Efficiency of different strains of Trichoderma on the control of Sclerotinia sclerotiorum, Sclerotium rolfsii and Sclerotium cepivorum

The aim of this work was to verify the efficiency of different isolates of Trichoderma spp.on the control of Sclerotiniasclerotiorum, Sclerotiumrolfsii and Sclerotiumcepivorum, and the influence they pose on the conidia production of Trichoderma spp.For mycelial growth, discs with inoculum of phytopathogens were placed on the center of the Petri dishes followed by the addition of two Trichodermasp. discs on the opposite sides of the plate after 24hours. Every 12hoursdata were collected from colonies diameters and used for the analyses of Mycelial Growth Index (MGI) and Area Under the Curve of Mycelial Growth (AUCMG). The analyses were performed by a completely randomized design with two controls, a negative one without Trichodermasp. and one with acommercial strain of Trichodermaharzianum. Spore solution for evaluation of conidia production were made by adding 10 mL of distilled water and scratching the surface of the colonies. For S. cepivorum, all Trichoderma spp. strains reduced both indexes tested. However, while for MGI S. sclerotiorum also presented some reduction on the growth rate, the total area of this fungus was not affected. Sclerotiumrolfsii strains of Trichodermasp. from Lages and Curitibanosshowed an effect on the reduction of AUCMG of this fungus, although none of the Trichodermaaffected the growth rate of this phytopathogen. On the presence of S. sclerotiorumand S. cepivorum, none of the Trichodermaspp. showed any difference on conidia production when compared among themselves, nonetheless we did notice that on the presence of S. cepivorum, the strain from Rio do Sul retained its reproductive ability compared to control. Results obtained from this research can demonstrate the importance of biocontrol agents against different plant pathogens since it might have a specific antagonist-pathogen relation.(AU)

Microorganisms from corn stigma with biocontrol potential of Fusarium verticillioides / Microrganismos do estigma do milho com potencial de biocontrole de Fusarium verticillioides

The mycotoxigenic fungus Fusarium verticillioides is the primary maize pathogen and causes the maize stalk and ear rot diseases with significant economic losses. Furthermore, the excessive use of fungicides to control F. verticillioides constitutes threats to the environment and human health. Thus, sustainable alternatives such as biological control are needed to minimize the hazards associated with the current method. Although much is known about the vulnerability of the maize silks as a gateway for several fungal pathogens invading the developing grains, studies on the chemical properties of silk extracts and their resident microbiota are scarce. This study isolated and characterized bacteria and fungi that colonize the maize stigma to assess new potential biocontrol agents. The samples were collected from maize fields in the Brazilian localities of Sete Lagoas-MG, Sidrolândia-MS, Sertaneja-PR, and Goiânia-GO. One hundred sixty-seven microorganisms were isolated, 46% endophytic and 54% epiphytic. First, the antagonist activity was evaluated by the agar disc diffusion method performed in triplicate, and 83% of the isolates showed antagonist activity against F. verticillioides. Then, the 42 most efficient isolates were identified based on the partial sequencing of the bacterial 16S rRNA gene and fungi ITS region. The bacteria belong to the genera Bacillus (57.1%), Burkholderia (23.8%), Achromobacter (7.1%), Pseudomonas (2.4%), and Serratia (2.4%), while the fungi are Penicillium (2.4%), Candida (2.4), and Aspergillus (2.4%). The results showed that microorganisms from maize stigma might represent new promising agents for F. verticillioides control.

O fungo micotoxigênico Fusarium verticillioides é o principal patógeno do milho e causa doenças do colmo e da podridão da espiga com perdas econômicas significativas. Além disso, o uso excessivo de fungicidas no controle de F. verticillioides constitui uma ameaça ao meio ambiente e à saúde humana. Assim, alternativas sustentáveis, como o controle biológico, são necessárias para minimizar os riscos associados ao método atual. Este estudo isolou e caracterizou bactérias e fungos que colonizam o estigma do milho para avaliar novos agentes de biocontrole em potencial. As amostras foram coletadas em campos de milho nas localidades brasileiras de Sete Lagoas-MG, Sidrolândia-MS, Sertaneja-PR e Goiânia-GO. Cento e sessenta e sete microrganismos foram isolados, 46% endofíticos e 54% epifíticos. O teste de antagonismo empregando a técnica de disco de difusão em meio sólido, mostrou que 83% dos isolados apresentaram atividade antagonista contra F. verticillioides. Em seguida, 42 isolados mais eficientes foram identificados a partir do sequenciamento parcial do gene 16S rRNA bacteriano e da região ITS de fungos. Os isolados bacterianos pertencem ao gênero Bacillus (57,1%), Burkholderia (23,8%), Achromobacter (7,1%), Pseudomonas (2,4%) e Serratia (2,4%), enquanto os fungos são Penicillium (2,4%), Candida (2.4), e Aspergillus (2,4%). Os resultados mostraram que microrganismos do estigma do milho podem representar novos agentes promissores para o controle de F. verticillioides.

