Zootechnical performance, degree of steatosis and the genotoxic potential in yellowtail tetra Astyanax lacustris fed with different levels of L-carnitine / Desempenho zootécnico, grau de esteatose e potencial genotóxico de lambaris Astyanax lacustris alimentados com diferentes níveis de L-carnitina

L-carnitine perform a major role in transporting long-chain fatty acids into the mitochondria, where they are oxidized. It has been used in animal diets to decrease fat and increase muscle protein. The aim of this study was to evaluate the zootechnical performance, degree of steatosis in the liver, and genotoxic potential in Astyanax lacustris fed with different levels of L-carnitine (LC). Yellowtail tetra juveniles (n = 140) were distributed in 20 tanks of 70 L, with seven fish in each, in a water recirculation system with controlled temperature (27±0.1°C). The treatments with different levels of L-carnitine supplementation were: 0 (control), 250, 500, 750, and 1000 mg of LC per kg of food. The diets were provided twice a day for 60 days. The results showed that the different levels of LC did not affect (P>0.05) weight gain, survival, viscerosomatic index, and the liver hepatocytes showed a normal appearance. However, the use of LC supplementation showed genotoxic potential with a significant difference (P<0.05) for cell alterations when compared to the control at concentrations above 500mg kg-1.

A L-carnitina exerce um papel importante no transporte de ácidos graxos de cadeia longa até a mitocôndria para serem oxidados e tem sido incorporada em rações para animais com o objetivo de diminuir a deposição de gordura e aumentar a proteína muscular. O objetivo deste trabalho foi avaliar o desempenho zootécnico, o grau de esteatose no fígado e o potencial genotóxico em Astyanax lacustris alimentados com diferentes níveis de L-carnitina (LC). Juvenis de lambari-do-rabo-amarelo (n=140) foram distribuídos em 20 caixas de 70L, sete peixes em cada, em um sistema de recirculação de água com temperatura controlada (27±0,1°C). Os tratamentos com os níveis de suplementação foram: 0 (controle), 250, 500, 750 e 1000 mg de LC kg-1 de ração. As dietas foram fornecidas duas vezes ao dia, durante 60 dias. Os resultados mostraram que os diferentes níveis de LC não influenciaram (P>0,05) o ganho de peso; a sobrevivência, o índice viscerossomático e os hepatócitos do fígado apresentaram-se com aparência normal. No entanto, a suplementação com LC apresentou potencial genotóxico com diferença significativa (P<0,05) para alterações celulares quando comparada ao controle em concentrações superiores a 500mg kg-1.

Influence of Thermally Oxidized Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters and Meat Quality of Broilers

The current study was planned to investigate the influence of soy oil, oxidized soy oil, poultry oil single refined and poultry oil double refined on the performance of broilers chicken. A total of two hundred and forty, day-old broiler chicks were divided into 4 treatments in such a way that each treatment had six replicates and each replicate had ten chicks. The experimental treatments were separated with the usage of single refined poultry oil, double refined poultry oil, oxidized soy oil and soy oil in the diet of broilers. In both starter and overall periods average body weight was higher (p 0.05) for birds which were on a basal diet containing soy oil as compared to other diets. Similarly, feed intake was higher (p 0.05) for birds which were on a basal diet containing soy oil in the starter phase. In the overall phase, average body weight was less in oxidized oil as compared to other dietary treatments (p 0.05). Similarly, birds showed poor feed conversion ratio in the basal diet that contained oxidized oil (p 0.05) in the overall phase of the experiment. The birds showed better digestibility (p 0.05) for crude fat on a basal diet containing vegetable oil and double refined poultry oil as compared to other diets. Results showed no effects of experimental treatments on the meat quality and carcass parameters (p>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that poultry single refined and double refined oil could be a possible substitute for fresh soy oil for better performance as compared to oxidized soy oil.(AU)

Influence of Thermally Oxidized Vegetable Oil and Animal Fats on Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, Carcass Parameters and Meat Quality of Broilers

The current study was planned to investigate the influence of soy oil, oxidized soy oil, poultry oil single refined and poultry oil double refined on the performance of broilers chicken. A total of two hundred and forty, day-old broiler chicks were divided into 4 treatments in such a way that each treatment had six replicates and each replicate had ten chicks. The experimental treatments were separated with the usage of single refined poultry oil, double refined poultry oil, oxidized soy oil and soy oil in the diet of broilers. In both starter and overall periods average body weight was higher (p 0.05) for birds which were on a basal diet containing soy oil as compared to other diets. Similarly, feed intake was higher (p 0.05) for birds which were on a basal diet containing soy oil in the starter phase. In the overall phase, average body weight was less in oxidized oil as compared to other dietary treatments (p 0.05). Similarly, birds showed poor feed conversion ratio in the basal diet that contained oxidized oil (p 0.05) in the overall phase of the experiment. The birds showed better digestibility (p 0.05) for crude fat on a basal diet containing vegetable oil and double refined poultry oil as compared to other diets. Results showed no effects of experimental treatments on the meat quality and carcass parameters (p>0.05). Therefore, it can be concluded that poultry single refined and double refined oil could be a possible substitute for fresh soy oil for better performance as compared to oxidized soy oil.

