Use of Mathematical Models in the Analysis of Growth and Commercial Performance of Brown Layers

Small and medium-sized table egg producers have a large volume of data and information on daily production, which is not used in the decision-making process. It is important to define the best mathematical model for the prediction of both the growth and the egg production of brown layers to relate pullet growth traits with productivity in a commercial cycle. For the above purpose, growth and production data were obtained from 15 brown layer flocks, six mathematical models of growth and five of egg production were tested. Correlations were made between the parameters of growth and egg production, as well as between the parameters derived from the mathematical models. The prediction equations for the egg production indicators were estimated.As a result,the best model for predicting layer growth (Gompertz) and for egg production was obtained (Yang). The growth parameters with the greatest influence on egg production were the maximum growth rate (MGR) and the theta value (TV). Body weight at 8, 9, 10, 12, and 16 weeks of age had effects on egg production. As a conclusion maximizing the growth of the brown layer in key stages of its development has positive effects on egg production.(AU)

Comparison between infrared and hot-blade beak trimming methods in white and brown pullets: performance, organ and bone development / [Comparativo entre debicagem infravermelha e por lâmina-quente em linhagens de frangas leves e semi-pesadas: desempenho, desenvolvimento ósseo e de órgãos]

The purpose of this study was to evaluate infrared beak trimming versus hot-blade beak trimming on performance, organ and bone development of laying pullets, using 240 birds, at 0-16 weeks of age, from two strains (white layer - Hy-Line W36 and brown layer - Hy-Line Brown). Infrared debeaking was performed on the first day of life in the hatchery, whereas hot-blade beak trimming was performed at eight days of age. Zootechnical performance at 6, 9, 12 and 15 weeks of age was analyzed. At the end of the trial, one Bird per experimental unit was euthanized for liver, gizzard, proventriculus, heart and small intestine relative weight evaluation. Both tibiotarsus were collected to measure bone breaking resistance, bone mineral content and bone densitometry. There was higher body weight and feed intake in both bird strains submitted to infrared beak trimming. Additionally, hot-blade white layers presented lower body development and feed intake. The debeaking methods did not influence relative organ weights or tibiotarsus parameters evaluated. We conclude that the infrared beak trimming method promotes better pullet body development than the conventional hot-blade method, improving feed intake, without compromising organ and bone development, being a more adequate debeaking method to be used in layer production.(AU)

Para avaliar a debicagem infravermelha versus a debicagem pelo método da lâmina quente no desempenho, no desenvolvimento de órgãos e na qualidade óssea de poedeiras em recria, foram utilizadas 240 aves, entre zero e 16 semanas de idade, em duas linhagens (branca - Hy-Line W36 e vermelha - Hy-Line Brown). A debicagem por infravermelho foi realizada no primeiro dia de vida no incubatório, enquanto a debicagem com lâmina quente foi realizada aos oito dias de idade. Analisou-se o desempenho zootécnico na sexta, nona, 12ª e 15ª semanas de idade. No final do estudo, uma ave por unidade experimental foi eutanasiada para avaliação do peso relativo do fígado, da moela, do proventrículo, do coração e do intestino delgado, e ossos do tibiotarso foram coletados para avaliação da resistência à ruptura, do conteúdo mineral e da densitometria óssea. Houve maior peso corporal e consumo alimentar nas aves pertencentes às duas linhagens quando submetidas à debicagem por infravermelho, sem haver influência sobre o peso relativo dos órgãos e a qualidade óssea. Conclui-se que o método de debicagem por radiação infravermelha promove melhor desenvolvimento corporal das frangas em relação à debicagem por lâmina quente, melhorando consumo de ração, sem comprometer o desenvolvimento de órgãos e ossos, sendo mais adequada para utilização na avicultura de postura comercial.(AU)

Effect of Feed Restriction and Photoperiod on Reproduction and LEPR, MELR mRNA Expression of Layers

Photoperiod and nutrition are major factors that affect the reproductive efficiency particularly in female animals. In this study we examined the interaction of photoperiod and food restriction on growth, sexual maturation and receptor mRNA expressions of leptin, melatonin, and estrogen in abdominal fat and the ovary of pullets. There were no interaction effects between photoperiod and feeding level on body weight, abdominal fat weight, ovary weight at both 14 wk and 18 wk. Abdominal fat weight of feed restriction group was significantly lower compared with the control group at the age of 14 wk, 18 wk, and age of the first egg (AFE) (p 0.05). Ovary LEPR (Leptin receptor) gene expression showed an interaction effect of the first egg. Restricted feeding significantly inhibited ovary ER (Estrogen receptor), LEPR and MELR1B (Melatonin 1B receptor) gene expression at 14 wk, 18 wk and the first egg. At 14-week-old, abdominal fat LEPR gene expression was significantly lower in long photoperiod group compared with the short photoperiod group. At the first egg, short photoperiod and feed restriction group reduced abdominal fat LEPR gene expression. The results indicated that the reproductive activity of pullets is sensitive to feed intake and photoperiod. Feed restriction down regulated the ER, LEPR, MELR1A (Melatonin 1A receptor) and MELR1B mRNA expression of the ovary at 14 wk, 18wk and AFE. Long photoperiod enhanced the LEPR, MELR1A and MELR1B mRNA expression of abdominal fat at AFE.(AU)

Effect of Feed Restriction and Photoperiod on Reproduction and LEPR, MELR mRNA Expression of Layers

Photoperiod and nutrition are major factors that affect the reproductive efficiency particularly in female animals. In this study we examined the interaction of photoperiod and food restriction on growth, sexual maturation and receptor mRNA expressions of leptin, melatonin, and estrogen in abdominal fat and the ovary of pullets. There were no interaction effects between photoperiod and feeding level on body weight, abdominal fat weight, ovary weight at both 14 wk and 18 wk. Abdominal fat weight of feed restriction group was significantly lower compared with the control group at the age of 14 wk, 18 wk, and age of the first egg (AFE) (p 0.05). Ovary LEPR (Leptin receptor) gene expression showed an interaction effect of the first egg. Restricted feeding significantly inhibited ovary ER (Estrogen receptor), LEPR and MELR1B (Melatonin 1B receptor) gene expression at 14 wk, 18 wk and the first egg. At 14-week-old, abdominal fat LEPR gene expression was significantly lower in long photoperiod group compared with the short photoperiod group. At the first egg, short photoperiod and feed restriction group reduced abdominal fat LEPR gene expression. The results indicated that the reproductive activity of pullets is sensitive to feed intake and photoperiod. Feed restriction down regulated the ER, LEPR, MELR1A (Melatonin 1A receptor) and MELR1B mRNA expression of the ovary at 14 wk, 18wk and AFE. Long photoperiod enhanced the LEPR, MELR1A and MELR1B mRNA expression of abdominal fat at AFE.