Presence of pink sugarcane mealybug (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) increases probability of red rot on sugarcane

Saccharicoccus sacchari (Cockerell, 1895) (Hemiptera: Pseudococcidae) is globally disseminated on sugarcane plants. In Brazil, this species has been occurred in the same region as the occurrence of the fungal pathogen causing red rot, Colletotrichum falcatum Went, 1893 (Glomerellales). The objective of this study was to evaluate the hypothesis that this pseudococcid could act as a facilitator of the penetration of the phytopathogen C. falcatum. Species of this mealybug were reared at laboratory to infest sugarcane plants during the experiment. A total of 320 sugarcane plants were utilized for this study, 160 of CTC4 and 160 of RB86 7515 cultivars (cv.), each group subdivided into four treatments: (1) infested with mealybugs; (2) infected with fungal conidia; (3) infested with mealybugs and infected with fungal conidia; and (4) control. Biometrics of the plants, disease symptoms, Total Reducing Sugars (TRS) and Reducing Sugar (RS) were evaluated. To both cv., there was no difference in the height and diameter of the plants in all treatments; and only in "mealybug + fungus", significant difference on the lengths of the disease lesions inside the plants was found to each cv. as well as the levels of TRS and RS. The presence of the pseudococcid increased the incidence of the disease in both cv., although RB86 7515 was more susceptible to red rot than CTC4.(AU)

Antifungal activity of homeopathic medicines against the white mold causing agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

White mold disease, caused by fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary., is a disease hard to control due to the high amount of sclerotia produced, which guarantees its survival in the soil for years leading to significant yield losses. Alternative techniques to control the pathogen have been researched, including homeopathy. The present work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal effect of homeopathic medicines on S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth. Homeopathic medicines Sulphur, fungal sclerotium Nosode and Calcarea carbonica, in 30CH, 200CH and 1000CH dynamizations were tested. Assays were carried out in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions. Experiments were performed through the addition of homeopathic medicines on the surface of plates containing culture medium, followed by insertion of a disc containing fungus mycelia and incubation. Control treatment received no homeopathic medicine. The mycelial progression was monitored by seven halo diameter measurements during experiment period. All homeopathic medicines tested and their dynamizations were able to inhibit partially the development of the fungus. Calcarea carbonica at the dynamization of 1000 CH showed the best inhibitory effect on S. sclerotiorum, which under its effect produced a mycelial halo 40% smaller than the control treatment.

Antifungal activity of homeopathic medicines against the white mold causing agent Sclerotinia sclerotiorum

White mold disease, caused by fungus Sclerotinia sclerotiorum (Lib.) de Bary., is a disease hard to control due to the high amount of sclerotia produced, which guarantees its survival in the soil for years leading to significant yield losses. Alternative techniques to control the pathogen have been researched, including homeopathy. The present work aimed to evaluate the in vitro antifungal effect of homeopathic medicines on S. sclerotiorum mycelial growth. Homeopathic medicines Sulphur, fungal sclerotium Nosode and Calcarea carbonica, in 30CH, 200CH and 1000CH dynamizations were tested. Assays were carried out in a completely randomized design, with four repetitions. Experiments were performed through the addition of homeopathic medicines on the surface of plates containing culture medium, followed by insertion of a disc containing fungus mycelia and incubation. Control treatment received no homeopathic medicine. The mycelial progression was monitored by seven halo diameter measurements during experiment period. All homeopathic medicines tested and their dynamizations were able to inhibit partially the development of the fungus. Calcarea carbonica at the dynamization of 1000 CH showed the best inhibitory effect on S. sclerotiorum, which under its effect produced a mycelial halo 40% smaller than the control treatment.(AU)

Bioprospection and molecular phylogeny of culturable endophytic fungi associated with yellow passion fruit

