULA-TRONCO MESENQUIMAL ASSOCIADA AO EXERCÍCIO COMO ABORDAGEM TERAPÊUTICA PARA OTIMIZAR A REGENERAÇÃO DE NERVO ISQUIÁTICO EM CAMUNDONGOS

Lesões nervosas periféricas (PNI) podem causar dor neuropática, perda de massa muscular e um longo tempo para reabilitação. A capacidade regenerativa e a recuperação funcional da dependem do grau da lesão, da idade e da distância entre o dano do nervo e o músculo-alvo. Principalmente, essa regeneração é pobre e limitada. O exercício é usado em ensaios clínicos para reduzir a atrofia muscular e estimular a plasticidade. A terapia com células-tronco mesenquimais (MSC) promove a produção de neurotrofinas, substratos e um microambiente ideal para o reparo de tecidos. Nós analisamos os efeitos regenerativos da terapia com MSC e exercícios de natação (SW) no modelo de compressão do nervo isquiático de camundongo. As MSC foram injetadas (300ul, 1x106, ip.) 7 dias após a lesão e o SW foi iniciado 14 dias após a lesão, realizado 3 vezes por semana durante 20 minutos. Foram estudados 4 grupos: DMEM (inoculação de meio de cultura), DMEM + SW (meio de cultura e exercício), MSC (apenas inoculação de células-tronco mesenquimais), MSC + SW (associação de exercício e terapia celular). A análise funcional (LSS e SFI) foi feita antes da cirurgia, um dia após e semanalmente durante 8 semanas, quando os animais foram sacrificados para avaliação morfológica (microscopia de luz e eletrônica). Nossos resultados mostraram que a terapia combinada com MSC e SW apresentou um maior número de fibras mielinizadas e não mielinizadas e um grande número de fibras dentro da razão G ideal. Os resultados mostraram maior sobrevida dos neurônios motores e sensoriais e melhor recuperação das funções motoras. Concluímos que o uso de células-tronco mesenquimais e a natação aceleram a regeneração axonal promovendo a recuperação precoce das funções motoras e sensoriais.

Peripheral nervous (PN) injuries can cause neuropathic pain, loss of muscle mass, and a long time to rehabilitation. The PN regenerative capacity and functional recovery are dependent on the degree of PN injuries, age, and the distance from the nerve damage to the target muscle. Mostly, this regeneration is poor and limited. Exercise is used in clinical trials to reduce muscle atrophy and stimulate plasticity. The mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) therapy combines regenerative and tissue replacement to promote neurotrophins production and substrates for regeneration. We analyzed the regenerative effects of MSC therapy and swimming exercise (SE) in the mouse sciatic nerve compression model. MSC was injected (300ul, 1x106,ip.) 7 days after injury. SE was started 14 days after injury, performed 3 times a week for 20 minutes. We studied 4 groups: DMEM (cell culture medium injected), DMEM+SW (DMEM and SE), MSC (mesenchymal stem cells injected), MSC+SW (combined SE and cell therapy). Functional analysis (LSS and SFI) was made before surgery, one day after, and weekly for 8 weeks when animals were euthanized for morphological assessment (light microscopy and electronica). Our results showed that combined MSC therapy and SE presented a higher number of myelinated and unmyelinated fibers and a large number of fibers within the ideal G-ratio. The results showed motor and sensory neurons survival and better recovery of motor and sensory functions. We conclude that the use of mesenchymal stem cells and swimming accelerates axonal regeneration promoting early recovery of motor and sensory functions.

AVALIAÇÃO DOS EFEITOS DA OZONIOTERAPIA NA REGENERAÇÃO DE LESÕES DO NERVO CIÁTICO EM RATOS: REVISÃO SISTEMÁTICA

A lesão do nervo periférico é um problema comum que freqüentemente resulta em incapacidade. A dor neuropática é uma dor crônica devastadora causada por lesão primária ou disfunção, tanto periférica quanto no sistema nervoso central. A ozonioterapia foi desenvolvida e conhecida como uma abordagem alternativa e eficaz em certas circunstâncias clínicas. Promove regeneração nervosa periférica, aumentando os níveis de antioxidantes e diminuindo radicais livres oxidativos. A terapia com ozônio é considerada um método terapêutico alternativo, seguro e eficaz para o metabolismo do oxigênio, energia celular e defesa antioxidante. O objetivo deste estudo foi buscar evidências científicas sobre os efeitos da ozonioterapia na regeneração de lesões do nervo ciático em ratos, através de uma revisão sistemática. Foi realizada uma busca inicial nas bases secundárias que divulgam todas as revisões sistemáticas cadastradas, estando elas em andamento ou finalizadas. A busca foi realizada no período de setembro de 2019 a fevereiro de 2020, sendo atualizada nas bases de dados: LILACS, PUBMED (MEDLINE), WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE LIBARY, BIREME, SCIELO. A partir da busca eletrônica nas bases de dados, foi encontrado um total de 140 estudos primários a partir do evento de interesse estudado na presente revisão, sendo 08 incluídos na revisão sistemática. Conclui-se que a ozonioterapia gera efeitos positivos na regeneração da lesão do nervo ciático em ratos, quando comparados a grupos controle ou a grupos em que foi utilizada associação de outros medicamentos.

Peripheral nerve injury is a common problem that often results in disability. Neuropathic pain is a devastating chronic pain caused by a primary injury or dysfunction, both peripheral and in the central nervous system. Ozone therapy has been developed and known as an alternative and effective approach in certain clinical circumstances. Ozone therapy promotes peripheral nerve regeneration, increasing the levels of antioxidants and decreasing oxidative free radicals. Ozone therapy is considered an alternative, safe and effective therapeutic method for oxygen metabolism, cellular energy and antioxidant defense. The aim of this study was to seek scientific evidence on the effects of ozone therapy on the regeneration of sciatic nerve injuries in rats, through a systematic review. An initial search was carried out on the secondary databases that disclose all registered systematic reviews, whether they are in progress or completed. The search was carried out from September 2019 to February 2020, being updated in the databases: LILACS, PUBMED (MEDLINE), WEB OF SCIENCE, COCHRANE LIBARY, BIREME, SCIELO. From the electronic search in the databases, a total of 140 primary studies were found based on the event of interest studied in the present review, of which 8 were included in the systematic review. It is concluded that ozone therapy generates positive effects in the regeneration of sciatic nerve damage in rats, when compared to control groups or the combination of other drugs.