Productive performance of white leghorn hens based on the type of housing during rearing: floor versus cage

Poultry farmers in the southeastern of Mexico consider that the productivity of the hens that comes from rearing on floor has a higher productive performance than reared hens in cages, mainly due to higher percentage of egg laying and lower mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of the laying hen in relation to the type of rearing. A total of 79680 pullets Bovans White of 17 weeks of age were housed in cages with five pullets cage-1 (405 cm2pullet-1). They were divided in two treatments according to their type of rearing (floor vs cage) with four replicates. The study period was from week 20 to week 40 of age. The variables evaluated were daily (%) and cumulative mortality (%), egg production (%), egg weight (g), feed intake (g pullet d-1), cumulative feed intake (g pullet-1), daily and cumulative egg mass, number of eggs per hen housed, egg loss (%) and productivity index. The variables were analyzed using a randomized block design. It was observed that daily and cumulative mortality, feed intake and egg loss was higher (p < 0.05), while the number of eggs per hen housed and productivity index (p < 0.05) was lower for hens in cages. We conclude that it is possible to associate detriments in the productive performance of laying hens based on the type of housing during its growth phase.

Productive performance of white leghorn hens based on the type of housing during rearing: floor versus cage

Poultry farmers in the southeastern of Mexico consider that the productivity of the hens that comes from rearing on floor has a higher productive performance than reared hens in cages, mainly due to higher percentage of egg laying and lower mortality. The aim of this study was to evaluate the productive performance of the laying hen in relation to the type of rearing. A total of 79680 pullets Bovans White of 17 weeks of age were housed in cages with five pullets cage-1 (405 cm2pullet-1). They were divided in two treatments according to their type of rearing (floor vs cage) with four replicates. The study period was from week 20 to week 40 of age. The variables evaluated were daily (%) and cumulative mortality (%), egg production (%), egg weight (g), feed intake (g pullet d-1), cumulative feed intake (g pullet-1), daily and cumulative egg mass, number of eggs per hen housed, egg loss (%) and productivity index. The variables were analyzed using a randomized block design. It was observed that daily and cumulative mortality, feed intake and egg loss was higher (p < 0.05), while the number of eggs per hen housed and productivity index (p < 0.05) was lower for hens in cages. We conclude that it is possible to associate detriments in the productive performance of laying hens based on the type of housing during its growth phase.(AU)

Brazilian chicken meat production chain: a 10-year overview

Brazil is the world's largest broiler meat exporter. Health control, knowledge and technology, as well as the natural aspects of the country are pointed out as the keys for the success of that product in the market. Brazilian broiler production grew significantly in the last decade; it creates jobs and has a significant social role in Brazilian economy. This study aimed at evaluating the Brazilian broiler meat supply chain from 2000 to 2010 using the social network analysis (SNA). Data from governmental and private sources were organized and analyzed. The focus of this study was the broiler production supply chain segment involving the hatchery, the broiler farm, the feed mill, the processing plant, and the government. The inputs considered were one-day-old chicks, pullet, feedstuff, and the infrastructure; and the outputs were broiler meat and taxes paid. The software UCINET was applied for calculating the structural attributes and indicators of the network. Results showed a relatively disorganized network in 2000 with the strongest tie between the farmer and the processing plant. The structural organization of the network improved until 2010. The density of the ties in the broiler meat production network increased steadily from 2000 to 2010 within a vertical cohesive supply chain structure. The success of Brazilian broiler meat production is attributed to the abundance of land, fertile soil, favorable climate, and the effort and investments in research and development by innovative companies in the last few years. The results of the present study showed that Brazilian broiler production evolved positively in the last ten years, and it was weakly influenced by international challenges.

Brazilian chicken meat production chain: a 10-year overview

Brazil is the world's largest broiler meat exporter. Health control, knowledge and technology, as well as the natural aspects of the country are pointed out as the keys for the success of that product in the market. Brazilian broiler production grew significantly in the last decade; it creates jobs and has a significant social role in Brazilian economy. This study aimed at evaluating the Brazilian broiler meat supply chain from 2000 to 2010 using the social network analysis (SNA). Data from governmental and private sources were organized and analyzed. The focus of this study was the broiler production supply chain segment involving the hatchery, the broiler farm, the feed mill, the processing plant, and the government. The inputs considered were one-day-old chicks, pullet, feedstuff, and the infrastructure; and the outputs were broiler meat and taxes paid. The software UCINET was applied for calculating the structural attributes and indicators of the network. Results showed a relatively disorganized network in 2000 with the strongest tie between the farmer and the processing plant. The structural organization of the network improved until 2010. The density of the ties in the broiler meat production network increased steadily from 2000 to 2010 within a vertical cohesive supply chain structure. The success of Brazilian broiler meat production is attributed to the abundance of land, fertile soil, favorable climate, and the effort and investments in research and development by innovative companies in the last few years. The results of the present study showed that Brazilian broiler production evolved positively in the last ten years, and it was weakly influenced by international challenges.(AU)

Growth Performance, Organ Weights and Some Blood Parameters of Replacement Laying Pullets Fed with Increasing Levels of Wheat Bran

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance, organ weights, and selected blood parameters of replacement laying pullets (development phase) fed increasing levels of wheat bran (WB). A total of 240 70-d-old White Leghorn pullets (Hybrid L33) were evaluated for seven weeks. Birds were assigned to three dietary treatments according to a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of diets containing 100 (T1), 150 (T2), or 200 g/kg (T3) of WB in partial replacement of corn, with 10 replicates per treatment of eight birds per replicate. Birds fed T2 presented higher body weight (p 0.05) compared with T1 and T3 (1112.52 to 1163.35 g). Also, T2 birds presented higher methionine plus cystine intake relative to T1 (0.38 to 0.40 g/bird/day). Likewise, a higher inclusion of WB (200 g/kg) increased crude fiber (2.29 to 2.63 g/bird/day) and crude fat (1.98 to 3.58 g/bird/day) intakes (p 0.05). However, the experimental treatments did not affect the relative weight of the organs or small intestine and cecum length (p>0.05). Serum concentration of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, hematocrit, or hemoglobin levels were not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. These findings indicate a beneficial effect of use of 150 g/kg of wheat bran on the growth performance of pullets during the development phase; however, the inclusion of this cereal up to 200 g/kg had no effect on organ weights and blood parameters.(AU)

Growth Performance, Organ Weights and Some Blood Parameters of Replacement Laying Pullets Fed with Increasing Levels of Wheat Bran

This study was conducted to determine the growth performance, organ weights, and selected blood parameters of replacement laying pullets (development phase) fed increasing levels of wheat bran (WB). A total of 240 70-d-old White Leghorn pullets (Hybrid L33) were evaluated for seven weeks. Birds were assigned to three dietary treatments according to a completely randomized design. Treatments consisted of diets containing 100 (T1), 150 (T2), or 200 g/kg (T3) of WB in partial replacement of corn, with 10 replicates per treatment of eight birds per replicate. Birds fed T2 presented higher body weight (p 0.05) compared with T1 and T3 (1112.52 to 1163.35 g). Also, T2 birds presented higher methionine plus cystine intake relative to T1 (0.38 to 0.40 g/bird/day). Likewise, a higher inclusion of WB (200 g/kg) increased crude fiber (2.29 to 2.63 g/bird/day) and crude fat (1.98 to 3.58 g/bird/day) intakes (p 0.05). However, the experimental treatments did not affect the relative weight of the organs or small intestine and cecum length (p>0.05). Serum concentration of triacylglycerols, cholesterol, calcium, phosphorus, hematocrit, or hemoglobin levels were not significantly different (p>0.05) among treatments. These findings indicate a beneficial effect of use of 150 g/kg of wheat bran on the growth performance of pullets during the development phase; however, the inclusion of this cereal up to 200 g/kg had no effect on organ weights and blood parameters.