Endophytic microorganisms live inside the plants without causing any damage to their hosts. In the agricultural field, these endophytes might be a strategy of biological control for phytopathogens. We aimed to isolate endophytic fungifrom yellowpassion fruit (Passiflora edulis) leaves, evaluating its biocontrol capacity by in vitroantagonism against phytopathogen Colletotrichum sp. CNPU378. We also carried out greenhouse experiments in bean seedlings. A high colonization frequency was obtained (89%), and the molecular identification based on DNA sequencing attested Colletotrichumas the most frequent genus and minor occurrence of Curvulariaendophytes. The endophytes tested showed different types of competitive interactions in in vitro antagonism inhibition rate ranging from 28.8 to 48.8%. There were 10 promising antagonists tested for their antagonist activity of crude extracts of secondary metabolites, in which strain PE-36 (20.8%) stood out among the other strains evaluated. In the greenhouse assay, plants inoculated only with endophyte Colletotrichumsp. PE-36 was symptomless and suggest that the endophyte strengthened the growth promotion in common bean plants, especially in the root length and number of leaves when compared to control plantsand other treatments. Despite many fungiof Colletotrichumgenus being described as causative agents of anthracnose, in this study, the plant sampled was colonized predominantly by Colletotrichumendophytes living in asymptomatic relationship. By the way,we come across a Colletotrichumsp. endophyte able to antagonize a Colletotrichumsp. pathogen

In vitro control of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium italicum by antagonistic yeasts / Controle in vitro de Botrytis cinerea e Penicillium italicum por leveduras antagonistas

Gray mold in grapes (caused by Botrytis cinerea) and blue mold in citrus (caused by Penicillium italicum) are post-harvest diseases that cause major losses in these crops. The control of these diseases is based on the use of synthetic chemical fungicides. The increase in regulatory policies and demand to reduce the application of pesticides, due to harmful effects on the environment and humans, have led to the search for more ecofriendly alternatives, such as biological control agents. Thus, the present work aims to verify the antagonistic potential of four yeast strains, Pichia caribbica (CCMA 0759), Hanseniaspora opuntiae (CCMA 0760), Pichia manshurica (CCMA 0762), and Lachancea thermotolerans (CCMA0763), against of B cinerea and P. italicum. To assess the antagonism of volatile compounds, Petri plates with two divisions containing potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) were used by placing a fungal mycelial disc and yeast suspension (3.0 × 106 cells mL-¹) on opposite sides of the plate. The colony diameter and mycelial growth rate index of the fungi were evaluated via comparisons with the control plate without yeast. For the evaluation of the antagonism of diffusible substances in the medium, yeasts were striated 3 cm from the center of the plates containing PDA. After 48 h, a mycelial disc of each phytopathogen was placed in the center of the plates. The colony growth, inhibition halo, and mycelial growth rate index were evaluated via comparisons with the control plate. All yeast strains showed an antagonistic effect on the mycelial growth of B. cinerea in both tests. In the volatile compounds test, H. opuntiae, L. thermotolerans, P. caribbica, and P. manshurica inhibited mycelial growth by approximately 82%, 75%, 72%, and 50%, respectively. In the antagonism test of the diffusible substances in the medium, [...].

O mofo cinzento na uva (causada por Botrytis cinerea) e o bolor azul nos citros (causada por Penicillium italicum) são doenças de pós-colheita que causam perdas importantes nestas culturas. O controle destas doenças é baseado na utilização de fungicidas químicos sintéticos. O aumento das políticas regulatórias e a demanda para reduzir a aplicação de agrotóxicos, devido a efeitos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e aos seres humanos, levam à procura de alternativas mais ecológicas como o uso de agentes de controle biológico. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por finalidade analisar o potencial antagônico de quatro cepas de leveduras, Pichia caribbica (CCMA 0759), Hanseniaspora opuntiae (CCMA 0760), Pichia manshurica (CCMA 0762) e Lachancea thermotolerans (CCMA 0763) no controle de B. cinerea e P. italicum. Para avaliar o antagonismo por compostos voláteis, foram utilizadas placas bipartidas contendo meio batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) onde foram colocados um disco micelial dos fungos e uma suspensão de 3,0x106 cél. mL-¹ das leveduras em lados opostos da placa. Avaliou-se o diâmetro da colônia e índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial dos fungos, comparando-a com a placa controles em a levedura. Para a avaliação do antagonismo de substâncias difusíveis no meio, as leveduras foram estriadas a 3 cm do centro de placas contendo meio BDA e após 48 h colocou-se um disco micelial de cada fitopatógeno no centro das mesmas. Avaliou-se o crescimento da colônia, a formação do halo de inibição e o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial comparando-os com a placa controle. Todos os isolados apresentaram efeito antagônico no crescimento micelial de B. cinerea nos dois testes realizados. H. opuntiae, L. thermotolerans, P. caribbica e P. manshurica inibiram o crescimento micelial em aproximadamente 82%, 75%, 72% e 50%, respectivamente, no teste de compostos voláteis. P. caribbica e P. manshurica inibiram o crescimento micelial em 58% e 33%, [...].