Effect of Fat Sources and Emulsifier Levels in Broiler Diets on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Carcass Parameters

The objective of the current study was to check the effect of fat types and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) levels in broiler diets on broilers performance. For this purpose, three sources of fat {soy oil (SO), poultry oil (PO), and oxidized oil (OO) (oxidized soy oil)} and four levels of PGPR were used in a 3×4 factorial arrangement. The trial had 12 different dietary treatments: (T1) basal ration (BR) containing SO without PGPR supplementation, (T2) BR containing PO without PGPR supplementation, (T3) BR containing OO without PGPR supplementation, (T4) BR containing SO with PGPR supplementation (0.025%), (T5) BR containing PO with PGPR supplementation (0.025%), (T6) BR containing OO with PGPR supplementation (0.025%), (T7) BR containing SO with PGPR supplementation (0.035%), (T8) BR containing PO with PGPR supplementation (0.035%), (T9) BR containing OO with PGPR supplementation (0.035%), (T10) BR containing SO with PGPR supplementation (0.045%), (T11) BR containing PO with PGPR supplementation (0.045%), (T12) BR containing OO with PGPR supplementation (0.045%). Results revealed that interaction was present for fat sources and PGPR levels in the current experiment (p 0.05) for feed conversion ratio, body weight, dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF) digestiblities (p 0.05). In overall trial, interaction results of PGPR and fat sources showed that performance of birds and nutrient digestiblities of DM and CF was increased in birds received diet contained SO and PGPR @ 0.35%. It is concluded that PGPR @ 0.035% could be successfully used in broiler ration contained soy oil to improve the performance.(AU)

Effect of Fat Sources and Emulsifier Levels in Broiler Diets on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Carcass Parameters

The objective of the current study was to check the effect of fat types and polyglycerol polyricinoleate (PGPR) levels in broiler diets on broilers performance. For this purpose, three sources of fat {soy oil (SO), poultry oil (PO), and oxidized oil (OO) (oxidized soy oil)} and four levels of PGPR were used in a 3×4 factorial arrangement. The trial had 12 different dietary treatments: (T1) basal ration (BR) containing SO without PGPR supplementation, (T2) BR containing PO without PGPR supplementation, (T3) BR containing OO without PGPR supplementation, (T4) BR containing SO with PGPR supplementation (0.025%), (T5) BR containing PO with PGPR supplementation (0.025%), (T6) BR containing OO with PGPR supplementation (0.025%), (T7) BR containing SO with PGPR supplementation (0.035%), (T8) BR containing PO with PGPR supplementation (0.035%), (T9) BR containing OO with PGPR supplementation (0.035%), (T10) BR containing SO with PGPR supplementation (0.045%), (T11) BR containing PO with PGPR supplementation (0.045%), (T12) BR containing OO with PGPR supplementation (0.045%). Results revealed that interaction was present for fat sources and PGPR levels in the current experiment (p 0.05) for feed conversion ratio, body weight, dry matter (DM) and crude fat (CF) digestiblities (p 0.05). In overall trial, interaction results of PGPR and fat sources showed that performance of birds and nutrient digestiblities of DM and CF was increased in birds received diet contained SO and PGPR @ 0.35%. It is concluded that PGPR @ 0.035% could be successfully used in broiler ration contained soy oil to improve the performance.

Effect of Fat Sources and Emulsifier Supplementation in Broiler Starter, Grower and Finisher Diets on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Carcass Parameters

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fat sources and emulsifier supplementation in different phases on growth performance of broilers. Treatments were; (T1) basal ration (BR) which contained soy oil (SO) and had inclusion of emulsifier for whole life, (T2) BR which contained poultry fat (PO) and had inclusion of emulsifier for whole life, (T3) BR which contained oxidized oil (OO) and had inclusion of emulsifier for whole life, (T4) BR which contained SO and had inclusion of emulsifier during starter phase (T5) BR which contained PO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the starter phase, (T6) BR which contained OO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the starter phase, (T7) BR which contained SO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the starter phase (T8) BR which contained PO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the grower phase, (T9) BR which contained OO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the grower phase, (T10) BR which contained SO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the finisher phase, (T11) BR which contained PO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the finisher phase (T12) BR which contained OO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the finisher phase. The Basal ration which contained SO and supplemented emulsifier during the grower phase and throughout life increased the body weight gain. The supplementation of emulsifier in the finisher phase and throughout life in a diet which contained SO had better feed conversion ratio. The supplementation of emulsifier in the finisher phase and throughout life in SO based diet increased the dry matter and crude fat digestibility. We recommend emulsifier supplementation in the finisher phase for the economic point of view.(AU)

Effect of Fat Sources and Emulsifier Supplementation in Broiler Starter, Grower and Finisher Diets on Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Carcass Parameters

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the effect of fat sources and emulsifier supplementation in different phases on growth performance of broilers. Treatments were; (T1) basal ration (BR) which contained soy oil (SO) and had inclusion of emulsifier for whole life, (T2) BR which contained poultry fat (PO) and had inclusion of emulsifier for whole life, (T3) BR which contained oxidized oil (OO) and had inclusion of emulsifier for whole life, (T4) BR which contained SO and had inclusion of emulsifier during starter phase (T5) BR which contained PO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the starter phase, (T6) BR which contained OO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the starter phase, (T7) BR which contained SO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the starter phase (T8) BR which contained PO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the grower phase, (T9) BR which contained OO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the grower phase, (T10) BR which contained SO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the finisher phase, (T11) BR which contained PO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the finisher phase (T12) BR which contained OO and had inclusion of emulsifier during the finisher phase. The Basal ration which contained SO and supplemented emulsifier during the grower phase and throughout life increased the body weight gain. The supplementation of emulsifier in the finisher phase and throughout life in a diet which contained SO had better feed conversion ratio. The supplementation of emulsifier in the finisher phase and throughout life in SO based diet increased the dry matter and crude fat digestibility. We recommend emulsifier supplementation in the finisher phase for the economic point of view.

