Evaluation of the antinociceptive effect generated by citronellal monoterpene isomers / Avaliação do efeito antinociceptivo gerado por isômeros do monoterpeno citronelal

Due to the complex nature of pain and the participation of physical, cognitive, psychological and behavioral aspects, pain management has several approaches. The use of medicinal plants in developing countries is quite expressive. Seeking new options for the treatment of emerging or debilitating diseases. Therefore, the present study seeks to elucidate the effects of the monoterpene, citronellal, differentiating its activity by isomers (R)-(+) and (S)-(-) citronellal. The study used several methods to evaluate the effects of citronellal isomers on motor coordination, nociceptive response, and the involvement of opioid, glutamatergic, and transient receptor pathways. The methods included rota-rod, hot-plate, and formalin tests, as well as the use of specific inhibitors and agonists. Data were analyzed using inferential statistics with a 95% confidence level. Both isomers did not significantly affect the motor coordination of the studied animals. The isomer (S)-(-) citronellal showed better results in relation to its structural counterpart, managing to have an antinociceptive effect in the formalin and hot plate tests with a lower concentration (100 mg/kg) and presenting fewer side effects, however, the this study was not able to elucidate the mechanism of action of this isomer despite having activity in studies with substances that act on specific targets such as glutamate and capsaicin, its activity was not reversed with the use of antagonists for pathways related to nociception. While the (R)-(+) citronellal isomer, despite showing total activity only at a concentration of 150 mg/kg, was able to determine its mechanism of action related to the opioid pathway by reversing its activity by the antagonist naloxone, being this is a pathway already correlated with nociception control treatments, however, it is also related to some unwanted side effects. In this way, new studies are sought to elucidate the mechanism related to the isomer (S)-(-) citronellal and a possibility of use in other areas related to the treatment of pain or inflammation.

Devido à natureza complexa da dor e a sua participação de aspectos físicos, cognitivos, psicológicos e comportamentais, o manejo da dor possui diversas abordagens. O uso de plantas medicinais em países em desenvolvimento é bastante expressivo. Buscando novas opções para o tratamento de denças emergentes ou debilitantes. Portanto, o presente estudo busca elucidar os efeitos do monoterpeno, citronelal, diferenciando sua atividade pelos isômeros (R)-(+) e (S)-(-) citronelal. O estudo utilizou diversos métodos para avaliar os efeitos dos isômeros de citronelal na coordenação motora, resposta nociceptiva e o envolvimento de vias opioides, glutamatérgicas e de receptores transitórios. Os métodos incluíram testes de rota-rod, placa quente e formalina, além do uso de inibidores e agonistas específicos. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente com um intervalo de confiança de 95%. Ambos os isomeros não afetaram significativamente a coordenação motora dos animais em estudo. O isômero (S)-(-) citronelal apresentou melhores resultados em relação ao seu homólogo estrutural, conseguindo ter um efeito antinociceptivo nos testes de formalina e placa quente com menor concentração (100 mg/kg) e apresentando menos efeitos colaterais, entretanto, o presente estudo não foi capaz de elucidar o mecanismo de ação deste isomero apesar de ter atividadade em estudos com substancias que agem em alvos específicos como glutamato e capsaicina, sua atividade não foi revertida com a utilização de antagonistas para as vias relacionadas à nocicepção. Enquanto o isômero (R)-(+) citronelal, apesar de apresentar de apresentar total atividade somente na concentração de 150 mg/kg, foi capaz de determinar seu mecanismo de ação relacionado à via opióide pela reversão da sua atividade pelo antagonista naloxona, sendo esta uma via já correlacionada com os tratamentos de controle da a nocicepção, no entanto, também está relacionada a alguns efeitos colaterais indesejados. Desta forma busca-se novos estudos para elucidação do mecanismo relacionados ao isomero (S)-(-) citronellal e uma possibilidade de utilização em outras areas relacionadas ao tratamento da dor ou inflamação.

Utilização da cannabis sativa para tratamento de dor crônica em cães / Use of cannabis sativa for the treatment of chronic pain in dogs / Uso de cannabis sativa para el tratamiento del dolor crónico en perros

A Cannabis sativa é uma planta que apresenta vários benefícios terapêuticos para animais, como tratamento da dor neuropática, inflamatória e osteoartrose. A dor é bastante recorrente na rotina clínica, sendo importante seu manejo para que seja ofertada uma melhor qualidade e conforto de vida para o paciente. O estudo objetivou identificar, a partir de evidências científicas, as características da utilização medicinal do uso de Cannabis Sativa no tratamento da dor crônica no cão, utilizando um dos seus princípios ativos, canabidiol (CBD). Foi feito uma revisão bibliográfica onde foi realizada a busca de estudos experimentais e relatos de caso em bases de dados eletrônicos, sendo incluídas fontes contendo a utilização do CBD em animais, que abordaram controle da dor, assim como escore avaliativo da dor antes, durante e após o tratamento proposto. Após eleger e analisar 54 estudos percebe-se que na medicina veterinária o uso do canabidio é insuficiente, uma vez que o foco da maior parte dos estudos clínicos é voltado para medicina humana. Ainda assim, a utilização de CBD mostrou-se eficaz, confirmando uma nova alternativa para o controle da dor em animais.(AU)

Cannabis sativa is a plant that has several therapeutic benefits for animals, such as the treatment of neuropathic and inflammatory pain and osteoarthritis. Pain is quite recurrent in the clinical routine, and its management is important to offer a better quality and comfort of life for the patient. The study aimed to identify, based on scientific evidence, the characteristics of the medicinal use of Cannabis Sativa in the treatment of chronic pain in dogs, using one of its active principles, cannabidiol (CBD). A bibliographical review was carried out in which experimental studies and case reports were searched in electronic databases, including sources containing the use of CBD in animals, which addressed pain control, as well as pain assessment score before, during and after the proposed treatment. After choosing and analyzing 54 studies, it is clear that in veterinary medicine the use of CBD is few, and the focus of clinical studies is on human medicine. The use of CBD proved to be effective, thus confirming a new alternative for pain control in animals.(AU)

El cannabis sativa es una planta que tiene varios beneficios terapéuticos para los animales, como el tratamiento del dolor neuropático e inflamatorio y la osteoartritis. El dolor es bastante recurrente en la rutina clínica, y su manejo es importante para ofrecer una mejor calidad y comodidad de vida al paciente. El estudio tuvo como objetivo identificar, con base en la evidencia científica, las características del uso medicinal de Cannabis Sativa en el tratamiento del dolor crónico en perros, utilizando uno de sus principios activos, el cannabidiol (CBD). Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en la que se buscaron estudios experimentales y reportes de casos en bases de datos electrónicas, incluyendo fuentes que contengan el uso de CBD en animales, que abordaran el control del dolor, así como la puntuación de evaluación del dolor antes, durante y después del tratamiento propuesto. Después de elegir y analizar 54 estudios, queda claro que en medicina veterinaria el uso de cannabidio es insuficiente, ya que el foco de la mayoría de los estudios clínicos está en la medicina humana. Aun así, el uso de CBD demostró ser efectivo, confirmando una nueva alternativa para el control del dolor en animales.(AU)

Bem-estar animal nos procedimentos de produção in vivo de embriões na espécie ovina / Animal welfare in the in vivo production of sheep embryos

