Strategic diagnosis of a property specialized in breeding, rearing and finishing beef cattle in the southern region of Piauí

This study aimed to perform a strategic diagnosis on a property specialized in breeding, rearing and finishing beef cattle in the southern region of Piauí. It was conducted at Agropecuária Alvorada, located in the countryside, municipality of Bom Jesus, PI, Brazil. The farm develops the full cycle of beef cattle production, which is divided into breeding, rearing and finishing. A SWOT analysis (which stands for Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) was carried out, consisting of an assessment of the property's internal and external environments. To evaluate the internal environment, an interview was held for data collection by means of questionnaires. The evaluation included: breeding management, sanitary management, nutritional management, infrastructure, workforce, technologies used in pasture formation, conservation and recovery, pasture management and zootechnical indices. To analyze the external environment, a group of people (experts) with deep knowledge of the subject addressed during the study was used as source of information. A matrix was generated with all the information from the SWOT analysis, strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats, culminating with the establishment of strategies to increase the productive efficiency of the cattle raising activity.(AU)

Análise quantitativa da receptividade a presença de abrigos de morcegos hematófagos Desmodus rotundus no município de São Pedro - SP / Quantitative analysis of the receptivity of the presence of vampire bats Desmodus rotundus shelters in the municipality of São Pedro - SP / Análisis cuantitativo de la receptividad de la presencia de hematophagus bat shelters Desmodus rotundus en el municipio de São Pedro - SP

O morcego hematófago Desmodus rotundus é o principal transmissor da raiva dos herbívoros, responsável por enormes prejuízos econômicos na pecuária na América Latina. Devido às interações de D. rotundus como meio ambiente, o risco da raiva nos herbívoros pode ser explicado pela vulnerabilidade e a receptividade do ambiente a capacidade do ecossistema albergar populações de D. rotundus. Utilizando de Sistema de Informações Geográficas foram analisados quantitativamente os seguintes determinantes de receptividade em que se encontravam os abrigos de morcegos hematófagos D. rotundus nomunicípio de SãoPedro - SP: tipo de solo e geologia, uso e cobertura do solo, declividade, hipsometria e proximidade a corpos de água. Foram localizados oito abrigos de D. rotundus, sendo dois abrigos naturais: uma gruta de arenito de Geologia Formação Piramboia e Neossolo Quartzarênico habitada por apenas um morcego, e outra gruta basáltica de Geologia Formação Itaqueri e Latossolo Vermelho-amarelo comum a população estimada de 100 D. rotundus. 75% dos abrigos estava em áreas de pastagem e cana de açúcar, seguido por áreas de vegetação nativa e vegetação riparia associada a pastagens. A presença de abrigos de D. rotundus em áreas de cultura canavieira e pastoril em quantidade superior a áreas de cobertura florestal ressalta a importância de oferta de abrigos artificiais em áreas agrícolas. A declividade do terreno em que se encontravam os abrigos variou de 3% a 29%. 62,5% dos abrigos estavam em áreas com baixas declividades com presença de pastagens, porém próximos a áreas de relevo mais escarpado e vegetação nativa com altitudes que variaram entre 475 m e 929 m. Todos os abrigos estavam localizados próximos a corpos d'agua. Apesar de corpos d'agua não constarem como fator de receptividade à presença de abrigos de D. rotundus no modelo epidemiológico indicado pelo Manual de Combate a Raiva dos Herbívoros - MAPA, no presente estudo a proximidade de todos os abrigos de D. rotundus a corpos d'agua evidencia a importância deste fator na receptividade ambiental à presença de abrigos destes morcegos, tornando relevante a inclusão deste fator nos modelos epidemiológicos de controle da raiva dos herbívoros. Desta forma faz-se necessária uma reavaliação da importância dos fatores de receptividade à presença de abrigos de D. rotundus nos modelos epidemiológicos, considerando a escala e particularidades de cada região em estudo, a inclusão outros tipos de formação geológica além da calcária para formação de abrigos naturais, a inclusão de novos tipos e cobertura de solo e a proximidade de corpos d'agua.

The vampire bat Desmodus rotundus is the main transmitter rabies in herbivores, responsible for enormous economic losses in livestock in Latin America. Due to interactions of D. rotundus with the environment, the risk of rabies in herbivores can be explained by the vulnerability and receptiveness of the environment to the capacity of the ecosystem to support populations of D. rotundus. Using a Geographic Information System, the following determinants of receptivity were quantitatively analyzed in which the vampire bat roosts D. rotundus were found in the city of São Pedro - SP: soil type and geology, land use and cover, slope, hypsometry and proximity to water bodies. Eight D. rotundus shelters were located, two of which were natural: as and stone cave of Piramboia Formation Geology and Quartzarênic Neosol inhabited by only one bat, and another basaltic cave of Itaqueri Formation Geology and Red-yellow Latosol with an estimated population of 100 D. rotundus. 75% of the shelters were in pasture and sugar cane areas, followed by areas of native vegetation and riparian vegetation associated with pastures. The presence of D. rotundus shelters in sugar cane and pastoral areas in a greater quantity than in forest cover areas highlights the importance of offering artificial shelters in agricultural areas. The slope of the land on which the shelters were located ranged from 3% to 29%. 62.5% of the shelters were in areas with lows lopes with the presence of pastures, but close to areas with more rugged relief and native vegetation with altitudes ranging between 475m and 929m. All shelters were located close to bodies of water. Although bodies of water do not appear as a factor of receptivity to the presence of shelters of D. rotundus in the epidemiological model indicated by the Herbivore Rabies Control Manual - MAPA, in the present study the proximity of all roosts of D. rotundus to water bodies highlights the importance of this factor in environmental receptivity to the presence of roosts for these bats, making it relevant to include this factor in epidemiological models for controlling rabies in herbivores. Thus, it is necessary to reassess the importance of factors of receptivity to the presence of D. rotundus roosts in epidemiological models, considering the scale and particularities of each region under study, the inclusion of other types of geological formation in addition to limestone for the formation of natural shelters, the inclusion of new types and land cover and the proximity of water bodies.

