Levels of Polyamines in Feces of Laying Hens Fed with Agave Fructans (Agave Tequilana, Weber) in Association with the Quality and Production of Egg

ABSTRACT In this study two experiments were carried out, the effect of a diet supplemented with fructans of Agave tequilana Weber, was analyzed in Hy-line hens in regards to their egg quality and production as well as on the levels of the polyamines, putrescine, spermidine and spermine in their feces. In the first study 300 Hy-line W-36 hens per group, which were aged 36 weeks, were randomly separated as follows for each of the three treatments. One group of 100 hens was fed with a diet supplemented with 0.1% fructans. Another group of 100 hens was supplemented with 0.2% fructans and a group of 100 hens without any fructans was added as a control group. Feed consumption was lower in the supplemented groups compared to the control group (p 0.05). Egg yolk quality was measured using Haugh units. The quality of the shell was studied using an Egg Force reader (g pressure/mm2). Putrescine levels was measured in 10 animals in each group. In the second study, 1,155 laying hens, aged one day from the Hy-line W-35 genetic line were also randomly divided into three groups containing 385 hens in each one (A, B, C). Egg laying levels and weight was measured during 35 weeks. The egg laying percentage increased considerably in hens ingesting supplemented diets (p 0.05) and the egg weight was greater mainly in the supplementation with 0.1% fructans (p 0.05). Thus, it was shown that diet supplementation with fructans of agave improves egg quality and homeostasis and food consumption in the Hy-line hen.

A L-arginina na produção in vitro de embriões bovinos: perspectivas para o futuro / L-arginine in the in vitro production of bovine embryos: perspectives for the future

A L-arginina (L-arg) é o principal precursor da síntese do NO, contudo, é precursora também da síntese de creatina, agmatina, ureia, síntese proteica, L-ornitina, poliaminas, L-prolina e L-glutamato. Nesta breve revisão, vamos falar de alguns resultados que estão sendo obtidos sobre o papel da L-arg na capacitação de espermatozoides bovinos e seu impacto na produção in vitro de embriões. Estudos in vitro mostraram que a adição de L-arg ao meio de capacitação espermática está associada a um aumento na produção de NO, que se correlaciona com aumento da motilidade e vigor, integridade da membrana plasmática e acrossomal, atividade mitocondrial, capacitação espermática, peroxidação lipídica, bem como com a produção de blastocistos. Além disso, a adição da L-arg ao meio de capacitação in vitro, altera o perfil de proteínas importantes ligadas ao processo de capacitação, fertilização e desenvolvimento embrionário inicial. Estes efeitos da L-arg são GMPc dependentes e independentes. Na maturação in vitro, entretanto, embora já tenham sido encontrados bons resultados com o uso do L-arg, mais estudos são necessários para determinar a concentração ideal a ser adicionada ao meio de maturação in vitro e seu impacto na produção de blastocistos. Visto que a pré-capacitação de espermatozoides induzida pela heparina em presença de L-arg foi o método mais eficiente na produção in vitro de embriões, sugerimos sua utilização. Mais pesquisas sobre o metabolismo da L-arg no espermatozoide e CCOs de bovinos durante eventos ligados à fertilização são necessários para se identificar novas vias que atuem nestas etapas in vitro visando o aumento da percentagem e qualidade de embriões bovinos produzidos in vitro.

L-arginine (L-arg) is the main source of NO synthesis; however, it is also a precursor of the synthesis of creatine, agmatine, urea, protein synthesis, L-ornithine, polyamines, L-proline, and Lglutamate. In this brief review, we will discuss some results obtained previously about the role of L-arg in the capacitation of bovine sperm and its impact on in vitro embryo production. In vitro studies have shown that the addition of L-arg to the sperm capacitation medium is associated with an increase in NO production, which in controlled levels is related to an increased motility and vigor, plasma and acrosomal membrane integrity, mitochondrial activity, sperm capacitation, peroxidation lipids, as well as with the blastocyst production. Furthermore, the addition of L-arg to the in vitro capacitation medium alters the profile of important proteins linked to the capacitation process, fertilization, and early embryonic development. These effects of L-arg are cGMP dependent and independent. In in vitro maturation, however, although good results have already been found with the use of L-arg, further studies are needed to determine the ideal concentration to be added to the in vitro maturation medium and its impact on the production of blastocysts. Since heparin-induced pre-capacitation of spermatozoa in the presence of L-arg was the most efficient method for in vitro embryo production, we suggest its use. More research on L-arg metabolism in bovine sperm and OCCs during events related to fertilization is needed to identify new pathways that act in these in vitro steps aiming to increase the percentage and quality of bovine embryos produced in vitro.

Regulators, culture media and types of lights in vitro lavender culture / Reguladores, meios de cultura e tipos de luzes na cultura de lavanda in vitro

Lavender is an aromatic ornamental plant that is used widely in the perfume, pharmaceutical, cosmetical and food industries. That is why it is important to study ways to promote a production of lavender raw material. For this, four experiments were carried out in order to study the germination and initial in vitro development of lavender. In the first part the efficiency of the use of hydrogen peroxide in the pre-treatment of seeds inoculated in culture media with different concentrations of gibberellic acid was evaluated. Besides that, the influence of the use of Growlux lamps and white fluorescent lamps on plantlets cultivated in MS and LS media at salts concentrations of 50 and 100% was evaluated. Finally, the effect of the gibberellic acid, putrescine, spermine and spermidine in different concentrations was evaluated. Better results were estimated when hydrogen peroxide pretreatment was applied to the seeds with subsequent inoculation in a medium containing 2,5 mg L-1 of gibberellic acid. The use of Growlux lamps did not influence the characteristics observed when compared to the use of white fluorescent lamps, however it was concluded that the species develops more in a LS medium. Concerning the use of polyamines was found that germination, aerial part and number of leaves of the seedlings were generally favored at the concentration of 0,5 mg L-1 except when spermine was applied, which resulted in a lower number of leaves under this condition.(AU)