A presente revisão tem por objetivo abordar aspectos relacionados ao bem-estar animal na produção in vivo de embriões ovinos. A cobrança da sociedade tem impulsionado o uso de práticas que atendam os preceitos de bem-estar na produção animal. Nesse contexto, destaca-se a necessidade de aprimoramento de procedimentos menos invasivos, como a coleta não cirúrgica de embriões. Avanços recentes nos protocolos de dilatação cervical melhoraram os resultados e tornaram essa técnica uma alternativa viável na espécie ovina. No entanto, a avaliação do estado de bem-estar das doadoras submetidas à coleta transcervical mostra a necessidade de melhor controle da dor durante a sua realização. Assim, acreditamos que a associação dos esforços de diferentes pesquisas pode proporcionar a resolução desses entraves e possibilitar maior aplicabilidade comercial da biotécnica.(AU)

This review aims to address aspects related to animal welfare in the in vivo production of ovine embryos. The use of practices that meet the precepts of welfare in animal production has been driven by demands from society. In this context, there is a need to improve less invasive procedures, such as nonsurgical embryo collection. Recent advances in cervical dilation protocols have improved results and made this technique a viable alternative in sheep. However, the assessment of the state of welfare of donors undergoing transcervical collection shows the need for better pain control during its performance. Thus, the association of different research efforts can provide the resolution of these obstacles and enable greater commercial applicability of the biotechnique.(AU)

Lesão na região metacarpiana do membro torácico esquerdo de bezerra Gir decorrente de contenção para pesagem / Injury in the metacarpinal region of the left thoracic limbs resulting from retention for weighing in a Gir calf

Fraturas ósseas e luxações são mais comuns em animais jovens e, na maioria das vezes, essas fraturas ocorrem devido ao manejo incorreto desses animais, podendo levar a uma queda de produção a curto ou longo prazo, gerando perdas econômicas e produtivas de animais de alto padrão genético. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste trabalho foi relatar a ocorrência de uma fratura na região metacarpiana do membro torácico esquerdo de uma bezerra Gir de 12 dias de idade, causada por uma contenção ineficaz durante a pesagem. O animal proveniente de uma fazenda em Umirim/CE foi encaminhado ao Hospital Veterinário de Grandes Animais do Centro Universitário INTA em Sobral/CE. Ao passar pelo exame radiográfico, foi constatada a fratura na região metacarpiana do membro torácico esquerdo. O animal foi imobilizado de forma manual, seguindo-se métodos semiológicos para minimizar o estresse. Para a imobilização do membro, foi utilizada a muleta de Thomas modificada e bandagens, associadas ao controle da dor com as drogas Flunixin meglumine (1,1mg/kg) e Fenilbutazona (4,4mg/kg). Depois da imobilização, o animal seguiu internado no HOVET-GA e, após 18 dias, foi realizada uma nova radiografia para ver o progresso a partir do tratamento adotado. Constatou-se a formação de um calo ósseo, com a ossificação da fratura, não sendo necessário o encaminhamento cirúrgico do animal. Assim, o tratamento com muleta de Thomas modificada foi efetivo para a recuperação do membro fraturado, além de ser um tratamento de baixo custo e fácil aplicação, tendo o animal apresentado uma boa resposta ao tratamento terapêutico para controle da dor.

Bone fractures and dislocations are more common in young animals and mostly occur due to incorrect handling of these animals, which can lead to a short or long-term drop in production, generating economic and productive losses of animals of high genetic standard. This study aimed to report the occurrence of a fracture in the metacarpal region of the left thoracic limb of a 12-day-old Gir heifer, caused by an ineffective restraint during weighing. The animal from a farm in Umirim/CE was sent to the Veterinary Hospital of Large Animals of the University Center INTA in Sobral/CE. The radiographic examination found a fracture in the metacarpal region of the left thoracic limb. The animal was manually immobilized following semiological methods to minimize stress. For the limb immobilization, a modified Thomas crutch and bandages associated with pain control with the drugs Flunixin meglumine (1.1mg/kg) and Phenylbutazone (4.4mg/kg) were used. After immobilization, the animal remained hospitalized at HOVET-GA and after 18 days a new radiograph was performed to evaluate the progress achieved with the treatment adopted. It was found the formation of a bone callus with the ossification of the fracture, not requiring the surgical referral of the animal. Thus, the treatment with the modified Thomas crutch was effective for the recovery of the fractured limb, in addition to being a low-cost and easy-to-apply treatment. The animal showed a good response to the therapeutic treatment for pain control.

Utilização de filamentos de ouro em pontos de acupuntura em lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) com espondilose / Use of gold filaments in acupuncture points in maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) with spondylosis / Implantación de filamentos de oro en puntos de acupuntura en aguará guazú (Chrysocyon brachyurus) com espondilosis

Um lobo-guará (Chrysocyon brachyurus) macho com 15 anos de idade apresentou dificuldade ao se levantar e deitar, relutância ao caminhar e aspecto arqueado da coluna vertebral. Após contenção química, o paciente foi examinado e submetido a exames radiográficos e colheita de material biológico para análises laboratoriais. Os resultados dos exames apontaram um animal saudável, porém visualizaram-se espondiloses em coluna vertebral na região cervical e torácica. Foi iniciado protocolo para controle de dor, inflamação e uso de regenerador articular, a fim de estabilizar o quadro do paciente. Novo manejo foi agendado para implante de filamentos de ouro em pontos de acupuntura. Após essa terapia, o paciente foi acompanhado pela equipe veterinária, e alguns dias após o tratamento houve melhora do quadro clínico o animal deixou de apresentar dificuldade para caminhar, deitar, levantar e ficar em estação. O paciente retornou ao recinto, dividindo o local com a fêmea, e até o momento está assintomático.(AU)

A 15-year-old male maned wolf (Chrysocyon brachyurus) showed difficulty getting up and lying down, reluctance to walk and an arched aspect of the spine. After chemical containment, the patient underwent physical examination and was submitted to radiographic examens and collection of biological material for laboratory analysis. The test results indicated a healthy animal, but spondylosis was seen in the cervical and thoracic spine. A protocol was started to pain control, inflammation, and use of condroprotective to stabilize the patient's condition. A new management was scheduled for the implantation of gold filaments in acupuncture points. After this therapy, the patient was followed up by the veterinary team, and days after the treatment, there was an improvement in the clinical condition- the animal had no more difficulty walking, lying down, getting up and standing still. The patient returned to the enclosure, sharing the place with the female, and so far, the clinical signs presented are absent and/or reduced.(AU)

Un aguará guazú (Chrysocyon brachyurus) macho de 15 años mostró dificultad para levantarse y acostarse, renuencia a caminar y un aspecto arqueado de la columna vertebral. Después de la contención química, el paciente fue examinado y sometido a exámenes radiográficos y recolección de material biológico para análisis de laboratorio. Los resultados de la prueba indicaron un animal sano, pero se observó espondilosis en la columna cervical y torácica. Se inició protocolo de control del dolor, inflamación y uso de protectores articulares, con el fin de estabilizar el estado del paciente. Con el objetivo de brindar una mejor calidad de vida, ya que se trata de un animal salvaje, incapaz de realizar ordinariamente terapias invasivas, se implantaron filamentos de oro en puntos de acupuntura. Posteriormente a esta terapia, el paciente fue acompañado por el equipo veterinario, y dias después del tratamiento hubo una mejoría en el estado clínico - el animal no tuvo dificultad para caminar, acostarse, levantarse y estar de pie. El paciente regresó al recinto, compartiendo el lugar con una hembra, y hasta el momento los signos clínicos anteriormente presentados están ausentes y/o reducidos.(AU)

Causas e Tratamentos de Distúrbios Ejaculatórios em Garanhões / Causes and Treatments of Ejaculatory Disorders in Stallions