CRESCIMENTO PONDERAL E BIOMÉTRICO DE POEDEIRAS LEVES POR MEIO DO MODELO DE GOMPERTZ: MODELAGEM DAS VARIÂNCIAS E DENSIDADES DE CRIAÇÃO

BRUSAMARELO, EMANUELE. Crescimento ponderal e biométrico de poedeiras leves por meio do modelo de Gompertz: modelagem das variâncias e densidades de criação. 2020. 65 f. Tese (Doutorado em Ciência Animal) Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 2020. Objetivou-se predizer o crescimento ponderal e biométrico de poedeiras leves por meio do modelo de Gompertz e modelagem das variâncias. Para isso, dois experimentos foram conduzidos. No primeiro experimento, com duração de 112 dias, para a fase de cria (1 a 14 dias de idade), 2500 pintainhas com um dia de idade (Hyline W-36) foram pesadas individualmente e distribuídas, em delineamento inteiramente casualizado (DIC), em cinco densidades de 100,00; 105,66; 112,00; 119,15 e 127,27 cm2/ave, com dez repetições cada. Para a fase de recria (15 a 112 dias de idade), 750 frangas (Hyline W-36) foram pesadas individualmente e distribuídas em DIC, em cinco densidades de 294,74; 329,41; 373,33; 430,77 e 509,09 cm2/ave, com dez repetições cada. As aves receberam rações formuladas para atender às exigências nutricionais de cada fase, sendo ração e água fornecidas ad libitum. Os dados de massa corporal e idade de poedeiras leves criadas em diferentes densidades populacionais foram obtidos com 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98 e 112 dias de idade. As análises estatísticas foram realizadas no programa computacional estatístico SAS (Statistical Analysis System, University Edition), por meio do procedimento para modelos não lineares mistos, com o nível de significância estabelecido em p<0,01, em todas as análises. No segundo ensaio, 280 pintainhas, com um dia de idade (Hyline W-36) foram distribuídas em gaiolas metálicas e acompanhadas até 140 dias de idade. Para o ajuste da densidade de criação, o período experimental foi dividido em três etapas de 1 a 14; 15 a 112 e 113 a 140 dias de idade. As rações foram formuladas para atender às exigências das aves. A ração e a água foram disponibilizadas ad libitum. Semanalmente, todas as aves das gaiolas foram pesadas. Dentre estas, cinco aves com peso médio foram selecionadas e empregadas nas análises. As aves foram sacrificadas por meio de deslocamento cervical e em seguida, amostras de penas foram coletadas. A coleta de penas sucedeu à evisceração direcionada para a biometria de órgãos. Os dados observados de 1 a 140 dias de idade de poedeiras leves foram utilizados nas análises. No experimento 1, a partir dos resultados das avaliações dos multimodelos obtidos pela combinação de Gompertz e funções de variância, conclui-se que, para descrever o crescimento de poedeiras leves em diferentes densidades, o modelo de Gompertz e função de variância escalonada, comum para as densidades de criação, explica melhor o comportamento da variância da variável dependente massa corporal das aves em relação ao tempo. Na análise de verificação de significância dos parâmetros nas diferentes densidades, as estimativas das médias dos parâmetros de massa assintótica, de taxa de crescimento e de tempo (dias) não foram interferidas pelas diferentes densidades de criação de poedeiras leves. Curvas de crescimento de poedeiras leves em diferentes densidades, ajustadas e ilustradas graficamente por meio do modelo unânime, apresentam aspecto sigmoide e as ajustadas por meio da derivada, detalham os incrementos em ganhos de massa. No experimento 2, nas avaliações dos multimodelos obtidos pela combinação do modelo de Gompertz e associação de funções de variância, para mais da metade das variáveis dependentes, o modelo unânime foi Gompertz e função de variância escalonada. Assim, conclui-se que, para descrever o crescimento corporal, de penas e de órgãos de poedeiras leves, o modelo de Gompertz e função de variância escalonada explica melhor o comportamento da variância das variáveis massa corporal com ou sem penas, massa de penas, massa de fígado, de proventrículo, de coração e de intestino grosso total, enquanto que, a função de variância exponencial elucida melhor o comportamento da variância das variáveis moela, intestino delgado total e pâncreas das aves. Curvas de crescimento corporal, de penas e de órgãos de poedeiras leves ajustadas e ilustradas graficamente por meio do respectivo modelo unânime, apresentam aspecto sigmoide e as ajustadas por meio da derivada, detalham os ganhos em massa para cada variável.