El murciélago vampiro Desmodus rotundus es el principal transmisor de la rabia herbívora, responsable de enormes pérdidas económicas en la ganadería en América Latina. Debido a las interacciones de D. rotundus con el medio ambiente, el riesgo de rabia en herbívoros puede explicarse por la vulnerabilidad y receptividad del medio ambiente a la capacidad del ecosistema para sustentar poblaciones de D. rotundus. Utilizando un Sistema de Información Geográfica, se analizaron cuantitativamente los siguientes determinantes de la receptividad en los que se encontraron los refugios de murciélagos vampiro D. rotundus en la ciudad de São Pedro SP: tipo de suelo y geología, uso y cobertura del suelo, pendiente, hipsometría y proximidad a cuerpos de agua. Se ubicaron ocho refugios de D.rotundus, siendo dos refugios naturales: una cueva de arenisca de Geología de la Formación Piramboia y Quartzarênico Neosol habitada por un solo murciélago, y otra cueva basáltica de Geología de la Formación Itaqueri y Latosol Rojo-amarillo con una población estimada de 100 D. rotundus. El 75% de los refugios estaban en áreas de pastos y caña de azúcar, seguidos de áreas de vegetación nativa y vegetación de ribera asociada a pastos. La presencia de refugios de D. rotundus en áreas cañeras y pastorales en mayor cantidad que en áreas de cobertura forestal resalta la importancia de ofrecer refugios artificiales en áreas agrícolas. La pendiente del terreno en el que se ubicaron los refugios osciló entre el 3% y el 29%. El 62,5% de los refugios se encontraban en zonas de baja pendiente con presencia de pastos, pero próximas a zonas de relieve más accidentado y vegetación autóctona con altitudes que oscilan entre 475 my 929 m. Todos los refugios estaban ubicados cerca de cuerpos de agua. Si bien los cuerpos de agua no aparecen como factor de receptividad a la presencia de refugios de D. rotundus en el modelo epidemiológico indicado por el Manual de Combate a la Rabia de Herbívoros - MAPA, en el presente estudio la proximidad de todos los refugios de D. rotundus to bodies d'agua destaca la importancia de este factor en la receptividad ambiental a la presencia de refugios para estos murciélagos, por lo que es relevante incluir este factor en los modelos epidemiológicos para el control de la rabia en herbívoros. Así, es necesario reevaluar la importancia de los factores de receptividad a la presencia de refugios de D. rotundus en los modelos epidemiológicos, considerando la escala y particularidades de cada región en estudio, la inclusión de otros tipos de formación geológica además de la caliza para la formación de refugios naturales, inclusión de nuevos tipos y coberturas terrestres y proximidad de cuerpos de agua.

Sustainability indicators for Brazilian dairy livestock: the perception of professionals in the sector

The objective of this study was to analyze the perceptions of professionals in relation to the importance of indicators used to assess the sustainability of Brazilian dairy cattle. A survey method was used through a questionnaire. The target audience was professionals related to dairy cattle: researchers, professors, consultants, farmers, and other professionals. The total number of respondents to the survey was 347. Cluster analysis resulted in the formation of four distinct groups: G1 ("Holistic"), participants agreed that all indicators are very important or, at least, important; G2 ("Technician") considered the indicators important and desirable, except for some environmental indicators which were assessed as non-priority and expendable; G3 ("Socioenvironmentalist") assessed the indicators as desirable, but environmental indicators received more importance; and G4 ("Skeptic") generally believed that indicators were non-priority and expendable. The groups showed significant differences in relation to knowledge about technical, economic, social, and environmental aspects of dairy cattle. More than 60% of professionals consider milk production per area, reproductive index, production costs, profit from the activity, milk quality, quality of life of the producer and employees, succession, protection of water courses, and soil management as very important indicators of the sustainability of dairy cattle. On the other hand, important environmental indicators such as emissions of gases and substances, energy use, nutrient balance, and land use were neglected by most respondents. These results can help select and implement policies and strategies for decision making, aiming at producing milk in a more sustainable way.(AU)

Sorghum culture initial establishment based on sowing machines working speed and furrowing mechanisms

The main goal of this article was to evaluate, at field conditions, the performance of a seeder-fertilizer in the initial establishment and the sorghum culture productivity according to tractor working speed and seed deposition depth. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm in São Gonçalo dos Campos, located in the municipality of São Gonçalo dos Campos, BA, which belongs to the Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science School of the Federal University of Bahia - UFBA. It was adopted factorial scheme methodology 3x3 in CDR (Completely Randomized Design) or Dic (Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado) in Portuguese, with 36 experimental unities with three displacement speed (4, 6, and 8 km h-1), and three sowing deposition depths (0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 m). The real seed deposition, the Plant Height at 30, 60, and 90 days, as well as the productivity per m2 after 90 days, were assessed. The working speed did not influence (P> 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The sowing depth did not change (P> 0.05) the crop productivity; however, it did influence the actual seeds deposition and the plants height on the first two cuts. Sowing at speeds from 4 to 8 km h-1 and planting from 0.01 to 0.05 m depths do not influence the sorghum crop productivity. Thus, it is recommended to carry out planting at a speed of 8 km h-1 with a depth of 0.05 m.