A ejaculação é um complexo processo de eventos neurofisiológicos sincronizados em coordenação com vários sistemas e órgãos. Antes do advento da injeção intracitoplasmática de espermatozoides (ICSI), a ejaculação era um passo absolutamente essencial na reprodução. Os distúrbios ejaculatórios por sua vez são caracterizados pela não ocorrência do processo ejaculatório, mesmo que todos os demais parâmetros relacionados ao comportamento sexual apresentem-se normais. As principais causas dessas falhas ou alterações na ejaculação estão relacionadas à sensibilidade dolorosa durante a cópula, ejaculação retrógrada, disfunção psicogênica, obstruções do aparelho reprodutor masculino, urospermia, oligospermia ou azoospermia, além de falhas na contração da musculatura lisa do trato genital ou alterações musculoesqueléticas e neurológicas. O tratamento é dependente da causa primária de cada alteração. O controle da dor, ajustes no manejo, aumento do estímulo antes da coleta associados a tratamentos farmacológicos que atuam nas sinapses neuromotoras penianas tendem a resolver os principais distúrbios ejaculatórios, levando-se em consideração que as respostas a estes tratamentos são variadas de acordo com a individualidade do garanhão com relação a doses, protocolos, vias de administração e combinações de fármacos.(AU)

Ejaculation is a complex process of neurophysiological events synchronized in coordination with various systems and organs. Before the advent of intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI), ejaculation was an absolutely essential step in reproduction. Ejaculatory disorders, in turn, are characterized by the nonoccurrence of the ejaculatory process, even if all other parameters related to sexual behavior are normal. The main causes of these failures or changes in ejaculation are related to painful sensitivity during copulation, retrograde ejaculation, psychogenic dysfunction, obstructions of the male reproductive system, urospermia, oligospermia, azoospermia, in addition to failures in the contraction of the smooth muscles of the genital tract or musculoskeletal disorders and neurological. Treatment is dependent on the primary cause of each change. Pain control, management adjustments, increased stimulus before collection associated with pharmacological treatments that act on penile neuromotor synapses tend to resolve the main ejaculatory disorders, taking into account that the responses to these treatments vary according to the individuality of the stallion with regard to dosages, protocols, routes of administration and drug combinations.(AU)

Prevalence and severity of claw lesions in sows in intensive systems in Brazil / Prevalência e severidade de lesões de casco em porcas confinadas no Brasil

Swines raised in intensive systems are highly susceptible to claw lesions. Moderate to severe lesions trigger an inflammatory response, causing pain and impairing reproductive and economic performance. Foot lesions in sows can cause considerable losses owing to reduced fertility and herd longevity. Proper diagnosis is an important step in correcting this problem; however, the seriousness of the impact of these lesions on swine herds remains unclear to most farm owners. Health monitoring has become an essential tool for veterinarians because it enables the detection of disease incidence and severity. In this study, we assessed claw lesions in sows reared under an intensive system to ascertain the prevalence and severity of lesions in Brazilian herds. The hind limb claws of 2,660 sows from 30 farms were examined for the following lesions: heel overgrowth and erosion (HOE), heel-sole cracks, white line lesions (WL), horizontal and vertical cracks in the toe wall, overgrown toes, and overgrown or missing dew claws. Claws were classified as normal (score = 0), mild (score = 1), moderate (score = 2), or severe (score = 3). At least one type of lesion was observed in 99.1% of the sows, whereas 29.7% displayed severe lesions. HOE was the most common lesion (89.9% of sows) and severe WL was observed in 16.8% of the sows. Lesions increased in prevalence and severity with parity, except for WL. In young females, lesions on the volar surface were more common than those on cracked walls or overgrown toes, which should be considered when selecting gilts for breeding. A high prevalence of claw lesions was observed in Brazilian sows. Monitoring of these lesions is fast and simple. Regular monitoring provides information on claw health in a herd over time, allowing us to take measures to control and treat claw lesions, avoiding worsening of the problem, early culling of animals, and the associated productive and economic losses.

Suínos criados em sistemas intensivos são altamente suscetíveis a lesões de casco. Quando moderadas a graves, essas lesões desencadeiam uma resposta inflamatória, causando dor e prejudicando o desempenho reprodutivo e econômico. Em porcas, as lesões nos cascos podem causar consideráveis perdas devido à redução da fertilidade e longevidade do rebanho. O diagnóstico adequado é um dos passos mais importantes para corrigir esse problema, mas a gravidade do impacto dessas lesões nos rebanhos suínos passa despercebida na maioria das propriedades. O monitoramento sanitário tornou-se uma ferramenta essencial para os médicos veterinários, pois possibilita a detecção da incidência e gravidade da doença. O presente estudo utilizou um método de avaliação de lesões de casco em porcas criadas em sistema intensivo para verificar a prevalência e gravidade das lesões em rebanhos brasileiros. Os cascos dos membros pélvicos de 2.660 porcas, de 30 granjas, foram examinados para as seguintes lesões: crescimento e erosão da almofada plantar (AP), rachadura entre almofada plantar e sola, lesão na linha branca (LB), rachaduras horizontal e vertical da parede do casco, sobrecrescimento da unha principal e sobrecrescimento ou amputação da unha acessória. Os cascos foram classificados como normais (escore = 0) ou apresentando lesões leves (escore = 1), moderadas (escore = 2) ou graves (escore = 3). Pelo menos um tipo de lesão foi observado em 99,1% das porcas, enquanto 29,7% apresentaram lesões graves. AP foi a lesão mais comum (89,9% das porcas) e LB severa foi observada em 16,8% das porcas. As lesões aumentaram em prevalência e severidade com as ordens de parto, com exceção para LB. Em fêmeas jovens, as lesões na face plantar foram mais comuns do que as rachaduras ou sobrecrescimento das unhas, algo que deve ser levado em consideração na seleção de leitoas para reprodução. Alta prevalência de lesões de casco foi observada em porcas brasileiras. A avaliação dessas lesões é rápida e simples. O monitoramento frequente fornece informações sobre a saúde dos cascos de um rebanho ao longo do tempo, permitindo tomar medidas para o controle e tratamento das lesões dos cascos, evitando o agravamento do problema, o descarte precoce dos animais e as perdas produtivas e econômicas associadas.

Presumptive diagnosis of spina bifida in canine patient / Diagnóstico presuntivo de espinha bífida em paciente canino / Diagnóstico presuntivo de espina bífida en un paciente canino

The aim of this report is to describe a presumptive diagnosis of spina bifida in a mixed breed dog, due to previous diagnostic inconsistencies. Spina bifida is an uncommon congenital anomaly characterized by poor bone formation due to incomplete closure orthe absence of the dorsal arch of the vertebral structure during the process of embryogenesis. Animals with this condition may have difficulties in the locomotion process, which constantly threatens the quality and survival of those affected. Spina bifidacan present itself in four different forms and degrees. A 5-month-old mixed breed dog was assisted at a veterinary clinic in Conselheiro Lafaiete/MG with difficulties in the locomotion process and previous diagnostic inconsistencies in other veterinary services. On physical examination, he had kyphosis in the thoracic region and decreased proprioceptive capacity in the hind limbs. After radiographs were taken, morphological thoracic alterations were observed in the segment between the T5 to T9 vertebrae, with duplicated spinous processes and a decrease in the dimensions of the intervertebral space. The radiographic examination suggested presumptive evidence of thoracic spina bifida due to the unavailability of the tutor to perform more sensitive exams such as tomography and magnetic resonance. Therefore, drugs for pain and neuropathic control such as gabapentin and pregabalin were prescribed, at different times, until new recommendations, which have shown therapeutic efficacy to the patient. Currently, the patient uses a wheelchair adapted for locomotion due to the loss of movement of the hind limbs, in addition to weekly physical therapy follow-up and acupuncture sessions.(AU)