BRUSAMARELO, EMANUELE. Ponderal and biometric growth of lightweight laying hens through the Gompertz model: modeling of the variances and creation densities. 2020. 65 p. Thesis (Ph.D. in Animal Science) Faculdade de Agronomia e Zootecnia, Universidade Federal de Mato Grosso, Cuiabá, 2020. The objective was to predict the ponderal and biometric growth of lightweight laying hens through the Gompertz model and modeling of the variances. For this, two experiments were conducted. In the first experiment, with lasting 112 days, for start phase (1 to 14 days of age), 2500 one-day-old female chicks (Hyline W-36) were weighed individually and distributed, in a completely randomized experimental design, in five densities of 100.00; 105.66; 112.00; 119.15 and 127.27 cm2/bird, with ten repetitions each. For the rearing phase (15 to 112 days old), 750 pullets (Hyline W-36) were weighed individually and distributed in a completely randomized design in five densities of 294.74; 329.41; 373.33; 430.77 and 509.09 cm2/bird, with ten repetitions each. The birds were given rations formulated to meet the nutritional requirements of each phase, with ration and water provided ad libitum. The Body mass and age data of lightweight laying hens reared at different population densities were obtained at 1, 7, 14, 21, 28, 42, 56, 70, 84, 98, and 112 days of age. The statistical analyses were performed in the SAS (Statistical Analysis System, University Edition) software, through the procedure for mixed nonlinear models, with the level of significance established at p<0.01, in all analyses. In the second trial, 280 one-day-old female chicks (Hyline W-36) were distributed in metal cages and accompanied until 140 days old. For the adjusted rearing density, the experimental period was divided into three stages from 1 to 14; 15 to 112 and 113 to 140 days of age. The rations were formulated to meet the requirements of the birds. The ration and the water were made available ad libitum. Weekly, all the birds in the cages were weighed. From these, five birds with average weight were selected and employed in the analyses. The birds were sacrificed by cervical dislocation and then samples of feathers were collected. The collection of feathers followed evisceration directed at organ biometry. The data observed from 1 to 140 days of the age of lightweight laying hens were used in the analysis. In experiment 1, from the results of the evaluations of the multi models obtained by the combination of Gompertz and functions of variance, it is concluded that to describe the growth of lightweight laying hens in different densities, the model of Gompertz and function of staggered variance, common for the densities of rearing, better explain the behavior of the variance for body mass the birds. In the significance check analysis of the parameters in the different densities, the estimates of the averages of the parameters of asymptotic mass, growth rate, and time (days) were not interfered with by the different densities rearing of lightweight laying hens. Growth curves of lightweight laying hens in different densities, adjusted and graphically illustrated through the unanimous model, have a sigmoid aspect and those adjusted through the derivative, detail the increases in mass gains. In experiment 2, in the evaluations of multi models obtained by combining the Gompertz model and the association of functions of variance, for more than half of the dependent variables, the unanimous model was Gompertz and function of stepped variance. Thus, it is concluded that to describe the growth of body, feather, and organs of lightweight laying hens, the Gompertz model and function of staggered variance better explain the behavior of variance of the variables body mass with or without feathers, feather mass, liver mass, proventriculus mass, heart mass, and total large intestine, while the function of exponential variance better elucidates the behavior of variance of the variables gizzard, total small intestine, and pancreas of birds. Body growth curves, of feather and organs of lightweight laying hens, adjusted and graphically illustrated through the respective unanimous model, present sigmoid aspect and those adjusted through the derivative, detail the mass gains for each variable.

FORMAS DE APRESENTAÇÃO, SISTEMAS DE ALIMENTAÇÃO E NÍVEIS DE ENERGIA EM DIETAS PARA POEDEIRAS SEMIPESADAS NAS FASES DE CRESCIMENTO E POSTURA

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de dietas com diferentes formas de apresentação (farelada x peletizada), sistemas de alimentação (a vontade x controlado) e níveis de energia metabolizável (recomendado x reduzido) sobre o desempenho zootécnico e a qualidade de ovos de poedeiras semipesadas em um ciclo completo de produção (cria, recria e postura). Foram utilizadas 400 poedeiras em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com 8 tratamentos em arranjo fatorial 2 x 2 x 2 com 5 repetições de 10 aves. Foi avaliado de 7 a 12 semanas e de 13 a 17 semanas o desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração, peso vivo, conversão alimentar e uniformidade). Na fase de produção foram avaliados o desempenho zootécnico (consumo de ração, peso vivo, produção e peso de ovos, conversão alimentar); qualidade de ovos (espessura de casca, unidade Haugh, rendimentos de casca, gema e albúmen, peso de órgãos (ovário, oviduto, sistema digestório), pH da moela e índice de gordura abdominal. Na fase de cria as formas de apresentação, sistemas de alimentação e níveis de energia não apresentaram diferença significativa para conversão alimentar (kg/Kg), houve diferença significativa (p<0,05) no sistema de alimentação para consumo (g/ave/dia) e peso (g), onde a alimentação a vontade apresentou maior consumo e peso vivo da ave. A uniformidade apresentou interação nas formas de apresentação e sistemas de alimentação, onde a farelada a vontade apresentou melhor uniformidade e a peletizada controlada apresentou a pior uniformidade. Na fase de recria as formas de apresentação, sistemas de alimentação e níveis de energia não apresentaram diferença significativa (p>0,05) para o peso vivo e a conversão alimentar (Kg/Kg). O consumo de ração (g/ave/dia) apresentou interação entre formas de apresentação e sistemas de alimentação, onde o sistema controlado apresentou menor consumo para farelada e peletizada e a uniformidade (%) apresentou interação entre formas de apresentação e sistemas de alimentação onde a ração peletizada e a vontade obteve maior uniformidade do lote. Na fase de postura houve interação entre formas de apresentação e sistemas de alimentação, as aves alimentadas com ração peletizada e a vontade apresentaram o maior consumo (g/ave/dia) e o sistema controlado apresentou o menor consumo sem diferença entre a forma de apresentação, resultado semelhante foi encontrado na interação entre sistemas de alimentação e níveis de energia, onde o sistema a vontade apresentou maior consumo pelas aves e não diferiu no sistema controlado de fornecimento de ração. A produção ovos teve interação entre sistemas de alimentação e os níveis de energia, onde a pior índice de postura foi apresentado pelo sistema controlado e baixa energia. Conversão alimentar apresentou 3 formas de interações sendo que o melhor resultado foi observado com a utilização de ração farelada com energia reduzida e fornecida de forma controlada. O sistema de alimentação controlado não se mostrou vantajoso em nenhuma fase de produção. Ração peletizada não é recomendada para aves poedeiras na fase de cria e na fase recria associada ao sistema de alimentação controlado. Redução no nível de energia metabolizável de 2800 Kcal/kg para 2550 Kcal/kg associado ao sistema de fornecimento de alimento controlado na fase postura acarretará em redução na porcentagem de postura e no peso do ovo.

This study was conducted in order to evaluate the effect of diets with differents types of presentantion (mash X pelletized), feeding system ( ad libitum x controlled) and metabolisable energy level value (recommened x reduced) in the zootechnical performance and egg quality of semi heavy laying hens in a complete cycle of production (rearing and laying phase). 400 laying hens were distributed in a experiment completely randomized with 8 treatments arranged as a 2 × 2 × 2 factorial with 10 hens and 5 repetitions. The zootechnical performance (feed intake, body weight, feed conversion and uniformity) was evaluated from 7 to 12 weeks and from 13 to 17 weeks. In the egg laying period, the zootechnical performance (feed intake, body weight, egg production and egg weight, egg mass, feed conversion ratio) were evaluated; Egg quality (shell thickmess, Haugh units, egg shell, yolk and albumen yield, organ weight (ovary, oviduct, digestive system), gizzard pH and abdominal fat yield.In the raising phase the forms presentation, feeding system and energy levels, there was no significant difference (p <0.05) to feed conversion ratio (kg/kg), and (P<0,05) to daily feed intake (g/hen/day) and body weight (g), where ad libitum system presented a higher daily feed intake and body weight. The body uniformity showed interaction in the forms of presentation and feeding systems, where the ad libitum mash ration has a better uniformity and controlled pelletized ration was the inferior uniformity. In the rearing phase, the presentation forms, feeding systems and energy levels presented no significant difference (p> 0.05) for body weight and feed conversion ratio (kg / kg). Daily feed consumption (g/hen/day) presented interaction between forms presentation and feeding systems, where the controlled system presented lower consumption for mash and pelleted ration and the body uniformity (%) showed interaction between forms presentation and feeding systems where the ad libitum pelletized ration obtained greater uniformity. In the egg production phase, there was interaction between the forms presentation and feeding system, the hens fed with pelleted feed presented highest daily feed intake (g/hen/day) and the controlled system showed the lowest consumption without difference between the presentation forms, a similar result was found in the interaction between feeding systems and energy levels, where the system presented higher consumption by the hen and did not differ in the controlled system. The eggs production interacted between feeding systems and energy levels, where the worst posture index presented by the controlled system and low energy. Feed conversion ratio showed three forms of interactions and the best result was observed with the use of mash ration, low energy and provided in a controlled feed system. The controlled feed system did not prove to be advantageous at any production phase. Pelleted ration is not recommended for pullet in the rearing phase associated with the controlled feed system. Reduction in the metabolizable energy level from 2800 Kcal/kg to 2550 Kcal/kg associated with the controlled feeding system in the laying phase will lead to a reduction in the percentage of laying and egg weight.