Sorghum culture initial establishment based on sowing machines working speed and furrowing mechanisms

The main goal of this article was to evaluate, at field conditions, the performance of a seeder-fertilizer in the initial establishment and the sorghum culture productivity according to tractor working speed and seed deposition depth. This study was conducted at the Experimental Farm in São Gonçalo dos Campos, located in the municipality of São Gonçalo dos Campos, BA, which belongs to the Veterinarian Medicine and Animal Science School of the Federal University of Bahia - UFBA. It was adopted factorial scheme methodology 3x3 in CDR (Completely Randomized Design) or Dic (Delineamento Inteiramente Casualizado) in Portuguese, with 36 experimental unities with three displacement speed (4, 6, and 8 km h-1), and three sowing deposition depths (0.01, 0.03 and 0.05 m). The real seed deposition, the Plant Height at 30, 60, and 90 days, as well as the productivity per m2 after 90 days, were assessed. The working speed did not influence (P> 0.05) the evaluated parameters. The sowing depth did not change (P> 0.05) the crop productivity; however, it did influence the actual seeds deposition and the plants height on the first two cuts. Sowing at speeds from 4 to 8 km h-1 and planting from 0.01 to 0.05 m depths do not influence the sorghum crop productivity. Thus, it is recommended to carry out planting at a speed of 8 km h-1 with a depth of 0.05 m.(AU)

Chemical control of signalgrass for establishing Tanzania-grass

Herbicides have been used to control Brachiaria grass in pastures established or in formation given their practicality, however their efficiency is questionable due to the lack of specific graminicides for different forage species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of glyphosate and fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) and the intoxication levels of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (Tanzania quinea grass) in pasture establishment. The experiments were designed in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 × 4 factorial arrangement of two herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate), five doses equivalent to the commercial dosage of each herbicide (0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50; 200), and four evaluation times after herbicide application (15, 21, 30 and 45 days). There was interaction between doses and evaluation times. The dose 1.5 L ha-1 fluazifop-p-butyl provides efficient control of signalgrass, however, leads to high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass. Glyphosate is efficient in the control of signalgrass even at the lowest dose (90 g ha-1 ), however, it causes high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass, preventing its use in developing pastures. It can be concluded that fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate herbicides are not recommended for the control of B. decumbens, cv. Basilisk in developing pastures of Tanzania guinea grass.(AU)

Chemical control of signalgrass for establishing Tanzania-grass

Herbicides have been used to control Brachiaria grass in pastures established or in formation given their practicality, however their efficiency is questionable due to the lack of specific graminicides for different forage species. Therefore, the goal of this study was to evaluate the efficiency of glyphosate and fluazifop-p-butyl in the control of Brachiaria decumbens (signalgrass) and the intoxication levels of Panicum maximum cv. Tanzania (Tanzania quinea grass) in pasture establishment. The experiments were designed in randomized blocks, in a 2 × 5 × 4 factorial arrangement of two herbicides (fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate), five doses equivalent to the commercial dosage of each herbicide (0.25; 0.50; 1.00; 1.50; 200), and four evaluation times after herbicide application (15, 21, 30 and 45 days). There was interaction between doses and evaluation times. The dose 1.5 L ha-1 fluazifop-p-butyl provides efficient control of signalgrass, however, leads to high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass. Glyphosate is efficient in the control of signalgrass even at the lowest dose (90 g ha-1 ), however, it causes high intoxication in Tanzania guinea grass, preventing its use in developing pastures. It can be concluded that fluazifop-p-butyl and glyphosate herbicides are not recommended for the control of B. decumbens, cv. Basilisk in developing pastures of Tanzania guinea grass.

A hydropedological approach to a mountainous Clayey Humic Dystrudept in the Mantiqueira Range, southeastern Brazil

The Mantiqueira Range region is one of the most important headwaters in southeastern Brazil. In this context, the relationship between pedology and hydrology has been debated and analyzed in recent years, contributing to the creation of a multidisciplinary science call hydropedology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the hydropedological properties of a mountainous Clayey Humic Dystrudept in the Mantiqueira Range region, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, comparing two land-uses, native forest and pasture. The hydraulic conductivity results demonstrated that native forest (MFO) has a strong influence on this parameter, offering conditions for movement of water in the soil that are more adequate in this profile than in pasture. These results were supported by pore size distribution analyses which showed that soil from native forest has a greater amount of macropores than soil from pasture as well as greater connectivity between the macropores. In general, the MFO site had greater S index values than the micro-catchment taken from pasture, offering favorable physical conditions for the formation of preferential flowpaths in the soil profile and, therefore, better conditions for groundwater recharge. Soil erosion and water quality results confirmed the importance of native forest areas in the interaction between interception of the direct impact of intense precipitation on the soil surface, and hydropedological attributes, such as saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity.

A hydropedological approach to a mountainous Clayey Humic Dystrudept in the Mantiqueira Range, southeastern Brazil

The Mantiqueira Range region is one of the most important headwaters in southeastern Brazil. In this context, the relationship between pedology and hydrology has been debated and analyzed in recent years, contributing to the creation of a multidisciplinary science call hydropedology. Therefore, the aim of this study was to evaluate the hydropedological properties of a mountainous Clayey Humic Dystrudept in the Mantiqueira Range region, in the state of Minas Gerais, Brazil, comparing two land-uses, native forest and pasture. The hydraulic conductivity results demonstrated that native forest (MFO) has a strong influence on this parameter, offering conditions for movement of water in the soil that are more adequate in this profile than in pasture. These results were supported by pore size distribution analyses which showed that soil from native forest has a greater amount of macropores than soil from pasture as well as greater connectivity between the macropores. In general, the MFO site had greater S index values than the micro-catchment taken from pasture, offering favorable physical conditions for the formation of preferential flowpaths in the soil profile and, therefore, better conditions for groundwater recharge. Soil erosion and water quality results confirmed the importance of native forest areas in the interaction between interception of the direct impact of intense precipitation on the soil surface, and hydropedological attributes, such as saturated hydraulic conductivity and porosity.(AU)

Qualidade de sementes de milheto para a comercialização no Estado de Santa Catarina / Physical and physiological quality: trade of millet seeds in the State of Santa Catarina

O milheto é uma das principais gramíneas utilizadas para cultivo estival, contudo, um dos problemas que envolvem a formação de pastagens no Brasil é a variação apresentada na qualidade das sementes de espécies forrageiras disponíveis no comércio, e isso tem comprometido o estabelecimento das pastagens. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas e fisiológicas das sementes de milheto coletadas em estabelecimentos comerciais de diferentes regiões do Estado do Santa Catarina, na safra 2014/2015. Foram utilizados 17 lotes de sementes de milheto, da cultivar BRS 1501, oriundos de diferentes estabelecimentos comerciais e regiões (Extremo-Oeste, Oeste, Meio-Oeste, Norte e Sul) do Estado de Santa Catarina. Avaliou-se a qualidade física e fisiológica dos lotes de sementes. A germinação dos lotes analisados, independentemente da região, apresentou-se em conformidade com os padrões legais vigentes. Somente os lotes da região Oeste apresentaram valores inferiores ao padrão legal de 95% para pureza física, porém, não diferindo dos demais. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os lotes coletados por região para as avaliações de vigor. Contudo, constata-se que os lotes apresentaram alta germinação e baixa emergência, sendo caracterizado como futuro problema no estabelecimento de pastagens no campo.