O objetivo do presente relato é descrever um diagnóstico presuntivo de espinha bífida em um cão sem raça definida, mediante inconsistências diagnósticas prévias. A espinha bífida é uma anomalia congênita incomum, caracterizada pela má formação óssea mediante o fechamento incompleto ou a inexistência do arco dorsal da estrutura vertebral durante o processo de embriogênese. Os animais portadores dessa condição podem apresentar principalmentedificuldades no processo de locomoção, o que ameaça constantemente a qualidade e a sobrevida dos afetados. A espinha bífida pode se apresentar de quatro diferentes formas e em graus variados. Um cão sem raça definida de 5 meses foi atendido em uma clínicaveterinária em Conselheiro Lafaeite/MG com dificuldades no processo de locomoção e inconsistências diagnósticas prévias em outros serviços veterinários. No exame físico, ele apresentava cifose em região torácica e diminuição da capacidade proprioceptiva nos membros posteriores. Após a realização de radiografias, foram observadas alterações morfológicas torácicas no segmento entre as vértebras T5 a T9, com processos espinhosos duplicados e decréscimo nas dimensões do espaço intervertebral. O exame radiográfico sugeriu evidências presuntivas de espinha bífida torácica, em virtude da indisponibilidade financeira da tutora para a realização de exames mais sensíveis como tomografia e ressonância. Diante dos sinais clínicos e exames apresentados, prescreveu-se fármacos para controle álgico e neuropático como gabapentina e pregabalina, em momentos distintos, até novas recomendações, sendo que estes demonstraram eficácia terapêutica ao paciente. Atualmente, o paciente faz uso de cadeirinha adaptada para locomoção devido à perda da movimentação dos membros posteriores, além do acompanhamento fisioterápico semanal e sessões de acupuntura.(AU)

El objetivo de este informe es describir un diagnóstico presuntivo de espina bífida en un perro sin raza definida, debido a inconsistencias diagnósticas previas. La espina bífida es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente caracterizada por una mala formación ósea debido a un cierre incompleto o la ausencia del arco dorsal de la estructura vertebral durante el proceso de embriogénesis. Los animales con esta condición pueden tener dificultades en el proceso de locomoción, lo que amenaza constantemente la calidad y supervivencia de los afectados. La espina bífida puede presentarse en cuatro formas diferentes y en diversos grados. Un perro mestizo de 5 meses de edad fue atendido en una clínica veterinaria en Conselheiro Lafaiete/MG con dificultades en el proceso de locomoción e inconsistencias diagnósticas previas en otros servicios veterinarios. Al examen físico presentaba cifosis en región torácica y disminución de la capacidad propioceptiva en miembros posteriores. Después de la toma de radiografías, se observaron alteraciones morfológicas torácicas en el segmento entre las vértebras T5 a T9, con procesos espinosos duplicados y disminución de las dimensiones del espacio intervertebral. El examen radiográfico sugirió evidencia presuntiva de espina bífida torácica debido a la falta de disponibilidad del tutor para realizar exámenes más sensibles como tomografía y resonancia magnética. Por ello, fármacos para el control del dolor y neuropático como la gabapentina y la pregabalina fueron prescritos, en diferentes momentos, hasta nuevas recomendaciones, que han demostrado eficacia terapéutica al paciente. Actualmente el paciente utiliza una silla de ruedas adaptada para la locomoción debido a la pérdida de movimiento de los miembros posteriores, además de seguimiento semanal de fisioterapia y sesiones de acupuntura.(AU)

Calves with arthritis - changes in antioxidant parameters

Background: In a healthy organism, oxidants and antioxidants are in balance. However, in cases such as inflammation, infection, and stress, this balance is disrupted in favor of oxidants, creating oxidative stress that can cause damage to cells or tissues. It is known that oxidative stress plays a role in the pathogenesis of many diseases. Determination of oxidant and antioxidant balance, especially in inflammatory diseases, plays an important role in elucidating the pathogenesis of the disease and developing treatment strategies. This study, it was aimed to reveal the oxidant status in inflammatory disease of calves with septic and aseptic arthritis. Materials, Methods & Results: The material of the study consisted of 21 calves up to 2 months old, of different races and genders, 14 (9 male, 5 female) with arthritis and 7 healthy (control, 5 male, 2 female). Of the calves with arthritis, 11 were septic and 3 were acute aseptic. In the calves with arthritis, the affected joint or joints were determined by clinical examinations. By palpating the joints, swelling, local temperature increase, tension in the joint capsule, presence of pain, and the presence and severity of lameness were examined. The color, clarity, viscosity, odor, and clot formation of the synovial fluid were examined and determined to be septic or aseptic. To determine the antioxidant status, the levels of malondialdehyde (MDA), which is the most important oxidative stress marker, and superoxide dismutase (SOD), gluta-thione peroxidase (GSH-Px), and catalase (CAT), which are the enzymatic antioxidant enzymes, were measured spectro-photometrically in serum samples. Vitamin E, C, and A levels, which are nonenzymatic antioxidants, were also measured colorimetrically. In the clinical examination, lameness was detected in the relevant extremity of all patients with arthritis. In the macroscopic examination of the synovial fluids taken from animals with arthritis, the colors of the synovial fluids varied between yellow and yellow tones in 11 cases; in 3 cases, it was determined that they were red and brown. It was observed that the colors of the synovial fluids were transparent in the subjects in the control group. It was observed that the synovial fluid clarity of the calves with arthritis was lost, with severe turbidity (+++) in 3 cases, moderately turbid (++) in 6 cases, slightly turbid (+) in 2 cases, and clear (-) in 3 cases. It was observed that the viscosity of synovial fluid taken from calves with arthritis decreased in varying degrees according to the severity of the disease, severe (+++) in 5 cases, moderately decreased (++) in 4 cases, slightly decreased (+) in 2 cases, and normal in 3 cases. It was determined that the viscosity of the synovial fluid taken from the calves in the control group was normal. There was a statistically significant difference between the groups in terms of MDA (P < 0.01), SOD (P < 0.01), GSH-Px (P < 0.05), vitamin E (P < 0.001), and vitamin C (P < 0.01), while MDA levels increased in calves with arthritis, SOD and GSH-Px activities and vitamin E and C levels decreased significantly. Although there was no statistically significant difference in CAT (P > 0.05) enzyme activity, it was determined that it was at a lower level in calves with arthritis, and there was no significant difference be-tween the groups in terms of vitamin A (P > 0.05). Discussion: According to the results of the study, there is an increase in oxidative stress and a decrease in antioxidant status in calves with arthritis. It is thought that these changes may be due to efforts to reduce tissue damage by reducing lipid peroxidation. As a result, it was determined that oxidant and antioxidant balance was impaired in calves with arthritis, and oxidative stress and lipid peroxidation developed due to the increase in free radicals. It is thought that giving additional antioxidants to the calves may contribute to the recovery of the disease and reduce treatment costs.