In vitro control of Botrytis cinerea and Penicillium italicum by antagonistic yeasts / Controle in vitro de Botrytis cinerea e Penicillium italicum por leveduras antagonistas

Gray mold in grapes (caused by Botrytis cinerea) and blue mold in citrus (caused by Penicillium italicum) are post-harvest diseases that cause major losses in these crops. The control of these diseases is based on the use of synthetic chemical fungicides. The increase in regulatory policies and demand to reduce the application of pesticides, due to harmful effects on the environment and humans, have led to the search for more ecofriendly alternatives, such as biological control agents. Thus, the present work aims to verify the antagonistic potential of four yeast strains, Pichia caribbica (CCMA 0759), Hanseniaspora opuntiae (CCMA 0760), Pichia manshurica (CCMA 0762), and Lachancea thermotolerans (CCMA0763), against of B cinerea and P. italicum. To assess the antagonism of volatile compounds, Petri plates with two divisions containing potato-dextrose-agar (PDA) were used by placing a fungal mycelial disc and yeast suspension (3.0 × 106 cells mL-¹) on opposite sides of the plate. The colony diameter and mycelial growth rate index of the fungi were evaluated via comparisons with the control plate without yeast. For the evaluation of the antagonism of diffusible substances in the medium, yeasts were striated 3 cm from the center of the plates containing PDA. After 48 h, a mycelial disc of each phytopathogen was placed in the center of the plates. The colony growth, inhibition halo, and mycelial growth rate index were evaluated via comparisons with the control plate. All yeast strains showed an antagonistic effect on the mycelial growth of B. cinerea in both tests. In the volatile compounds test, H. opuntiae, L. thermotolerans, P. caribbica, and P. manshurica inhibited mycelial growth by approximately 82%, 75%, 72%, and 50%, respectively. In the antagonism test of the diffusible substances in the medium, [...].(AU)

O mofo cinzento na uva (causada por Botrytis cinerea) e o bolor azul nos citros (causada por Penicillium italicum) são doenças de pós-colheita que causam perdas importantes nestas culturas. O controle destas doenças é baseado na utilização de fungicidas químicos sintéticos. O aumento das políticas regulatórias e a demanda para reduzir a aplicação de agrotóxicos, devido a efeitos prejudiciais ao meio ambiente e aos seres humanos, levam à procura de alternativas mais ecológicas como o uso de agentes de controle biológico. Desta forma, o presente trabalho teve por finalidade analisar o potencial antagônico de quatro cepas de leveduras, Pichia caribbica (CCMA 0759), Hanseniaspora opuntiae (CCMA 0760), Pichia manshurica (CCMA 0762) e Lachancea thermotolerans (CCMA 0763) no controle de B. cinerea e P. italicum. Para avaliar o antagonismo por compostos voláteis, foram utilizadas placas bipartidas contendo meio batata-dextrose-ágar (BDA) onde foram colocados um disco micelial dos fungos e uma suspensão de 3,0x106 cél. mL-¹ das leveduras em lados opostos da placa. Avaliou-se o diâmetro da colônia e índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial dos fungos, comparando-a com a placa controles em a levedura. Para a avaliação do antagonismo de substâncias difusíveis no meio, as leveduras foram estriadas a 3 cm do centro de placas contendo meio BDA e após 48 h colocou-se um disco micelial de cada fitopatógeno no centro das mesmas. Avaliou-se o crescimento da colônia, a formação do halo de inibição e o índice de velocidade de crescimento micelial comparando-os com a placa controle. Todos os isolados apresentaram efeito antagônico no crescimento micelial de B. cinerea nos dois testes realizados. H. opuntiae, L. thermotolerans, P. caribbica e P. manshurica inibiram o crescimento micelial em aproximadamente 82%, 75%, 72% e 50%, respectivamente, no teste de compostos voláteis. P. caribbica e P. manshurica inibiram o crescimento micelial em 58% e 33%, [...].(AU)

Controle biológico de Meloidogyne incognita por isolados de actinomicetos / Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by isolates of actinomycetes