Grau de bem-estar relativo de frangos em diferentes densidades de lotação / Broiler welfare in relation to stocking density

Avaliou-se o impacto da redução da densidade de lotação sobre o bem-estar animal (BEA) de frangas de corte, produzidas para abate precoce. Para isso, aos 12 dias de idade, 800 frangas, comerciais, foram distribuídas em baias de 4m²; sendo oito com 10 aves (17,0kg)/m² (DL10) e oito com 15 aves (25,5kg)/m² (DL15). As condições ambientais foram avaliadas utilizando-se o índice de temperatura e umidade (ITU). Para avaliação de bem-estar, foi construído um etograma; hemograma e testes bioquímicos séricos, desempenho zootécnico e problemas locomotores foram avaliados. Em 43,6 por cento do tempo, o ITU ficou acima do recomendado, e não foram observadas diferenças comportamentais. Diferenças significativas foram observadas em relação aos basófilos, valores de 6,3±2,3 e 4,5±1,8 por cento; triglicerídeos, 158,9±32,9 e 186,3±43,9mg/dL; globulinas, 1,8±0,5 e 1,5±0,4 por cento. Menos peso final ocorreu em DL15, 1,65±0,28kg, 1,69±0,13. Problemas locomotores não diferiram entre tratamento. A consideração conjunta de menor peso final, maiores taxas de triglicerídeos e menores valores de globulinas sugere menor grau de bem-estar em DL15. Índices de ITU e relação heterófilo:linfócito acima do normal sugerem baixo grau de bem-estar em ambas as densidades.(AU)

The objective was to evaluate the impact of reducing box density on female broiler welfare (BEA). At 12 days of age 800 females Cobb-500® were weighed and distributed into randomized boxes of 4m²; being eight boxes with 10 birds (17,0kg)/m² (DL10) and eight with 15 birds (25,5kg)/m² (DL15). Environmental conditions were evaluated using the temperature and humidity index (ITU). Hematologic and biochemical tests were performed. Production data was registered and locomotion problems were evaluated. It was observed that for 43 percent of the time the ITU was above the recommendations. Statistical differences were observed in relation to basophils (6,3±2,3 and 4,5±1,8 percent), triglycerides (158,9±32,9 e 186,3±43,9mg/dl), globulins ( 1,8±0,5 and 1,5±0,4 percent), and lighter final weight in DL 15 (1,65±0,28kg in DL10 1,69±0,13 to DL 15.) No difference in locomotion problems was observed. Results of lighter final weight, higher value of triglycerides, and lower value of globulins suggest worse welfare in DL 15. ITU above recommendation and high values of H:L suggest low welfare degree in both densities.(AU)

RELAÇÃO ENTRE ENERGIA METABOLIZÁVEL E AMINOÁCIDOS SULFUROSOS PARA FRANGAS E POEDEIRAS LEVES

O objetivo foi determinar a relação ideal existente entre o nível de energia metabolizável (EM) e o de metionina + cistina digestível (M+C dig.) a ser recomendado para poedeiras leves, em diferentes fases de crescimento e postura. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado distribuído em esquema fatorial com 4 níveis de M+C dig. e 3 níveis de EM. As dietas tiveram duas bases de recomendação para M+C dig.; uma atendendo 100% da recomendação, e outra que além de atender o proposto, variou ±10% desta recomendação. Para EM foram sugeridos três níveis, sendo um nível a recomendação da literatura e os outros variando 5% acima e abaixo da exigência, totalizando 12 tratamentos. Na fase de 1 a 6 semanas observou-se respostas significativas quanto à interação dos fatores analisados em todas as variáveis testadas (P<0,05), mostrando que alterações dietéticas tanto em metionina+cistina quanto na densidade energética podem resulta em melhor desenvolvimento do trato gastrintestinal, aumentando a eficiência de absorção dos alimentos e consequentemente melhorando a conversão alimentar. Na fase de 7 a 12 semanas só houve diferença significativa para peso de bursa, análises sorológicas, histomorfométricas de intestino delgado e nas variáveis que compõem o balanço de nitrogênio. Não ocorreu esteatose hepática em nenhuma das fases. Recomenda-se a utilização de 0,667% de M+C dig. associado a 2755 kcal/kg de EM (relação EM: M+C digestível de 4130,43) na dieta para as aves entre 1 e 6 semanas de idade, que corresponde a um consumo diário de 184 mg/ave de M+C dig/ave. E para a fase de 7 a 12 semanas, a recomendação foi de 0,497% de M+C dig. associado a 2.755 kcal/kg de EM (relação EM: M+C digestível de 5543,26), que corresponde a um consumo diário de 136 mg/ave de M+C dig./ave. Na fase de postura entre 24 e 44 semanas observou-se interação (P<0,05) dos fatores estudados para as variáveis de desempenho e qualidade dos ovos, exceto para peso de ovo, massa de ovo, gravidade específica, espessura de casca, peso de gema, porcentagem de albúmen e gema. Nas variáveis de abate houve interação (P<0,05) para peso de gordura celomática e fígado, mas não apresentou esteatose hepática grave. Nas variáveis sorológicas e histomorfométricas de intestino delgado e útero houve interação (P<0,05) e ajuste à 24 regressão para todas as variáveis analisadas, mostrando que diferentes níveis de metionina+cistina associado a diferentes níveis energéticos podem alterar positivamente a atividade sorológica e de proliferação celular, aumentando a absorção de nutrientes e promovendo uma maior atividade da glândula da casca presente no útero. Na fase de postura entre 45 e 65 semanas houve interação (P<0,05) dos fatores avaliados para todas as variáveis de desempenho, exceto para peso do ovo. Houve também ajuste quadrático na regressão para todos os grupos testados, exceto para consumo de ração. E nas variáveis de qualidade de ovo, os pesos de casca e gema e a porcentagem de gema foram os únicos que não apresentaram interação, e houve resposta significativa à regressão para peso de gema e porcentagens de gema e albúmen. Para as variáveis de abate não houve interação para peso vivo e fígado, e nem resposta significativa à regressão fatorial. Todas as variáveis sorológicas apresentaram interação (P<0,05) dos fatores estudados, e para regressão fatorial só não houve ajuste significativo ao modelo quadrático para aspartato aminotransferase e albumina. Nas variáveis ligadas ao balanço de nitrogênio houve interação (P<0,05) e efeito significativo à regressão fatorial para todas as análises. E para histomorfometria de intestino delgado, útero e fígado não houve efeitos significativos nas respostas encontradas. Portanto, recomenda-se a utilização de 0,704% de M+C dig. (que corresponde a um consumo diário de 638 mg/ave de M+C dig.) associado a um nível de 2900 kcal/kg de EM (relação EM: M+C digestível de 4119,32) na dieta de poedeiras leves entre 24 e 44 semanas de idade. E para aves leves entre 45 e 65 semanas de idade, recomenda-se a utilização de 0,685% de M+C dig., correspondendo a um consumo de 781 mg de M+C dig. /ave, associado a um nível de 2940 kcal/kg de EM (relação EM: M+C digestível de 4291,97).