Lesão traumática facial em cão - reconstrução cirúrgica com retalho de transposição rotacional / Facial traumatic injury in a dog - surgical reconstruction with rotational transposition flap

Background: Bite injuries are commonly found in small animal clinics, especially in male dogs, due to their habits of fighting and territorial disputes. In general, the lesions are treated with the use of compresses and bandages, however, it is extremely important to carefully evaluate the site, in order to carry out the appropriate treatment. In cases of tissue loss, an increasingly used practice is reconstructive surgery, which launches alternatives for treatment through flaps and skin grafts, promoting healing and satisfactory aesthetic repair. This report describes the case of a dog with a facial bite, treated with reconstructive surgery. Case: A 5-year-old male mixed-breed dog, with a body mass of 5 kg, was treated and submitted to a physical examination, due to the owner's complaint that he had been attacked by another dog, causing a bite on the face. On physical examination, the animal showed normal vital parameters, except for mild hyperthermia due to rectal temperature (39.5°C). On the face, it was possible to observe a lacerative lesion in the temporomandibular and masseteric regions, with loss of skin and muscle, in addition to having an aspect of infection and necrosis. To describe the hematological profile, a blood count was performed, showing no changes. In the biochemical tests, the present alteration was a slight increase in Alkaline Phosphatase (393.8 IU/L). Surgical treatment was indicated through facial reconstruction with a skin graft. After performing the antisepsis, the lesion was debrided, the edges were regularized and the injured tissue was curetted. For reconstruction of the defect, we used a flap obtained through a perpendicular incision at the base of the ear, in a caudal direction, and this flap was pulled and transposed over the wound. Flap synthesis was performed with 3-0 nylon thread. After surgery, a compressive bandage was performed, which was removed after 24 h. It was indicated to avoid exertion in the area and to return in 10 days for the evaluation of the surgery and removal of the stitches. Discussion: Traumatic injuries in animals are being increasingly reported, with male and non-neutered dogs being the most prevalent patients. This report is in line with other studies, with the patient's profile being a male dog, with an average age, in line with the literature. In general, in certain types of wounds, the affected animals can develop sepsis and even progress to death, however, in this case the patient did not show changes in vital parameters and in hematological tests. Reconstructive surgeries are performed with the aim of correcting skin defects and knowledge of the available techniques is important. It is also necessary to carry out a good planning, in order to avoid complications in the trans and postoperative period. In the present case, we chose to use a flap obtained through an incision perpendicular to the base of the ear, transposing it over the wound, in addition to relieving tissue tension through skin divulsion, increasing its elastic potential. The use of bandages is considered extremely important for the success of the surgical procedure, as it provides an efficient barrier against infections, trauma and adhesions. However, we emphasize the need to use ointments, gauzes and bandages concomitantly, in order to have the desired success in the postoperative period. In addition to proper surgical techniques, pain management and infection control are important for patient recovery. It is important to use non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs and opioids to obtain analgesia, in addition to antibiotic therapy before and after surgery. The reported case demonstrated that lesions in dogs with skin loss can be reconstructed using skin flaps, with an excellent recovery and good prognosis, as was the case with the patient in this report.

Continuous infusion of dipyrone in bitches in the intraoperative period: cardiorespiratory effects / Infusão continua transoperatória de dipirona em cadelas: efeitos cardiorrespiratórios e analgésicos

Dipyrone is an effective analgesic for managing moderate or severe postoperative pain and can be used alone for mild pain or in combination with other analgesics for any type of pain. This study aimed to examine the administration of dipyrone by continuous infusion (CI) as an adjuvant analgesic in the intraoperative period for bitches undergoing elective ovariohysterectomy (OH) and its effect on these patients' cardiorespiratory parameters. Twenty bitches underwent an elective OH procedure. The pre-anesthetic agent was a combination of acepromazine and morphine. Propofol was used to induce anesthesia, and isoflurane was used for maintenance. Subsequently, the animals were randomly allocated into two groups: the dipyrone group (DG) received a bolus dose of dipyrone (25 mg kg-1) by CI at a rate of 10 mg kg-1 h, and the control group (CG) received a bolus dose and a CI of 0.9% NaCl solution, both groups at a rate of 5 mL kg-1 h. The parametric variables were analyzed by ANOVA, followed by Tukey's test (p <0.05). The paired t-test (p <0.05) was used for comparison between the groups. Statistical differences were observed for heart rate, systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure, respiratory rate, and blood glucose between the periods in both groups. There were differences only in the basal values of MAP between the groups; however, most values remained within the physiological range for the species. Using the drug as an adjuvant to anesthesia did not alter cardiorespiratory parameters, and it can be used as an adjuvant in analgesia during the intraoperative period of OH.(AU)

A dipirona é um analgésico eficaz para o manejo da dor pós-operatória moderada ou grave, podendo ser utilizada isoladamente em dores leves ou associada a outros analgésicos em qualquer tipo de dor. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a utilização de infusão contínua (IC) de dipirona no período transoperatório de cadelas submetidas à Ovariohisterectomia (OH) eletiva como adjuvante analgésico, avaliando seu efeito sobre parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios desses pacientes. Para o estudo, 20 cadelas foram submetidas ao procedimento de OH eletiva. A medicação pré-anestésica foi composta pela associação de acepromazina e morfina, seguida da indução com propofol e manutenção com isofluorano. Posteriormente, os animais foram alocados, aleatoriamente, em dois grupos: dipirona (GD), que receberam bolus de dipirona (25 mg kg-1) seguido da IC do fármaco na taxa de 10 mg kg-1 h, e grupo controle (GC), cujos animais receberam o bolus e IC de solução de NaCl 0,9%, ambos os grupos na velocidade de 5 mL kg-1 h. Variáveis paramétricas foram analisadas pela ANOVA seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p <0,05) e comparadas entre os grupos pelo teste t pareado (p <0,05). Foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os momentos em ambos os grupos em relação à FC, FR, PAS, PAM, PAD e glicemia. Entre os grupos, houve apenas diferenças nos valores basais de PAM, no entanto, a maioria dos valores manteve-se dentro da faixa considerada fisiológica para a espécie. A utilização do fármaco como adjuvante a anestesia não alterou os parâmetros cardiorrespiratórios, podendo ser utilizado como adjuvante na analgesia durante o transoperatório de OH.(AU)

Assessment of general activity and anxiety-like behavior in mice following tramadol and meloxicam administration for managing immediate post-operative pain

After analgesic administration, we evaluated general activity in the Open-Field and anxiety-like behavior in the Elevated Plus Maze of vasectomized mice. We divided C57BL/6J male mice into eight groups: saline, three non-operated control groups treated with 10 mg/kg meloxicam, 20 mg/kg tramadol, or both intraperitoneally, and four vasectomized mice groups treated with the same analgesic protocol as the control groups. One group of vasectomized mice received both treatments and an additional 10 mg/kg lidocaine at the incision site. We conducted the vasectomy via scrotal approach under isoflurane inhalation anesthesia and performed behavioral tests after full anesthesia recovery. Mice treated with meloxicam demonstrated low ambulation, spontaneous activity, and rearing frequency. Mice treated with tramadol showed spontaneous behavior compared with the saline control. Due to behavior changes demonstrated by meloxicam controls, we were unable to identify whether meloxicam provided adequate analgesia. Vasectomized mice treated with tramadol showed general activity behavior similar to their control but displayed significantly less rearing, suggesting that they were under potential signs of pain or discomfort. In conclusion, the Open Field test and the Elevated Plus Maze can usefully pre-evaluate analgesic protocols to identify possible interference caused by adverse drug effects. For future directions, an appropriate regimen of meloxicam and tramadol for enhancing mice welfare post vasectomy should be better investigated.