O Bioma Cerrado possui grande biodiversidade e também comporta parte da produção agrícola do Brasil, sendo utilizado para o cultivo de grandes culturas. A cotonicultura brasileira vem sendo praticada em alto grau de tecnificação, sendo que os principais estados produtores são o Mato Grosso e a Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita pode causar perdas significativas na cultura do algodoeiro. Dentre os micro-organismos com potencial para controle de fitopatógenos, os actinomicetos são conhecidos pela capacidade de produzir compostos com ação antimicrobiana. Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, isolar e avaliar o potencial antagônico de actinomicetos de solos de área nativa do Cerrado baiano contra M. incognita. Foram obtidos 18 isolados de actinomicetos e, dentre os isolados testados, AC. O apresentou o maior percentual (99,16) de imobilidade dos juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita e AC. R foi responsável pelo maior percentual (72,16) de mortalidade dos J2. Quando os isolados foram inoculados diretamente em plantas de algodão, dois dias antes da inoculação com os nematoides, não foi observado, in vivo, controle eficiente de M. incognita. Entretanto, o plantio do algodoeiro em solo que foi previamente utilizado para o cultivo da soja inoculada com os isolados de actinomicetos, foi verificado que no solo com o isolado AC. G reduziu significativamente os números de galhas e de ovos no sistema radicular do algodoeiro. Pelos resultados do presente trabalho, observa-se que existe potencial de controle deste fitopatógeno por actinomicetos testados in vitro e em casa de vegetação. Os resultados são interessantes, uma vez que, grande parte da produção de algodão é encontrada em áreas de Cerrado e esses micro-organismos foram isolados desse bioma. Entretanto, ensaios em campo são necessários visto que, embora esses actinomicetos façam parte dos solos do Cerrado, existe um microbioma que não é controlado como em condições laboratoriais.

The Cerrado Biome has great biodiversity and also includes part of the agricultural production of Brazil, being used for the cultivation of large crops. Brazilian cotton cultivation has been practiced in a high degree of technification, with the main producing states being Mato Grosso and Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita can cause significant losses in the cotton crop. Among the microorganisms with potential for phytopathogen control, actinomycetes are known for the ability to produce compounds with antimicrobial action. The objective of this work was to isolate and evaluate the antagonistic potential of actinomycetes of native soils of the Cerrado of Bahia state against M. incognita. It was obtained 18 isolates of actinomycetes and, among the isolates tested, AC. O presented the highest percentage (99.16) of immobility of juveniles of second stage (J2) of M. incognita and AC. R was responsible for the highest percentage (72.16) of J2 mortality. When the isolates were inoculated directly into cotton plants two days prior to nematoid inoculation, efficient control of M. incognita was not observed in vivo. However, planting of cotton in soil that was previously used for the cultivation of soybean inoculated with the actinomycete isolates, was verified in the soil with the isolate AC. G significantly reduced the numbers of galls and eggs in the cotton root system. From the results of the present study, it is observed that there is potential for control of this phytopathogen by actinomycetes tested in vitro and in greenhouse. The results are interesting, since much cotton production is found in Cerrado areas and these microorganisms have been isolated from this biome. However, field trials are necessary since, although these actinomycetes are part of Cerrado soils, there is a microbiome that is not controlled as in laboratory conditions.

Controle biológico de Meloidogyne incognita por isolados de actinomicetos / Biological control of Meloidogyne incognita by isolates of actinomycetes

O Bioma Cerrado possui grande biodiversidade e também comporta parte da produção agrícola do Brasil, sendo utilizado para o cultivo de grandes culturas. A cotonicultura brasileira vem sendo praticada em alto grau de tecnificação, sendo que os principais estados produtores são o Mato Grosso e a Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita pode causar perdas significativas na cultura do algodoeiro. Dentre os micro-organismos com potencial para controle de fitopatógenos, os actinomicetos são conhecidos pela capacidade de produzir compostos com ação antimicrobiana. Objetivou-se, com o presente trabalho, isolar e avaliar o potencial antagônico de actinomicetos de solos de área nativa do Cerrado baiano contra M. incognita. Foram obtidos 18 isolados de actinomicetos e, dentre os isolados testados, AC. O apresentou o maior percentual (99,16) de imobilidade dos juvenis de segundo estádio (J2) de M. incognita e AC. R foi responsável pelo maior percentual (72,16) de mortalidade dos J2. Quando os isolados foram inoculados diretamente em plantas de algodão, dois dias antes da inoculação com os nematoides, não foi observado, in vivo, controle eficiente de M. incognita. Entretanto, o plantio do algodoeiro em solo que foi previamente utilizado para o cultivo da soja inoculada com os isolados de actinomicetos, foi verificado que no solo com o isolado AC. G reduziu significativamente os números de galhas e de ovos no sistema radicular do algodoeiro. Pelos resultados do presente trabalho, observa-se que existe potencial de controle deste fitopatógeno por actinomicetos testados in vitro e em casa de vegetação. Os resultados são interessantes, uma vez que, grande parte da produção de algodão é encontrada em áreas de Cerrado e esses micro-organismos foram isolados desse bioma. Entretanto, ensaios em campo são necessários visto que, embora esses actinomicetos façam parte dos solos do Cerrado, existe um microbioma que não é controlado como em condições laboratoriais.(AU)