Lavanda é uma planta ornamental aromática que é amplamente utilizada nas indústrias de perfumaria, farmacêutica, cosmética e alimentícia e por isso é importante estudar maneiras de promover a produção dessa matéria-prima. Para tanto, foram realizados quatro experimentos com o objetivo de estudar a germinação e o desenvolvimento inicial in vitro da lavanda. No primeiro experimento testou-se a eficiência do uso de peróxido de hidrogênio no pré-tratamento de sementes inoculadas em meios de cultura com diferentes concentrações de ácido giberélico. Além disso, foi avaliado a influência do uso de lâmpadas Growlux e de lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas em plântulas cultivadas nos meios MS e LS em concentrações de sais de 50 e 100%. Por fim, também estudou-se o efeito dos reguladores ácido giberélico, putrescina, espermina e espermidina em diferentes concentrações. Melhores resultados foram encontrados quando o pré-tratamento com peróxido de hidrogênio foi aplicado às sementes com posterior inoculação em meio contendo 2,5 mg L-1 de ácido giberélico. O uso de lâmpadas Growlux não influenciou as características avaliadas quando comparado ao uso de lâmpadas fluorescentes brancas, entretanto observou-se que as espécies se desenvolvem melhor em meio LS. Com relação ao uso de poliaminas, verificou-se que a germinação, parte aérea e número de folhas das plântulas foram favorecidas na concentração de 0,5 mg L-1, exceto quando se aplicou espermina, que resultou em menor número de folhas nessa condição.(AU)

The application of polyamines and self-incompatibility control substance on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple cv ‘Red Delicious / A aplicação de poliaminas e substância de controle de auto-incompatibilidade em índices de produção e características qualitativas da maçã 'Red Delicious'

Among the main problems of some temperate fruit species, such as the apple tree (Malus domestica), are the poor set of fruits and low production. Polyamines and Self-Incompatibility Control Substances (SICS), involving mineral nutrients such as manganese and boron, are the major chemical compounds used to reduce these problems. The aim of this study was to use popular polyamines putrescine (Put) at 0.1, 0.25 mM, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) both at 0.05, 0.25 mM and SICS at 1, 2 mg L-1, alone or with cotton coverage bags and control to show the effects of these chemical compounds on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple (Malus domestica) cv ‘Red Delicious. Results showed that Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (1 mg L-1) had higher effect on yield per weight and per fruit number, final fruit set and ISI, but Spd (0.25 mM) decreased final drop. Put (0.1 mM + ccb), Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (2 mg L-1 + ccb) were the most suitable treatments in order to increase the qualitative characteristics.(AU)

Entre os principais problemas de algumas espécies frutíferas de clima temperado, como a macieira (Malus domestica), está o fraco conjunto de frutos e a baixa produção. As Poliaminas e Substancias de Controle de Auto-Incompatibilidade (self-incompatibility control substances-SICS) (envolvendo nutrientes minerais tais como manganês e boro) são os principais compostos químicos usados para reduzir esses problemas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a poliamina putrescina (Put) em 0,1, 0,25 mM, espermina (Spm) e espermidina (Spd) ambas em 0,05, 0,25 mM e SICS em 1,2 mg L-1, sozinhos ou com sacos cobertos de algodão, para demonstrar o efeito destes elementos químicos nos índices de produção e características qualitativas da maça (Malus domestica) ‘Red Delicious. Resultados mostraram que a espermidina (0.25 mM) e SICS (1 mg L-1) tiveram um efeito maior na produção por peso e pelo número de frutos, o conjunto final de frutos e ISI, mas a espermidina (0.25 mM) caiu na produção final. Put (0.1 mM + sca), Spd (0.25 mM) e SICS (2 mg L-1 + sca) foram os tratamentos mais adequados para aumentar as características qualitativas.(AU)

The application of polyamines and self-incompatibility control substance on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple cv ‘Red Delicious’ / A aplicação de poliaminas e substância de controle de auto-incompatibilidade em índices de produção e características qualitativas da maçã 'Red Delicious'

Among the main problems of some temperate fruit species, such as the apple tree (Malus domestica), are the poor set of fruits and low production. Polyamines and Self-Incompatibility Control Substances (SICS), involving mineral nutrients such as manganese and boron, are the major chemical compounds used to reduce these problems. The aim of this study was to use popular polyamines putrescine (Put) at 0.1, 0.25 mM, spermine (Spm) and spermidine (Spd) both at 0.05, 0.25 mM and SICS at 1, 2 mg L-1, alone or with cotton coverage bags and control to show the effects of these chemical compounds on yield indices and qualitative traits of apple (Malus domestica) cv ‘Red Delicious’. Results showed that Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (1 mg L-1) had higher effect on yield per weight and per fruit number, final fruit set and ISI, but Spd (0.25 mM) decreased final drop. Put (0.1 mM + ccb), Spd (0.25 mM) and SICS (2 mg L-1 + ccb) were the most suitable treatments in order to increase the qualitative characteristics.