O uso de opioides em ruminantes / Use of opioids in ruminants

Os ruminantes, como todos os animais, têm capacidade de sentir dor, a qual pode ser causada por doenças ou procedimentos frequentemente praticados, como a descorna e a orquiectomia. Todavia, nesses animais, o uso de analgésicos ainda é menos comum do que o ideal, sendo necessária uma maior conscientização, além de estudos com fármacos e protocolos, capazes de aliviar a dor de maneira eficaz nessas espécies. Neste contexto, destacam-se os opioides, potentes fármacos analgésicos, sendo ótima opção para o controle da dor; entretanto, seu uso ainda é pouco frequente em ruminantes, os estudos são limitados e encontram resultados variáveis. Diante disso, o objetivo deste trabalho foi revisar os benefícios do controle da dor em ruminantes, através do uso de opioides, elucidando as possibilidades analgésicas com diferentes fármacos desta classe e vias de administração, a fim de incentivar o uso pelos médicos veterinários de ruminantes, com base na literatura já publicada sobre este assunto; uma vez que, mesmo com alguns resultados variáveis, diversos estudos têm demonstrado o potencial antinociceptivo dos opioides em ruminantes, além dos efeitos sedativos, destacando o potencial analgésico principalmente por vias de administração alternativas, como o fentanil transdérmico e a via epidural para diversos opioides, os quais tornam-se opções importantes a serem consideradas nos protocolos analgésicos para ruminantes.

Ruminants, as all other animals, feel pain, which can be caused by diseases or frequently practiced procedures, such as dehorning and orchiectomy. However, in these animals the use of analgesics is still less common than ideal, requiring greater awareness, in addition to studies with drugs and protocols capable of effectively relieving pain in these species. In this context, opioids, potent analgesic drugs, are highlighted as a great option for pain control. Nevertheless, their use is still infrequent in ruminants, where studies are limited and show varied results. Therefore, the objective of this study was to review the benefits of pain control in ruminants through opioids, elucidating the analgesic possibilities with different drugs of this class and administration routes to encourage the use by veterinarians of ruminants, based on the literature already published on this subject. Even with some variable results, several studies have demonstrated the antinociceptive potential of opioids in ruminants, in addition to the sedative effects, highlighting the analgesic potential mainly through alternative routes of administration, such as transdermal fentanyl and the epidural route for various opioids, which become important options to be considered in analgesic protocols for ruminants.

The analgesic effect of preventive administration of meloxicam in calves submitted to hot-iron dehorning / Efeito analgésico da administração preventiva de meloxicam em bezerros submetidos à descorna com ferro quente

Dehorning is a zootechnical practice that causes severe pain in cattle. Although there are several studies evaluating the effects of analgesics in calf dehorning, none of them used validated pain assessment instruments. We evaluated the analgesic effectiveness of meloxicam administered before dehorning, compared to a control group, using the Unesp-Botucatu, numerical, simple descriptive, and visual analogue scales for pain assessment before and 4, 8, and 24 hours after the dehorning in 44 female calves. All calves received 0.04 mg/kg of xylazine IM 20 minutes before dehorning and local anesthetic block with 2% lidocaine with a vasoconstrictor. Calves were divided into two groups: without (GX; n = 22) or with 0.5 mg/kg of meloxicam (GXM; n = 22) administered intravenously before the procedure. Dehorning was performed through the section of the base of the horn bud, followed by thermocautery disbudding. For comparisons over time, mixed linear or generalized mixed linear model were used. The interaction between groups and study phases was used as fixed effects and each calf as a random effect. Bonferroni post hoc test was used. There was an increase in the pain scores at 4h compared to baseline in both groups (GX and GXM) for the four scales. The scores at 4h were higher in GX compared to GXM for all scales. Meloxicam reduced, but did not eliminate, behavioral expressions of pain in calves submitted to hot-iron dehorning. Therefore, it should be included in the analgesic protocol to improve welfare in calves undergoing dehorning.

A descorna é uma prática zootécnica que causa dor intensa em bovinos. Há na literatura diversos estudos sobre os efeitos de analgésicos para mitigar a dor frente a descorna, mas nenhum usando escalas validadas. Avaliamos a eficácia do meloxicam administrado previamente à descorna, comparado a um grupo controle, utilizando-se as escalas Unesp-Botucatu, numérica, simples descritiva e analógica visual para avaliação da dor antes e 4, 8 e 24 horas após a descorna em 44 bezerros fêmeas tratadas com 0,04 mg/kg de xilazina IM 20 minutos antes da descorna e bloqueio anestésico local com lidocaína a 2% com vasoconstritor. Os bezerros foram alocados em dois grupos: sem (GX; n=22) ou com 0.5 mg/kg de meloxicam (GXM; n=22) administrado por via intravenosa antes do procedimento. Realizou-se a descorna por secção da base do botão cornual seguido de termocauterização. Para as comparações ao longo do tempo, empregou-se o modelo linear ou linear misto. Considerou-se a interação entre grupos e momentos como efeito fixo e cada bezerro como efeito aleatório. As alterações foram inferidas de acordo com o pós-teste de Bonferroni. Para as quatro escalas houve aumento dos escores às 4h comparado ao basal em ambos os grupos (GX e GXM). Os escores de todas as escalas às 4h foram maiores em GX que em GXM. O meloxicam reduziu, mas não aboliu, a expressão comportamental da dor em bezerros submetidos à descorna com ferro quente, o que sugere o uso de terapia antálgica multimodal para realizar tal procedimento e garantir o bem-estar animal.

Infusão contínua de fentanil e cetamina para controle de dor no transcirurgico: relato de caso / Continuous infusion of fentanyl and ketamine for trans-surgical pain control: case report

O paciente da espécie canina, sem raça definida, com 5 anos, deu entrada a clínica veterinária particular apresentando quadro de dor aguda e intensa em cavidade abdominal associada a prostração. Foram realizados exames de sangue, ultrassonografia e radiografia de abdômen, cuja suspeita foi torção parcial do estômago, com esplenomegalia, além de gastrite e enterite. O paciente foi submetido imediatamente ao procedimento cirúrgico para alívio, reposicionamento do órgão e gastropexia. O animal foi medicado previamente com metadona, tramadol e dipirona duas horas antes do ato cirúrgico, portanto não foram utilizadas medicações pré-anestésicas e optou-se pelo propofol e cetamina para a indução anestésica, além da infusão contínua com cetamina e fentanil para se obter a analgesia multimodal. Os parâmetros de dor foram avaliados por meio das frequências cardíaca e respiratória, traçado eletrocardiográfico, pressão arterial sistólica e média, aferição da temperatura retal e coloração de mucosas, a cada 5 minutos. Os mesmos indicaram boa estabilidade hemodinâmica, segurança e analgesia, sem necessidade de alterar as doses estabelecidas durante o procedimento. Pode ser observada também redução do requerimento de isoflurano para manutenção do plano cirúrgico. O paciente acordou sem sinais de dor no pós-operatório imediato evitando estresse sistêmico, o que conferiu o bom resultado do protocolo analgésico instituído.

