Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

ABSTRACT: Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

RESUMO: A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Multilobular tumor of bone in bitches: clinical, histopathological, immunohistochemical and overall survival aspects

Background: Multilobular tumor of bone (MTB) is an unusual neoplasm with variable biologic behavior which originates primarily in bone tissues. Radiographs computed tomography (CT), and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) are useful in diagnoses and surgical planning. Tumor removal with wide surgical margins is the treatment of choice. Immunohistochemistry has been shown as an important tool in veterinary oncology to define therapeutic and prognostic decisions. The goal of this study was to report 2 distinct cases of multilobular tumor of bone, their Cox-2 and Mib-1 immunohistochemical profile and its impact on overall survival. Case: Two bitches were presented at the Oncology Department of the Veterinary Hospital in the Veterinary School of Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (UFMG). Both had a history of a progressive, painless, circumscribed, and firm facial mass. The 1st patient was a 8-year-old intact bitch mixed breed, weighing 50 kg, that presented a fast growing right infraorbital 3-cm mass, causing eye displacement. The 2nd patient was a 7-year-old spayed bitch Labrador retriever, weighing 28 kg, that presented a left temporal 8-cm mass. Neurologic examination of both bitches was normal. Skin over the nodules was strained, but with no ulceration. Radiographic exams of the head revealed lytic and proliferative bone reaction, with loss of cortical definition in both cases. These alterations were seen on the left zygomatic arch of the retrobulbar region, involving part of the mandible and of the nasal sinus lateral frontal bone in 1st patient, and on the right temporal process of the zygomatic bone in 2nd patient. The last one, also showed a granular solid mass with little contact with skull bones. Complete blood count, biochemistry profile, electrocardiogram, and 3-view thoracic radiographs were performed. Results were within normal ranges for the species and no signs of metastasis was seen on the radiographs. Location, size, and density of the mass, adjacent tissue compression, absence of cranial invasion, and lymph node size were rigorously evaluated with CT, allowing an individualized surgical planning to achieve complete mass removal and maintenance of the function of adjacent structures. Both animals were submitted to surgery. Both tumors were fixed on 10% neutral buffered formalin and sent to the Animal Pathology Department of UFMG for histopathological examination and margin assessment. Both tumors were diagnosed as grade I MTB. Tumor immunohistochemistry was performed to identify prognostic factors that could be used to better define therapeutic treatments and to try to clarify the discrepancy in disease progression between both tumors. The 1st patient expressed 20% of Mib-1 and was considered score 2 of Cox-2. The 2nd one expressed 5% of Mib-1 and was considered score 1 of Cox-2. Considering the diagnoses and histological characteristics of the tumors, it was decided for clinical follow-up of patients without additional therapeutic complementation. Even considering incomplete surgical margins in 2nd patient, adjuvant chemotherapy was not performed, due to low mitotic index and low histological grade. The 1st patient had an overall survival of 240 days, and death was due to recurrence and disease progression; and the 2nd did not show recurrence nor metastasis after 1200 days. Discussion: Proper and individualized surgical planning and histopathological evaluation are extremely important to guide treatment decisions. However, immunohistochemistry can be important in MTB cases, to help define which patients should be submitted to surgery alone and which patients could be benefited from adjuvant chemotherapy.

Tridimensional models and radiographic study of dorsal laminectomy and thoracolumbar hemilaminectomy in dogs

Purpose: To create three-dimensional anatomical models of the thoracic and lumbar portions of the canine spine that reproduce the vertebral surgical approaches of dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy, and to perform the respective radiographic evaluations of each approach. Methods: In a digital archive of the canine spine, digitally replicate the dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy in the thoracic and lumbar portions and, then, make tridimensional prints of the vertebral models and obtain radiographs in three dorsoventral, ventrodorsal and laterolateral projections. Results: The anatomical models of the surgical spinal canal accesses of the thoracic and lumbar portions showed great fidelity to the natural bones. The created accesses have the proper shape, location and size, and their radiographic images showed similar radiodensities. Conclusions: The replicas of the dorsal laminectomy and hemilaminectomy developed in the anatomical models in the thoracic and lumbar portions are able to represent the technical recommendations of the specialized literature, as well as their respective radiographic images, which have certain radiological properties that allow to make a deep radiological study. Therefore, the models are useful for neurosurgical training.

Radiological measures of patellofemoral alignment in healthy small-breed dogs: reference values and sex variability

Background: The evaluation of vertical kneecap position within the trochlear groove is essential for understanding the anatomical changes that may lead to canine patellar luxation. Unlike other important diagnostic imaging measurements (e.g. measures of pelvic limb alignment), no data on patellofemoral congruence parameters of canine stifles (congruence angle, linear axial patellar displacement, lateral patellofemoral angle, patellar tilt angle) are reported. The aim of this study was to present metric values of these parameters in healthy dogs from small breeds from both sexes in order to use them for identification of animals with increased risk for medial patellar luxation. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was performed on 44 stifle joints from 22 healthy dogs of both sexes from 4 small breeds (Pinscher, Pomeranian, Chihuahua and Yorkshire terrier). Inclusion criteria were negative patellar displacement and dancing patella tests after orthopaedic examination, lack of femoral and gluteal muscles asymmetry after palpation, lack of signs of long-term proprioceptive dysfunction, normal patellar and withdrawal reflexes after neurological examination. The translation of the patella in the axial plane was evaluated by means of congruence angle and axial linear patellar displacement. The rotation of the patella in the axial plane was evaluated through measurement of lateral patellofemoral angle and patellar tilt angle. Reference ranges of parameters were analysed in agreement with the guidelines of the American College of Veterinary Pathologists for the determination of reference intervals in veterinary species for sample sizes of 40-120 with non-Gaussian distribution - robust method, 95% confidence interval (CI) with 90 % CI for upper and lower reference limits. All measured patellofemoral congruence angles were negative. Their reference range was from -8.06o to -0.58o (median value -3o ). The axial patellar displacement was negligible, with values ranging from 0.1 to 0.8 mm. Lateral patellofemoral angles in all dogs were open to the lateral side (positive); the computed reference interval was from 21.61o to 41.80o (median 31.5o ). Patellar tilt angles ranged from 2o to 8o (median 5o ). A statistically significant difference between sexes was demonstrated for angles describing the rotation of the patella in the axial plane: the lateral patellofemoral angle (P = 0.0248) and the patellar tilt angle (P = 0.0004) were greater in stifles of male dogs. Discussion: This is the first study presenting reference values of parameters describing patellofemoral alignment in healthy dogs from small breeds on tangential radiographs. The values of one of most commonly measured parameters on tangential radiographs (the lateral patellofemoral angle) in stifles of small breed dogs were higher than values in humans, supposedly due to the specific joint anatomy. The patellar tilt angle is considered as more objective and not influenced by limb rotation. For the detection of patellar misalignment, the tilt angle was reported to be almost as specific as the congruence angle but more sensitive and more accurate. It is the most specific and sensitive parameter determining the direction of patellar luxation. In male dogs, the median lateral patellofemoral angle was greater than in females (P = 0.0248). Similar tendency was shown for patellar tilt angle that was also greater in male stifles (P = 0.0004). The reported statistically significant between-sex differences in lateral patellofemoral angle and patellar tilt angle with higher values of both angles in stifles of male dogs could be attributed to the better developed femoral muscles, in particular m. vastus medialis and m. sartorius, and to differences in trochlear groove and kneecap morphology. The presented reference intervals may be useful for early detection of subjects with increased risk to medial patellar luxation.