CONDUTO DE ORIENTAÇÃO NERVOSA FUNCIONALIZADO COM CÉLULAS ESTROMAIS MESENQUIMAIS MULTIPOTENTES PROMOVE A REGENERAÇÃO DO NERVO ISQUIÁTICO EM RATOS

As lesões traumáticas do sistema nervoso periférico (SNP) são altamente debilitantes, levando a déficits sensório-motores a longo prazo. A regeneração nervosa depende de um microambiente permissivo para o crescimento axonal, associado a presença de moléculas solúveis bioativas. Neste sentido, o uso das células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes derivadas do tecido adiposo (AdMSC) em combinação com condutos de orientação nervosa (NGC) poderiam acarretar estratégias promissoras para a regeneração nervosa. Ratos Wistar foram submetidos a lesão crítica do nervo isquiático (12 mm de gap) e divididos em grupos experimentais: Sham (abordagem do nervo isquiático sem alterações), GA (técnica de autoenxerto), GPCL (tubulação com NGC vazio), GPCL+MSCc (tubulação com NGC + 106 AdMSC de cão embebidas em biopolímero de fibrina) e GPCL+MSCr (tubulação com NGC + 106 AdMSC de rato embebidas em biopolímero de fibrina). Os NGC de policaprolactona (PCL) foram fabricados por impressão 3D. As AdMSC de cão foram caracterizadas in vitro e foi avaliado o potencial neuroregenerativo após a estimulação com INF-y (BDNF, GDNF, HGF e IL-10). Foram avaliados o índice de funcionalidade do nervo isquiático e tibial durante 12 semanas in vivo. A análise da marcha e a eletroneuromiografia foram avaliadas nas semanas 8 e 12. Foi realizada a morfometria post-mortem nas semanas 8 e 12 após o reparo nervoso. Trinta dias após a lesão nos grupos GPCL+MSCc e Sham, foram analisadas a expressão de fatores neurotróficos (BDNF, GDNF e o receptor p75NTR) e a reatividade das células de Schwann (S-100 e neurofilamento) pela imunofluorescencia, e a expressão gênica na medula espinhal (BDNF, GDNF, HGF, IL-6 e IL-10). A estimulação com INF-y aumentou a expressão gênica de BDNF, GDNF, HGF e IL-10 nas AdMSC de cão. Os grupos GPCL+MSCc e GPCL+MSCr apresentaram recuperação motora e eletrofisiológica quando comparados ao grupo GPCL em 8 e 12 semanas. Porém, os valores não foram superiores ao autoenxerto. Os achados foram relacionados a presença de fibras mielinizadas, maior expressão de BDNF, GDNF e P75NTR no nervo isquiático e a up-regulation de BDNF, GDNF e HGF na medula espinhal. Foi observada tendência a maior reatividade das células de Schwann e ramificação axonal no nervo isquiático. A combinação de NGC impressos em 3D e funcionalizados com AdMSC de cão e de rato mostraram efeitos neuroprotetores. A associação de AdMSC e biopolímero de fibrina suportaram o microambiente trófico e estimularam o estado pró-regenerativo na lesão crítica do nervo isquiático em ratos.

Peripheral nervous injuries (PNS) are highly debilitating, leading to long-term motor and sensory deficits. Nerve regeneration depends of the permissive microenvironment for axonal growth associated to bioactive molecules. In this sense, the use of multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells adipose tissue derived (AdMSC) in combination with nerve guidance conduits (NGC) could be promising strategies for nerve regeneration. Wistar rats were submitted to critical sciatic nerve injury (12 mm gap) and divided into experimental groups: Sham, GA (autograft), GPCL (empty NGC), GPCL + MSCc (NGC + 106 plus canine AdMSC embedded in fibrin biopolymer), GPCL + MSCr (NGC + 106 plus rat AdMSC embedded in fibrin biopolymer). Polycaprolactone (PCL) NGC was manufactured by 3D printing. In vitro, regenerative potential was evaluated after INF- stimulation (BDNF, GDNF, HGF and IL-10). In vivo, were measure the sciatic ant tibial functional index for 12 weeks. Gait analysis and electroneuromyography were performed at 8 and 12 weeks. Post-mortem, morphometric analysis was made at 8 and 12 weeks after nerve repair. Thirty days after lesion in the GPLC+MSCc and Sham, were evaluated the expression of neurotrophins (BDNF, GDNF and p75NTR receptor), Schwann cells reactivity by immunofluorescence (S-100 and neurofilament) and gene expression in the spinal cord (BDNF, GDNF, HGF, IL-6 and IL-10). The stimulation with INF- increased gene expression on canine AdMSC in vitro for BDNF, GDNF, HGF and IL-10. The groups GPCL+MSCc and GPCL+MSCr showed functional motor and electrophysiological motor recovery when compared with the GPCL group at 8 and 12 weeks. However, the values were not superior to GA group. These findings were related to presence of myelinated fibers, increased of neurotrophins expression BDNF, GDNF and p75NTR on sciatic nerve and up-regulation of the BDNF, GDNF and HGF in the spinal cord. A trend towards greater reactivity of Schwann cells and axonal branching in the sciatic nerve were observed. The combination of NGC 3D-printing and functionalized with canine and rat AdMSC showed neuroprotective effects. The association of canine or rat AdMSC and fibrin biopolymer support trophic microenvironment and stimulate a pro-regenerative state in severe sciatic nerve injury in rats.