The patient (Caramel) canine, mixed breed, approximately 5 years old, weighing 26kg was seen at the Ame Vet veterinary clinic, with severe abdominal pain, apathy, anorexia, prostration. Blood tests, abdominal ultrasound and abdominal x-ray were performed according to the tests a suspicion of partial torsion of the stomach and splenomegaly with right displacement, in addition to gastritis and enteritis. It was decided by the clinic and surgeon to perform laparotomy and prophylactic gastropexy. The animal was previously medicated by the clinic that treated the animal for analgesia with methadone, tramadol and dipyrone two hours before the beginning of the surgical procedure, therefore, pre-anesthetic medications, anesthetic induction with propofol, and ketamine were not used, aiming to perform analgesia. Multimodal with continuous infusion of ketamine and fentanyl, that is, more than one different mechanism of action, acting synergistically and reducing dose-dependent adverse effects and monitoring hemostasis and patient parameters, presenting its efficacy and safety in intraoperative pain control. The parameters addressed were heart rate (HR), respiratory rate (RR), electrocardiographic tracing, Spo2, systolic blood pressure (SBP), mean arterial pressure (MAP), temperature and mucosal color, evaluated every 5 minutes. The parameters evaluated indicated good hemodynamic stability, safety and analgesia, with no need to change the doses established during the procedure. A reduction in the requirement of isoflurane to maintain the surgical plan can also be observed. The patient woke up without signs of pain in the immediate postoperative period, thus avoiding systemic stress. which conferred the good result of the analgesic protocol instituted.

Síndrome cólica em equinos induzida por ingestão de cana de açúcar / Equine colic syndrome induced by the ingestion of sugarcane

Background: Equine colic syndrome comprises numerous conditions associated with abdominal pain in horses. Impaction, a common cause of this manifestation, is strongly related to these animals' diet. Highly fibrous diets such as sugarcane can predispose horses to colic. The clinical condition can be worsened by fermentative processes, which lead to dysbiosis, circulatory disorders and even endotoxemia. The aim of this study was to report 4 cases of colic syndrome among 8 horses that underwent an experiment to adapt them to a sugarcane-based diet, and to correlate the animals' clinical conditions to the forage they ingested. Cases: Eight male castrated Mangalarga Marchador horses, between 5.5 and 7 years old, were subjected to an experiment to test the feasibility of sugarcane as forage. Four of these horses were taken to the Large Animal Veterinary Hospital (HVGA) of the Federal Rural University of Rio de Janeiro for treatment of abdominal signs of discomfort a few days after the exclusive consumption of sugarcane, in a proportion of 1.75% of live weight in dry matter. The animals' symptoms ranged from behavioral signs indicative of pain to changes in vital parameters and structure of the feces, as well as changes revealed by transrectal palpation. Three of the 4 cases presented impaction in the small colon, and 1 of the horses also presented impaction in the right dorsal colon and rostral displacement of the pelvic flexure, with accumulation of contents in the right ventral colon and sternal flexure. Two of the cases were treated medically, while the other 2 required surgical intervention. The clinical condition of all the patients evolved favorably and they were discharged between 2 and 18 days. Discussion: Colic originating in the digestive system is a syndrome strongly associated with management, especially with respect to confinement, nutrition, and parasite control. During the experiment, 4 of the 8 horses fed with sugarcane presented with colic syndrome. The low quality of sugarcane fiber is due to the high degree of lignification of the plant cell wall, which favors accumulation of ingesta. The poor digestibility and sweet taste of this roughage favor increased consumption. Furthermore, its high sucrose content, associated with an increased rate of passage in the small intestine, alters the intestinal microbiome, and hence, the fermentation byproducts and pH of the ingesta. High intestinal content, allied to longer retention times in the colon and activation of the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system, promote greater dryness of the ingesta, predisposing the occurrence of impactions in the most distal portion of the large intestine. Intestinal distension and mesenteric traction caused by the accumulation of contents and gases trigger pain, which can worsen due to displacement of the large colon. Small colon impaction, which is easily identified by transrectal palpation, evolves gradually and its treatment, both clinical and surgical, tends to have a favorable prognosis. The need for alternative food sources for horses is a growing demand; however, sugarcane as an exclusive roughage has been shown to be unsafe for horses. The low quality of the fiber and the high sucrose content of this forage can alter the digestive physiology of horses through changes in the passage rate, microbiome and motility of digesta, predisposing them to intestinal dysfunction, ingesta compaction and displacement of the large colon.

Prospecting for candidate molecules from Conus virgo toxins to develop new biopharmaceuticals

Background: A combination of pharmacological and biomedical assays was applied in this study to examine the bioactivity of Conus virgo crude venom in order to determine the potential pharmacological benefit of this venom, and its in vivo mechanism of action. Methods: Two doses (1/5 and 1/10 of LC50, 9.14 and 4.57 mg/kg) of the venom were used in pharmacological assays (central and peripheral analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic), while 1/2 of LC50 (22.85 mg/kg) was used in cytotoxic assays on experimental animals at different time intervals, and then compared with control and reference drug groups. Results: The tail immersion time was significantly increased in venom-treated mice compared with the control group. Also, a significant reduction in writhing movement was recorded after injection of both venom doses compared with the control group. In addition, only the high venom concentration has a mild anti-inflammatory effect at the late inflammation stage. The induced pyrexia was also decreased significantly after treatment with both venom doses. On the other hand, significant increases were observed in lipid peroxidation (after 4 hours) and reduced glutathione contents and glutathione peroxidase activity, while contents of lipid peroxidation and nitric oxide (after 24 hours) and catalase activity were depleted significantly after venom administration. Conclusion: These results indicated that the crude venom of Conus virgo probably contain bioactive components that have pharmacological activities with low cytotoxic effects. Therefore, it may comprise a potential lead compound for the development of drugs that would control pain and pyrexia.(AU)

Superficial necrolytic dermatitis in a dog

Background: Superficial necrolytic dermatitis (SND), hepatocutaneous syndrome (HCS), metabolic epidermal necrosis (MEN), and necrolytic migratory erythema (NME) are useful terms to describe a disease that likely has a multifactorial etiopathogenesis. SND is a rare and fatal disease characterized by skin lesions and liver disease. Common skin lesions include hyperkeratosis, fissures, erosion, ulceration, crusting, exudation from the paws, face, perianal regions, and pressure points. This case report aimed to report the case of a bitch that developed the rare Superficial Necrolytic Dermatitis disease, emphasizing the clinical signs of the disease, and the importance of complementary exams such as abdominal ultrasound and skin biopsy for the definitive diagnosis. Case: A 9-year-old, mixed-breed, neutered female was referred for clinical examination with 5 months history of hyperkeratosis and ulceration of the paw pads, presenting pain, lameness and weight loss. Abdominal ultrasound revealed a liver with heterogeneous echotexture, mixed echogenicity, irregular and poorly delimited margins with hypoechoic nodules throughout like honeycombs. The gallbladder was visualized with a moderately thick layer. Histological analysis confirmed the diagnosis of SND. Skin biopsies showed an increase in thickness of the epidermis due to irregular hyperplasia and proliferation of keratinocytes in the basal layer of the epidermis, pallor of the spinous layer of the epidermis and important parakeratosis. Due to the progression of the disease, significant worsening of the patient's clinical condition and pain, associated with the impossibility of cure, the animal was submitted to euthanasia. A necropsy was performed to allow assessment of the liver and pancreas. The biopsies showed a severe proliferative chronic hepatitis, steatosis and cholestasis associated with pancreatitis and necrotic multifocal proliferative fibrinopurulent areas in the pancreas. Discussion: Clinical signs such as lethargy, inappetence, weight loss, as well as the dermatological signs presented by this bitch are nonspecific clinical signs and require a deeper clinical, pathological and histopathological diagnostic investigation to reach the diagnosis of this disease. The definitive diagnosis is made on the basis of a characteristic honeycomb pattern in the liver or associated with a neoplastic finding in the pancreas on ultrasound examination and confirmed by histopathological evaluation of skin biopsies. Palliative treatment with corticosteroid anti-inflammatories, improvement in feed quality, with higher nutritional and protein intake and intravenous amino acid supplementation are suggested by some authors as treatment alternatives. However, not all owners can afford a costly lifetime treatment. With the progressive worsening of the condition, many owners opt for euthanasia as a way to shorten the suffering of the animal. This decision is not an easy one to make. Despite the poor prognosis of the disease, treatment options should be tried by veterinarians and owners prior to the option of euthanasia. However, new affordable nutritional and pharmacological strategies to treat or control the disease are needed in order to improve quality of life of SND patients.