Entre os principais problemas de algumas espécies frutíferas de clima temperado, como a macieira (Malus domestica), está o fraco conjunto de frutos e a baixa produção. As Poliaminas e Substancias de Controle de Auto-Incompatibilidade (self-incompatibility control substances-SICS) (envolvendo nutrientes minerais tais como manganês e boro) são os principais compostos químicos usados para reduzir esses problemas. O objetivo deste trabalho foi empregar a poliamina putrescina (Put) em 0,1, 0,25 mM, espermina (Spm) e espermidina (Spd) ambas em 0,05, 0,25 mM e SICS em 1,2 mg L-1, sozinhos ou com sacos cobertos de algodão, para demonstrar o efeito destes elementos químicos nos índices de produção e características qualitativas da maça (Malus domestica) ‘Red Delicious’. Resultados mostraram que a espermidina (0.25 mM) e SICS (1 mg L-1) tiveram um efeito maior na produção por peso e pelo número de frutos, o conjunto final de frutos e ISI, mas a espermidina (0.25 mM) caiu na produção final. Put (0.1 mM + sca), Spd (0.25 mM) e SICS (2 mg L-1 + sca) foram os tratamentos mais adequados para aumentar as características qualitativas.

Intravitreal injection of the synthetic peptide LyeTx I b, derived from a spider toxin, into the rabbit eye is safe and prevents neovascularization in a chorioallantoic membrane model

The great diversity of molecules found in spider venoms include amino acids, polyamines, proteins and peptides, among others. Some of these compounds can interact with different neuronal receptors and ion channels including those present in the ocular system. To study potential toxicity and safety of intravitreal injection in rabbits of LyeTx I b, a synthetic peptide derived from the toxin LyeTx I found in venom from the spider Lycosa eritrognatha and to evaluate the angiogenic activity on a CAM model. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated with LyeTx I b (0.36; 0.54; 0.72; 2.89; 4.34 or 9.06 µM). In this study, New Zealand rabbits were used. LyeTx I b (2.89 µM) labeled with FITC dissolved in PBS, or only PBS, were injected into vitreous humor. Electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded 1 day before injection and at 7,14 and 28 days post-injection. Clinical examination of the retina was conducted through tonometer and eye fundus after ERG. Eyes were enucleated and retinas were prepared for histology in order to assess retinal structure. CAMs were exposed to LyeTx I b (0.54; 0.72; 2.17 or 2.89 µM). Results: ARPE-19 cells exposed to LyeTx I b showed cell viability at the same levels of the control. The fluorescence of LyeTx I b labeled with FITC indicated its retinal localization. Our findings indicate ERG responses from rats injected in the eye with LyeTx I b were very similar to the corresponding responses of those animals injected only with vehicle. Clinical examination found no alterations of intraocular pressure or retinal integrity. No histological damage in retinal layers was observed. CAM presented reduced neovascularization when exposed to LyeTx I b. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of LyeTx I b is safe for use in the rabbit eye and prevents neovascularization in the CAM model, at Bevacizumab levels. These findings support intravitreal LyeTx l b as a good candidate to develop future alternative treatment for the retina in neovascularization diseases.(AU)

Intravitreal injection of the synthetic peptide LyeTx I b, derived from a spider toxin, into the rabbit eye is safe and prevents neovascularization in a chorioallantoic membrane model

Background: The great diversity of molecules found in spider venoms include amino acids, polyamines, proteins and peptides, among others. Some of these compounds can interact with different neuronal receptors and ion channels including those present in the ocular system. To study potential toxicity and safety of intravitreal injection in rabbits of LyeTx I b, a synthetic peptide derived from the toxin LyeTx I found in venom from the spider Lycosa eritrognatha and to evaluate the angiogenic activity on a CAM model. Methods: ARPE-19 cells were treated with LyeTx I b (0.36; 0.54; 0.72; 2.89; 4.34 or 9.06 M). In this study, New Zealand rabbits were used. LyeTx I b (2.89 M) labeled with FITC dissolved in PBS, or only PBS, were injected into vitreous humor. Electroretinogram (ERG) was recorded 1 day before injection and at 7,14 and 28 days post-injection. Clinical examination of the retina was conducted through tonometer and eye fundus after ERG. Eyes were enucleated and retinas were prepared for histology in order to assess retinal structure. CAMs were exposed to LyeTx I b (0.54; 0.72; 2.17 or 2.89 M). Results: ARPE-19 cells exposed to LyeTx I b showed cell viability at the same levels of the control. The fluorescence of LyeTx I b labeled with FITC indicated its retinal localization. Our findings indicate ERG responses from rats injected in the eye with LyeTx I b were very similar to the corresponding responses of those animals injected only with vehicle. Clinical examination found no alterations of intraocular pressure or retinal integrity. No histological damage in retinal layers was observed. CAM presented reduced neovascularization when exposed to LyeTx I b. Conclusions: Intravitreal injection of LyeTx I b is safe for use in the rabbit eye and prevents neovascularization in the CAM model, at Bevacizumab levels... (AU)

Dynamics in global DNA methylation and endogenous polyamine levels during protocorm-like bodies induction of Cattleya tigrina A. Richard / Dinâmica da metilação do DNA global e níveis endógenos de poliaminas durante a induçãode estruturas semelhantes a protocormos de Cattleya tigrina A. Richard