The Cerrado Biome has great biodiversity and also includes part of the agricultural production of Brazil, being used for the cultivation of large crops. Brazilian cotton cultivation has been practiced in a high degree of technification, with the main producing states being Mato Grosso and Bahia. Meloidogyne incognita can cause significant losses in the cotton crop. Among the microorganisms with potential for phytopathogen control, actinomycetes are known for the ability to produce compounds with antimicrobial action. The objective of this work was to isolate and evaluate the antagonistic potential of actinomycetes of native soils of the Cerrado of Bahia state against M. incognita. It was obtained 18 isolates of actinomycetes and, among the isolates tested, AC. O presented the highest percentage (99.16) of immobility of juveniles of second stage (J2) of M. incognita and AC. R was responsible for the highest percentage (72.16) of J2 mortality. When the isolates were inoculated directly into cotton plants two days prior to nematoid inoculation, efficient control of M. incognita was not observed in vivo. However, planting of cotton in soil that was previously used for the cultivation of soybean inoculated with the actinomycete isolates, was verified in the soil with the isolate AC. G significantly reduced the numbers of galls and eggs in the cotton root system. From the results of the present study, it is observed that there is potential for control of this phytopathogen by actinomycetes tested in vitro and in greenhouse. The results are interesting, since much cotton production is found in Cerrado areas and these microorganisms have been isolated from this biome. However, field trials are necessary since, although these actinomycetes are part of Cerrado soils, there is a microbiome that is not controlled as in laboratory conditions.(AU)

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control

Abstract The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.

Resumo A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control

Abstract The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.

Resumo A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control / Fitoquímica, potencial antioxidante e antifúngico de Byrsonima crassifolia nocontrole de fitopatógenos de solo

The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.(AU)

A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.(AU)

Genetic variability of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from Amazonas, Brazil / Variabilidade genética de Corynespora cassiicola isolados do Amazonas, Brasil

Corynespora cassiicola is a cosmopolitan ascomycete widely known as phytopathogen in several crops, and more recently as an emerging pathogen in humans. In this study the genetic variability of 60 isolates of Corynespora cassiicola from different hosts and cities of Amazonas was evaluated, using AFLP molecular markers. Seven genetic groups were identified according to a dendrogram obtained by the Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetical Averages, indicating significant variability among the isolates. Three isolates of different hosts (28, obtained from papaya; 55, obtained from cucumber; and 58, from tomato) remained as single individuals in distinct groups, suggesting marked genetic variation in comparison to the other isolates and possible specificity by the host.(AU)

Corynespora cassiicola é um ascomiceto cosmopolita amplamente conhecido como fitopatógeno em diversas culturas e, mais recentemente, como patógeno emergente em humanos. Na região Norte do Brasil é responsável por perdas significativas em cultivos tanto em casa de vegetação como em campo aberto. Neste estudo foi avaliada a variabilidade genética de 60 isolados de Corynespora cassiicola procedentes de diferentes hospedeiras e municípios do Amazonas, usando marcadores moleculares AFLP. Foram identificados sete grupos genéticos de acordo com dendrograma obtido pelo método de agrupamento UPGMA, indicando significativa variabilidade entre os isolados. Três isolados de diferentes hospedeiras (isolado 28, obtido de mamoeiro; isolado 55, obtido de pepineiro; e isolado 58, proveniente de tomateiro) permaneceram como indivíduos únicos em grupos distintos, sugerindo variação genética marcante em comparação com os demais e possível especificidade pela hospedeira de origem.(AU)

Genetic variability of Corynespora cassiicola isolates from Amazonas, Brazil / Variabilidade genética de Corynespora cassiicola isolados do Amazonas, Brasil

Corynespora cassiicola is a cosmopolitan ascomycete widely known as phytopathogen in several crops, and more recently as an emerging pathogen in humans. In this study the genetic variability of 60 isolates of Corynespora cassiicola from different hosts and cities of Amazonas was evaluated, using AFLP molecular markers. Seven genetic groups were identified according to a dendrogram obtained by the Unweighted Pair Group Method using Arithmetical Averages, indicating significant variability among the isolates. Three isolates of different hosts (28, obtained from papaya; 55, obtained from cucumber; and 58, from tomato) remained as single individuals in distinct groups, suggesting marked genetic variation in comparison to the other isolates and possible specificity by the host.(AU)