Thoracoscopy pulmonary biopsy by two portals with a novel pre-tied loop ligature device in rabbits: an experimental study / Biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia por dois portais com uma nova ligadura de alça pré-amarrada em coelhos: um estudo experimental

Thoracoscopy is replacing open lung biopsies because it is less invasive, usually the technique is done using three portals and intracorporeal suture technique. This study described the feasibility and efficacy of a novel pre tied loop ligature and to propose a thoracoscopic access strategy with two portals to perform lung biopsy in patients under 5 kg. Ten rabbits were positioned in dorsal recumbency. Total thoracoscopic lung biopsy was performed using a combined transdiaphragmatic approach and a right intercostal approach. A pre tied loop ligature was placed to perform a caudal lung lobe biopsy. Insufflation of the thoracic cavity was not performed. The total surgery time was 41.4 ± 14.5 min. The procedure was carried out free of complications that prevented slippage or tightening the knot or that made it come loose after the lung biopsy; there was no serious complication during the surgical procedure. The samples obtained averaged 1x0.64x0.45 cm (Length, Width, Depth) and were considered satisfactory according to the histopathologic evaluation. Thorax radiographs taken before and after the surgeries were compared and showed no pneumothorax or hemothorax. Necropsy confirmed no knot failure occurred at the biopsy site. The use of the novel pre tied loop ligature is a safe and effective technique, avoiding problems with the limited size of the thoracic cavity in small patients.

A toracoscopia está substituindo as biópsias pulmonares abertas por ser menos invasiva. Usualmente a técnica é feita utilizando três portais e ligaduras feitas intra corporalmente. O objetivo deste estudo foi descrever a viabilidade e eficácia de uma nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada e propor uma estratégia de acesso toracoscópico com dois portais para realizar biópsia pulmonar em pacientes com menos de 5kg. Dez coelhos foram posicionados em decúbito dorsal. A biópsia pulmonar por toracoscopia total foi feita pela abordagem combinada transdiafragmática e abordagem intercostal direita. Uma nova ligadura pré-amarrada foi colocada para realizar uma biópsia do lobo pulmonar caudal. Não foi realizada insuflação da cavidade torácica. O tempo total de cirurgia foi de 41,4 ± 14,5 min. Os procedimentos foram realizados sem complicações que impedissem o escorregamento ou aperto do nó ou que o soltassem após a biópsia pulmonar; não houve nenhuma intercorrência grave durante o procedimento cirúrgico. As amostras coletadas tinham tamanho médio 1x0,64x0,45 cm e foram consideradas satisfatórias de acordo com a avaliação histopatológica. As radiografias de tórax feitas antes e depois das cirurgias foram comparadas e não mostraram pneumotórax ou hemotórax. A necropsia confirmou que não ocorreu falha do nó no local da biópsia. Conclui-se que uso da nova ligadura com alça pré-amarrada é uma técnica segura e eficaz, evitando problemas com o tamanho limitado da cavidade torácica em pacientes pequenos.

Remoção endoscópica de corpo estranho ventricular em gallus gallus domesticus da raça brahma: relato de caso / Endoscopic removal of a ventricular foreign body in a brahma gallus domesticus: case report / Extracción endoscópica de un cuerpo extraño ventricular en un brahma gallus domesticus: informe de un caso

Relatos de ingestão de corpos estranhos dos mais diferentes materiais são comuns em aves, especialmente nas mais jovens. Os corpos estranhos podem causar intoxicação (dependendo da composição do material) ou mesmo perfuração do canal alimentar ou obstrução gastrintestinal. Quando há suspeita de ingestão de corpos estranhos, exames de imagem como a radiologia, ultrassonografia e endoscopia são ferramentas valiosas para o diagnóstico. Objetivou-se relatar um caso de uma ave da espécie Gallus gallus domesticus, raça Brahma, sete meses de idade, macho, pesando 4,3 Kg com quadro de sensibilidade na cavidade corporal e histórico de regurgitação, hiporexia e prostração há cinco dias. As radiografias simples indicaram a presença de corpo estranho radiopaco (parafuso) alojado na região do ventrículo (moela). Após tratamento clínico com lavagens gástricas por cinco dias sem êxito, optou-se por realizar uma endoscopia digestiva alta sob anestesia geral com quetamina e isoflurano. O corpo estranho foi satisfatoriamente removido com pinça de alça de polipectomia e a ave apresentou rápida melhora clínica sem complicações. A endoscopia mostrou-se um procedimento pouco invasivo e eficaz para a resolução do presente caso. Os clínicos veterinários de aves devem considerar a possibilidade de usar a endoscopia como ferramenta para diagnóstico e resolução de corpos estranhos no canal alimentar das aves.(AU)