METABOLISM OF GLYCEROL IN PIGS FED DIETS CONTAINING MIXED CRUDE GLYCERIN AND -ADRENERGIC AGONIST

O glicerol é um importante componente do metabolismo animal que pode ser destinado à síntese de triacilgliceróis, glicose ou ser oxidado para produção de energia. A glicerina bruta apresenta elevada concentração de glicerol (70 a 95%) e alto valor energético (cerca de 4.320 kcal de energia bruta/kg) e, assim, vem sendo estudada como fonte energética na alimentação de animais de produção, como os suínos. A ractopamina, por sua vez, tem sido utilizada como suplemento dietético para suínos, a fim de se obter carcaças com menores teores de gordura e maior quantidade de massa magra, potencializando o processo de produção e tornando a carne desses animais mais competitiva no mercado. Neste sentido, a otimização do uso de glicerina bruta mista (GBM) e cloridrato de ractopamina (RAC) em dietas para suínos em terminação requer uma melhor compreensão do metabolismo do glicerol. Portanto, este estudo foi conduzido para avaliar o desempenho, parâmetros sanguíneos, teores de metabólitos no músculo e a atividade de enzimas no fígado, tecido adiposo e rim de suínos alimentados com dietas contendo GBM e/ou RAC. De acordo com o peso inicial, 64 suínos machos castrados foram distribuídos em esquema fatorial 4 x 2, correspondendo a quatro concentrações de GBM (0, 100, 150 e 200 g/kg ou 0, 10, 15 e 20%) em dietas contendo 0 ou 10 mg/kg de RAC. Cada dieta foi avaliada em oito repetições. O desempenho durante o período experimental de 28 dias foi avaliado. Ao final do experimento, amostras de sangue, músculo Longissimus lumborum, fígado, gordura subcutânea e rim foram coletadas. Não houve interação GBM x RAC para todos os parâmetros avaliados. Além disso, não houve efeito isolado da GBM ou RAC da dieta sobre o ganho de peso e as concentrações sanguíneas de glicose, insulina, triacilgliceróis, colesterol total, proteína total, albumina, creatinina, cortisol e lactato. Entretanto, independente da suplementação de RAC na dieta, o aumento da concentração de GBM na dieta afetou o consumo de ração diário e o consumo diário de GBM, elevando o nível de glicerol no sangue e no músculo e aumentando a atividade da glicerol quinase (GK) no fígado e da enzima málica no tecido adiposo. Por outro lado, independente da concentração dietética de GBM, a inclusão de RAC na dieta melhorou a conversão alimentar, reduziu a concentração de glicerol no músculo, diminuiu a atividade da GK e glicerol-3-fosfato desidrogenase no fígado e da glicose-6-fosfato desidrogenase no tecido adiposo, além de aumentar a atividade da glutamato desidrogenase hepática. Conclui-se que há maior taxa de fosforilação do glicerol no fígado, estímulo da lipogênese no tecido adiposo e provável aumento do aproveitamento do glicerol pelas fibras musculares em resposta ao aumento da concentração de glicerol circulante proveniente da dieta. Por outro lado, quando a dieta contém até 200 g/kg de GBM e 10 mg/kg de RAC há indicativos de menor aproveitamento do glicerol para a síntese de triacilgliceróis no tecido muscular, fígado e no tecido adiposo, além de aumento da oxidação de aminoácidos no fígado acompanhado de melhoria na conversão alimentar dos suínos.