Cattleya tigrina is endemic to the Atlantic forest biome and classified as vulnerable in the Red Book of Brazilian Flora. In vitro techniques comprise valuable tools for the conservation of endangered plant species. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the morphological features, global DNA methylation levels and free polyamines during protocorm-like bodies (PLBs) induction of C. tigrina. Along with that, an efficient protocol for in vitro propagation of this species is proposed. The first evidences of PLBs induction in C. tigrina occurred at seven days in culture, starting from the basal portion of the leaf abaxial surface. A hypomethylation marked the beginning of cell differentiation, followed by an increased global DNA methylation at 35 days in culture, coinciding with a subtle change in the structures morphogenetic development. During PLBs induction, putrescine exhibited higher levels as compared to spermidine and spermine, and apparently presents a major role during the PLBs induction in C. tigrina. Due to the apparent secondary PLBs formation, this protocol can represent a highly efficient method for in vitro propagation of this species.(AU)

Cattleya tigrina é uma espécie endêmica do bioma Mata Atlântica e classificada como vulnerávelno Livro Vermelho da Flora Brasileira. As técnicas in vitro compreendem ferramentas valiosas a seremempregadas na conservação de espécies de plantas ameaçadas. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar ascaracterísticas morfológicas, os níveis globais de metilação do DNA e as poliaminas livres durante a induçãode estruturas semelhantes a protocormos (ESPs). Paralelamente, um protocolo eficiente para a propagaçãoin vitro desta espécie é apresentado. As primeiras evidências de indução de ESPs em C. tigrina foramobservadas aos sete dias de cultivo, a partir da porção basal da superfície abaxial da folha. Umahipometilação foi observada concomitante ao início da diferenciação celular, e um aumento da metilaçãoglobal do DNA foi encontrada aos 35 dias de cultivo, coincidindo com uma sutil mudança nodesenvolvimento morfogenético das estruturas. Durante a indução de ESPs, a putrescina exibiu níveisaumentados em comparação a espermidina e espermina e, aparentemente, apresenta um papel importantedurante a indução dessas estruturas em C. tigrina. Devido à aparente formação secundária de ESPs, esteprotocolo pode representar um método altamente eficiente para a propagação in vitro desta espécie.(AU)

Neonatologia em bezerros: a importância do colostro / Neonatology in calves: the importance of colostrum

Os neonatos são capazes de responder a agentes infecciosos por meio das respostas imune inata e adquirida, no entanto, estas são lentas, de pequena magnitude e com baixas concentrações de anticorpos. Dessa forma, a transferência materna da imunidade é fundamental para a sobrevivência inicial do bezerro, pois fornece ao neonato bovino anticorpos, células do sistema imunológico e outros elementos essenciais à sua sobrevivência, como nutrientes, componentes do sistema complemento, fatores de crescimento, hormônios, citocinas, oligossacarídeos, gangliosídeos, reativos de oxigênio, proteínas de fase aguda, fatores imunomoduladores, enzimas, ribonucleases, nucleotídeos, poliaminas, peptídeos e proteínas com atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidantes e inibidores de tripsina. Nesta revisão, são discutidos os vários aspectos e características da transferência de imunidade no pós-parto e da neonatologia em bezerros, enfatizando a importância da ingestão do colostro.

Neonates are able to respond to infectious agents by their innate and acquired immune responses, however, they are slow, produced in small-scale and have low antibody concentrations. Thus, maternal immunity transference is critical to calf initial survival, since it provides antibodies to the neonate bovine, cells of the immune system, as well as other essential elements to its survival, as nutrients, components of the complement system, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, oligosaccharides, gangliosides, reactive oxygen molecules, acute phase proteins, immunomodulatory factors, enzymes, ribonucleases, nucleotides, polyamines, peptides and proteins with antimicrobial activity, antioxidants and trypsin inhibitors. This review presents a discussion of different aspects and characteristics of immune transference in postcalving and neonatology to calves, emphasizing the colostrum feeding importance.

Neonatologia em bezerros: a importância do colostro / Neonatology in calves: the importance of colostrum

Os neonatos são capazes de responder a agentes infecciosos por meio das respostas imune inata e adquirida, no entanto, estas são lentas, de pequena magnitude e com baixas concentrações de anticorpos. Dessa forma, a transferência materna da imunidade é fundamental para a sobrevivência inicial do bezerro, pois fornece ao neonato bovino anticorpos, células do sistema imunológico e outros elementos essenciais à sua sobrevivência, como nutrientes, componentes do sistema complemento, fatores de crescimento, hormônios, citocinas, oligossacarídeos, gangliosídeos, reativos de oxigênio, proteínas de fase aguda, fatores imunomoduladores, enzimas, ribonucleases, nucleotídeos, poliaminas, peptídeos e proteínas com atividade antimicrobiana, antioxidantes e inibidores de tripsina. Nesta revisão, são discutidos os vários aspectos e características da transferência de imunidade no pós-parto e da neonatologia em bezerros, enfatizando a importância da ingestão do colostro.(AU)

Neonates are able to respond to infectious agents by their innate and acquired immune responses, however, they are slow, produced in small-scale and have low antibody concentrations. Thus, maternal immunity transference is critical to calf initial survival, since it provides antibodies to the neonate bovine, cells of the immune system, as well as other essential elements to its survival, as nutrients, components of the complement system, growth factors, hormones, cytokines, oligosaccharides, gangliosides, reactive oxygen molecules, acute phase proteins, immunomodulatory factors, enzymes, ribonucleases, nucleotides, polyamines, peptides and proteins with antimicrobial activity, antioxidants and trypsin inhibitors. This review presents a discussion of different aspects and characteristics of immune transference in postcalving and neonatology to calves, emphasizing the colostrum feeding importance.(AU)