Reports of ingestion of foreign bodies from most different materials are common in birds, especially younger ones. Foreign bodies can cause intoxication (depending on the composition of the material) or even perforation of the alimentary canal and gastrointestinal obstruction. When foreign body ingestion is suspected, imaging tests such as radiology, ultrasound, and endoscopy are valuable diagnostic tools. The objective of this paper was to report a case of an avian of the species Gallus gallus domesticus, Brahma breed, seven months old, male, weighing 4.3 kg, with sensitivity in the body cavity, and a history of regurgitation, hyporexia, and prostration for five days. Plain radiographs indicated the presence of a radiopaque foreign body (screw) lodged in the ventricle region (gizzard). After clinical treatment with gastric lavages for five days without success, it was decided to perform an upper digestive endoscopy under general anesthesia with ketamine and isoflurane. The foreign body was satisfactorily removed with polypectomy loop forceps, and the bird showed rapid clinical improvement without complications. Endoscopy proved to be a minimally invasive and effective procedure for resolving the present case. Avian veterinary practitioners may consider using endoscopy to diagnose and resolve foreign bodies in the alimentary canal of birds.(AU)

Los informes de ingestión de cuerpos extraños de los más diferentes materiales son comunes en las aves, especialmente en las más jóvenes. Los cuerpos extraños pueden causar intoxicación (dependiendo de la composición del material) o incluso perforación del tubo digestivo u obstrucción gastrointestinal. Cuando se sospecha la ingestión de un cuerpo extraño, las pruebas de imagen como la radiología, la ecografía y la endoscopia son valiosas herramientas diagnósticas. El objetivo fue reportar un caso de un ave de la especie Gallus gallus domesticus, raza Brahma, de siete meses de edad, macho, con un peso de 4,3 kg, con sensibilidad en la cavidad corporal y antecedentes de regurgitación, hiporexia y postración de cinco días de evolución. Las radiografías simples indicaron la presencia de un cuerpo extraño radiopaco (tornillo) alojado en la región del ventrículo (molleja). Tras tratamiento clínico con lavados gástricos durante cinco días sin éxito, se decide realizar endoscopia digestiva alta bajo anestesia general con ketamina e isoflurano. El cuerpo extraño se extrajo satisfactoriamente con pinzas de asa de polipectomía y el ave mostró una rápida mejoría clínica sin complicaciones. La endoscopia demostró ser un procedimiento mínimamente invasivo y efectivo para la resolución del presente caso. Los veterinarios aviares deberían considerar la posibilidad de utilizar la endoscopia como herramienta para el diagnóstico y resolución de cuerpos extraños en el tubo digestivo de las aves.(AU)

Presumptive diagnosis of spina bifida in canine patient / Diagnóstico presuntivo de espinha bífida em paciente canino / Diagnóstico presuntivo de espina bífida en un paciente canino

The aim of this report is to describe a presumptive diagnosis of spina bifida in a mixed breed dog, due to previous diagnostic inconsistencies. Spina bifida is an uncommon congenital anomaly characterized by poor bone formation due to incomplete closure orthe absence of the dorsal arch of the vertebral structure during the process of embryogenesis. Animals with this condition may have difficulties in the locomotion process, which constantly threatens the quality and survival of those affected. Spina bifidacan present itself in four different forms and degrees. A 5-month-old mixed breed dog was assisted at a veterinary clinic in Conselheiro Lafaiete/MG with difficulties in the locomotion process and previous diagnostic inconsistencies in other veterinary services. On physical examination, he had kyphosis in the thoracic region and decreased proprioceptive capacity in the hind limbs. After radiographs were taken, morphological thoracic alterations were observed in the segment between the T5 to T9 vertebrae, with duplicated spinous processes and a decrease in the dimensions of the intervertebral space. The radiographic examination suggested presumptive evidence of thoracic spina bifida due to the unavailability of the tutor to perform more sensitive exams such as tomography and magnetic resonance. Therefore, drugs for pain and neuropathic control such as gabapentin and pregabalin were prescribed, at different times, until new recommendations, which have shown therapeutic efficacy to the patient. Currently, the patient uses a wheelchair adapted for locomotion due to the loss of movement of the hind limbs, in addition to weekly physical therapy follow-up and acupuncture sessions.(AU)

O objetivo do presente relato é descrever um diagnóstico presuntivo de espinha bífida em um cão sem raça definida, mediante inconsistências diagnósticas prévias. A espinha bífida é uma anomalia congênita incomum, caracterizada pela má formação óssea mediante o fechamento incompleto ou a inexistência do arco dorsal da estrutura vertebral durante o processo de embriogênese. Os animais portadores dessa condição podem apresentar principalmentedificuldades no processo de locomoção, o que ameaça constantemente a qualidade e a sobrevida dos afetados. A espinha bífida pode se apresentar de quatro diferentes formas e em graus variados. Um cão sem raça definida de 5 meses foi atendido em uma clínicaveterinária em Conselheiro Lafaeite/MG com dificuldades no processo de locomoção e inconsistências diagnósticas prévias em outros serviços veterinários. No exame físico, ele apresentava cifose em região torácica e diminuição da capacidade proprioceptiva nos membros posteriores. Após a realização de radiografias, foram observadas alterações morfológicas torácicas no segmento entre as vértebras T5 a T9, com processos espinhosos duplicados e decréscimo nas dimensões do espaço intervertebral. O exame radiográfico sugeriu evidências presuntivas de espinha bífida torácica, em virtude da indisponibilidade financeira da tutora para a realização de exames mais sensíveis como tomografia e ressonância. Diante dos sinais clínicos e exames apresentados, prescreveu-se fármacos para controle álgico e neuropático como gabapentina e pregabalina, em momentos distintos, até novas recomendações, sendo que estes demonstraram eficácia terapêutica ao paciente. Atualmente, o paciente faz uso de cadeirinha adaptada para locomoção devido à perda da movimentação dos membros posteriores, além do acompanhamento fisioterápico semanal e sessões de acupuntura.(AU)