The aim of this study was to determine the optimal relationship between the level of recommendation of metabolizable energy (ME) and digestible methionine + cystine (M+C dig.) for pullets and laying hens. The experimental design was completely randomized factorial distributed in 4 levels of digestible methionine+cystine (M+C dig.) x 3 levels metabolizable energy (ME). The diets had two recommendation bases for M+C dig.; one for 100% of the recommendation, and one which can meet the proposed varied ± 10% of this recommendation. For ME were suggested three levels, one being the recommendation of literature and other varying ± 5% to 12 treatments. From 1 to 6 weeks there was a significant extent on the interaction of the factors analyzed in all tested variables, showing that dietary changes both in M+C as the energy density can result in better development of gastrointestinal tract, increasing the efficiency of absorption of feed, and consequently improving feed conversion. In 7 to 12 weeks, there was only significant difference for bursa weight, serological tests, small intestine histomorphometric and the variables that the nitrogen balance. No hepatic steatosis occurred at any phases. It is recommended to use 0.667% M+C dig. associated with 2755 kcal / kg of EM (ratio MS: M + of 4130.32 digestible C) in the diet for pullets (1 to 6 weeks), which corresponds to a daily intake of 184 mg M+C dig/pullet. For 7-12 weeks, the recommendation was 0.497% of M+C dig. associated to 2,755 kcal/kg of EM (ME:M+C of 5543.26), which corresponds to a daily intake of 136 mg of M+C/pullet. In the laying period (24 to 44 weeks) was observed interaction the factors tested for the performance variables and quality of the eggs except for egg weight, egg mass, specific gravity, shell thickness, yolk weight, percentage of albumen and yolk. In the slaughter of variables was no interaction abdominal fat weight and liver, but had no severe hepatic steatosis degree. In serological tests and small intestine and uterus histomorphometric was no interaction, and adjust the regression for all variables analyzed, showing that different levels of M+C dig. associated with different energy levels can positively change the serological activity and cell proliferation, increases 26 nutrient absorption and promotes greater gland activity in the uterus of this shell. In laying (45 to 65 weeks) was no interaction of the evaluated factors for all performance variables except for egg weight. There was a quadratic regression for all groups tested, except for feed intake. And in the egg quality variables, the shell weights and yolk and yolk percentage were the only ones that do no interference, and there was significant response to regression for yolk weight and yolk and albumen percentages. For the slaughter of variables there was no interaction to live and liver weight, and not significant response to factor regression. All serological tests showed interaction and factorial regression was not only significant adjustment to the quadratic model for aspartate aminotransferase and albumin. In the variables linked to nitrogen balance was no interaction and significant effect to factor regression for all analyzes. And for small intestine and uterus histomorphometry, and liver had no significant effect on the responses found. Therefore, we recommend the use of 0.704% M+C dig. (corresponded to a daily intake of 676 mg M+C dig./layer). Associated with a level of 2900 kcal/kg ME (ratio ME:M+C of 4119.32) in the diet of laying hens between 24 and 44 weeks of age. And for laying hens, between 45 and 65 weeks of age, we recommend the use of 0.685% M+C dig., corresponding a consumption of 781 mg of M + C dig. /layer/day, associated with a level of 2940 kcal/kg ME (ratio ME:M + C dig. of 4291.97).

Efeito da nutrição vitamínica e mineral no desempenho e resposta imune de poedeiras comerciais

A avicultura brasileira assumiu nos últimos anos importante papel dentro do PIB nacional, e a produção de ovos dentro do setor vem tomando cada vez maior importância. No decorrer dos últimos anos vários avanços foram observados no que se refere ao melhoramento genético de poedeiras comerciais, no sentido de maiores produtividade e longevidade. Ambos parâmetros podem ser afetados pela atuação de radicais livres e nutrição adequada. Embora o organismo vivo apresente mecanismos fisiológicos que visam diminuir os danos causados por radicais livres, a suplementação destes pode promover benefícios, desde a reprodução da ave até o desempenho produtivo de poedeiras oriundas de matrizes suplementadas com substâncias antioxidantes, dentre elas a cantaxantina. Recentemente vários estudos têm sido feitos para a nutrição adequada das aves com utilização adequada de aminoácidos, energia, fontes minerais, enzimas, etc., para que atinjam o máximo potencial produtivo. Porém, os níveis vitamínicos têm sido pouco estudados, e normalmente com foco em frangos de corte e/ou níveis mínimos a serem trabalhados para que o animal não entre em deficiência, trabalhos com níveis vitamínicos visando produtividade máxima em poedeiras comerciais não foram encontrados na literatura pesquisada. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar poedeiras comerciais modernas, da linhagem Hisex Brown, em duas situações: origem de matrizes suplementadas com cantaxantina e 25 hidroxicolecalciferol, e níveis vitamínicos altos contra níveis vitamínicos praticados comercialmente. O experimento foi inteiramente casualizado e ocorreu nas dependências da granja experimental da USP de Pirassununga. As aves foram alojadas com 1 dia de idade e mantidas até as 70 semanas, passando pelas fases de cria, recria e produção, em que tiveram os parâmetros zootécnicos observados e comparados. Como resultados, observou-se no trabalho quanto à suplementação das matrizes: melhor peso corporal aos 35 dias, e daí até o final da recria (p<0,05), não apresentando maiores consumos de ração em relação ao grupo controle. Na fase de produção observou-se melhor peso dos ovos e espessura da casca para o grupo tratado e maior resistência da casca para o grupo controle (p<0,05). Quanto aos níveis vitamínicos observou-se: vantagem em peso aos 35 dias, o que não se observou às 17 semanas, e observou-se menor conversão alimentar no grupo controle. Durante a fase de produção, o grupo tratado apresentou resultados melhores em peso de ovos e resistência da casca (p<0,05).