Eletrocussão em Preguiça-real (Choloepus didactylus) - abordagem clínica e cirúrgica / Electrocution in a sloth (Choloepus didactylus) - clinical and surgical approach

Background: High voltage electric shock causes serious injury to the body, which can lead to a fatal condition. Sloths are commonly the target of this type of accident and factors such as the degree of tissue impairment and late medical care can contribute to the death of the animal or the indication of euthanasia. In this way, the present study aims to describe the treatment strategies in Choloepus didactylus victim of high voltage electrocution. Case: A female sloth weighing 6.15 kg was treated at the Wild Animals Sector of the Veterinary Hospital (HV-SAS) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA) victim of high voltage electric shock with burn on the right side face, stomatitis, glossitis, lesions extensive and bullous lesions in the thoracic and pelvic limbs, in addition to an open fracture in the radioulnar joint of the left limb with signs of necrosis. After patient stabilization (fluid therapy, antibiotic therapy, pain control, cleaning and wound dressing), the patient was transfered to the impatient room. The main treatment strategies adopted were surgery, drug therapy, food and occupational therapy. The day after the patient's arrival, the amputation of the left thoracic limb was performed. On the third day of hospitalization, the right thoracic and pelvic limbs were also amputated, and on the tenth day, debridement of the right lateral face was performed. As for drug therapy, the following drugs were used postoperatively: ceftriaxone (40 mg/kg, BID, for 47 days), dexamethasone (0.5 mg/kg, BID, for 4 days), silymarin (15 mg/kg, BID, for 30 days), morphine (0.4 mg/kg, BID, for 14 days; 0.8 mg/kg, SID, for 22 days) and dressing wounds on the lateral face and surgical stumps with ointment of collagenase with chloramphenicol. In food management, the animal had good acceptance of a mixture of fruits, vegetables and animal protein in a pasty presentation. The treatment by occupational therapy included basic care such as exercising, sunbathing, and desensitizing the surgical stumps (massage therapy). In conclusion, after five months, the therapeutic protocol implemented resulted in the clinical improvement of the animal, as it allowed the complete healing of the lesions on the face and surgical stumps. In addition, the care taken with the surgical stumps allowed the animal to use them as support for its locomotion. Discussion: Amputation and debridement surgeries were effective in treating electrocuted patients and should be considered when tissue is compromised, which justifies the surgical protocol adopted in this study. They were based on reports in humans, since in wild animals, although many are victims of this type of trauma, little is known about the appropriate therapeutic approach for each species. Surgical interventions associated with the antibiotic ceftriaxone were efficient for controlling the infection, since this antibiotic has a broad spectrum of activity, being used mainly in skin and soft tissue and/or bone infections, which justified its use in that patient. As for nutritional therapy, supplementation with animal protein may have contributed to the clinical improvement of the animal, since they are excellent components for tissue recovery in patients who suffered losses from burns caused by electric shocks. Stump desensitization is indicated as a treatment for neuropathic pain in amputees, and in the present study, it was essential for the animal to use the limb for locomotion. The exercises in a grassy area associated with sunbathing added as a stimulus to the patient's movement.

Genetic parameters controlling the inheritance of glaucousness and yield traits in bread wheat / Parâmetros genéticos que controlam a herança de glaucosidade e características de produção em trigo mole

Wheat breeders frequently use generation mean analysis to obtain information on the type of gene action involved in inheriting a trait to choose the helpful breeding procedure for trait improvement. The present study was carried out to study the inter-allelic and intra-allelic gene action and inheritance of glaucousness, earliness and yield traits in a bread wheat cross between divergent parents in glaucousness and yield traits; namely Mut-2 (P1) and Sakha 93 (P2).The experimental material included six populations, i.e. P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1, and BC2 for this wheat cross. A randomized complete block design with three replications was used, and a six parameters model was applied. Additive effects were generally more critical than dominance for all studied traits, except for plant height (PH) and grain yield/plant (GYPP). The duplicate epistasis was observed in spike length; SL, spikes/plant; SPP and days to heading; DTH. All six types of allelic and non-allelic interaction effects controlled SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness. All three types of epistasis, i.e. additive x additive, additive x dominance, and dominance x dominance, are essential in determining the inheritance of four traits (SL, GYPP, DTH and glaucousness). Dominance × dominance effects were higher in magnitude than additive × dominance and additive × additive in most traits. The average degree of dominance was minor than unity in six traits (glaucousness, grains/spike, spike weight, days to maturity, 100-grain weight and SL), indicating partial dominance and selection for these traits might be more effective in early generations. Meanwhile, the remaining traits (PH, SPP, GYPP and DTH) had a degree of dominance more than unity, indicating that overdominance gene effects control such traits and it is preferable to postpone selection to later generations. The highest values of narrow-sense heritability and genetic advance were recorded by glaucousness trait followed by SL and SPP, indicating that selection in segregating generations would be more effective than other traits.

Os criadores de trigo frequentemente usam a análise da média de geração para obter informações sobre o tipo de ação do gene envolvida na herança de uma característica para escolher o procedimento de melhoramento útil para o aprimoramento da característica. O presente estudo foi conduzido para estudar a ação do gene interalélico e intraalélico e a herança de características de glaucosidade, precocidade e produção em um cruzamento de trigo mole entre pais divergentes em glaucosidade e características de produção; nomeadamente Mut-2 (P1) e Sakha 93 (P2). O material experimental incluiu seis populações, ou seja, P1, P2, F1, F2, BC1 e BC2 para este cruzamento de trigo. O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso com três repetições e aplicado um modelo de seis parâmetros. Os efeitos aditivos foram geralmente mais críticos do que a dominância para todas as características estudadas, exceto para altura da planta (AP) e rendimento de grãos / planta (GYPP). A epistasia duplicada foi observada no comprimento da ponta; SL, espigas/planta; SPP e dias para o cabeçalho; DTH. Todos os seis tipos de efeitos de interação alélica e não alélica controlaram SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade. Todos os três tipos de epistasia, ou seja, aditivo x aditivo, aditivo x dominância e dominância x dominância, são essenciais na determinação da herança de quatro características (SL, GYPP, DTH e glaucosidade). Os efeitos de dominância × dominância foram maiores em magnitude do que aditivo × dominância e aditivo × aditivo na maioria das características. O grau médio de dominância foi menor do que a unidade em seis características (glaucosidade, grãos / espiga, peso da espiga, dias até a maturidade, peso de 100 grãos e SL), indicando dominância parcial, e a seleção para essas características pode ser mais eficaz nas gerações iniciais. Enquanto isso, os traços restantes (PH, SPP, GYPP e DTH) tiveram um grau de dominância maior do que a unidade, indicando que os efeitos do gene de superdominância controlam tais traços e é preferível adiar a seleção para gerações posteriores. Os maiores valores de herdabilidade no sentido restrito e avanço genético foram registrados pelo traço de glaucosidade seguido por SL e SPP, indicando que a seleção em gerações segregadas seria mais eficaz do que outros caracteres.