El objetivo de este informe es describir un diagnóstico presuntivo de espina bífida en un perro sin raza definida, debido a inconsistencias diagnósticas previas. La espina bífida es una anomalía congénita poco frecuente caracterizada por una mala formación ósea debido a un cierre incompleto o la ausencia del arco dorsal de la estructura vertebral durante el proceso de embriogénesis. Los animales con esta condición pueden tener dificultades en el proceso de locomoción, lo que amenaza constantemente la calidad y supervivencia de los afectados. La espina bífida puede presentarse en cuatro formas diferentes y en diversos grados. Un perro mestizo de 5 meses de edad fue atendido en una clínica veterinaria en Conselheiro Lafaiete/MG con dificultades en el proceso de locomoción e inconsistencias diagnósticas previas en otros servicios veterinarios. Al examen físico presentaba cifosis en región torácica y disminución de la capacidad propioceptiva en miembros posteriores. Después de la toma de radiografías, se observaron alteraciones morfológicas torácicas en el segmento entre las vértebras T5 a T9, con procesos espinosos duplicados y disminución de las dimensiones del espacio intervertebral. El examen radiográfico sugirió evidencia presuntiva de espina bífida torácica debido a la falta de disponibilidad del tutor para realizar exámenes más sensibles como tomografía y resonancia magnética. Por ello, fármacos para el control del dolor y neuropático como la gabapentina y la pregabalina fueron prescritos, en diferentes momentos, hasta nuevas recomendaciones, que han demostrado eficacia terapéutica al paciente. Actualmente el paciente utiliza una silla de ruedas adaptada para la locomoción debido a la pérdida de movimiento de los miembros posteriores, además de seguimiento semanal de fisioterapia y sesiones de acupuntura.(AU)

Influence of age and sex on bone development and athletic career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil - preliminary study / Influência do gênero e da idade no estágio de desenvolvimento ósseo e longevidade atlética de equinos da Raça Puro Sangue Inglês de corridas no Brasil - estudo preliminar

The impact of high-speed exercise on the musculoskeletal system of young racehorses has been extensively discussed because of concerns regarding animal health and welfare. This study investigated the correlation between age, degree of ossification of the distal radial epiphysis, sex, and career longevity of Thoroughbred racehorses in Brazil from 2012 to 2015. We performed a retrospective evaluation of 286 dorsopalmar radiographs of the left radiocarpal region of young horses and their racing performance. Distal radial epiphyseal closure was classified into three degrees: A, B, or C. Performance data included the number of races raced, athletic career length, and the number of races per month. The variables were subjected to regression analysis. At the time of radiographic examination, male horses were significantly older than females, and horses with epiphyseal closure degrees differed with age. Age at first race was 33.08±3.81 months, the average of races raced was 18.32±15.14 races, athletic career duration was 20.37±13.82 months, and the number of races raced per month was 0.93±0.46 races. Age influenced (P>0.001) the distal radial epiphyseal closure on racehorses, but sex did not (P=0.218 for males and P=0.275 for females). An inverse association was observed between age at the first race, the number of races raced per month, and athletic career duration. The frequency of race and the age at the first race influenced athletic career duration.

O impacto do exercício de alta velocidade no sistema musculoesquelético de cavalos de corrida jovens tem sido amplamente discutido devido a preocupações com a saúde e o bem-estar animal. Este estudo investigou a correlação entre idade, grau de ossificação da epífise radial distal, sexo e longevidade da carreira de cavalos Puro Sangue Inglês de corrida no Brasil de 2012 a 2015. Realizamos uma avaliação retrospectiva de 286 radiografias dorsopalmar da região radiocarpica esquerda de cavalos jovens e seu desempenho de corrida. O fechamento epifisário radial distal foi classificado em três graus decrescentes: A, B ou C. Os dados de desempenho incluíram o número de corridas disputadas, duração da carreira atlética e o número de corridas por mês. As variáveis foram submetidas à análise de regressão. No momento do exame radiográfico, os cavalos machos eram significativamente mais velhos que as fêmeas, e os cavalos com diferentes graus de fechamento epifisário diferiram com a idade. A idade na primeira corrida foi de 33,08±3,81 meses, a média de corridas disputadas foi de 18,32±15,14 corridas, a duração da carreira atlética foi de 20,37±13,82 meses e o número de corridas realizadas por mês foi de 0,93±0,46 corridas. A idade influenciou (P>0,001) o fechamento da epífise radial distal em cavalos de corrida, mas o sexo não (P=0,218 para machos e P=0,275 para fêmeas). Uma associação inversa foi observada entre a idade na primeira corrida, o número de corridas disputadas por mês e a duração da carreira atlética. A frequência de corrida e a idade na primeira corrida influenciaram a duração da carreira atlética.