Glycerol is an important component of animal metabolism that can be directed for triacylglycerols or glucose synthesis or be oxidized for energy production. Crude glycerin has a high concentration of glycerol (70 to 95%) and high energy (approximately 4.320 kcal gross energy / kg) and, therefore, has been studied as an energy source in the diet of farm animals, such as pigs. Ractopamine, in turn, has been used as a dietary supplement for pigs, in order to obtain carcasses with lower fat content and higher lean mass, improving the production process and making the meat of these animals more competitive in market. Thereby, the optimization of the use of mixed crude glycerin (MCG) and the ractopamine hydrochloride (RH) in diets for finishing pigs requires a better understanding of glycerol metabolism. Therefore, this study evaluated the performance of blood parameters, metabolite levels in the Longissimus lumborum muscle and the activity of enzymes in the liver, subcutaneous adipose tissue and kidney of pigs fed diets containing MCG and/or RH. According to the initial weight, 64 barrows were distributed in a 4 x 2 factorial design, corresponding to four concentration of MCG (0, 100, 150, and 200 g/kg) in diets containing 0 or 10 mg/kg RH. Each animal was considered an experimental unit, being used eight repetitions per treatment. The performance during the experimental period of 28 days was evaluated. At the end of the experiment, samples of blood, muscle Longissimus lumborum, liver, subcutaneous fat, and kidney were collected. There was no interaction between MCG x RH for all the evaluated parameters. Moreover, there was no isolated effect of dietary MCG or RH on the weight gain and the blood concentrations of glucose, insulin, triacylglycerols, total cholesterol, total protein, albumin, creatinine, cortisol, and lactate. However, regardless the supplementation of RH in the diet, the increase of MCG concentration in the diet affected the daily feed intake and the daily intake of MCG, increasing the level of glycerol kinase (GK) in the liver and the malic enzyme at the adipose tissue. On the other hand, regardless the dietetic concentration of MCG, the inclusion of RH in the diet improved food conversion rate, reduced the glycerol concentration in the muscle, decreased the GK activity and glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase in the liver and glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase in adipose tissue, also increasing the activity of hepatic glutamate dehydrogenase. There was a higher rate of phosphorylation of glycerol in the liver, stimulation of lipogenesis in adipose tissue and a likely increase in the utilization of glycerol by muscle fibers in response to an increased concentration of circulating glycerol from the diet. On the other hand, when the diet contained up to 200 g/kg MCG and 10 mg/kg RH, there were indications of lower utilization of glycerol for the synthesis of triacylglycerols in muscle, liver and adipose tissue, besides increased oxidation of amino acids in the liver followed by improved feed conversion of pigs.

Efeito de fontes de óleos vegetais sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de bovinos Nelore

A inclusão de óleos vegetais na dieta de bovinos tem sido utilizada para aumentar a densidade energética da dieta, melhorar a eficiência alimentar, além de produzir carnes com a composição de ácidos graxos mais favorável à saúde humana. Objetivou-se estudar os efeitos da inclusão de óleos de soja, girassol e linhaça na dieta de bovinos, sobre o desempenho, características quantitativas de carcaça e qualitativas da carne, perfil de ácidos graxos, oxidação lipídica e formação de compostos oxidados do colesterol. Foram confinados 96 bovinos Nelore, castrados, com aproximadamente 380 kg ± 34 kg de peso inicial e idade média de 20 meses. As dietas foram compostas de 79% de concentrado e 21% de volumoso (silagem de milho) e incluídos os óleos de soja, girassol e linhaça. Os animais foram pesados e avaliadas as características de carcaça por ultrassonografia nos dias 0, 28, 56 e 81 de confinamento. Nos dias zero e 81 dias de confinamento foi coletado sangue dos bovinos para avaliação do LDL-colesterol, HDL-colesterol, VLDL-colesterol e triacilgliceróis. Ao final de 81 dias de confinamento, os animais foram abatidos e foi avaliado o pH (uma e 48 horas após o abate) e foram retiradas amostras do músculo longissimus. Foi avaliado a cor, força de cisalhamento (FC) e perdas por cocção (PPC) em carnes não maturadas e maturadas por 14 dias. Duas amostras do longissimus foram expostas por um e três dias em condições semelhantes ao varejo. Nas carnes expostas por um dia foi avaliado a cor e o pH. Nas amostras expostas por três dias foi avaliado além da cor e pH, o perfil de ácidos graxos, TBARS, colesterol e a presença do 7-cetocolesterol. Foi realizada ainda a análise sensorial e determinado a quantidade de lipídios totais das carnes. A estabilidade oxidativa dos óleos utilizados na dieta também foi avaliada. O experimento foi conduzido em delineamento de blocos casualizados, sendo o peso inicial o bloco. O desempenho e as características de carcaça avaliadas por ultrassonografia não foram influenciadas pelas fontes de óleo. Os tratamentos não influenciaram o peso de abate, o peso de carcaça quente, o pH da carcaça uma hora e 48 horas após o abate, o rendimento de carcaça, a cor, as PPC e a FC. O pH foi maior nas carnes maturadas por 14 dias (P=0,01), em relação àquelas sem maturação. As PPC e a FC foram menores (P=0,01) nas carnes maturadas por 14 dias. O óleo de linhaça apresentou menor estabilidade oxidativa seguidos do óleo de girassol e soja. As fontes de óleo não afetaram a concentração dos lipídios do plasma sanguíneo, no entanto, os níveis de VLDL, LDL, HDL, colesterol e triacilgliceróis foram maiores (P<0,01) no final do experimento em relação ao início. Não houve interação entre a espessura de gordura subcutânea (EGS) avaliada no abate e as dietas e efeito das fontes de óleo sobre os valores de TBARS, lipídios e colesterol. Não foi encontrado o 7-cetocolesterol nas carnes. O pH das carnes expostas por um e três dias sob condições de varejo, não foram influenciadas pela dieta nem pela interação da dieta e dos dias de exposição. No entanto, foi observado o efeito de tempo (P<0,01), as carnes expostas por três dias tiveram valores de pH maiores que as carnes expostas por um dia. A cor L*, a* e b* das carnes expostas em gôndola, sob condições de varejo não foi influenciado pela dieta, pelos dias de exposição e nem pela interação dos dias de exposição e dietas. Os ácidos graxos C18:1 n-9, C20:3 n-6 e C20:5 n-3 apresentaram interação entre a EGS e a dieta (P<0,05). O C18:1 cis 6 apresentou maiores concentrações (P<0,05) nas carnes provenientes dos animais alimentados com óleo de linhaça e soja, em comparação com as carnes provenientes da dieta controle. O C18:3 n-3 apresentou maiores concentrações nas carnes de animais alimentados com linhaça (P<0,05), em comparação com os demais tratamentos. O aroma e a textura da carne avaliados em análise sensorial realizada com consumidores não foram alterados pelos tratamentos. A carne dos animais alimentados com óleo de girassol resultou em maiores notas para o sabor (P<0,01), em relação à carne proveniente de animais alimentados com óleo de soja. As dietas controle e girassol resultaram em carnes mais suculentas e com maior aceitabilidade global (P<0,01), em relação ao tratamento soja. Independentemente do tipo de óleo utilizado na dieta dos animais, não houve influência no desempenho e nas características da carcaça. O óleo de linhaça proporcionou carnes com perfil de ácidos graxos mais favorável para a saúde humana, pois apresentou maiores proporções do ácido linolênico e relações ideais de n6:n3 (4,15). O uso de óleos vegetais na dieta, não prejudicou a aparência das carnes e não proporcionaram oxidação lipídica com a formação de compostos de colesterol oxidados nas carnes expostas sob condições de varejo. Palavras-chaves: Lipídios; Bos indicus; Ácidos graxos; Análise sensorial; Óxido