Avaliação da qualidade interna de ovos de consumo pela pesquisa do teor de aminas bioativas / Evaluation of the internal quality of commercial eggs by searching of the bioactive levels

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade dos ovos de consumo pela pesquisa dos níveis de aminas bioativas, foram coletados, pelos serviços de inspeção oficiais, 224 amostras de ovos provenientes de cinco regiões distintas do estado de Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. As aminas biogênicas (putrescina, cadaverina, feniletilamina, histamina e tiramina) e as poliaminas (espermidina e espermina) foram pesquisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detecção ultravioleta (CLAE/UV) após derivação pré-coluna com cloreto de dansila. Os resultados demonstraram que a putrescina estava presente, em baixas concentrações, em todas as amostras de gema e de albúmen. As demais aminas também foram detectadas, porém em menor frequência, e a espermina somente foi encontrada em uma amostra de albúmen. Foi concluído que os ovos de consumo produzidos no estado de Minas Gerais não são uma fonte considerável de poliaminas, importantes para o crescimento e a proliferação celular, e os baixos teores de aminas biogênicas, formadas pela descarboxilação de aminoácidos por enzimas bacterianas, não representam riscos à saúde do consumidor, o que indica que o ovo apresenta boa qualidade, tomando por base o critério de aminas bioativas.(AU)

In order to evaluate the quality of commercial eggs by searching the bioactive amine levels, 224 samples of eggs from the five regions of Minas Gerais State were collected during one year by the official inspection service. The biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, phenylethylamine, histamine and tyramine) and the polyamines (spermidine and spermine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV) and pre-column derivatization with dansyl chloride. The results demonstrated the presence of putrescine in all samples of yolk and albumen, but in low concentrations. The other amines were also detected, however, with a lower frequency, and spermine was found only in one sample of albumen. It was concluded that the commercial eggs produced in Minas Gerais State are not a considerable source of polyamines, important for growth and cell proliferation; and low levels of biogenic amine, formed by decarboxylation of amino acids by bacterial enzymes, do not represent risks to consumer health, indicating that it has good quality, based on the bioactive amine criterion.(AU)

Aminas bioativas e qualidade da carne de frangos de corte / Bioactive amines and meat quality of broiler chickens

Com o objetivo de avaliar a qualidade da carne de frangos de corte mediante pesquisa dos níveis de aminas bioativas, foram coletadas, pelos serviços de inspeção oficiais, 160 amostras de carcaças provenientes de cinco regiões distintas do estado de Minas Gerais, durante o período de um ano. As poliaminas (espermidina e espermina) e as aminas biogênicas (putrescina, cadaverina, histamina, tiramina) foram pesquisadas por cromatografia líquida de alta eficiência e detecção ultravioleta (CLAE/UV). Os resultados encontrados demonstraram a presença das poliaminas, espermidina e espermina, em todas as amostras, em concentrações médias de 3,56mg/100g e 5,72mg/100g, respectivamente. Em todas as amostras foram detectadas, em concentrações muito baixas, as aminas putrescina, cadaverina, histamina e tiramina. Foi concluído que a carne de frangos de corte produzida no estado de Minas Gerais é uma fonte de poliaminas, importantes para o crescimento e a proliferação celular, e que os baixos teores de aminas biogênicas encontrados não representam riscos à saúde do consumidor, indicando que esse tipo de carne apresenta boa qualidade, tomando por base o critério de aminas bioativas(AU)

In order to evaluate the meat quality of broiler chickens by searching the bioactive amines level, 160 samples of carcass from the five regions of the Minas Gerais State, were collected during one year by the official inspection service. The poliamines (spermidine and spermine) and the biogenic amines (putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine) were determined by high performance liquid chromatography with ultraviolet detection (HPLC/UV). The results demonstrated the presence of polyamines spermidine and spermine in all samples, at mean concentrations of 3.56mg/100g and 5.72mg/100g, respectively. The biogenic amines putrescine, cadaverine, histamine and tyramine were also found, but in low concentrations. It was concluded that the chicken broiler meat produced in Minas Gerais state is a source of polyamines, important for growth and cell proliferation; and that the biogenic amine levels found were low, and do not represent risks to consumer health, indicating that it has good quality, based on the criterion of bioactive amine(AU)

Temperature stress in accumulation of free proline of pigeonpea seedlings from seeds treated with polyamines / Estresse térmico no acúmulo de prolina livre de plântulas de guandu oriundas de sementes tratadas com poliaminas

It was studied the effects of seed treatment with polyamines of pigeonpea for proline content of seedling in order to verify that the application of these polyamines attenuates temperature stress on germination and early seedling growth, and see if exogenous putrescine and spermidine induce the accumulation of proline, this amino acid may be biochemical and physiological indicator in seedlings that are under suboptimal temperatures and supraoptmail. The seeds of pigeonpea cv. BRS Mandarin and cv. Caqui, treated with a solution of 0.5 mM of putrescine and spermidine, were subjected to suboptimal temperature (20ºC, 18ºC, 16ºC and 14ºC) and supraoptimal (36ºC, 38ºC, 40ºC and 44ºC) for 24 hours and 48 hours. After these periods, were subjected to 25C until day 10, when the percentage of seed germination were observed, the proline content of vegetative parts and the dry mass of the seedlings. A completely randomized design in a factorial arrangement was used 3x4x2+3 (solutions with polyamines, temperature stress by cooling/heating, time of exposure to stress, plus additional factors em25ºC with 0.0 mM and 0.5mM of Put and Spd), with four replicates of 25 seeds. The results were submitted to analysis of variance and means were compared by Tukey test at 5% probability, separately for each cultivar. Both exogenous polyamines attenuate the effects of cooling and heating, contributing to the growth of germinated seeds. Also, putrescine and spermidine exogenous mitigated the adverse effects by inducing proline accumulation, which leads to osmotic adjustment temperatures, although this physiological response has not minimized the negative effects of temperature stress on seedling growth of pigeonpea. Proline can be considered biochemical and physiological indicator in seedlings of both cultivars of pigeonpea treated with polyamines under temperature stress.(AU)