Malignant tumor of peripheral nerve sheath in the thoracolumbar region in a cat

Background: In veterinary medicine, peripheral nerve tumors (PNST) are classified from the cellular pattern and as benign and malignant (MPNST). The majorities of cases are benign and usually involve the skin and subcutaneous tissue of the head, neck, and limbs. Animals with MPTNS usually have spinal cord and spinal canal involvement and are also described in the small and large intestine, oral cavity, perirenal region, and urinary bladder. Treatment is performed according to the location of the neoplasm and metastasis is rarely described. The present article aims to report a case of a malignant tumor in the peripheral nerve sheath of a cat. Case: A 8-year-old domestic cat was presented with a history of progressive paresis in the pelvic limbs. On neurological evaluation, proprioceptive ataxia and proprioception deficit in the pelvic limbs were observed, suggestive of thoracolumbar injury. Blood work and serum biochemistry showed results within the reference for the species and the bi-directional immunochromatography test for FIV and FeLV were negative. The radiographs of the thoracolumbar segment did not show significant changes. Myelography with iodinated contrast and collection of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were performed. On myelography examination, iodinated contrast loss was found between the 6th and 7th thoracic vertebrae, while the CSF analysis was normal. The patient underwent laminectomy and durotomy for excision of a mass found dorsally to the spinal cord, with intradural location. The tumor was sent for histopathological examination. Microscopic analysis showed neoplastic proliferation of spindle-shaped cells with predominance of the Antoni A pattern. Immunohistochemical analysis demonstrated intense cytoplasmic staining of the neoplastic cells for vimentin and S100 protein. Based on these findings, the diagnosis of malignant peripheral nerve sheath tumor was made. Radiotherapy was suggested as adjuvant treatment after surgical procedure. However, the owner refuse to follow this recommendation due to cost restriction. The patient had a satisfactory clinical recovery, he has no longer presented proprioceptive ataxia or proprioception deficits in three months after the surgical procedure. Discussion: In the case described, the feline patient presented a history, clinical signs, and findings in the myelography exam related to MPNST in the region of the vertebral canal. This neoplasm usually involves the spinal canal or spinal cord, but has been described in other locations, such in the small and large intestine, oral cavity, perirenal region, and urinary bladder. Based on the findings of the physical examination and complementary exams, a surgical procedure was recommended. Then, laminectomy and dutoromy were performed to remove the mass. The treatment described in the literature in cases of MPTNS is surgery, which can be curative, but in some cases, the use of radiotherapy may be necessary. The histological patterns observed in this neoplasm are the Antoni A and B, in the case described the Antoni A pattern was observed. The definitive diagnosis was made by immunohistochemistry with vimentin and S100 protein. MPNST are few described in the thoracolumbar region in cats. The surgical treatment was curative, where improvement of the clinical signs could be observed three months after surgery. In addition, monitoring of patients is recommended to ascertain relapses and metastases.

Thoracic evaluation and cardiac measurement using radiography in opossums (Didelphis albiventris) / Avaliação radiográfica de toráx e mensuração cardíaca de gambás (Didelphis albiventris)

Cardiac measurement by chest X-ray is very important in the cardiac characterization of dogs and cats, however, the wild animal clinic has a different reality. Opossums (Didelphis albiventris) are part of the Brazilian fauna and are frequently referred for clinical and radiographic evaluation. The objective of this research was to evaluate the thorax of skunks and establish the average of VHS and VLAS for these animals. Chest radiographs were performed in lateral and ventrodorsal projections to measure the VHS and VLAS, thoracic depth and tracheal diameter. The mean VHS was 7.85 (± 0.3) for males and 8.12 (± 0.5) for females and the measured VLAS was 1.19 (± 0.2) for both sexes. The mean value for thoracic depth was 1.13 (± 0.03) and the ratio between the diameter of the chest inlet and the diameter of the trachea was 0.25 (± 0.02), with no significant differences between the sexes. This is the first study that addresses the thoracic evaluation by tracheal and cardiac measurements of skunks through radiographic examination.(AU)

A mensuração cardíaca por meio de radiografia de tórax é muito importante na caracterização cardíaca de cães e gatos, porém, a clínica de animais silvestres tem uma realidade diferente. Os gambás (Didelphis albiventris) fazem parte da fauna brasileira e são frequentemente encaminhados para avaliação clínica e para avaliação radiográfica. O objetivo desta pesquisa foi avaliar o tórax de gambás e estabelecer a média de VHS e VLAS para esses animais. Foram realizadas radiografias de tórax em projeções laterais e ventro dorsais, para mensuração do VHS e VLAS, a profundidade torácica e o diâmetro traqueal. O VHS médio foi de 7,85 (± 0,3) para os machos e 8,12 (± 0,5) para as fêmeas e o VLAS mensurado foi de 1,19 (± 0,2) para ambos os sexos. O valor médio da profundidade torácica foi 1,13 (± 0,03) e a relação entre o diâmetro da entrada do tórax e o diâmetro da traqueia foi de 0,25 (± 0,02), sem diferenças significativas entre os sexos. Este é o primeiro estudo que aborda a avaliação torácica a medida traqueal e cardíaca de gambás por meio de exame radiográfico.(AU)

Chronic progressive lymphoedema in a Friesian horse: clinical aspects and diagnostic approach - case report / [Linfedema progressivo crônico em um cavalo Friesian: aspectos clínicos e abordagem diagnóstica - relato de caso]

Chronic Progressive Lymphoedema (CPL) is a disabling disease of draft horses that affects lymphatic system function typically in the distal limbs. Deformities of distal limbs, especially of the pastern, with fibrosis and skin nodular lesions are consequences of disease progression. A 15-year-old Friesian stallion presented for evaluation with history of forelimb enlargement and nodule formations distal to the carpus for four years. Simple radiographs showed soft tissue nodular lesions and venous contrasted radiography showed intense enlargement of II common digital palmar vein of both forelimbs. Tissue culture tests revealed Streptococcus equi and Proteus mirabilis isolation and skin scraping test identified Chorioptes bovis mites. Histological examination revealed perivasculitis and lymph vessels distention. History, clinical and histological findings, and complementary exams suggested CPL diagnosis. We were unable to find previously published cases describing this disease in Brazil, where the increasing number of draft horses requires attention to this problem. The correct and early diagnosis substantially delays disease progression. Therefore, we highlight the need for nationwide propagation of these data to ensure better diagnosis and early treatment of future CPL cases.