Inclusion of vegetable oils in diets of cattle have been used to increase energy density, improve feed efficiency, and to produce meat with a more desirable fatty acid composition that could be beneficial to human health. The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of inclusion of soybean oil, sunflower oil and linseed oil in diets of cattle, on performance, quantitative characteristics of carcass and meat quality, fatty acid profiles, lipid oxidation, and formation of oxidized cholesterol compounds. Ninety-six Nellore castrated cattle with an approximate initial weight of 380 kg ± 34 kg, and average age of 20 months were confined in a feedlot setting. Diets were composed of 79% concentrate and 21% forage (corn silage); and included soybean oil, sunflower oil, or linseed oil. Animals were weighed and evaluated by ultrasound to determine carcass characteristics on 0, 28, 56 and 81 days of the experiment. On days zero and 81 in the feedlot blood samples were collected for evaluation of LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, VLDL-cholesterol and triglycerides. After 81 days of confinement, animals were slaughtered, pH (one and 48 hours after slaughter) was evaluated, and longissimus muscle samples were taken. Color, shear force (SF) and cooking losses (CL) in meat aged for 0 and 14 days were evaluated. Two samples of longissimus were exposed for one and three days in conditions similar to retail display. Meat exposed for one day was evaluated for color and pH. Meat exposed for three days was evaluated for color and pH, fatty acid profiles, TBARS, cholesterol, and presence of 7-ketocholesterol. Sensory analysis was evaluated, and determined the amount of total lipid of meats. Oxidative stability of oils used in diets were assessed. The experiment was set up as a completely randomized block, and initial weight was considered as the block. Performance and carcass characteristics measured by ultrasound were not affected by oil sources. Dietary treatments did not influence slaughter weight, hot carcass weight, carcass pH at one hour and 48 hours after slaughter, dressing percentage, color, CL and SF. The pH was higher in beef aged for 14 days (P=0.01), compared to non-aged. Cooking loss and SF were lower (P=0.01) in beef aged for 14 days. Linseed oil supplementation presented less oxidative stability followed by the sunflower oil and soybean oil. Treatments did not affect the blood plasma lipids; however, levels of VLDL, LDL, HDL, cholesterol, and triglycerides were higher (P<0.01) at the after the feedlot period compared to the beginning. There was no interaction between fat thickness (FT) measured at the time of slaughter and diets, or oil sources on the TBARS values, lipid, and cholesterol. We did not find any 7-ketocholesterol in meat. The pH of meat exposed for one and three days under retail conditions were not influenced by the diet or interaction of diet and of days of exposure. However, we did observe that meat exposed for three days had higher (P<0.01) pH values than meat exposed for one day. Chroma L*, a*, and b* of beef exposed under conditions of retail display were not influenced by the diet, the days of exposure, or interaction between diet and exposure. Fatty acids C18:1 n-9, C20:3 n-6 and C20:5 n-3 showed an interaction between the FT and the diet (P<0.05). The C18:1 cis 6 showed higher concentrations (P<0.05) in meat from animals fed with linseed oil and soybean oil, compared with meat from the control diet. The C18:3 n-3 showed higher concentrations in beef of animals fed with linseed (P<0.05), compared to other treatments. Flavour and texture to consumers were not affected by treatments. Meat of sunflower oil fed animals resulted in higher scores for flavour attributes (P<0.01), compared to meat from animals fed with soybean oil. Control and sunflower diets provided juicier meat and greater overall acceptability (P<0.01), compared to soybean treatment. Regardless of the type of oil used in the diet, there was no influence on performance and carcass characteristics. Linseed oil provides meats with fatty acid profiles that are more favorable to human health, due to the fact that meat was composed of larger proportions of linolenic acid and ideal ratios of n6:n3. Use of vegetable oils in the diet did not affect appearance of the meat and not produce lipid oxidation with the formation of compounds oxidized cholesterol in meat exposed under conditions of retail.