INVESTIGAÇÃO IN VITRO E IN VIVO DO EFEITO REGENERATIVO NA MEDULA ESPINAL NA PRESENÇA DE FRAGMENTOS DO NERVO ISQUIÁTICO COM ADIÇÃO DOS ÓLEOS ESSENCIAIS DE Hyptis suaveolens (L.) Poit E Croton blanchetianus Baill

A medula espinal (ME) é afetada em casos de traumas diretos ou indiretos e alguns estudos apontam que os nervos periféricos induzem um ambiente propício para regeneração. Além disso, várias plantas medicinais possuem metabólitos secundários com atividades no Sistema Nervoso Central. Este estudo objetivou analisar o efeito regenerativo na ME in vitro e in vivo na presença de fragmentos do nervo isquiático (FGNI) com adição dos óleos essenciais (OES) de Hyptis suaveolens (HS) e Croton blanchetianus (CB). As plantas de HS e CB foram submetidas ao processo de hidrodestilação e a análise da composição química foi feita por cromatografia gasosa e espectrometria de massas. Para a avaliação da plasticidade na ME in vitro, células foram coletadas de ratos neonatos Wistar e cultivadas em 6 grupos: um controle (D-10) e os demais grupos com diferentes combinações de meio condicionado do nervo isquiático (MCNI) e os OES de HS e CB. A morfometria celular foi avaliada após 96 horas por microscopia de contraste de fases, sendo em seguida realizada a imunocitoquímica para GFAP, GAP-43, NeuN e a plasticidade analisada por Microscopia Eletronica de Varredura. Os grupos foram comparados estatisticamente através do teste de Tukey e Bonferroni (p<0,05). Assim, foi possível avaliar a aderência, o efeito plástico e trófico das células nos grupos cultivados em D-10 acrescidos dos OES, com alterações morfológicas mais visíveis quando comparados com os grupos controle. O OE de CB, especialmente, promoveu a manutenção da expansão das células, indicando sua ação na plasticidade das células da ME. Quanto à análise regenerativa na ME in vivo, foram utilizados 40 ratos Wistar e de 4 deles foi removido o nervo isquiático (NI). Os 36 animais restantes foram submetidos a uma transecção medular com 4 mm de espessura ao nível torácico baixo e divididos em 6 grupos (n=6): no grupo 1 foi inoculado 10l de solução salina (5%) (SS); no grupo 2 FGNI mais 10l de SS (SS + NI); no grupo 3 FGNI mais o OE de HS (HS + NI); no grupo 4 foi inoculado apenas o OE de HS; no grupo 5 FGNI mais o OE de CB (CB + NI) e no grupo 6 foi inoculado apenas o OE de CB. O desempenho dos membros posteriores foi avaliado por 12 semanas usando pontuação do comportamento motor (BBB) e o déficit funcional ligado ao comportamento da pontuação combinada (CBS) e os dados dos testes comportamentais dos grupos tratados foram comparados estatisticamente. Ocorreu recuperação dos movimentos dos membros posteriores dos animais pertencentes aos grupos com o FGNI e com os OES quando comparados ao grupo SS e SS + NI. Entretanto, nos grupos com o OE de CB ocorreram resultados mais significativos e superioridade frente aos grupos com o OE de HS. Portanto, a combinação de OES e nervos periféricos como o NI, in vitro e in vivo, proporcionou a plasticidade morfológica e a melhora da recuperação funcional da ME.

: The spinal cord (SC) is affected in cases of direct or indirect trauma and some studies indicate that the peripheral nerves induce an environment conducive to regeneration. In addition, several medicinal plants have secondary metabolites with activities in the central nervous system. This study aimed to analyze the regenerative effect on SC in vitro and in vivo in the presence of sciatic nerve fragments (SNFG) with the addition of essential oils (EOS) from Hyptis suaveolens (HS) and Croton blanchetianus (CB). The HS and CB plants were submitted to the hydrodistillation process and the analysis of the chemical composition of the EOS was perfomed by gas chromatography and mass spectrometry. For the evaluation of cellular plasticity on SC in vitro, the SC cells were collected from newborn Wistar rats, and then cultured in six groups: one control (D-10) and the others with different combinations of sciatic nerve conditioned medium (SNCM) and HS and CB EOS. Cell morphometry was evaluated after 96 hours by phase contrast microscopy, and then the immunocytochemistry was performed for GFAP, GAP-43, NeuN and plasticity was performed by scanning electron microscopy. The groups were statistically compared using the Tukey and Bonferroni tests (p <0.05). Thus, it was possible to evaluate the adherence, the plastic and trophic effect in groups cultured in D-10 plus EOS, with more visible morphological changes when compared to control groups. CB EO, especially, promoted the maintenance of cell expansion, indicating its action on the plasticity of SC cells. Regarding the regenerative analysis on SC in vivo, forty Wistar rats were used; sciatic nerve was removed from four animals, and thirty-six animals were submitted to a 4 mm thick medullary transection at the lower thoracic level; the animals were later separated in 6 groups (n=6): in group 1, 10l of saline solution (5%)(SS); in group 2, FGNS plus 10l of SS (SS + NS); in group 3, FGNS plus HS essential oil (EO) (HS + NS); in group 4, only HS EO; in group 5, FGNS plus CB EO (CB + NS) and in group 6, only CB EO (CB + NS) were inoculated. Posterior limb performance was assessed weekly for 12 weeks, using motor behavior score (BBB) and functional deficit associated with combined score behavior (CBS). Data from the behavioral tests of the treated groups were compared statistically. The different types of treatments allowed the recovery of the hind limbs movements of the animals of the FGNI and OES groups, and they showed a better recovery when compared to the SS and SS + NS groups. However, the groups with the EO of CB showed more significant results and superiority compared to the groups with the EO of HS. Therefore, the combination of OES and peripheral nerves such as NI, in vitro and in vivo, provided morphological plasticity and an improvement in the functional recovery of SC.

A Catuama e o bilobalide na regeneração nervosa periférica de ratos submetidos à secção do nervo isquiático / Catuama and bilobalide on peripheral nerve regeneration in rats following sciatic nerve section

A Catuama® é a associação de quatro extratos hidroalcoolicos obtidos de plantas brasileiras (Paullinia cupana, Trichilia catigua, Ptychopetalum olacoides e Zingiber officinale) com conhecida ação neuroprotetora, anti-inflamatória, antioxidante e antidepressiva. O bilobalide é um componente extraído das folhas do Ginkgo biloba, que tem comprovada ação neuroprotetora nos sistemas nervosos central e periférico. O presente estudo avaliou os efeitos da Catuama® e do bilobalide na regeneração nervosa periférica de ratos submetidos à secção do nervo isquiático. Foram utilizados 40 ratos com implante de tubo de silicone preenchido por colágeno líquido, deixando-se um intervalo entre os segmentos nervosos de 10mm. Os animais foram divididos em 4 grupos: o grupo controle (A); os grupos que receberam a Catuama® administrada por via oral nos primeiros 28 dias de pós-operatório, nas doses de 100 (B) e 400mg.kg-1 (C); e o grupo que recebeu o bilobalide na dose de 200µM (D), este, adicionado ao colágeno líquido utilizado no implante de silicone. Os animais foram avaliados na primeira, quinta e décima semanas de pós-operatório pelo teste de marcha. Na décima semana, foi realizada avaliação eletrofisiológica e análises quantitativa e qualitativa dos cortes histológicos de amostras do nervo isquiático e do músculo gastrocnêmio. Em todas as análises utilizadas observou-se excelente regeneração dos nervos, no entanto, não foi encontrada diferença significativa (P>0,05) entre os grupos experimentais e controle.(AU)