Brazilian poultry has been taken an important part on brazilian economy on the past few years, and the egg production has been taken an important part on brazilian poultry. During the last years, several improvements has been done on the way of better production and longer lifetime of the layers. Both parameters are influenced by free radicals action and the correct use of nutrition. Although life animals have system to avoid damages caused by free radicals, suplementation with antioxidants can bring them benefits, since the reproduction of the breeder, until the production of the layer provided from light breeders suplemented, one of these substances is cantaxantin. Recently, studies have been conduced to determine the appropriate levels of aminoacids, energy, minerals, enzymes, etc., everything to permit the animal, the maximum production. However, vitamin levels haven´t been studied that much, and normally, the goal of theses studies are broilers and/or the minimum necessary to don´t let animals be deficient. This study had the goal to evaluate layers of Hisex Brown lineage, on two situations: the suplementation of the light breeder with cantaxantin and 25 hidroxicolecalciferol, and optimum vitamin nutrition against the ones comercially used. The experiment was entirely randomized designed, and occurred on the experimental houses of USP of Pirrasununga. The day old pullet were housed and maintained there for 70th weeks old, going throw rearing and production period, on which had its parameteres evaluated. As the results, on the work with breeders suplementation better body weight at 35 days old, and than until the end of rearing period (p<0,05), without higher feed consumption then control group. On the production period it was observed higher egg weight and thickness of the shell (p<0,05) for the suplemented breeder group, but better shell resistance for the control group. For the work wtih optimum vitamin nutrition results it was observed improvement of body weight at 35 days old (p<0,05) on the OVN group, but it was not observed until the end of rearing period. During the production time it was not observed any improvement but the weight and resistance of eggs on OVN group (p<0,05).

Modelos de crescimento e das respostas de frangas de postura submetidas a diferentes ingestões de aminoácidos sulfurados

Objetivou-se com esta pesquisa: 1) modelar o crescimento e estimar a eficiência de utilização da metionina+cistina (Met+Cis); 2) Comparar as técnicas de abate comparativo (AC) e balanço de nitrogênio (BN) e verificar o efeito sobre a estimativa das exigências de Met+Cis; 3) desenvolver um modelo dinâmico para estimar as exigências diárias de Met+Cis com base na máxima deposição de nitrogênio; 4) Elaborar um modelo para estimar as exigências de Met+Cis nas fases de crescimento e pré-postura; 5) Modelar as respostas à ingestão de Met+Cis por diferentes funções matemáticas. Para atender o objetivo 1, foram utilizados dados de peso corporal, consumo de Met+Cis, composição química do corpo livre de penas (CLP) e das penas de 1.200 aves de quatro linhagens postura em crescimento. Para o objetivo 2, foram realizados três ensaios utilizando 168 frangas Dekalb White. O nitrogênio ingerido, excretado e depositado foram obtidos pelo AC e BN. O objetivo 3 foi obtido modelando as respostas assintóticas de nitrogênio ingerido e deposido em função da idade. Para o objetivo 4 foram utilizadas respostas de ingestão e deposições de Met+Cis e informações do crescimento do corpo, penas e órgãos reprodutivos. No o objetivo 5, 10 funções foram ajustadas às respostas de ingestão de Met+Cis e ganho de peso. As conclusões obtidas foram: com base nas curvas de crescimento, deposição e consumo de Met+Cis a eficiência de utilização foi estimada em 72%. As técnicas de AC e BN estimaram exigências de Met+Cis similares. O modelo dinâmico permitiu estimativas das exigências de Met+Cis para minimizar o custo das rações ou otimizar o desempenho zootécnico. A introdução do crescimento dos órgãos no modelo proporcionou estimativas mais precisas das exigências de Met+Cis para fase de pré-postura. As funções selecionadas estimaram as exigências Met+Cis em 313, 381 e 318 mg/ave/dia para obter maximar o ganho de peso

The objectives of this research were: 1) to model the pullet growth and estimate the efficiency of utilization of methionine+cystine (Met+Cys), 2) to compare the nitrogen balance (NB) and comparative slaughter techniques (CS) and verify the effect on the estimated requirements of Met+Cys, 3) to develop a dynamic model to estimate the daily requirements of Met+Cys based on maximum nitrogen deposition, 4) to develop a model to estimate the requirements of Met+Cys on growth phases and pre-posture, 5) to use models to describe the effect of Met+Cys intake by different mathematical functions. To attend the objective 1, the following variables were evaluated: body weight, Met+Cys intake, chemical composition of the feathers and the feather-free body in 1,200 pullets of four strains in growth. For the second objective, it was carried out three trials using 168 Dekalb White pullets and it was evaluated: the nitrogen intake, excreted and deposited, obtained by CS and NB techniques. The third objective was attended by modeling asymptotic responses of nitrogen consumed and deposited in function of age. For the fourth objective, were used responses of intake and deposition of Met+Cys, body growth, feathers and reproductive organs. To the fifth objective, 10 functions were fitted to the responses of Met+Cys intake and weight gain. The conclusions obtained were: based on the growth curves, consumption and deposition of Met+Cys, the efficiency of utilization was estimated in 72%. The CS and NB techniques estimated similar values for Met+Cys requirements. The dynamic model estimate requirements of Met+Cys to minimize the feed cost or enhance the egg pullet performance. The addition of organs growth in the model provided the best estimates of Met+Cis requirements for pre-posture. The requirement of 313, 381 and 318 mg/bird/day of Met+Cys was provided by selected functions to maximize pullet weight gain

Beak-trimming methods and their effect on the performance of japanese quail pullets (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed at verifying if beak-trimming methods in Japanese quail pullets could optimize production by decreasing stress caused by cannibalism. A total number of 816 day-old Japanese quails was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with two beak-trimming ages (14 and 21 days of age) and three beak-trimming sizes (not trimmed, 1/3 trimmed, or 1/2 trimmed), and 4 replicates of 34 birds per replicate. Birds were submitted to the same management and feeding conditions. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were evaluated. There was no significant effect of age at beak trimming on the evaluated parameters (P>0.05), as well as no significant interaction between age at beak trimming, and beak-trimming method. There was a significant effect (P 0.01) of trimming size on performance, with the best performance observed in birds not submitted to beak trimming or had 1/2 of the beak trimmed. When the beak was more aggressively trimmed (1/2), parameters were worse. According to the obtained results, it is recommended to trim 1/3 of the beaks, which can be performed either at 14 or 21 days of age.