Dietary oxidized poultry offal fat: broiler performance and oxidative stability of thigh meat during chilled storage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary oxidized poultry offal fat on the performance of broilers and on the oxidative stability of dark chicken meat. One hundred and sixty male chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 4% fresh or oxidized poultry fat from 10 to 47 days of age. Fresh fat was stored frozen until diets were produced, and oxidized fat was obtained by electrical heating (110 to 120 ºC). Birds were slaughtered at 47 days of age, and carcass characteristics were measured. Skinless and deboned thigh meat was stored chilled during 12 days, and samples were periodically collected to assess their quality and oxidative stability. Dietary oxidized fat did not affect bird performance or carcass characteristics. During chilled storage, meat color (L*, a* and b*) was not affected by dietary treatments; however, TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) values were higher (P 0.05) in thigh meat from chickens fed the oxidized fat, indicating that oxidative stability was adversely affected.

Dietary oxidized poultry offal fat: broiler performance and oxidative stability of thigh meat during chilled storage

Two experiments were conducted to evaluate the effects of dietary oxidized poultry offal fat on the performance of broilers and on the oxidative stability of dark chicken meat. One hundred and sixty male chicks were fed a corn-soybean meal diet containing 4% fresh or oxidized poultry fat from 10 to 47 days of age. Fresh fat was stored frozen until diets were produced, and oxidized fat was obtained by electrical heating (110 to 120 ºC). Birds were slaughtered at 47 days of age, and carcass characteristics were measured. Skinless and deboned thigh meat was stored chilled during 12 days, and samples were periodically collected to assess their quality and oxidative stability. Dietary oxidized fat did not affect bird performance or carcass characteristics. During chilled storage, meat color (L*, a* and b*) was not affected by dietary treatments; however, TBARS (Thiobarbituric Acid Reactive Substances) values were higher (P 0.05) in thigh meat from chickens fed the oxidized fat, indicating that oxidative stability was adversely affected.

Efeito da Adição do Antioxidante BHT e do Armazenamento Sobre a Qualidade da Farinha de Carne e Ossos Para Frangos de Corte

The objectives of this study were to assess the variation in quality of meat and bone meal (MBM) during an extended storage period (10 weeks) and evaluate the effects of the antioxidant BHT on the oxidative stability of MBM and the performance of broilers fed diets containing these MBM. A freshly produced batch of MBM (41,12% protein and 9,12% fat) was divided in six portions. One portion was stored with no BHT added (CONTROL) and the others were treated with 500mg BHT/kg at day 0 (BHT/0), 7 (BHT/7), 14 (BHT/14), 21 (BHT/21) and 28 (BHT/28). The quality of MBM was measured through weekly samplings and the peroxide value (IP) was the main parameter analysed. After four weeks of storage, a feed trial was carried out using 1,440 male RossXRoss day-old chicks raised in floor pens in an experiment with six treatments and six replicates. The birds were fed ad libitum corn-soybean diets formulated to contain 4% MBM. Results of 42d liveweight, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and mortality and culling were submitted to analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared to CONTROL using Dunnetts test. Although rancidity was observed in MBM during storage, the levels of IP found (maximum 80meq/kg) did not affect bird performance. In general, the performance of broilers was not affected (p>.05) by feeding MBM oxidized or preserved with BHT.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade monitorar a qualidade da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), durante o armazenamento prolongado (10 semanas), e avaliar os efeitos da adição do BHT (500mg/kg) a esta farinha. Um lote fresco de FCO (41,12% PB e 9,14% EE) foi dividido em seis partes iguais, sendo uma não tratada (CONTROLE) e as demais tratadas com BHT em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28: BHT/0, BHT/7, BHT/14, BHT/21 e BHT/28, respectivamente). As FCO foram armazenadas em ambiente diariamente monitorado e sua qualidade foi avaliada por amostragens semanais, com determinação do índice de peróxidos, cujo nível máximo obtido foi de aproximadamente 80meq/kg (CONTROLE). A partir da 4ª semana de armazenamento, foi conduzido um experimento com frangos de corte alimentados por 42 dias com rações à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo cerca de 4% das FCO armazenadas. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos de um dia, machos, distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os resultados médios obtidos para peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e refugagem e fator de produção foram submetidos à análise da variância e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas ao CONTROLE através do teste de Dunnett. As variáveis estudadas, em geral, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), indicando que, neste estudo, o uso da FCO oxidada ou das FCO protegidas pelo BHT, não influenciaram o desempenho das aves.