The Catuama® is composed of four Brazilian plants extracts (Paullinia cupana, Trichilia catigua, Ptychopetalum olacoides e Zingiber officinale). The Catuama® is known as having neuroprotector, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antidepressant effects. Bilobalide, extracted from leaves of Ginkgo biloba, is known by its neuroprotective effect in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The present study evaluates the effect of Catuama® and bilobalide on peripheral nerve regeneration in rats following a sciatic nerve section. Sciatic nerve of forty adult rats was transected with a 10-mm gap and the proximal and distal nerve stumps were fixed in a silicone tube filled with liquid collagen. The animals were divided into four groups: the control group (A), two groups treated with Catuama® by gavage along 28 days after the surgery in different doses of 100 (B) and 400mg.kg-1 (C) and the group using 200µM bilobalide (D) associated with the liquid collagen in the silicone tube. Evaluations were done by a walk test on the first, fifth and tenth week after the surgery. Electrophysiological stimulation and quantitative and qualitative histological analyses of the sciatic nerve and gastrocnemius muscle were also performed on the tenth week after the surgery. All groups showed good regeneration but no statistical difference was found between treatments and control groups (P>0.05).(AU)

Perfil proteômico do líquido cefalorraquidiano após transplantes intratecal de células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes em equinos

Estudos com células estromais mesenquimais multipotentes (MSCs) estão em crescente progresso devido às suas propriedades imunomoduladoras, antiinflamatórias, antiapoptóticas e de regeneração tecidual, tornando essa modalidade de terapia celular promissora no tratamento de diversas doenças. Devido à limitada capacidade regenerativa do sistema nervoso central (CNS), causando sequelas funcionais, as MSCs estão sendo investigadas como uma alternativa terapêutica para condições neurológicas inflamatórias, vasculares, traumáticas e degenerativas em diversas espécies animais. A Mieloencefalite protozoária equina (EPM) causada por ambos os protozoários do filo Apicomplexa, Sarcocystis neurona e Neospora hughesi, permanece como uma importante doença neurológica dos equinos nas Américas, embora a maioria dos casos seja devida à infecção por S. neurona. A aplicação da proteômica com sua gama de ferramentas na clínica de equinos pode contribuir significativamente para o entendimento de processos patológicos e facilitar a descoberta de novos alvos terapêuticos ou marcadores diagnósticos. Neste contexto, os objetivos deste estudo foram avaliar o perfil proteômico do líquido cefalorraquidiano (CSF) antes e após múltiplos transplantes intratecal de MSCs em equinos hígidos e o perfil proteômico do CSF de equinos cronicamente afetados pela EPM. Doze cavalos adultos clinicamente saudáveis foram divididos aleatoriamente em três grupos experimentais: grupo DPBS (DPBS ou control; n = 4) onde a solução salina tamponada com fosfato de Dulbecco's (DPBS) foi administrada pela via intratecal; grupo AD-G (AD-G; n = 4), no qual foram realizados transplantes intratecal com MSCs alogênicas de tecido adiposo; e grupo BM-G (BM-G; n = 4), no qual foram realizados transplantes intratecal com MSCs alogênicas de medula óssea. Todos os grupos experimentais receberam três tratamentos seriados (DPBS ou MSCs) com intervalo de 30 dias entre eles. As amostras de CSF foram coletadas dos grupos experimentais imediatamente antes do primeiro tratamento (denominado momento M0 ou Before) e 30 dias após o terceiro tratamento (denominado momento M90 ou After). Ao mesmo tempo, os CSF de 16 equinos clinicamente saudáveis e de 9 equinos cronicamente afetados por EPM foram coletados da subaracnóide, denominados grupo Control (Control; n = 16) e grupo EPM (EPM; n = 9) respectivamente. Cada uma das amostras de CSF do grupo Control e do grupo EPM foram individualmente ressuspendidas e agrupadas em pool, totalizando dois pool representativos de cada um dos grupos experimentais e denominados igualmente (Control e EPM) para avaliar o perfil proteômico dos mesmos. De modo similar, os três grupos que receberam transplantes e coletas de CSF nos dois distintos momentos, foram agrupados em seis pool representativos para cada grupo e momento. Considerando a plataforma proteômica utilizada, os três grupos foram pareadamente comparados: DPBS After vs. Before, AD-G After vs. Before e BM-G After vs. Before, sendo encontradas 208, 211 e 131 proteínas em cada comparação, respectivamente. Do mesmo modo, na comparação pareada do CSF dos grupos EPM e Control, EPM vs. Control, 201 proteínas foram identificadas e 33 proteínas observadas exclusivamente no CSF do grupo EPM. Ademais, também foi observada na comparação pareada dos grupos DPBS, BM-G e EPM, a presença dos três tipos de enolases interagindo entre si (ENO 1, ENO 2 e ENO 3), sendo em DPBS e BM-G como exclusivas do momento After e no grupo EPM como exclusivas dele. Neste contexto, este estudo ao avaliar os perfis proteômico do CSF antes e após múltiplos transplantes intratecal de MSCs em equinos hígidos e do CSF de equinos cronicamente afetados pela EPM permitiu identificar as enolases como potenciais marcadores de lesão neural e/ou de EPM. Novos estudos devem ser realizados para confirmar estes achados e avançar no conhecimento dos efeitos da terapia celular com MSCs pela via intratecal, para o tratamento de lesões neurológicas em equinos.

Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cell (MSCs) studies are under increasing progress because of their immunomodulatory, anti-inflammatory, antiapoptotic and tissue regeneration properties, making this modality of cell therapy promising in the treatment of various diseases. Due to the limited regenerative capacity of the central nervous system (CNS), causing functional sequelae, MSCs are being investigated as a therapeutic alternative for inflammatory, vascular, traumatic and degenerative neurological conditions in various animal species. Equine protozoal myeloencephalitis (EPM) caused by both protozoa of the Apicomplexa phylum, Sarcocystis neurona and Neospora hughesi, remains an important neurological disease in horses in the Americas, although most cases are due to S. neurona infection. The application of proteomics with its range of tools in the equine clinic can contribute significantly to the understanding of pathological processes and facilitate the discovery of new therapeutic targets or diagnostic markers. In this context, the objectives of this study were to evaluate the proteomic profiling of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) before and after multiple intrathecal transplantations of MSCs in healthy horses and the CSF proteomic profiling of horses chronically affected by EPM. Twelve clinically healthy adult horses were randomly divided into three experimental groups: DPBS (DPBS or control; n = 4), in which intrathecal "transplants" with Dulbecco's phosphate buffered saline (DPBS) were performed; group AD-G (AD-Gs; n = 4), in which intrathecal transplants were performed with allogeneic adipose tissue MSCs; and BM-G group (BM-G; n = 4), in which intrathecal transplants were performed with allogeneic bone marrow MSCs. All experimental groups received three serial treatments (DPBS or MSCs) with a 30-day interval between them. CSF samples were collected from the experimental groups immediately before the first treatment (called the M0 or Before) and 30 days after the third treatment (called the M90 or After). At the same time, CSF of 16 healthy horses and 9 horses chronically affected by EPM were collected from the subarachnoid, Control group (Control; n = 16) and EPM group (EPM; n = 9) respectively. Each of the CSF samples from the Control group and from the EPM group were individually resuspended and pooled, totalizing two representative pools of each one the experimental groups and also named (Control and EPM) to evaluate their proteomic profilings. Similarly, the three groups that received transplants and CSF collections at two different times were grouped into six representative pools for each group and time. Considering the proteomic platform used, the three groups were similarly compared: DPBS After vs. Before, AD-G After vs. Before and BM-G After vs. Before, being found 208, 211 and 131 proteins in each comparison, respectively. Likewise, in the paired comparison of the CSF of the EPM and Control groups, EPM vs. Control, 201 proteins were identified, and 33 proteins were observed exclusively in the CSF of the EPM group. In addition, the presence of the three types of enolases interacting with each other (ENO 1, ENO 2 and ENO 3) was also observed in the comparison of the DPBS, BM-G and EPM groups, being exclusives in DPBS and BM-G at time After and in the EPM group as its exclusively. In this context, this study, when evaluating the proteomic profilings of CSF before and after multiple intrathecal transplantations of MSCs in healthy horses and CSF of horses chronically affected by EPM, allowed the identification of enolases as potential markers of neural and / or EPM injury. Further studies should be performed to confirm these findings and to advance the knowledge of the effects of intrathecal cell therapy with MSCs for the treatment of neurological lesions in horses.

TRAUMA RAQUIMEDULAR: AVALIAÇÃO DO POTENCIAL NEUROREGENERADOR E NEUROPROTETOR DA FRAÇÃO PROTEICA EXTRAÍDA DO LÁTEX

A lesão medular não é um evento incomum na medicina humana e veterinária e resulta em disfunções neurológicas de graus variados. Apesar dos esforços no tratamento, lesões medulares frequentemente causam sequelas permanentes, desde déficit proprioceptivo isolado até paralisia completa de membros. A membrana confeccionada à base de látex natural extraído da seringueira Hevea brasiliensis tem sido utilizada com sucesso para regeneração de tecidos, e seu potencial regenerador foi reconhecido como sendo de uma fração proteica conhecida como proteína P1. Este novo biomaterial foi eficaz em vários testes de regeneração em animais de experimentação e humanos, e, ainda que tenha mostrado potencial regenerador em teste de lesão de nervo periférico, a proteína ainda não foi testada em Sistema Nervoso Central. Objetivou-se avaliar o potencial regenerador da fração proteica extraída do látex natural (P1) na hemissecção da medula espinhal em ratos. Foram utilizados 18 ratos machos adultos submetidos à hemissecção medular no segmento medular T13 subdivididos em dois grupos: GHP (tratados com proteína P1 em gel de ácido hialurônico) e GHSP (tratado somente com ácido hialurônico). Foram realizadas análises neuroclínicas, bem como avaliação funcional da marcha em plataforma de acrílico. Após oito semanas os animais foram submetidos à eutanásia e os segmentos medulares envolvidos foram avaliados por histoquímica pela coloração Tricrômico de Masson e Luxol Fast Blue, além de avaliação da reação astroglial por imunoistoquímica. Não houve diferença significativa entre os dois grupos para as avaliações neuroclínicas, não sendo observado melhora clínica satisfatória para as variáveis analisadas, porém, em relação à análise histológica foi notada diferença importante entre os grupos, evidenciando menor reação cicatricial e degeneração do tecido medular restante, além de presença de hipercelularidade organizada e menor reação astroglial nos animais tratados com a fração protéica P1. Apesar da não evidência de melhora nos parâmetro neuroclínicos com o uso da proteína P1, houve alterações histológicas notórias e relevantes nos animais em que foi utilizada, além de ser benéfica como indutora de neuroproteção.

Spinal cord injury is not an uncommon event in human and veterinary medicine and results in neurological dysfunctions of varying degrees. Despite efforts in treatment, spinal cord injuries often cause permanent sequelae, ranging from isolated proprioceptive deficit to complete limb paralysis. The membrane made from natural latex extracted from the rubber tree Hevea brasiliensis has been successfully used for tissue regeneration and its regenerative potential has been recognized as being of a protein fraction known as P1 protein. This new biomaterial has been effective in several regeneration tests in experimental animals and humans, and although it has shown a potential regenerator in a peripheral nerve injury test, the protein has not yet been tested in the Central Nervous System. The objective of this study was to evaluate the regenerative potential of the protein fraction extracted from natural latex (P1) in the hemisection of the spinal cord in rats. Eighteen adult male rats submitted to medullary hemisection in the T13 medullary segment were subdivided into two groups: GHP (treated with protein P1 in hyaluronic acid gel) and GHSP (treated with hyaluronic acid only). Neuroclinical analyzes were performed as well as functional evaluation of gait on acrylic platform. After eight weeks the animals were submitted to euthanasia and the involved spinal segments were evaluated by histochemistry by Masson and Luxol Fast Blue Trichrome staining, as well as evaluation of the astroglial reaction by immunohistochemistry. There was no significant difference between the two groups for the neuroclinical evaluations, and no satisfactory clinical improvement was observed for the analyzed variables; however, in relation to the histological analysis, an important difference between the groups was observed, evidencing a smaller cicatricial reaction and degeneration of the remaining spinal cord tissue, besides the presence of organized hypercellularity and less astroglial reaction in the animals treated with the protein fraction P1. Although there was no evidence of improvement in the neuroclinical parameters with the use of the P1 protein, there were significant and relevant histological changes in the animals in which it was used, besides being beneficial as inducer of neuroprotection.