Estudou-se os efeitos do tratamento de sementes de guandu com poliaminas no conteúdo de prolina de plântulas com o intuito de verificar se a aplicação destas poliaminas atenua o estresse térmico na germinação e no crescimento inicial de plântulas e, constatar se a putrescina e espermidina exógenas induzem ao acúmulo de prolina, podendo este aminoácido ser indicativo bioquímico-fisiológico em plântulas que estejam sob temperaturas subótimas e supraótimas. As sementes de guandu, cv. BRS Mandarim e cv. Caqui, tratadas com solução de 0,5mM de putrescina ou espermidina, foram submetidas a temperaturas subótimas (20ºC, 18ºC, 16ºC e 14ºC) e supraótimas (36ºC, 38ºC, 40ºC e 44ºC) por 24 horas e 48 horas. Após estes períodos, foram submetidas à 25ºC até o 10º dia, quando foram verificados a porcentagem de germinação das sementes, o conteúdo de prolina das partes vegetativas e a massa de matéria seca das plântulas. Foi utilizado o delineamento inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial 3x4x2+3 (soluções com poliaminas, estresse térmico por resfriamento/aquecimento, tempos de exposição aos estresses, mais os fatores adicionais em25ºC com 0,0mM e 0,5mM de Put e Spd), com quatro repetições de 25 sementes. Os resultados foram submetidos à análise de variância e as médias comparadas pelo teste de Tukey a 5% de probabilidade, separadamente para cada cultivar. Ambas as poliaminas exógenas atenuam os efeitos do resfriamento e aquecimento, contribuindo para o incremento de sementes germinadas. Também, a putrescina e espermidina exógenas atenuaram os efeitos das temperaturas adversas por induzir o acúmulo de prolina, o qual conduz ao ajuste osmótico, embora esta resposta fisiológica não tenha minimizado os efeitos negativos do estresse térmico no crescimento de plântulas de guandu. A prolina pode ser considerada indicador bioquímico-fisiológico em plântulas de ambas as cultivares de guandu tratadas com as poliaminas sob temperaturas estressantes.(AU)

Effect of dietary arginine supplementation after hatching on the intestinal morphometry and integrity of chicks housed under health challenge conditions

Background: Arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acids for birds, especially in the starter phase. The degradation of Argproduces ornithine, a precursor of polyamines that are considered nutritionally important local factors for growth and thedevelopment of small intestinal of the newly hatched chick. The first week is a critical time intestine development andthe aggression to the mucosa may compromise the final productive result. This study aimed to evaluate the productiveperformance, intestinal morphometry and integrity of broilers housed under health challenge conditions and supplementedwith L-Arginine in the pre-starter diet.Materials, Methods & Results: Three-hundred-twenty male Cobb chicks were randomly assigned according to a completelyrandomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications of 16 birds each. Treatments consisted of: A: control (basal diet);B: diet with 1% L-Arginine; C: health challenge (reused poultry manure litter) + basal diet; D: health challenge (reusedpoultry manure litter) + diet with 1% L-Arginine. The reused poultry manure litter was obtained from a commercial poultryfarm with birds in the final growth phase and without any previous treatment. In order to achieve the supplemented dietsit was added 1% Arg replacing the inert. At the ages of seven days, all the birds and the feed remains were weighed inorder to determine body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The small intestine of twenty birds per treatment was weighed and measured; samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for injury assessment scores, formorphometric study and counting of goblet cells in segments of the duodenum...(AU)

Effect of dietary arginine supplementation after hatching on the intestinal morphometry and integrity of chicks housed under health challenge conditions

Background: Arginine (Arg) is an essential amino acids for birds, especially in the starter phase. The degradation of Argproduces ornithine, a precursor of polyamines that are considered nutritionally important local factors for growth and thedevelopment of small intestinal of the newly hatched chick. The first week is a critical time intestine development andthe aggression to the mucosa may compromise the final productive result. This study aimed to evaluate the productiveperformance, intestinal morphometry and integrity of broilers housed under health challenge conditions and supplementedwith L-Arginine in the pre-starter diet.Materials, Methods & Results: Three-hundred-twenty male Cobb chicks were randomly assigned according to a completelyrandomized design with 4 treatments and 5 replications of 16 birds each. Treatments consisted of: A: control (basal diet);B: diet with 1% L-Arginine; C: health challenge (reused poultry manure litter) + basal diet; D: health challenge (reusedpoultry manure litter) + diet with 1% L-Arginine. The reused poultry manure litter was obtained from a commercial poultryfarm with birds in the final growth phase and without any previous treatment. In order to achieve the supplemented dietsit was added 1% Arg replacing the inert. At the ages of seven days, all the birds and the feed remains were weighed inorder to determine body weight gain, feed intake and feed conversion ratio. The small intestine of twenty birds per treatment was weighed and measured; samples of duodenum, jejunum and ileum were taken for injury assessment scores, formorphometric study and counting of goblet cells in segments of the duodenum...