Millet is one of the main grasses used for summer cultivation, however, one of the problems involving pasture formation in Brazil is the variation in the quality of the seeds of commercial forage species, and this has compromised the establishment of pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological characteristics of millet seeds commercialized in different regions of the State of Santa Catarina, in the 2014/2015 harvest. Seventeen lots of millet seeds of BRS 1501 from different commercial establishments and regions (Far West, West, Midwest, North and South) of the State of Santa Catarina were used. The physical and physiological quality of seed lots was evaluated. The germination of the analyzed lots, independently of the region, was in accordance with the current legal standards. Only the lots from the West region presented values below the legal standard of 95% for physical purity, but not differing from the others. No differences between the lots collected by region were verified for the vigor evaluations. However, it was observed that the lots presented high germination and low emergence, being characterized a problem in the establishment of pastures in the field.

Qualidade de sementes de milheto para a comercialização no Estado de Santa Catarina / Physical and physiological quality: trade of millet seeds in the State of Santa Catarina

O milheto é uma das principais gramíneas utilizadas para cultivo estival, contudo, um dos problemas que envolvem a formação de pastagens no Brasil é a variação apresentada na qualidade das sementes de espécies forrageiras disponíveis no comércio, e isso tem comprometido o estabelecimento das pastagens. Assim, objetivou-se avaliar as características físicas e fisiológicas das sementes de milheto coletadas em estabelecimentos comerciais de diferentes regiões do Estado do Santa Catarina, na safra 2014/2015. Foram utilizados 17 lotes de sementes de milheto, da cultivar BRS 1501, oriundos de diferentes estabelecimentos comerciais e regiões (Extremo-Oeste, Oeste, Meio-Oeste, Norte e Sul) do Estado de Santa Catarina. Avaliou-se a qualidade física e fisiológica dos lotes de sementes. A germinação dos lotes analisados, independentemente da região, apresentou-se em conformidade com os padrões legais vigentes. Somente os lotes da região Oeste apresentaram valores inferiores ao padrão legal de 95% para pureza física, porém, não diferindo dos demais. Não foram verificadas diferenças entre os lotes coletados por região para as avaliações de vigor. Contudo, constata-se que os lotes apresentaram alta germinação e baixa emergência, sendo caracterizado como futuro problema no estabelecimento de pastagens no campo.(AU)

Millet is one of the main grasses used for summer cultivation, however, one of the problems involving pasture formation in Brazil is the variation in the quality of the seeds of commercial forage species, and this has compromised the establishment of pastures. The objective of this study was to evaluate the physical and physiological characteristics of millet seeds commercialized in different regions of the State of Santa Catarina, in the 2014/2015 harvest. Seventeen lots of millet seeds of BRS 1501 from different commercial establishments and regions (Far West, West, Midwest, North and South) of the State of Santa Catarina were used. The physical and physiological quality of seed lots was evaluated. The germination of the analyzed lots, independently of the region, was in accordance with the current legal standards. Only the lots from the West region presented values below the legal standard of 95% for physical purity, but not differing from the others. No differences between the lots collected by region were verified for the vigor evaluations. However, it was observed that the lots presented high germination and low emergence, being characterized a problem in the establishment of pastures in the field.(AU)

Survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) in pastures under seed treatment with insecticides and dry mass yield / Sobrevivência e injúrias ocasionadas por Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) em pastagens submetidas a tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e produtividade de massa seca

The present study evaluated the survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in pastures of Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens and U. brizantha, submitted to seed treatment with fipronil (Amulet®) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), and dry mass yield. The experiment, carried out at the APTA Experimental Unity, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, was designed in randomly blocks, with six treatments (factorial 2x3) and four replications. Sowing was manual, with 12.0 kg ha-1 seeds. Twenty adults were released on the plot, in a 40x40x70 cm cage, forty-nine days after sowing. The insects were sampled every two days during twelve days, without replacement of dead insects. Injuries caused by the spittlebug were evaluated by a rating scale and by productivity (dry mass yield). Data were analyzed by F-test and means compared by Tukey's test (p≤0.05). The survival of adults was higher in the U. decumbens pasture than in the U. brizantha pasture. Results show that seed treatment with thiamethoxam reduced the survival of D. flavopicta in pasture formation, but did not influence the injuries caused by insect and the dry mass yield of forage species.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a sobrevivência e injúrias causadas por Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) em pastagens de Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens e U. brizantha, submetidas a tratamento de sementes com fipronil (Amulet®) e tiametoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), bem como à produtividade de massa seca. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de São José do Rio Preto/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (fatorial 2x3) e quatro repetições. A semeadura foi realizada manualmente, distribuindo 12,0 kg ha-1 de sementes. Para infestação, foram liberados 20 adultos, em gaiolas de 0,40x0,40x0,70 m, aos 49 dias após a semeadura, e a contagem dos insetos nas gaiolas foi conduzida a cada dois dias, por um período de 12 dias, sem a substituição dos insetos mortos. Em avaliação visual foram atribuídas notas de injúrias causadas pela cigarrinha-das-pastagens às gramíneas. Para produtividade, foi efetuada avaliação de massa seca. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e comparação de média pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). A sobrevivência de D. flavopicta foi maior em pastagem de U. decumbens do que em U. brizantha. O tratamento de sementes com tiametoxam reduziu a porcentagem de cigarrinhas sobreviventes em pastagens em formação, embora não tenha influenciado nas injúrias causadas pelo inseto-praga e na produtividade de massa seca das forrageiras.(AU)

Survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) in pastures under seed treatment with insecticides and dry mass yield / Sobrevivência e injúrias ocasionadas por Deois flavopicta (Stal, 1854) em pastagens submetidas a tratamento de sementes com inseticidas e produtividade de massa seca

The present study evaluated the survival and injuries of Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) in pastures of Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens and U. brizantha, submitted to seed treatment with fipronil (Amulet®) and thiamethoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), and dry mass yield. The experiment, carried out at the APTA Experimental Unity, São José do Rio Preto, SP, Brazil, was designed in randomly blocks, with six treatments (factorial 2x3) and four replications. Sowing was manual, with 12.0 kg ha-1 seeds. Twenty adults were released on the plot, in a 40x40x70 cm cage, forty-nine days after sowing. The insects were sampled every two days during twelve days, without replacement of dead insects. Injuries caused by the spittlebug were evaluated by a rating scale and by productivity (dry mass yield). Data were analyzed by F-test and means compared by Tukey's test (p≤0.05). The survival of adults was higher in the U. decumbens pasture than in the U. brizantha pasture. Results show that seed treatment with thiamethoxam reduced the survival of D. flavopicta in pasture formation, but did not influence the injuries caused by insect and the dry mass yield of forage species.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a sobrevivência e injúrias causadas por Deois flavopicta (Hemiptera: Cercopidae) em pastagens de Urochloa (Syn. Brachiaria) decumbens e U. brizantha, submetidas a tratamento de sementes com fipronil (Amulet®) e tiametoxam (Cruiser 350 FS®), bem como à produtividade de massa seca. A pesquisa foi desenvolvida na Unidade de Pesquisa e Desenvolvimento de São José do Rio Preto/Agência Paulista de Tecnologia dos Agronegócios, sob o delineamento de blocos ao acaso, com seis tratamentos (fatorial 2x3) e quatro repetições. A semeadura foi realizada manualmente, distribuindo 12,0 kg ha-1 de sementes. Para infestação, foram liberados 20 adultos, em gaiolas de 0,40x0,40x0,70 m, aos 49 dias após a semeadura, e a contagem dos insetos nas gaiolas foi conduzida a cada dois dias, por um período de 12 dias, sem a substituição dos insetos mortos. Em avaliação visual foram atribuídas notas de injúrias causadas pela cigarrinha-das-pastagens às gramíneas. Para produtividade, foi efetuada avaliação de massa seca. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise de variância pelo teste F e comparação de média pelo teste de Tukey (p≤0,05). A sobrevivência de D. flavopicta foi maior em pastagem de U. decumbens do que em U. brizantha. O tratamento de sementes com tiametoxam reduziu a porcentagem de cigarrinhas sobreviventes em pastagens em formação, embora não tenha influenciado nas injúrias causadas pelo inseto-praga e na produtividade de massa seca das forrageiras.(AU)

Productivity and the presence of mycotoxins in oats, wheat, and triticale subjected to grazing / Produtividade e presença de micotoxinas em grãos de aveia, trigo e triticale submetidos ao pastejo

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, andpresence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumãwheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 atUNIOESTE’s Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blockin a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops andthe B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazingreduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivityby 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground coveror partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affectsthe agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestockintegration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat andIPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial productionof grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs inthe early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazingof winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climaticconditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption,grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone atlevels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animalsonly after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos pastejos nas características agronômicas, produtividade de grãose presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, fumonisinas e zearalenona em grãos de aveia IPR 126, trigoBRS Tarumã e triticale IPR 111. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de 24/04/2012 a 21/03/2014(24º31’56,1’’S; 54º01’10.3”O). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema defaixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos nas faixas A foram as três culturas e nas faixas B osmanejo:sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos. O manejo com apenas um pastejo reduziu a produtividadede grãos da aveia em 42,48% e do triticale em 28,09% e aumentou a produtividade do trigo em 24,89%.O manejo com dois pastejos reduziu a produtividade da aveia em 54,14%, do trigo em 40,96% e dotriticale em 54,69%. As culturas submetidas a dois pastejos devem ser diferidas para produção dematéria seca para cobertura do solo ou utilizar de forma parcial a planta no estágio de grãos pastosos ousemiduros para silagem, pois o pastejo prejudica as características agronômicas e produtividade. O trigoBRS Tarumã, quando utilizado em sistema de ILP deverá ser pastejado apenas uma vez com aumentode produtividade, enquanto a aveia IPR 126 e o triticale IPR 111 não devem ser pastejados em sistemasde integração lavoura pecuária para produção comercial de grãos. Grãos de aveia oriundos de plantasque foram submetidas a pastejo não devem ser adicionados em rações para aves na fase inicial e suínosna fase inicial e crescimento por possuírem maiores teores de aflatoxinas, fuminisinas e zearelenona.

Productivity and the presence of mycotoxins in oats, wheat, and triticale subjected to grazing / Produtividade e presença de micotoxinas em grãos de aveia, trigo e triticale submetidos ao pastejo