Sciatic nerve regeneration in rats by a nerve conduit engineering with a membrane derived from natural latex / Regeneração do nervo ciático em ratos através de um conduto confeccionado com uma membrana de látex natural

PURPOSE: To evaluate the capacity of natural latex membrane to accelerate and improve the regeneration quality of the of rat sciatic nerves. METHODS: Forty male adult Wistar rats were used, anesthetized and operated to cut the sciatic nerve and receive an autograft or a conduit made with a membrane derived from natural latex (Hevea brasiliensis). Four or eight weeks after surgery, to investigate motor nerve recovery, we analyzed the neurological function by walking pattern (footprints analysis and computerized treadmill), electrophysiological evaluation and histological analysis of regenerated nerve (autologous nerve graft or tissue cables between the nerve stumps), and anterior tibial and gastrocnemius muscles. RESULTS: All functional and morphological analysis showed that the rats transplanted with latex conduit had a better neurological recovery than those operated with autologous nerve: quality of footprints, performance on treadmill (p<0.01), electrophysiological response (p<0.05), and quality of histological aspects on neural regeneration. CONCLUSION: The data reported showed behavioral and functional recovery in rats implanted with latex conduit for sciatic nerve repair, supporting a complete morphological and physiological regeneration of the nerve.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Avaliar a capacidade de uma membrana de látex natural em acelerar e melhorar a qualidade da regeneração do nervo ciático seccionado de ratos. MÉTODOS: Foram utilizados 40 ratos machos adultos da linhagem Wistar, anestesiados e operados com autoenxerto ou com interposição de um tubo confeccionado com uma membrana derivada do latex natural (Havea brasiliensis). Quatro ou oito semanas após a cirurgia, para investigar a recuperação motora do nervo, foram analisadas a função neurológica através do padrão da marcha (análise das pegadas e esteira computadorizada), avaliação eletrofisiológica e análise histológica do nervo regenerado (enxerto de nervo autólogo ou formação de nervo novo entre os cotos nervosos) e músculos gastrocnêmio e tibial anterior. RESULTADOS: Todas as análises morfológicas e funcionais demonstraram que os ratos transplantados com o conduto de látex tiveram recuperação melhor do que aqueles operados com nervo autólogo: qualidade das pegadas impressas, desempenho em esteira (p<0,01), resposta eletrofisiológica (p<0,05), e qualidade histológica da regeneração nervosa. CONCLUSÃO: Os dados apresentados demonstraram recuperação comportamental e funcional nos ratos implantados com o conduto de látex para a reparação do nervo ciático por meio de uma completa regeneração morfológica e fisiológica do nervo.(AU)

Muscle reinnervation in one or two stages?: experimental study in rats with end-to-side nerve graft / Reinervação muscular em um ou dois estágios?: estudo experimental em ratos com enxerto de nervo término-lateral

PURPOSE: To compare muscle reinnervation in one and two surgical stages using end-to-side neurorrhaphy (ESN) without donor nerve injury. METHODS: The experiment was performed on four groups of 20 rats. Group 1 (G1), one stage, received the graft which was sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN, and its free stump was sutured end-to-end to the distal stump of the sectioned peroneal nerve (PN), all in the same operation. In Group 2 (G2), two stages, the nerve graft was sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN. Two months later the PN was sectioned and its distal stump connected to the distal stump of the graft as in G1. Normal control group (Gn) received the graft only sutured to the tibial nerve, with ESN. Denervated control group (Gd), as well received the graft and had the PN sectioned and its two stumps buried in adjacent musculature, with the aim of denervating the cranial tibial muscle (CTM), the target of this study. The parameters used to evaluate CTM reinnervation were muscle mass, muscle fiber's minimum diameter and area. RESULTS: The mean CTM mass, the average of the muscular fibers areas and the average of the muscular fiber minimum diameters was higher (all p<0.0001) in G2 than in G1. Comparing the four groups, these parameters had their maximum expression in Gn and the minimum in Gd, as expected. CONCLUSION: The two stages showed better muscle reinnervation than one stage.(AU)

OBJETIVO: Comparar a reinervação muscular com enxerto de nervo em um e dois tempos operatórios, utilizando a neurorrafia término-lateral (NTL) sem lesão do nervo doador. MÉTODOS: Vinte ratos foram distribuídos em quatro grupos. O grupo 1 (G1), um estágio, recebeu o enxerto que foi suturado ao nervo tibial (NT), por meio de NTL, e seu coto livre foi suturado por NTL ao coto distal do nervo peroneal (NP), seccionado a um centímetro do NT, na mesma cirurgia. O grupo 2 (G2), dois estágios, recebeu o enxerto de nervo na primeira cirurgia, como já descrito. Dois meses depois, na segunda cirurgia, o NP foi seccionado e seu coto distal ligado ao coto distal do enxerto como em G1. O grupo controle de normalidade (Gn) recebeu o enxerto da mesma forma, apenas. E o grupo controle de denervação (Gd), além de receber o enxerto, teve o NP seccionado e seus cotos sepultados na musculatura adjacente, com a finalidade de denervar o músculo tibial cranial (MTC), alvo deste estudo. Os parâmetros utilizados para avaliar a reinervação do MTC foram massa muscular, diâmetro mínimo da fibra muscular e área. RESULTADOS: O grupo G2 apresentou superioridade (p<0,0001) em relação ao G1 na massa do MTC, no diâmetro mínimo e na área das fibras musculares. Na comparação entre os quatro grupos, estes mesmos parâmetros tiveram sua expressão máxima em Gn e mínima em Gd, como era esperado. CONCLUSÃO: A reinervação muscular em dois estágios apresenta melhor resultado quando comparada à técnica em um tempo.(AU)

Comunicação exossomal na transdiferenciação de células-tronco em cocultivo com células neuronais