Efeito da Adição do Antioxidante BHT e do Armazenamento Sobre a Qualidade da Farinha de Carne e Ossos Para Frangos de Corte

The objectives of this study were to assess the variation in quality of meat and bone meal (MBM) during an extended storage period (10 weeks) and evaluate the effects of the antioxidant BHT on the oxidative stability of MBM and the performance of broilers fed diets containing these MBM. A freshly produced batch of MBM (41,12% protein and 9,12% fat) was divided in six portions. One portion was stored with no BHT added (CONTROL) and the others were treated with 500mg BHT/kg at day 0 (BHT/0), 7 (BHT/7), 14 (BHT/14), 21 (BHT/21) and 28 (BHT/28). The quality of MBM was measured through weekly samplings and the peroxide value (IP) was the main parameter analysed. After four weeks of storage, a feed trial was carried out using 1,440 male RossXRoss day-old chicks raised in floor pens in an experiment with six treatments and six replicates. The birds were fed ad libitum corn-soybean diets formulated to contain 4% MBM. Results of 42d liveweight, feed intake, feed:gain ratio and mortality and culling were submitted to analysis of variance. Treatment means were compared to CONTROL using Dunnett’s test. Although rancidity was observed in MBM during storage, the levels of IP found (maximum 80meq/kg) did not affect bird performance. In general, the performance of broilers was not affected (p>.05) by feeding MBM oxidized or preserved with BHT.

Este estudo foi desenvolvido com a finalidade monitorar a qualidade da farinha de carne e ossos (FCO), durante o armazenamento prolongado (10 semanas), e avaliar os efeitos da adição do BHT (500mg/kg) a esta farinha. Um lote fresco de FCO (41,12% PB e 9,14% EE) foi dividido em seis partes iguais, sendo uma não tratada (CONTROLE) e as demais tratadas com BHT em diferentes tempos de armazenamento (nos dias 0, 7, 14, 21 e 28: BHT/0, BHT/7, BHT/14, BHT/21 e BHT/28, respectivamente). As FCO foram armazenadas em ambiente diariamente monitorado e sua qualidade foi avaliada por amostragens semanais, com determinação do índice de peróxidos, cujo nível máximo obtido foi de aproximadamente 80meq/kg (CONTROLE). A partir da 4ª semana de armazenamento, foi conduzido um experimento com frangos de corte alimentados por 42 dias com rações à base de milho e farelo de soja, contendo cerca de 4% das FCO armazenadas. Foram utilizados 1.440 pintos de um dia, machos, distribuídos num delineamento em blocos casualizados, com 6 tratamentos e 6 repetições. Os resultados médios obtidos para peso vivo, ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, mortalidade e refugagem e fator de produção foram submetidos à análise da variância e as médias dos tratamentos foram comparadas ao CONTROLE através do teste de Dunnett. As variáveis estudadas, em geral, não foram afetadas pelos tratamentos (p>0,05), indicando que, neste estudo, o uso da FCO oxidada ou das FCO protegidas pelo BHT, não influenciaram o desempenho das aves.

Avaliação da estabilidade oxidativa do hambúrger tipo calabresa, formulado com reduzidos teores de nitrito e diferentes percentagens de gordura, durante armazenamento congelado / Evaluation of the oxidative stability of hamburger calabresa type, formulated with reduced texts of nitrite and different percentages of fat, during frozen storage

Avaliação da estabelecida oxidativa do hambúrger tipo calabresa foi investigada, neste trabalho, através do teste do número de TBARS e de testes sensoriais com equipe treinada para os atributos sabor oxidado e aroma oxidado, durante 120 dias de estocagem congelada nas seguintes formulações: 50 mg de nitrito/Kg de produto e 10 por cento de gordura (F1), 50 mg de nitrito/Kg de produto e 20 por cento de gordura (F3) e 150 mg de nitrito/Kg de produtos e 20 por cento de gordura (F4). De acordo com os resultados obtidos, pôde-se verificar um aumento significativo no valor de TBARS ao longo do tempo nas amostras cruas e cozidas de todos os tratamentos, sendo que esse aumento foi mais pronunciado após 30 dias de estocagem congelada. Tanto 150 quanto 50 mg de nitrito/Kg de produto foram suficientes para exercer um bom efeito antioxidante até esse período. Com 60 dias, amostras cozidas que continham inicialmente 150 mg de nitrito/Kg de produto, se mostraram menos oxidadas, com menores valores de TBARS. Os tratamentos com 20 por cento de gordura apresentaram maiores valores de TBARS em 90 e 120 dias para as amostras cozidas. Observou-se também que o cozimento não alterou de modo significativo o valor de TBARS das amostras e foram encontradas correlações significativas entre os dados de TBARS e análise sensorial para o atributo sabor oxidado, considerando-se todos os pares de dados (r=0,6398) e dados entre tempos para cada tratamento (somente para as amostras com 10 por cento de gordura).(AU)

This work investigated the oxidative stability of four formulations for “calabresa” sausage - style hamburguer. The influence of nitrite levels and fat contents reduction was monitored through TBARS number test and sensory analysis with, a trained panel for oxidized taste And smell during120 days in the following, formulatíons:50 mg/Kg nitrite and10% fat (F1),50 mg/Kg nitrite and 20% fat (F2),150mg/Kg nitrite and 10% fat (F3) and 150 mg/Kg nitrite and 20% fat (F4). According to results, the TBARS values had a significantly increase during the storage time, more intense after 30 days in raw and cooked samples. During that period, 50 mg/Kg nitrite showed to be a good antioxidant. With 60 days, cooked samples (150 mg/Kg) showed the lowest TBARS values. Formulations with 20% fat showed the highest TBARS values at 90 and 120 days for cooked samples. The TBARS values were not affected by cooking. Significant correlations were found between TBARS values and sensory analysis only for oxidized taste pooling information within treatments and storage times (r=O,6398) and within time (only for treatments of 10% fat). (AU)