O linfedema crônico progressivo (LCP) é uma enfermidade incapacitante de cavalos de tração que afeta o sistema linfático e se manifesta especialmente na região distal dos membros. A progressão da doença resulta em deformações na região distal dos membros, especialmente na quartela, com fibrose e lesões nodulares na pele. Foi atendido um garanhão da raça Friesian, de 15 anos de idade, com histórico de aumento de volume, nodulações e deformações na região distal dos membros torácicos, com início há aproximadamente quatro anos. Ao exame radiográfico simples, foram identificadas nodulações na pele e no subcutâneo e, ao exame venoso contrastado, identificou-se marcante dilatação II veia digital palmar comum em ambos os membros torácicos. Foi isolado Streptococcus equi e Proteus mirabilis ao cultivo tecidual e identificou-se sarna do tipo corióptica ao raspado de pele. No exame histopatológico, foram identificadas perivasculite e dilatação de vasos linfáticos. Os achados clínicos, histórico, de raça do animal e os exames complementares direcionaram o diagnóstico para o LCP. A pesquisa da literatura nacional não revelou descrições clínicas dessa enfermidade, mas, devido ao aumento do número de animais de tração no país nos últimos anos, a descrição dessa enfermidade se torna importante. O diagnóstico correto e precoce é necessário para retardar a progressão da doença. Nesse sentido, ressalta-se a relevância da divulgação nacional desses achados, a fim de contribuir para o diagnóstico precoce e permitir o retardo da evolução da doença.

Foramen magnum in dogs of small and toy breeds - morphometric study

Introduction: The foramen magnum is located in the occipital bone and communicates the cranial cavity with the spinal canal of the vertebral column. Variations in the shape and size of this foramen, such as the presence of a notch in its dorsal contour, characterize occipital dysplasia and may occur due to a defect in the supraoccipital bone ossification process during the gestational period. Occipital dysplasia has been reported primarily in small, toy, and brachycephalic breeds, and its clinical relevance remains controversial. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the size of the foramen magnum in asymptomatic dogs of small and toy breeds. Materials, Methods & Results: The study was conducted at the Veterinary Hospital of the Center for Rural Health and Technology of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Patos Campus, located in Paraíba state, Brazil. Twelve (n = 12) asymptomatic, small and toy breed dogs, with variable sex and over 10 months of age, were referred to the Veterinary Hospital for elective surgical procedures and were used in this study. All dogs underwent complete neurological examination to confirm the asymptomatic status and were radiographed in rostrocaudal position, with their mouths closed and the hard palate at an angle of approximately 70º to 80º with the table of the X-ray apparatus. The foramen magnum of each specimen was evaluated in the radiographs using a precision caliper. The analyzed parameters included height (H), the height of the dorsal notch (N), total height (H+N), and width (W), and the obtained data were used to establish the degree of occipital dysplasia and determine the shape of the foramen magnum. Of the 12 animals studied, 75% (n = 9) exhibited a dorsal notch in the foramen magnum, which varied between 3.00 and 10.00 millimeters (mm) in height, characterizing occipital dysplasia. Among the affected animals, 77.77% (n = 7) were classified as grade 1 for the alteration, 11.11% (n = 1) as grade 2 and one animal (11.11%) as grade 3. The prevalent shape observed for the foramen magnum was oval (83.3%). Discussion: Although occipital dysplasia has been associated with the occurrence of nonspecific neurological clinical signs, such as tremors, ataxia, and epileptic seizures, the presence of this alteration in asymptomatic dogs indicates that the formation alone is just an anatomical variation, as demonstrated herein and in previous studies conducted over the past few years. This hypothesis has been increasingly supported by scientific evidence through publications that portray occipital dysplasia in dogs of various breeds and sizes without clinical manifestations. The clinical signs attributed to occipital dysplasia may originate in situations where there is a coexistence of other conditions. Occipital dysplasia has been reported several times in conjunction with other pathologies, such as occipital hypoplasia and syringomyelia, in symptomatic dogs. The dorsal notch-shaped occipital defect is covered by a fibrous tissue membrane in dogs affected by occipital dysplasia. The presence of this soft tissue membrane has been related to the late onset of syringomyelia due to the decompressive effect that it provides to the flow of cerebrospinal fluid. When occipital dysplasia is identified in symptomatic dogs, it is suggested that the lesion be correctly located within the nervous system and that, according to its neurolocalization, a thorough investigation of other underlying causes for the occurrence of the neurological clinical manifestation be carried out. To date, there is no evidence characterizing occipital dysplasia as a single entity causing neurological deficits.

Thoracic spinal epidural empyema in a cat

A 2-month-old male domestic shorthair cat was referred to a private veterinary clinic with a history of dyspnea and inappetence. At the clinical examination, the cat was in poor body condition, with hyperthermia and abdominal distension. No major abnormalities were observed in the thoracic radiographs or abdominal ultrasound. A complete blood count revealed leukocytosis with neutrophilia. Although no clinical diagnosis was made, the cat received support therapy, but went into cardiac arrest and died. The cat was submitted for necropsy and the main gross finding was two white nodules on the ventral surface of the thoracic vertebrae (from T1 to T4). At the cut surface, the nodules were friable and filled with yellow exudate. The epidural space of the thoracic region was filled with yellowish viscous material. Histologically, the vertebrae were partially replaced by abscess formation characterized by a necrotic center with degenerate neutrophils, surrounded by fibrous connective tissue. The epidural space was filled with degenerate neutrophils, necrotic debris, fibrin, and intralesional colonies of gram-negative short rod-shaped to coccobacillary bacteria. Bacteriologic culture yielded Pasteurella multocida. This paper describes the gross, histological, and bacteriological features of a rare case of spinal epidural empyema caused by Pasteurella multocida in a cat.(AU)

Bone and pulmonary metastasis from a mammary adenosquamous carcinoma in a bitch / Metástase óssea e pulmonar de adenocarcinoma escamoso mamário em cadela

Mammary tumors are the most common in bitches, and bone and pulmonary metastases are not well described. Adenosquamous mammary carcinoma is a rare tumor that can be classified as a type of metaplastic tumor. This report describes the clinical and histopathological findings of this atypical presentation of mammary carcinoma in an 11-year-old, spayed, Poodle. Surgery was performed to remove malignant mammary nodules with a provisional diagnosis of carcinoma on cytologic examination. Thirteen months later, the dog returned showing left pelvic limb lameness that had persisted for 6 months prior to the consultation. The patient showed right pelvic limb lameness and a mass in the same limb. Radiographs of the affected limb revealed a pathological fracture in the femoral diaphysis and proliferation of the periosteum. After clinical staging, a left pelvic limb amputation was performed. A diagnosis of grade II adenosquamous mammary carcinoma was made through histopathology and immunohistochemistry. Although uncommon, bone and pulmonary metastases from mammary tumors, such as adenosquamous carcinoma, can be considered differential diagnoses for bony tumors. This report highlights the aggressive nature and significant metastatic potential of the adenosquamous carcinoma.