Corynespora cassiicola é um ascomiceto cosmopolita amplamente conhecido como fitopatógeno em diversas culturas e, mais recentemente, como patógeno emergente em humanos. Na região Norte do Brasil é responsável por perdas significativas em cultivos tanto em casa de vegetação como em campo aberto. Neste estudo foi avaliada a variabilidade genética de 60 isolados de Corynespora cassiicola procedentes de diferentes hospedeiras e municípios do Amazonas, usando marcadores moleculares AFLP. Foram identificados sete grupos genéticos de acordo com dendrograma obtido pelo método de agrupamento UPGMA, indicando significativa variabilidade entre os isolados. Três isolados de diferentes hospedeiras (isolado 28, obtido de mamoeiro; isolado 55, obtido de pepineiro; e isolado 58, proveniente de tomateiro) permaneceram como indivíduos únicos em grupos distintos, sugerindo variação genética marcante em comparação com os demais e possível especificidade pela hospedeira de origem.(AU)

Bacterial selection for biological control of plant disease: criterion determination and validation

This study aimed to evaluate the biocontrol potential of bacteria isolated from different plant species and soils. The production of compounds related to phytopathogen biocontrol and/or promotion of plant growth in bacterial isolates was evaluated by measuring the production of antimicrobial compounds (ammonia and antibiosis) and hydrolytic enzymes (amylases, lipases, proteases, and chitinases) and phosphate solubilization. Of the 1219 bacterial isolates, 92% produced one or more of the eight compounds evaluated, but only 1% of the isolates produced all the compounds. Proteolytic activity was most frequently observed among the bacterial isolates. Among the compounds which often determine the success of biocontrol, 43% produced compounds which inhibit mycelial growth of Monilinia fructicola, but only 11% hydrolyzed chitin. Bacteria from different plant species (rhizosphere or phylloplane) exhibited differences in the ability to produce the compounds evaluated. Most bacterial isolates with biocontrol potential were isolated from rhizospheric soil. The most efficient bacteria (producing at least five compounds related to phytopathogen biocontrol and/or plant growth), 86 in total, were evaluated for their biocontrol potential by observing their ability to kill juvenile Mesocriconema xenoplax. Thus, we clearly observed that bacteria that produced more compounds related to phytopathogen biocontrol and/or plant growth had a higher efficacy for nematode biocontrol, which validated the selection strategy used.(AU)

Genome sequencing of four strains of Phylotype I, II and IV of Ralstonia solanacearum that cause potato bacterial wilt in India

Ralstonia solanacearum is a heterogeneous species complex causing bacterial wilts in more than 450 plant species distributed in 54 families. The complexity of the genome and the wide diversity existing within the species has led to the concept of R. solanacearum species complex (RsSC). Here we report the genome sequence of the four strains (RS2, RS25, RS48 and RS75) belonging to three of the four phylotypes of R. solanacearum that cause potato bacterial wilt in India. The genome sequence data would be a valuable resource for the evolutionary, epidemiological studies and quarantine of this phytopathogen.(AU)

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control

Abstract The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.

Resumo A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.

Phytochemistry, antioxidant potential and antifungal of Byrsonima crassifolia on soil phytopathogen control

Abstract The use of chemical defensives to control fungal diseases has by consequence to impact negatively over the environment and human health, this way, the use of plant extracts with antifungal properties along with proper cultural management makes viable an alternative plant production control, specially for familiar and organic cultures. The objective of this study was to perform phytochemical and antioxidant analysis of Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) barks and evaluate its antifungal potential over Fusarium solani and Sclerotinia sclerotiorum mycelial growth. The ethanol extract from plants collected in Pantanal, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil was submitted to phytochemical prospection, total phenol and flavonoids quantification and antioxidant activiy determination (DPPH). To evaluate antifungal activity concentrations of 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 and 2400 µg 100 mL-1 of ethanol extract were used. Which concentration was separately incorporated in agar (PDA) and shed in Petri dishes, followed by the fungi mycelial disc where the colonies diameter was measured daily. Negatives control with agar without extract and agar with an ethanol solution were used. The B. crassifolia ethanol extract presented inhibitory activity over the fungi studied where concentrations of 800 and 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inhibited 38% of the mycelial growth of F. solani; to S. sclerotiorum the best concentration was 2400 µg 100 mL1, reducing 37.5%. The antifungal bark extract potential of this specie is attributed to phenolic compounds and to triterpenes derivatives.