Beak-trimming methods and their effect on the performance of japanese quail pullets (Coturnix japonica)

This study aimed at verifying if beak-trimming methods in Japanese quail pullets could optimize production by decreasing stress caused by cannibalism. A total number of 816 day-old Japanese quails was distributed in a completely randomized experimental design in a 2 x 3 factorial arrangement, with two beak-trimming ages (14 and 21 days of age) and three beak-trimming sizes (not trimmed, 1/3 trimmed, or 1/2 trimmed), and 4 replicates of 34 birds per replicate. Birds were submitted to the same management and feeding conditions. Weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and mortality were evaluated. There was no significant effect of age at beak trimming on the evaluated parameters (P>0.05), as well as no significant interaction between age at beak trimming, and beak-trimming method. There was a significant effect (P 0.01) of trimming size on performance, with the best performance observed in birds not submitted to beak trimming or had 1/2 of the beak trimmed. When the beak was more aggressively trimmed (1/2), parameters were worse. According to the obtained results, it is recommended to trim 1/3 of the beaks, which can be performed either at 14 or 21 days of age.

Impacto do ambiente do incubatório na produção de pintos de corte / Environmental impact of the hatchery production of broiler chicks

No Brasil, a avicultura é uma atividade relativamente nova, apesar de ter seu início na década de 30, como atividade fornecedora de subproduto, o esterco para os cafezais, se tornando uma atividade econômica produtora de proteína de alto valor biológico, somente a partir da década de 60. Hoje ocupa um lugar privilegiado na economia mundial devido ao trabalho de muitos profissionais ligados à atividade, sendo os principais pontos que ocorreram grandes melhorias: avanço tecnológico nas áreas de produção, nutrição e sanidade, permitindo uma melhora significativa nos índices zootécnicos. O incubatório é o local onde se obtêm o produto final, ou seja, do pintainho de um dia, tem a responsabilidade de disponibilizar aos produtores, pintos de qualidade para maximizar o desempenho das aves a campo. O presente trabalho teve como objetivo geral avaliar a influência da temperatura e da umidade relativa do ar no ambiente do incubatório, sobre as respostas da taxa de eclosão durante o processo de incubação e nascimento. Os dados de temperatura e umidade relativa do ar foram registrados em uma das salas das incubadoras e em uma das salas de nascedouro do Incubatório São José no município de Amparo - SP e analisados com relação ao índice de eclosão dos ovos incubados que foi analisado no dia do nascimento dos pintos. Foram rastreadas 48 bandejas, tendo capacidade de 96 ovos cada bandeja, até o nascimento desses pintos, sendo estas divididas seis quadrantes na incubadora sendo oito bandejas em cada quadrante classificadas como lotes e após foram monitoradas na sala de nascedouro que foi dividida em quatro quadrantes. Os dados foram submetidos à análise estatística descritiva por lote e análise de comparação de médias, através do teste F na ANOVA e do teste não-paramétrico de Kruskal-Wallis. Os resultados obtidos foram: a temperatura do ambiente influenciou o descarte total de ovos no 14º dia de incubação (de 35.9ºC à 37.0°C) e no 21º de incubação (de 37,0 °C à 37,3 °C) e, comparados com a idade das matrizes (42 semanas e 56 semanas), identificou-se que a matriz mais velha obteve maior número de descartes nas variáveis analisadas como: ovos inférteis, mortalidade de 0 a 7 dias e ovos quebrados, a serem o volume maior do total de ovos descartados. E, somente houve influência da umidade relativa do ar aos 21 dias de incubação ( de 52,2% à 62%). Conclui-se que houve influência do ambiente térmico e da idade da matriz no descarte total de ovos no processo de incubação

Poultry science is responsible for studying the birds. In Brazil poultry production is a relatively new activity, although had its beginning in the 30's decade as an activity that supplied waste which was used in coffee production. It became an economical activity that produces protein of high biological value just after the decade of 60. Today Brazil occupies a privileged place in the world's economy due to the work of several professionals connected to this activity. The areas were the greatest technological improvements occurred are: production, nutrition and health, allowing significant enhancement in animal production indexes. The hatchery is the place where the final product is obtained, the one day old pullet, and that has the responsibility of given the producers high quality chicks in order to maximize their performance in the field. The objective of this research is to evaluate the influence of ambient temperature and relative humidity of the air in the hatchery on the response during the process in both incubator and hatcher. Air temperature and relative humidity data will be registered in a incubator and hatcher at the Incubatório São José, county of Amparo - SP and they will be analyzed with relation to the hatcher index at the first day. Forty eight trays with 96 eggs each were screened trays until the birth of these chicks. The hatchery was divided in six quarters and eight incubator trays in each quadrant were classified as lots and they were monitored after the hatcher room, which was divided into four quadrants. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistics and analysis of batch mean comparison, using the F test in ANOVA and nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis. The obtained results were: the temperature of the environment influenced the discarding total egg on day 14 of incubation and 21 of incubation and compared with age of the array, we identified that it took the variables as: infertile eggs, mortality 0-7 days and broken eggs, to be the bulk of total eggs discarded. There was only influence of relative humidity at 21 days of incubation. It is concluded that there was influence of thermal environment and age of female breeder in total egg discarding in the process of incubation

Productive performance of Japanese quail (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submitted to different beak-trimming densities and types - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v27i1.1263 / Desempenho produtivo de codornas japonesas (Coturnix coturnix japonica) submetidas a diferentes densidades e tipos de debicagem - DOI: 10.4025/actascianimsci.v27i1.1263

This experiment evaluated the effects of beak-trimming in japanese quail pullet phase development; and of beak-trimming combined to different housing densities on their laying performance. For the pullet phase, the experiment had a randomized design with three treatments (absent, soft and severe debeaking), each with sixteen-birds repetition. For the laying phase, the experiment had randomized design with factorial scheme, with six treatments: three beak trimmings (absent, soft and severe), two densities (75 cm2/bird or 103 cm2/bird) and four repetitions, with 16 or 22 birds per cage. The results in pullet phase showed that quails submitted to absent or soft beak trimming had better weigh at the pullet phases end, but hard beak trimming did not affect sexual maturity. During the laying phase, hard beak-trimming resulted in low mortality and better feed conversion, independently of density. This work results showed the advisability of beak trimming

Avaliou-se o efeito da debicagem em codornas japonesas sobre o desenvolvimento na recria e a debicagem combinada com diferentes densidades de alojamento sobre o desempenho na postura. Na recria, o delineamento experimental foi inteiramente casualizado, com 3 tratamentos (aves não-debicadas, debicadas levemente ou severamente) com 10 repetições de 16 aves cada. Na postura, o delineamento foi inteiramente casualizado em esquema fatorial, com 6 tratamentos: 3 tipos de debicagem (nenhuma, leve e severa) e 2 densidades (75 cm2/ave e 103 cm2/ave) e 4 repetições, com 16 e 22 aves por parcela. Os resultados da fase de recria mostram que as aves submetidas a nenhuma debicagem ou a leve apresentaram melhor peso no final da recria, porém a debicagem severa não afetou a maturidade sexual. Na fase de postura, a debicagem severa resultou em menor mortalidade e desperdício de ração, independentemente da densidade. Conclui-se que a debicagem deve ser realizada