Os tumores mamários são os mais comuns em cadelas e as metástases ósseas e pulmonares não são bem descritas. O carcinoma mamário adenoescamoso é um tumor raro que pode ser classificado como um tipo de tumor metaplásico. Este relato descreve os achados clínicos e histopatológicos dessa apresentação atípica de carcinoma mamário em um Poodle de 11 anos de idade, castrado. A cirurgia foi realizada para remover nódulos mamários malignos com diagnóstico provisório de carcinoma no exame citológico. Treze meses depois, a cadela retornou apresentando claudicação do membro pélvico esquerdo que persistia por seis meses antes da consulta. O paciente apresentava claudicação do membro pélvico direito e uma massa no mesmo membro. A radiografia do membro afetado revelou fratura patológica na diáfise femoral, proliferação do periósteo e áreas de osteopenia. Após estadiamento clínico, foi realizada amputação do membro pélvico esquerdo. O diagnóstico de carcinoma adenoescamoso mamário grau II foi feito através da histopatologia e imunohistoquímica. Embora incomuns, as metástases ósseas e pulmonares de tumores mamários, como o carcinoma adenoescamoso, podem ser consideradas diagnósticos diferenciais para tumores ósseos. Este relatório destaca a natureza agressiva e significativo potencial metastático do carcinoma adenoescamoso.

Linfoma mediastinal em gato com vírus da leucemia felina / Mediastinal lymphoma in a cat with feline leukemia virus

Background: Mediastinal lymphoma occurs at a high incidence in cats positive for feline leukemia virus (FeLV). It is a malignant lymphocytic neoplasm that may trigger clinical signs such as dyspnea, apathy, regurgitation, and weight loss. The objective of this work is to report a case of mediastinal lymphoma associated with FeLV in a cat, and describe the clinical, pathological, diagnostic, and therapeutic aspects that can help the diagnosis and treatment of this disease. Case: A 3-year-old male neutered cat weighing 4.6 kg, positive for FeLV, and with a history of dyspnea and hyporexia was referred to a private veterinary clinic in the city of Caxias do Sul, RS, Brazil. The only alteration found at the clinical examination was a muffled sound during lung auscultation. Radiographs of the thorax revealed the presence of pleural effusion; after drainage of the fluid, a mass located in the mediastinal area became radiographically observable. An analysis of the effusion fluid showed high cellularity characterized by a markedly pleomorphic population of individual round cells consistent with lymphocytes. Small lymphocytes with a high nucleus:cytoplasm ratio, round nucleus, condensed chromatin, and inconspicuous nucleoli were observed, along with medium and large lymphocytes. The medium and large lymphocytes were characterized by a variably increased nucleus:cytoplasm ratio and a scant to moderate cytoplasm exhibiting moderate to intense basophilia and, occasionally, vacuoles. The nuclei were round, idented, or irregular; most of them were located eccentrically and contained coarse to finely granular chromatin. Nucleoli varied from single to multiple, round to angular, and central to peripheral and prominent. Macronucleoli and marked anisonucleosis were also observed, as well as binucleated cells and rare multinucleated cells. The conclusion was that it was a case of neoplastic effusion caused by a lymphoma. After an appointment with an oncologist, a chemotherapy protocol was established. The treatment of choice was CHOP, a combination of cyclophosphamide (20 mg/kg orally), doxorubicin (1 mg/kg intravenously), vincristine (0.5 mg/m2 intravenously), and prednisolone with a regressive dose starting at 2 mg/kg. The patient underwent 4 rounds of chemotherapy, and received a maintenance treatment thereafter. The patient's condition remained stable for 390 days without relevant clinical or hematological alterations. Discussion: The diagnosis of mediastinal lymphoma was established by associating clinical finings, laboratory exams, and radiographic findings. Exams of utmost importance to reach this diagnosis were the thoracic radiography, which revealed the presence of a mass in the thorax, and the cytopathological analysis of the effusion fluid, as round cell neoplasms are easily dissociated. Young cats are the group most affected by FeLV, and mediastinal lymphoma is considered the most prevalent type of lymphoma in this species. The most common clinical sign is dyspnea; however, other signs such as apathy, weight loss, regurgitation (due to pressure on the esophagus), and Horner's syndrome (owing to pressure on the thoracic sympathetic innervation) may also occur. This disease is treated with chemotherapy, with CHOP frequently used as the chemotherapeutic protocol. The good therapeutic response for a longer time than the average estimated by studies on the prognostic of this disease indicates that a correct diagnosis along with an assertive approach and the cooperation of the tutor are essential in cases of mediastinal lymphoma.

Fibrous osteodystrophy due to secondary renal hyperparathyroidism in a senile dog / Osteodistrofia fibrosa decorrente de hiperparatireodismo secundário renal em cão senil

Renal hyperparathyroidism stands out among the complications of kidney disease in dogs due to phosphorus retention with a predisposition to hypocalcemia, parathyroid hormone stimulation with mobilization of calcium from the bones, characterizing fibrous osteodystrophy, unusual in the elderly. The objective was to report it in 12-year-old Labrador with polyuria, polydipsia, and emesis for five months due to maxillary and mandibular volume increase, followed by loosely fixed teeth, and facial deformity. Blood tests showed anemia, thrombocytosis, azotemia, hypoalbuminemia and hyperphosphatemia and urinalysis showed low density, glycosuria, proteinuria, and moderate caudate and transitional epithelial cells. Oral x-rays showed loss of dental bone support and decreased bone radiopacity. Chest radiographs showed decreased density in the ribs and costochondral junction; on the other hand, organs of the cardiorespiratory system showed no changes. The electrocardiogram and echocardiogram did not show impairment. Abdominal ultrasound revealed kidneys with asymmetry, increased echogenicity of the cortical and poorly preserved cortico-medullary definition. Oral histopathology showed intense fibroplasia associated with bone reabsorption. Support therapy was instituted, but the patient died ten days after consultation. Thus, although uncommon in the elderly, fibrous osteodystrophy should be investigated in dogs with advanced-stage chronic kidney disease and, even with conservative therapies, the prognosis is unfavorable.