ROBALLO, K. C. S. Comunicação exossomal na transdiferenciação de células-tronco em cocultivo com células neuronais. 2017. 159 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciências) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2017. Células neuronais cocultivadas com células-tronco derivadas do tecido adiposo (ADSC) podem induzir estas últimas à transdiferenciação neuronal. No entanto, os processos de comunicação celular envolvidos nessa indução, e a funcionalidade da ADSC transdiferenciada in vivo, são desconhecidos. Recentemente, um novo tipo de comunicação celular mediada por vesículas extracelulares são indicados na modulação de diferentes eventos celulares como a diferenciação. Portanto, a hipótese, nesta proposta, foi identificar se o processo de diferenciação celular é mediado por vesículas extracelulares e se as células diferenciadas são capazes de atuar na regeneração de tecidos nas lesões do sistema nervoso periférico. Para tal, essa pesquisa foi dividida em duas fases: a primeira consiste no processo in vitro, com o objetivo de observar o processo de transição da ADSC para a linhagem neuronal e analisar a função da comunicação celular no processo de diferenciação; a segunda consistiu na avaliação in vivo da possível funcionalidade das ADSC diferenciadas. O camundongo foi o modelo animal utilizado (C57BL/6 e FVB). As ADSC e as células neuronais foram isoladas, cultivadas em cultivo primário e cocultivadas durante três, sete e 14 dias. Para a comprovação das mudanças fenotípicas das ADSC, realizou-se a imunolocalização com beta tubulina III e SNAP25 e PCR em tempo real (RT-qPCR) dos genes Map2 e Snap25. Seguido de analises de genes relacionados com a neurogênese. Adicionalmente, as vesículas extracelulares foram isoladas e utilizados para análises in vitro da diferenciação e análises gênicas e funcionais. Como resultado, verificou-se que as ADSC em cocultivo com neurônios podem se diferenciar em neuronais-like. Além disso, comprovou-se a comunicação por vesículas extracelulares entre neurônios e ADSC, e as vesículas extracelulares foram correlacionadas neste processo, pelo transporte da proteína SNAP25. Após estes resultados prosseguiu-se para a segunda fase deste trabalho, a etapa in vivo, que incidiu na utilização das ADSC cocultivadas por sete dias e avaliação funcional local e sistêmica no processo de regeneração do nervo ciático após neurotmese. Como resultado desta etapa as células-tronco cocultivadas modularam a lesão, e proporcionaram uma melhoria na funcionalidade após lesão. Conclui-se, através desta pesquisa, que as ADSC diferenciadas em neuronais-like, sob indução dos neurônios e suas vesículas extracelulares podem ser uma fonte celular alternativa no auxílio na regeneração de nervos periféricos.

ROBALLO, K. C. S. Exosome communication in the transdifferentiation of stem cells in co-culture with neuronal cells. 2017. 159 f. Thesis (PhD in Science) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2017. Neuronal cells co-cultured with stem cells derived from adipose tissue (ADSC) can induce the latter to neuronal transdifferentiation. However, the cellular communication processes involved in this induction, and the functionality of the transdifferentiated ADSC in vivo, are unknown. Recently, a new type of cellular communication measured by extracellular vesicles was indicated in the modulation of different cellular events like differentiation. Therefore, the hypothesis in this proposal was to identify if the process of cellular differentiation is mediated by extracellular vesicles and if the differentiated cells are able to act in the regeneration of tissues in the lesions of the peripheral nervous system. For this, the research was divided in two phases: the first one consisted of the in vitro process, with the objective of observing the transition process of the ADSC to the neuronal lineage and analyzing the cellular communication function in the differentiation process; the second consisted in the in vivo evaluation of the possible functionality of the differentiated ADSCs. Murine was the animal model used (C57BL/6 and FVB). ADSCs and neuronal cells were isolated, cultured in primary culture and co-cultured for three, seven and 14 days. To confirm the phenotypic changes of ADSC, immunolocalization with beta tubulin III and SNAP25 and real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) of the Map2 and Snap25 genes was performed, followed by analysis of genes related to neurogenesis. In addition, extracellular vesicles were isolated and used for in vitro differentiation and gene and functional analysis. As a result, it has been found that ADSCs in co-culture with neurons can differentiate into neuronal-like. The communication by extracellular vesicles between neurons and ADSCs was verified, and the extracellular vesicles were correlated in the differentiation process by the transport of the protein SNAP25. After these results, the second phase of this work was continued, the in vivo step, which focused on the use of the co-cultivated ADSCs for seven days and functional local and systemic evaluation in the process of sciatic nerve regeneration after neurotmese. As a result of this step, the co-cultured stem cells modulated the lesion and provided an improvement in functionality after injury. It is concluded that ADSCs can transdifferentiate neuronal lines in co-culture with neurons, the extracellular vesicles play a certain role in this process and the transdifferentiated ADSC may be an alternative to aid in the regeneration of peripheral nerves.

INFLUÊNCIA DO LASER DE BAIXA INTENSIDADE COM POTÊNCIA DE 100mW NA LESÃO DO NERVO ISQUIÁTICO E NA RECUPERAÇÃO FUNCIONAL DE RATOS

Lesões periféricas nervosas têm alta incidência dentre os traumas, resultando em esmagamento do nervo ou transecção, causando incapacidade funcional significativo, com consequências ao longo da vida. Este tipo de desordem clínica é desafiadora, levando a deficiências sensoriais e motora. Assim, a utilização de uma intervenção, o laser ganha força no tratamento dessas moléstias, interage com as células e tecidos estimula certas funções celulares, sua maior potência média do emissor poderá ofertar maior energia sobre o tecido em menor tempo e o objetivo do trabalho foi verificar se o laser de 100mW influenciará na regeneração do nervo isquiático em ratos. Foram submetidos ao experimento, 40 ratos, divididos em 4 grupos (n=10), todos animais foram sofrerão a denervação do nervo isquiático O laser de baixa intensidade (LBI) foi aplicado no grupo 1 : comprimento de onda 660nm com densidade de energia de 54J/cm², grupo 2: comprimento de 808nm e densidade de energia de 54J/cm², grupo 3: falso tratado e grupo 4: controle. Foram avaliados por imagem no scanner afim de analisar o índice funcional estático do nervo isquiático nos períodos pré-operatório, 1°, 7°, 14° e 21° pós-operatório, pelo programa IMAGE J para verificar a evolução funcional do membro lesado. Foi realizado o teste de Tukey com nível de significância de 5% e os valores médios do índice estático do isquiático no pré, 1°, 7°, 14° e 21° dias pós-operatórios os resultados foram respectivamente, grupo 660nm (-6.86, -84.32, -76.86 e -4.94), grupo 808nm (5.33, -87.66, -67.88, -71,70 e -11, 36), Grupo controle (1.50, -80.72, -79.62, -72,35 e -9.64), grupo falso tratado ou Sham (-4.48, -78.77, -70.48, -71.51 e -7.81) os valores foram comparados entre grupo e períodos, identificando que os períodos do pré-operatório e 21° mostraram se estátisticamente iguais em todos os grupos, assim como os de 1° a 14° pós-operatório. Mostrando que o laser de 100Mw não melhora a função estática dos animais submetidos a lesão parcial do nervo isquiático.