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of grazing on the agronomic characteristics, grain yield, andpresence of the mycotoxins aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone in IPR 126 oat, BRS Tarumãwheat, and IPR 111 triticale. This study was performed from April 24, 2012 to November 11, 2013 atUNIOESTEs Experimental Farm in southern Brazil. The experimental design was a randomized blockin a banded scheme, with four replications. The treatments in the A tracks were the three crops andthe B tracks, the treatments: without grazing, one grazing event, or two grazing events. One grazingreduced the productivity of oat by 42.48% and triticale by 28.09% and increased wheat productivityby 24.89%. Two grazings reduced oat productivity by 54.14%, wheat by 40.96%, and triticale by54.69%. Crops subjected to two grazings should be used for dry matter production for ground coveror partially used for silage when the plant is in the pasty or semi-hard grain stage, as grazing affectsthe agronomic characteristics and grain yield. The BRS Tarumã wheat, when used in crop-livestockintegration systems, should be grazed only once due to increased productivity, while IPR 126 oat andIPR 111 triticale should not be grazed in crop-livestock integration systems for commercial productionof grain. Oats from grazed plants should not be added to feeds of poultry in the early stage or pigs inthe early and growth stages due to the higher levels of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone. Grazingof winter crops increases the length of the crop cycle and grain formation will occur under climaticconditions favorable to the mycotoxins. Therefore, when grains are intended for human consumption,grazing is not recommended, as it increases the possibility of aflatoxins, fumonisins, and zearalenone atlevels above the maximum tolerable levels permitted by law. These grains should be supplied to animalsonly after analysis of the mycotoxin levels present in the grains.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos dos pastejos nas características agronômicas, produtividade de grãose presença das micotoxinas: aflatoxinas, fumonisinas e zearalenona em grãos de aveia IPR 126, trigoBRS Tarumã e triticale IPR 111. O trabalho foi desenvolvido no período de 24/04/2012 a 21/03/2014(24º3156,1S; 54º0110.3”O). O delineamento experimental foi em blocos ao acaso em esquema defaixas, com quatro repetições. Os tratamentos nas faixas A foram as três culturas e nas faixas B osmanejo:sem pastejo, um pastejo e dois pastejos. O manejo com apenas um pastejo reduziu a produtividadede grãos da aveia em 42,48% e do triticale em 28,09% e aumentou a produtividade do trigo em 24,89%.O manejo com dois pastejos reduziu a produtividade da aveia em 54,14%, do trigo em 40,96% e dotriticale em 54,69%. As culturas submetidas a dois pastejos devem ser diferidas para produção dematéria seca para cobertura do solo ou utilizar de forma parcial a planta no estágio de grãos pastosos ousemiduros para silagem, pois o pastejo prejudica as características agronômicas e produtividade. O trigoBRS Tarumã, quando utilizado em sistema de ILP deverá ser pastejado apenas uma vez com aumentode produtividade, enquanto a aveia IPR 126 e o triticale IPR 111 não devem ser pastejados em sistemasde integração lavoura pecuária para produção comercial de grãos. Grãos de aveia oriundos de plantasque foram submetidas a pastejo não devem ser adicionados em rações para aves na fase inicial e suínosna fase inicial e crescimento por possuírem maiores teores de aflatoxinas, fuminisinas e zearelenona.(AU)

Intercropping of sunflower with Brachiaria brizantha cultivars during two sowing seasons in the interim harvest / Consórcio do girassol com cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha em duas épocas de semeadura na safrinha

Intercropping of annual crops with tropical forages is an effective cultivation method to maximize grain production and pasture formation. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic characteristics of sunflower and the productive and nutritional characteristics of Brachiaria brizantha cultivars grown with intercropping during two different sowing seasons in the interim harvest of the Center-West region of Brazil. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Rio Verde, Goiás (GO), using a randomized block design with a 3x2+4 factorial scheme and three replicates per treatment. The following factors were tested: three Brachiaria brizantha cultivars (Marandu palisadegrass, Piata palisadegrass and Xaraes palisadegrass) grown with intercropping in the inter-row with the sunflower cultivar Charrua in two different sowing seasons (February and March); four additional treatments of sunflower; and the three tested Brachiaria brizantha cultivars grown in monoculture. Intercropping of sunflower with the Xaraes palisadegrass cultivar negatively affected the agronomic characteristics of sunflower, and intercropping with Marandu palisadegrass and Piata palisadegrass cultivars is recommended. Preference should be given to the Xaraes palisadegrass cultivar for forage production and to the Piata palisadegrass cultivar for the production of forage with higher nutritional value. Sowingin March led to the best sunflower agronomic characteristics, without affecting the productive andnutritional characteristics of the forages. Intercropping of sunflower with Brachiaria brizantha cultivarsis therefore a promising cultivation method for the production of achenes and forage during the interharvestin the Center-West region of Brazil.(AU)

O consórcio de culturas anuais e forrageiras tropicais na mesma área tem-se mostrado como técnica de cultivo eficaz para maximizar a produção de grãos e formação de pastagens. Neste contexto, objetivou-se avaliar as características agronômicas do girassol, bem como as características produtivas e nutricionais de cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha consorciado com o girassol em duas épocas de semeadura, na safrinha na região Centro-Oeste. O experimento foi conduzido no município de Rio Verde-GO no delineamento experimental em blocos ao acaso com três repetições em esquema fatorial 3x2+4, sendo três cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha (Marandu; Piatã e Xaraés) consorciadas na entrelinha com o cultivar de girassol Charrua em duas épocas de semeadura (fevereiro e março), além de quatro tratamentos adicionais referentes aos monocultivos do girassol e dos três cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha. Os resultados permitiram constatar que o consórcio do girassol com o capim-xaraés afeta negativamente as características agronômicas do girassol, sendo mais recomendando o consórcio com os capins marandu e piatã. Quando se objetiva a produção de forragem, deve-se dar preferência para o uso do capim-xaraés, e para obtenção de forragem de melhor valor nutricional, deve-se empregar o capim-piatã. A semeadura em março proporciona melhores resultados para características agronômicas do girassol, sem interferência nas características produtivas e nutricionais das forrageiras. Sendo assim,o consórcio de girassol com os cultivares de Brachiaria brizantha na safrinha mostrou-se como técnicade cultivo promissora para produção de aquênios e de forragem na entressafra na região Centro-Oeste.(AU)

Avaliação bioeconômica do consórcio de sorgo com diferentes espécies forrageiras para sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária em nova porteirinha, MG / Bioeconomic evaluation of a sorghum consortium with different forage species for an integrated crop-livestock system in Nova Porteirinha, MG