Prospecção de novas moléculas naturais e sintéticas na inibição in vitro da arginase recombinante de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis

COME, J. A. A. S. S. Prospecção de novas moléculas naturais e sintéticas na inibição in vitro da arginase recombinante de Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis. 2019. 102 f. Tese (Doutorado) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2019. As leishmanioses constituem um complexo de doenças causadas por protozoários do gênero Leishmania. São transmitidas pela picada de fêmeas parasitadas do gênero Phlebotomus e/ou Lutzomyia. A leishmaniose é uma doença zoonótica que afeta mais de 12 milhões de pessoas no mundo, e constituem uma preocupação para a saúde pública. A arginase de Leishmania é a primeira enzima da via das poliaminas e constitui um importante alvo terapêutico devido ao seu papel ativo na sobrevivência do parasita no hospedeiro. Neste trabalho, 78 moléculas sintéticas e naturais de diferentes grupos químicos foram testadas com objetivo de determinar a sua capacidade de inibição da enzima arginase recombinante de Leishmania (L.) amazonensis (ARG-LA). Foram considerados inibidores da ARG-LA os compostos que apresentaram uma inibição 70% a 100 M. Os resultados revelaram 28,2 % de compostos com elevado potencial de inibição da ARG-LA, exibindo valores de IC50 na faixa micromolar. A cinética de inibição foi determinada pelo método de Dixon e Cornish-Bowden e revelou diferentes mecanismos de inibição enzimática. As moléculas sintéticas com potencial inibitório da ARG-LA correspondem aos ésteres e cinamidas biosintéticos, inamidas derivados do ácido cafeico e pirazolopirimidinas. Além disso, foram testados 4 compostos naturais estruturalmente relacionados ao ácido caféico: piceatannol e 3 ácidos salvianólicos (A, B e D). Os resultados poderão servir de ponto de partida para o planejamento e síntese de novos fármacos para tratamento da leishmaniose, baseado na inibição da ARG-LA.

COME, J. A. A. S. S. Prospecting of natural and synthetic compounds in vitro inhibition of the recombinant Leishmania (Leishmania) amazonensis arginase. 2019. 102 f. Thesis (Ph. Doctor) Faculdade de Zootecnia e Engenharia de Alimentos, Universidade de São Paulo, Pirassununga, 2019. Leishmaniasis is a complex of diseases caused by Leishmania protozoa. They are transmitted by the bite of parasitized females of the Phlebotomus and/or Lutzomyia genus. Leishmaniasis is essentially a zoonotic disease, affecting more than 12 million people in the world and are a public health concern. Leishmania arginase is the first enzyme in the polyamine pathway and constitutes an important therapeutic target due to its active role in the parasites survival in the host. In this work 78 compounds (synthetic and natural) of different chemical groups were tested to determine their ability to inhibit the recombinant Leishmania (L.) amazonensis arginase (LA-ARG). The IC50 and Ki were determined to the compounds that showed inhibition 70% at 100 M. The results indicated that 28.2% of the compounds have a high potential for LA-ARG inhibition, with IC50 values in the micromolar range and different enzymatic inhibition mechanisms. The main synthetic groups with the high inhibitory potential of the enzyme corresponding to the caffeic acid derivatives, pyrazolopyrimidines, and the natural compounds piceatannol and salvianolic acids. These results indicate a potential for the synthesis of new drugs for the treatment of leishmaniasis, based on parasite arginase inhibition.

Characterization of Leiurus abdullahbayrami (Scorpiones: Buthidae) venom: peptide profile, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity

Background Scorpion venoms are rich bioactive peptide libraries that offer promising molecules that may lead to the discovery and development of new drugs.Leiurus abdullahbayrami produces one of the most potent venoms among Turkish scorpions that provokes severe symptoms in envenomated victims.Methods In the present study, the peptide profile of the venom was investigated by electrophoretic methods, size-exclusion and reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects were evaluated on a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and various bacterial and fungal species.Results Proteins make up approximately half of the dry weight of L. abdullahbayrami crude venom. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis indicated the presence of 6 to 7 kDa peptides and proved to be a highly practical peptidomics tool with better resolution when compared to conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mass spectroscopy analysis helped us to identify 45 unique peptide masses between 1 to 7 kDa with a bimodal mass distribution peaking between molecular weights of 1 to 2 kDa (29%) and 3 to 4 kDa (31%). L. abdullahbayrami crude venom had a proliferative effect on MCF-7 cells, which may be explained by the high concentration of polyamines as well as potassium and calcium ions in the arachnid venoms. Antimicrobial effect was stronger on gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions This work represents the first peptidomic characterization of L. abdullahbayrami venom. Considering the molecular weight-function relationship of previously identified venom peptides, future bioactivity studies may lead to the discovery of novel potassium and chloride ion channel inhibitors as well as new antimicrobial peptides fromL. abdullahbayrami venom.(AU)

Characterization of Leiurus abdullahbayrami (Scorpiones: Buthidae) venom: peptide profile, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity

Background Scorpion venoms are rich bioactive peptide libraries that offer promising molecules that may lead to the discovery and development of new drugs.Leiurus abdullahbayrami produces one of the most potent venoms among Turkish scorpions that provokes severe symptoms in envenomated victims.Methods In the present study, the peptide profile of the venom was investigated by electrophoretic methods, size-exclusion and reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects were evaluated on a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and various bacterial and fungal species.Results Proteins make up approximately half of the dry weight of L. abdullahbayrami crude venom. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis indicated the presence of 6 to 7 kDa peptides and proved to be a highly practical peptidomics tool with better resolution when compared to conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mass spectroscopy analysis helped us to identify 45 unique peptide masses between 1 to 7 kDa with a bimodal mass distribution peaking between molecular weights of 1 to 2 kDa (29%) and 3 to 4 kDa (31%). L. abdullahbayrami crude venom had a proliferative effect on MCF-7 cells, which may be explained by the high concentration of polyamines as well as potassium and calcium ions in the arachnid venoms. Antimicrobial effect was stronger on gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions This work represents the first peptidomic characterization of L. abdullahbayrami venom. Considering the molecular weight-function relationship of previously identified venom peptides, future bioactivity studies may lead to the discovery of novel potassium and chloride ion channel inhibitors as well as new antimicrobial peptides fromL. abdullahbayrami venom.(AU)

Characterization of Leiurus abdullahbayrami (Scorpiones: Buthidae) venom: peptide profile, cytotoxicity and antimicrobial activity

Background Scorpion venoms are rich bioactive peptide libraries that offer promising molecules that may lead to the discovery and development of new drugs.Leiurus abdullahbayrami produces one of the most potent venoms among Turkish scorpions that provokes severe symptoms in envenomated victims.Methods In the present study, the peptide profile of the venom was investigated by electrophoretic methods, size-exclusion and reversed-phase chromatography and mass spectroscopy. Cytotoxic and antimicrobial effects were evaluated on a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) and various bacterial and fungal species.Results Proteins make up approximately half of the dry weight of L. abdullahbayrami crude venom. Microfluidic capillary electrophoresis indicated the presence of 6 to 7 kDa peptides and proved to be a highly practical peptidomics tool with better resolution when compared to conventional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Mass spectroscopy analysis helped us to identify 45 unique peptide masses between 1 to 7 kDa with a bimodal mass distribution peaking between molecular weights of 1 to 2 kDa (29%) and 3 to 4 kDa (31%). L. abdullahbayrami crude venom had a proliferative effect on MCF-7 cells, which may be explained by the high concentration of polyamines as well as potassium and calcium ions in the arachnid venoms. Antimicrobial effect was stronger on gram-negative bacteria.Conclusions This work represents the first peptidomic characterization of L. abdullahbayrami venom. Considering the molecular weight-function relationship of previously identified venom peptides, future bioactivity studies may lead to the discovery of novel potassium and chloride ion channel inhibitors as well as new antimicrobial peptides fromL. abdullahbayrami venom.

Aminas bioativas e aminoácidos como índice de qualidade dos leites fermentados.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo verificar o potencial de aminoácidos e aminas bioativas como índice de qualidade de leite fermentado. Os aminoácidos e as aminas foram quantificados por cromatografia liquida de ultra eficiência. Também foram determinados o pH, a acidez total e os sólidos totais. Os leites fermentados, durante a validade, apresentaram pH de 4,03 a 4,06, teor de sólidos totais de 7,37 a 12,0 g/100 g e acidez de 0,82 a 1,00 g/100 g de ácido lático. As amostras continham 3, 8 ou 11 minoácidos. Todos os leites fermentados tinham asparagina e arginina; alanina, histidina, isoleucina, prolina, tirosina, treonina e valina foram detectadas em três tipos; fenilalanina estava presente em dois tipos e leucina, lisina e ácido aspártico estavam presentes em um tipo de leite fermentado. Os teores totais de aminoácidos variaram de 4,2 a 17,8 mg/kg. Apenas a espermina foi detectada em todos os tipos de amostra, em teores similares (0,67 a 0,80 mg/kg). Depois de ultrapassado o prazo de validade, não houve diferença significativa no pH, acidez total e sólidos solúveis. Houve variação no perfil e teores de aminoácidos e aminas (exceto dois tipos), com um aumento nos tipos de aminoácidos encontrados (1 a 3 aminoácidos) e serotonina e agmatina foram detectadas. Os resultados foram submetidos a análise de componentes principais, não havendo um parâmetro capaz de diferenciar todos os tipos de leite fermentado

Bioactive amines and amino acids as quality criteria of fermented milk. The objective of this study was to investigate the potential use of amino acids and bioactive amines as an index of quality of fermented milk. The amino acid and amines were quantified by ultra efficient liquid chromatography. pH, total acidity and total solids were also analyzed. Within shelf life, fermented milk had pH of 4.03-4.06, total solids of 7.37 to 12.0 g/100 g and acidity of 0.82 to 1.00 g/100 g lactic acid. The samples had 3, 8 or 11 amino acids. All of them had asparagine and arginine; alanine, histidine, isoleucine, proline, tyrosine, threonine and valine were detected in three of them; phenylalanine was present in two and leucine, lysine and aspartic acid were present in one type of fermented milk. Total amino acids varied from 4.2 to 17.8 mg/kg. Spermine was the only amine detected in all fermented milk, at similar levels (0.67 to 0.80 mg/kg). As the shelf life expired, there was no significant difference on pH, total acidity and soluble solids. There was significant change on the types (1 to 3) and levels of some amino acids (except in two types of fermented milk). The levels of spermine increased and serotonin and agmatine were detected. The results were subjected to principal component analysis, and it was not possible to differentiate expired from good shelf life fermented milk.