Peripheral nerve lesions have a high incidence among traumas, resulting in nerve crushing or transection, causing significant functional disability, with consequences throughout life. This type of clinical disorder is challenging, leading to sensory and motor deficiencies. Thus, the use of an intervention, the laser gains force in the treatment of these diseases, interacts with the cells and tissues stimulates certain cellular functions, its greater average power of the emitter can offer more energy on the tissue in less time and the objective of the work was to verify whether the 100mW laser will influence the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in rats. 40 rats, divided into 4 groups (n = 10), were all submitted to denervation of the sciatic nerve. The low intensity laser (LBI) was applied in group 1: 660nm wavelength with energy density of 54J / cm², group 2: length of 808nm and energy density of 54J / cm², group 3: false treated and group 4: control. They were evaluated by image in the scanner in order to analyze the static index of the sciatic nerve in the preoperative periods, 1 °, 7 °, 14 ° and 21 ° postoperatively, by the IMAGE J program to verify the functional evolution of the injured limb. The Tukey test was performed with significance level of 5% and the mean values of the functional index of the pre, 1°, 7°, 14° and 21° postoperative days were, respectively, group 660nm (-6.86, -84.32, -76.86 and -4.94), group 808nm (5.33, -87.66, -67.88, -71.70 and -11.36), control group (1.50, -80.72, -79.62, -72.35 and -9.64), the Sham group ( -4.48, -78.77, -70.48, -71.51 and -7.81), the values were compared between groups and periods, indicating that the preoperative periods and 21 ° showed to be statistically equal in all groups, as well as those of 1 ° to 14th postoperative period. The results show that the 100MW laser does not improve the static function of animals submitted to partial lesion of the sciatic nerve.

Effects of Deletion of the Connexin 32 gene on pro and Anti-inflammatories Aspects in the Ethidium Bromide Toxic Demyelination Model

Gap junctions are cellular structures that allow transit of molecules between cells, allowing intercellular signaling and transportation. They are formed by proteins denominated connexins and represent key structures in highly complex and integrated tissues, such as the central nervous system (CNS). The present study evaluates the effects of connexin 32 (Cx32) deletion upon CNS inflammation and regeneration/repair after 1, 3, 7, 10 and 20 days after intracerebral injection of ethidium bromide in Cx32 Knock Out and normal mice. To accomplish so, Real Time PCR gene expression quantification was performed upon Tumour Necrosis Factor alpha (TNFα), Transforming Growth Factor beta 1 (TGFß1), Metalloproteinase 3 (MMP3), Metalloproteinase 9 (MMP9) and Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases 1 (TIMP1) genes. Results indicate varying differences in the expression pattern, including difference in expression of all evaluated genes in the 3 days post injection period, apex of the acute inflammation mechanisms. These results suggest that Cx32 may perform important functions on molecular, inflammatory and regenerative/repair signalling in the CNS.(AU)

Histological analysis of low-intensity laser therapy effects in peripheral nerve regeneration in Wistar rats / Avaliacao histologica dos efeitos da laserterapia de baixa potencia sobre os processos de regeneracao nervosa periferica em ratos Wistar

Purpose: Analyze the influence of low-intensity laser therapy in the sciatic nerve regeneration of rats submitted to controlled crush through histological analysis. Methods: Were used 20 Wistar rats, to analyze the influence of low-intensity laser therapy in the sciatic nerve regeneration, where the injury of the type axonotmesis was induced by a haemostatic clamp Crile (2nd level of the rack). The animals were randomly distributed in 2 groups. Control group (CG n = 10) and Laser group (LG n = 10). These were subdivided in 2 subgroups each, according to the euthanasia period: (CG14 _ n = 5 and CG21 _ n = 5) and (LG14 _ n = 5 and LG21 _ n = 5). At the end of treatment, the samples were removed and prepared for histological analysis, where were analyzed and quantified the following findings: Schwann cells, myelinic axons with large diameter and neurons. Results: In the groups submitted to low-intensity laser therapy, were observed an increase in the number of all analyzed aspects with significance level. Conclusion: The irradiation with low intensity laser (904nm) influenced positively the regeneration of the sciatic nerve in Wistar rats after being injured by crush (axonotmesis), becoming the nerve recovery more rapid and efficient.(AU)

Objetivo: Verificar a influencia da terapia com laser de baixa potencia na regeneracao histologica do nervo ciatico de ratos submetidos a neuropraxia controlada. Metodos: Foi utilizada a amostra de 20 ratos da linhagem Wistar, para verificar a influencia da terapia com laser de baixa intensidade na regeneracao nervosa periferica, onde a lesao do tipo axoniotmese foi induzida por meio de preensao com pinca hemostatica de Crile. Os animais foram distribuidos randomicamente dois grupos. Grupo controle (CG n = 10), e Grupo laser (LG n = 10). Cada um destes grupos foi subdividido em dois subgrupos dependendo do periodo da eutanasia: (CG14 - n = 5 e CG21 - n = 5) e (LG14 - n = 5 e LG21 - n = 5). Ao final do tratamento, amostras do nervo foram retiradas e analisadas histologicamente, nas quais foi adotado na pesquisa a analise do numero de neuronios, de celulas de Schwann (CS) e de axonios mielinicos de grande diametro. Resultados: Nos grupos submetidos a terapia com laser de baixa potencia foi observado aumento do numero de todos os aspectos analisados com diferenca estatisticamente significante. Conclusao: A irradiacao com o laser de baixa intensidade (904nm) influenciou positivamente na regeneracao do nervo ciatico de ratos da linhagem Wistar pos neuropraxia controlada (axonotmese), tornando a recuperacao nervosa mais rapida e eficiente.(AU)