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade bioeconômica do consórcio de sorgo com diferentes espécies forrageiras para o sistema de integração lavoura pecuária (iLP) no município de Nova Porteirinha, MG. No primeiro ano do experimento, foram semeadas sete espécies de gramíneas em consórcio com o sorgo para formação da pastagem, além do sorgo solteiro, em dois espaçamentos (40 e 80 cm), definindo os dezesseis tratamentos: a) Brachiaria decumbens + sorgo; b) B. brizantha + sorgo; c) B. ruziziensis + sorgo; d) Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Áridus + sorgo; e) C. ciliaris cv. 131 + sorgo; f) Panicum maximum + sorgo; g) Andropogon gayanus + sorgo; h) Sorgo solteiro. No segundo ano agrícola, as forragens foram previamente dessecadas para o plantio direto do sorgo. Os indicadores de eficiência econômica utilizados foram Payback Simples, Payback Descontado, Valor Presente Líquido, Taxa Interna de Retorno e relação Benefício/Custo. Foram observadas diferenças (P<0,01) para o efeito dos consórcios, espaçamentos e interação consórcios x espaçamentos para produtividade do sorgo. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas para o efeito dos consórcios (P<0,01), espaçamentos (P<0,01) e interação consórcios x espaçamentos (P<0,05) para produtividade de matéria seca da forragem. Dos quatorze tratamentos para os sistemas iLP analisados, seis apresentaram maior viabilidade econômica e atratividade quando comparado ao sorgo solteiro. O consórcio mais recomendado foi sorgo cultivado com B. ruziziensis e B. brizantha, para os espaçamentos 80 cm e 40 cm, respectivamente, devido à elevada produtividade e ao baixo valor da implantação da pastagem...

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioeconomic feasibility of a consortium of sorghum and different forage species for an integrated crop-livestock production system (ICLS) in the municipality of Nova Porteirinha, MG. In the first year of the experiment, seven grass species were sewn together with sorghum for pasture formation, in addition to sorghum alone, at two spacings (40 and 80 cm), defining 16 treatments: a) Brachiaria decumbens + sorghum; b) B. brizantha + sorghum; c) B. ruziziensis + sorghum; d) Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Áridus + sorghum; e) C. ciliaris cv. 131 + sorghum; f) Panicum maximum + sorghum; g) Andropogon gayanus + sorghum; h) sorghum alone. In the second agricultural year, the forages were previously removed for direct seeding of sorghum. The economic efficiency indicators used were simple payback, discounted payback, net present value, internal rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed for the effect of consortium, spacing and the interaction consortium x spacing on sorghum productivity. There were significant differences for the effect of consortium (P<0.01), spacing (P<0.01) and interaction consortium x spacing (P<0.05) on dry matter productivity of the forage. Six of the 14 treatments analyzed for the ICLS exhibited greater economic feasibility and attractiveness when compared to sorghum alone. The most recommended consortium was sorghum grown with B. ruziziensis and B. brizantha at spacings of 80 and 40 cm, respectively, due to its high productivity and low cost of pasture implantation...

Avaliação bioeconômica do consórcio de sorgo com diferentes espécies forrageiras para sistema de integração lavoura-pecuária em nova porteirinha, MG / Bioeconomic evaluation of a sorghum consortium with different forage species for an integrated crop-livestock system in Nova Porteirinha, MG

Esta pesquisa foi conduzida com o intuito de avaliar a viabilidade bioeconômica do consórcio de sorgo com diferentes espécies forrageiras para o sistema de integração lavoura pecuária (iLP) no município de Nova Porteirinha, MG. No primeiro ano do experimento, foram semeadas sete espécies de gramíneas em consórcio com o sorgo para formação da pastagem, além do sorgo solteiro, em dois espaçamentos (40 e 80 cm), definindo os dezesseis tratamentos: a) Brachiaria decumbens + sorgo; b) B. brizantha + sorgo; c) B. ruziziensis + sorgo; d) Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Áridus + sorgo; e) C. ciliaris cv. 131 + sorgo; f) Panicum maximum + sorgo; g) Andropogon gayanus + sorgo; h) Sorgo solteiro. No segundo ano agrícola, as forragens foram previamente dessecadas para o plantio direto do sorgo. Os indicadores de eficiência econômica utilizados foram Payback Simples, Payback Descontado, Valor Presente Líquido, Taxa Interna de Retorno e relação Benefício/Custo. Foram observadas diferenças (P<0,01) para o efeito dos consórcios, espaçamentos e interação consórcios x espaçamentos para produtividade do sorgo. Foram constatadas diferenças significativas para o efeito dos consórcios (P<0,01), espaçamentos (P<0,01) e interação consórcios x espaçamentos (P<0,05) para produtividade de matéria seca da forragem. Dos quatorze tratamentos para os sistemas iLP analisados, seis apresentaram maior viabilidade econômica e atratividade quando comparado ao sorgo solteiro. O consórcio mais recomendado foi sorgo cultivado com B. ruziziensis e B. brizantha, para os espaçamentos 80 cm e 40 cm, respectivamente, devido à elevada produtividade e ao baixo valor da implantação da pastagem...(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the bioeconomic feasibility of a consortium of sorghum and different forage species for an integrated crop-livestock production system (ICLS) in the municipality of Nova Porteirinha, MG. In the first year of the experiment, seven grass species were sewn together with sorghum for pasture formation, in addition to sorghum alone, at two spacings (40 and 80 cm), defining 16 treatments: a) Brachiaria decumbens + sorghum; b) B. brizantha + sorghum; c) B. ruziziensis + sorghum; d) Cenchrus ciliaris cv. Áridus + sorghum; e) C. ciliaris cv. 131 + sorghum; f) Panicum maximum + sorghum; g) Andropogon gayanus + sorghum; h) sorghum alone. In the second agricultural year, the forages were previously removed for direct seeding of sorghum. The economic efficiency indicators used were simple payback, discounted payback, net present value, internal rate of return, and benefit-cost ratio. Significant differences (P<0.01) were observed for the effect of consortium, spacing and the interaction consortium x spacing on sorghum productivity. There were significant differences for the effect of consortium (P<0.01), spacing (P<0.01) and interaction consortium x spacing (P<0.05) on dry matter productivity of the forage. Six of the 14 treatments analyzed for the ICLS exhibited greater economic feasibility and attractiveness when compared to sorghum alone. The most recommended consortium was sorghum grown with B. ruziziensis and B. brizantha at spacings of 80 and 40 cm, respectively, due to its high productivity and low cost of pasture implantation...(AU)