O efeito do uso do óleo de vísceras de aves oxidado no desempenho de frangos de corte e na estabilidade oxidativa da carne da sobrecoxa / Effects of oxidized poultry offal fat on broiler performance and oxidative stability of thigh meat

Óleos e gorduras são matérias-primas imprescindíveis nas rações para frangos de corte quando se procura aumentar a densidade energética das rações e maximizar o desempenho das aves. No entanto, estes ingredientes podem apresentar baixa estabilidade e não é incomum o uso de óleos oxidados na fabricação destas rações, o que pode vir a prejudicar o desempenho dos animais e a estabilidade oxidativa da carne. Visando estudar estes aspectos foram realizados três experimentos com o fornecimento de óleo de vísceras de aves oxidado nas rações dos animais. Nestes estudos, o óleo recém extraído (fresco) foi mantido armazenado através do congelamento (-18 oC) e o óleo oxidado foi produzido através do aquecimento prolongado a altas temperaturas. No primeiro experimento, foi conduzido um ensaio de metabolismo utilizando-se 48 frangos machos AgRoss de 31 a 34 dias de idade alojados em gaiolas metabólicas, para determinar os prejuízos da oxidação ao valor biológico do óleo. Foi fornecida uma dieta referência ou esta dieta com a substituição de 10% pelo óleo de vísceras fresco ou oxidado, sendo cada dieta oferecida a quatro repetições de quatro aves. O período de coleta foi de quatro dias com período prévio de três dias de adaptação às gaiolas e às rações. Os resultados obtidos e expressos na matéria original foram, tanto para a energia metabolizável aparente (EMA) como para os valores corrigidos para o nitrogênio (EMAn), 17% inferiores (P<0,0001) para o tratamento óleo oxidado (7.770 e 7.595 kcal/kg, respectivamente) em relação ao tratamento óleo fresco (9.240 e 9.150 kcal/kg, respectivamente). O segundo e o terceiro experimentos foram conduzidos para avaliar os efeitos do fornecimento de dieta com óleo oxidado em comparação à dieta com óleo fresco sobre o desempenho das aves e sobre a estabilidade da carne de sobrecoxa armazenada sob refrigeração e congelamento, respectivamente. As aves experimentais (160 machos Cobb no segundo experimento e 200 machos AgRoss no terceiro experimento), foram alimentadas com rações contendo 4% de óleo de vísceras fresco ou oxidado dos 10 dias de idade até o abate. Em ambos experimentos, o consumo do óleo oxidado não afetou o desempenho das aves, nem tampouco as características da carcaça. Durante o período de armazenamento, as médias de pH e cor (valores de L*, a* e b*) não apresentaram diferenças entre os tratamentos. Contudo, a estabilidade oxidativa da carne de sobrecoxa de frangos alimentados com dietas contendo 4% de óleo oxidado foi menor, tanto para a carne resfriada, como para a congelada. Ao final dos doze dias de armazenamento resfriado, os valores de TBARS foram significativamente (P=0,0016) superiores para o tratamento óleo oxidado em relação ao fresco. Para a carne congelada, os valores de TBARS apresentaram diferença estatística (P<0,10) a partir do sexto mês de armazenamento

Fats and oils are widely used in poultry diets to increase energy density and improve broiler performance. However, some fats and oils are highly sensitive to oxidation during storage and the intake of oxidized feed may lead to poor peformance and decreased oxidative stability of poultry meat. Two experiments were conducted feeding broiler chickens with fresh or oxidized poultry offal fat to measure its effects on performance and meat stability. Fresh poultry fat was supplied by a local rendering and kept fresh by freezing (-18 oC). The oxidized poultry fat was obtained by heating at high temperatures. In the first experiment, a metabolism assay was conducted using 48 AgRoss male broilers, from 31 to 34 days of age. Birds were fed a corn-soy diet or this diet with 10% of fresh or oxidized fat. The results of apparent metabolizable energy (AME) and N-corrected apparent metabolizable energy (AMEn) were 9,240 and 9,150 kcal/kg (as fed-basis) when fed as fresh poultry fat and 7,770 and 7,595 kcal/kg when fed as oxidized poultry fat. These data indicate a 17% reduction on AME and AMEn values (P<0.0001) for the oxidized fat, probably due to the negative effects of lipid oxidation. The second and the third experiments were conducted to evaluate broiler performance and oxidative stability of thigh meat stored chilled and frozen. Birds (160 male Cobb chicks in the second experiment and 200 male AgRoss chicks in the third experiment) were fed a corn-soy diet containing 4% of fresh or oxidized poultry fat from 10 days to slaughter. Intake of oxidized poultry fat had no effect on bird performance and on carcass characteristics. There were no differences on meat pH and color (L*, a* and b* values) between dietary treatments during chilled and frozen storage. The inclusion of oxidized poultry fat in the birds diets depressed oxidative stability of thigh muscle during chilled and frozen storage. For the oxidized treatment, TBARS values were statistically higher (P=0.0016) at the end of 12 days of chilled storage, and were also higher (P<0.10) after six months of frozen storage