Resumo A aplicação de defensivos químicos para o controle de doenças fúngicas tem por consequência impactos sobre o ambiente e a saúde humana, dessa forma, a utilização de extratos vegetais com propriedades antifúngicas associado ao manejo adequado de culturas, torna-se uma proposta viável de controle alternativo, principalmente na agricultura orgânica e familiar. Neste sentido, objetivou-se neste trabalho realizar a análise fitoquímica e antioxidante das cascas de Byrsonima crassifolia (canjiqueira) e avaliar seu potencial antifúngico sobre o crescimento micelial de Fusarium solani e Sclerotinia sclerotiorum. O extrato etanólico das cascas da planta, coletadas no Pantanal do Rio Negro, em Mato Grosso do Sul, foi submetido à prospecção fitoquímica, quantificação de fenóis totais e flavonoides e determinação da atividade antioxidante (DPPH). Para a avaliação da atividade antifúngica foram utilizadas as concentrações de 800, 1200, 1600, 2000 e 2400 µg 100 mL-1 do extrato etanólico. Cada concentração foi incorporada, separadamente, em ágar BDA, e vertida em placas de petri, seguido do disco de micélio do fungo, onde o diâmetro das colônias foi medido diariamente. Utilizou-se como controle negativo, ágar sem extrato e ágar com solução etanólica. O extrato etanólico de B. crassifolia apresentou atividade inibitória sobre os fungos estudados, onde as concentrações de 800 e 1600 µg 100 mL-1, inibiram 38% do crescimento micelial de F. solani; para S. sclerotiorum, a melhor concentração foi de 2400 µg 100 mL1, com 37,5% de redução de crescimento. Atribui-se o potencial antifúngico do extrato da casca da espécie aos compostos fenólicos e derivados de triterpenos.

Exogenous application of salicylic acid in yellow passion fruit for the control of fruit woodiness virus / Aplicação exógena do ácido salicílico em maracujazeiroamarelo para o controle do vírus do endurecimento dos frutos

The effect of salicylic acid (SA) was evaluated in control of Cowpea aphidborne mosaic virus (CABMV), which induces hardening of the fruits of passion fruit (EFM). Also, its influence on the expression of symptoms and the activation of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidases were evaluated. The experiment was designed and conducted in a completely random way. The treatments consisted of SA (2.5 mM) and control (10% ethanol), applied 12 hours before mechanical inoculation of CABMV, the causal agent of EFM in Brazil. A similar experiment was conducted under the same conditions, but four applications were performed weekly after CABMV mechanical inoculation. In both experiments a rating scale ranging from 0 to 3 was used to assess the severity of the disease. To evaluate the activity of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase, the plants were treated (SA and control) and, after 12 hours, inoculated with isolated CABMV. Leaf samplings were performed at 0, 12, 24 and 48 hours after the treatments (HAT), processed and analyzed in a spectrophotometer to verify the activation of peroxidase and polyphenol oxidase. At 30 days after inoculation (DAI), the SA applied once promoted reduction of 57.1% of the severity, when compared with the control. In plants subjected to SA weekly applications, it was found a significantly reduction in the expression of symptoms at 45 DAI. In the biochemical assays, a significantly reduction in the expression of symptoms at 45 DAI. In the biochemical assays, a significant increase in peroxidase in 12-hour intervals (DAI)/24 hours (HAT) was observed. For polyphenol oxidase, a significant increase of its activity was observed at 24 hour intervals (DAI)/48 hours (HAT). It is suggested that SA may represent an additional tool in the management of EFM.

Foram avaliados o efeito do ácido salicílico (AS) no controle do Cowpea aphidborne mosaic virus (CABMV), vírus que induz o endurecimento dos frutos do maracujazeiro (EFM), e a sua influência na expressão dos sintomas e na ativação das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. O experimento foi delineado e conduzido de forma inteiramente casualizada. Os tratamentos consistiram em AS (2,5 mM) e controle (etanol 10%), aplicados 12 horas antes da inoculação mecânica do CABMV, agente causal do EFM no Brasil. Um experimento similar foi conduzido sob as mesmas condições, porém, quatro aplicações do AS foram realizadas semanalmente após a inoculação mecânica do CABMV. Em ambos os experimentos a avaliação da severidade da doença foi realizada empregando escala de notas que variaram de 0 a 3. Para avaliar a atividade das enzimas peroxidase e polifenoloxidase, as plantas foram tratadas (AS e controle) e, após 12 horas, inoculadas com o isolado de CABMV. Foram realizadas amostragens foliares 0, 12, 24 e 48 horas após os tratamentos (HAT), que foram processadas e analisadas em espectrofotômetro para a constatação da ativação da peroxidase e polifenoloxidase. Aos 30 dias após a inoculação (DAI), o AS aplicado uma única vez promoveu redução da severidade de 57,1%, quando comparado com o controle. Nas plantas submetidas às aplicações semanais de AS foi constatada a redução significativa da expressão dos sintomas aos 45 DAI. Nos ensaios bioquímicos foi observado aumento significativo de peroxidase nos intervalos de 12 horas (DAI)/24 horas (HAT). Para polifenoloxidase foi observado um aumento significativo de sua atividade nos intervalos de 24 horas (DAI)/48 horas (HAT). Sugere-se que o AS pode representar uma ferramenta adicional no manejo do EFM.