EFEITOS DE HERBICIDAS SOBRE O DESEMPENHO DE Panicum maximum ESTABELECIDO EM SOBRESSEMEADURA NA CULTURA DA SOJA

O objetivo com este trabalho foi avaliar os efeitos do uso de herbicidas aplicados em préemergência na cultura da soja e de duas taxas de semeadura das forrageiras BRS Zuri e BRS Tamani aplicadas em sobressemeadura da soja na formação e na qualidade da pastagem, em nenhum momento do trabalho, os resultados das duas espécies forrageiras utilizadas foram comparados entre si, tratando de dois experimentos independentes. As parcelas foram uniformizadas com o tamanho de 5x4 metros. Os tratamentos utilizados foram constituídos por quatro herbicidas e duas taxas de semeadura, sendo os tratamentos herbicidas aplicados em pré-emergência da soja: diclosulam, sulfentrazone, S-metolaclor e em pós-emergência o glifosato + fluazifop-p-butil; enquanto as taxas de semeadura foram 5,0 e 10 kg ha-1 de sementes puras viáveis para ambas as forrageiras. As avaliações de plantas daninhas foram feitas, a primeira 45 dias após o plantio da soja, a segunda 9 dias antes da colheita e a terceira 49 dias após a colheita da soja, sendo estas quantificadas e classificadas quanto as espécies. Também foi realizado a produtividade da soja e o rendimento de forragem, juntamente com a análise química bromatológica. Os resultados indicaram os herbicidas glifosato+fluazifope, S-Metolachlor e Sulfentrazone como potencial controladores de plantas daninhas na cultura da soja. Não foram verificados efeitos significativos quando o dobro da taxa de semeadura foi utilizado. Para a produtividade da soja não houve efeito do tipo de herbicida, enquanto para o rendimento forrageiro, para o BRS Zuri, o herbicida Diclosulan acarretou menor acúmulo de massa.

The objective was to investigate the effects of the use of herbicides applied in preemergence in soybean crop and two sowing rates of BRS Zuri and BRS Tamani forages applied in soybean overseeding on pasture formation and quality. The plots were standardized with the size of 5x4 meters. The treatments used were constituted by four herbicides and two sowing rates, being the herbicide treatments applied in pre-emergence of soybean: diclosulam, sulfentrazone, S-metolachlor and in post-emergence glyphosate, while sowing rates were 5.0 and 10 kg ha-1 of viable pure seeds for both forages. Weed evaluations were carried out at soybean harvest and in the two forage standardization cuts, which were quantified and classified according to species. Soybean yield and forage yield were also performed along with chemical bromatological analysis. The results indicated the herbicides glyphosate+fluazifop, S-Metolachlor and Sulfentrazone as potential weed controllers in soybean crop. No significant effects were found when twice the seeding rate was used. For soybean yield there was no effect of herbicide, while for forage yield, for BRS Zuri, the herbicide Diclosulan caused less mass accumulation.

Acúmulo de forragem de híbridos de Urochloa e o efeito de reguladores de crescimento nos componentes produtivos

A pecuária brasileira possui grande destaque mundial em diversos números produtivos, um dos fatores que contribuem para o sucesso da atividade é o uso de forrageiras tropicais, que se adaptaram ao país e possuem boa produção de biomassa. O Brasil possui grande variedade de cultivares forrageiras, principalmente dos gêneros Urochloa e Megathyrsus, entretanto os pecuaristas necessitam de novos cultivares com alta produção de forragem e adaptados aos seis diferentes biomas brasileiros, fato evidenciado pela preferência entre os produtores do mesmo cultivar (Urochloa brizantha cv. Marandu), que está presente em quase metade das áreas de pastagens plantadas. Entretanto, o cultivar citado não se adapta a todos os biomas brasileiros, que trouxe prejuízos aos pecuaristas de diversas regiões do Brasil, como o surgimento da doença conhecida como síndrome da morte do capim braquiária. Uma alternativa é o melhoramento de plantas, buscando novas forrageiras com boa produção forrageira e adaptadas aos diferentes ecossistemas presentes no Brasil. O processo de melhoramento é complexo e exige muitos recursos e tempo. O melhoramento do gênero Urochloa apresenta algumas dificuldades, em destaque anormalidades meióticas da formação dos gametas masculinos, que como consequências os novos híbridos com frequência apresentam baixos índices de produção de sementes. Para sustentar o destaque brasileiro no setor pecuário é fundamental que novos estudos sejam realizados avaliando os novos híbridos gerados pelo melhoramento de forrageiras, que garanta o lançamento de novos materiais no mercado, com boa produção forrageira, adaptação aos biomas brasileiros e com altos índices de produção de sementes.

Brazilian livestock has a great worldwide prominence in several productive numbers, one of the factors that contribute to the success of the activity is the use of tropical forages, which have adapted to the country and have good biomass yield. Brazil has a wide variety of forage cultivars, mainly of the Urochloa and Megathyrsus genus, however, ranchers need new cultivars with high forage yeld and adapted to the six different Brazilian biomes, a fact evidenced by the preference among producers of the same cultivar (Urochloa brizantha cv Marandu), which is present in almost half of the planted pasture areas. The cultivar mentioned does not adapt to all Brazilian biomes, which has caused damage to ranchers in different regions of Brazil, with the emergence of the disease known as death syndrome grass Brachiaria. An alternative is the improvement of plants, seeking new forages with good forage yield and adapted to the different ecosystems present in Brazil. The improvement process is complex, requires a lot of resources and time. The improvement of the Urochloa genus presents some difficulties, especially meiotic abnormalities in the formation of male gametes, which as a consequence, that as a consequence, new hybrids often have low seed yield rates. In order to sustain the Brazilian prominence in the livestock sector, it is essential that new studies are carried out with the improvement of forages, which guarantees the launch of new materials on the market, with good forage yield, adaptation to Brazilian biomes and with high seed yield rates.