O hiperparatireoidismo renal destaca-se entre as complicações da doença renal em cães, pela retenção de fósforo com predisposição à hipocalcemia, estimulação de paratormônio com mobilização do cálcio dos ossos, caracterizando a osteodistrofia fibrosa, incomum em idosos. O objetivo foi relatá-la em Labrador de 12 anos com poliúria, polidipsia e vômitos há cinco meses, além de aumento de volume maxilar e mandibular seguido de dentes frouxamente fixados e deformidade facial. Os exames sanguíneos denotaram anemia, trombocitose, azotemia, hipoalbuminemia, hiperfosfatemia, urinálise, baixa densidade, glicosúria, proteinúria e moderadas células caudadas e epiteliais de transição. Pelos raios X orais, houve perda da sustentação óssea dentária e diminuição da radiopacidade óssea. As radiografias de tórax demonstraram diminuição da densidade óssea na região dos arcos costais e junção costocondral; em contrapartida, órgãos do sistema cardiorrespiratório se mostraram sem alterações aparentes. O eletrocardiograma e o ecocardiograma não incidiram comprometimento. O ultrassom abdominal revelou rins com assimetria, aumento da ecogenicidade cortical e definição corticomedular pouco preservada, e a histopatologia oral apontou intensa fibroplasia associada à reabsorção óssea. Foi instituída terapia suporte, mas o paciente veio a óbito 10 dias após a consulta. Assim, mesmo que incomum em idosos, a osteodistrofia fibrosa deve ser investigada em cães com doença renal crônica em estágio avançado, mesmo com as terapias conservadoras, o prognóstico é desfavorável.

Linfoma renal primário em cão / Primary kidney lymphoma in a dog

Background: Lymphoma is a malignant lymphoid tumor originating in the lymph nodes or other solid organs and comprises90% of all hematopoietic tumors in dogs. However, primary kidney lymphoma is rare and is associated with nonspecificclinical signs. Tumor invasion in both kidneys can cause severe clinical signs due to renal failure, complicating the patient’streatment and prognosis. The aim of this case was to report the case of a dog affected by bilateral primary kidney lymphoma. In addition, to characterize the clinical and histopathological presentation due to the intense morphological changes.Case: A 5-year-old male Poodle dog was admitted showing apathy and emesis for 5 days. On physical examination, thedog showed 10% of dehydration, reddish oral mucous membranes, poor body condition (score 1/5), uremic breath, andpain in the kidney area. Complementary tests revealed severe low white blood cells count, high BUN levels, high levels ofpotassium, calcium, and phosphorus (serum biochemistry). Abdominal ultrasound showed bilateral kidney enlargement.Fine needle aspiration of the mass (guided by ultrasound) revealed round cell tumor. Radiographs showed no alterations.The dog died due to his poor condition and necropsy was performed. On post-mortem examination, the kidneys were bothenlarged, pale, and with an irregular subcapsular surface. The histopathological diagnostic was primary renal lymphoma.Immunohistochemical staining revealed that neoplastic cells were strongly positive for anti CD20 and PAX5, while negative for CD3, supporting the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma.Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical, complementary tests, fine needle aspiration, histopathological andimmunohistochemical findings. In dogs, primary kidney tumors are uncommon and usually malignant. The presence ofvomiting, uremic breath, dehydration, weight loss, and erosive and ulcerative lesions on the tongue (uremic glossitis)...

Linfoma renal primário em cão / Primary kidney lymphoma in a dog

Background: Lymphoma is a malignant lymphoid tumor originating in the lymph nodes or other solid organs and comprises90% of all hematopoietic tumors in dogs. However, primary kidney lymphoma is rare and is associated with nonspecificclinical signs. Tumor invasion in both kidneys can cause severe clinical signs due to renal failure, complicating the patientstreatment and prognosis. The aim of this case was to report the case of a dog affected by bilateral primary kidney lymphoma. In addition, to characterize the clinical and histopathological presentation due to the intense morphological changes.Case: A 5-year-old male Poodle dog was admitted showing apathy and emesis for 5 days. On physical examination, thedog showed 10% of dehydration, reddish oral mucous membranes, poor body condition (score 1/5), uremic breath, andpain in the kidney area. Complementary tests revealed severe low white blood cells count, high BUN levels, high levels ofpotassium, calcium, and phosphorus (serum biochemistry). Abdominal ultrasound showed bilateral kidney enlargement.Fine needle aspiration of the mass (guided by ultrasound) revealed round cell tumor. Radiographs showed no alterations.The dog died due to his poor condition and necropsy was performed. On post-mortem examination, the kidneys were bothenlarged, pale, and with an irregular subcapsular surface. The histopathological diagnostic was primary renal lymphoma.Immunohistochemical staining revealed that neoplastic cells were strongly positive for anti CD20 and PAX5, while negative for CD3, supporting the diagnosis of B-cell lymphoma.Discussion: The diagnosis was based on clinical, complementary tests, fine needle aspiration, histopathological andimmunohistochemical findings. In dogs, primary kidney tumors are uncommon and usually malignant. The presence ofvomiting, uremic breath, dehydration, weight loss, and erosive and ulcerative lesions on the tongue (uremic glossitis)...(AU)

Locking compression plate fixation of critical-sized bone defects in sheep. Development of a model for veterinary bone tissue engineering

ABSTRACT Purpose To develop a segmental tibial bone defect model for tissue engineering studies in veterinary orthopedics using single locking compression plate (LCP) fixation and cast immobilization. Methods A 3-cm bone defect was created in the right tibia of 18 adult Suffolk sheep. A 10-hole, 4.5-mm LCP was applied to the dorsomedial aspect of the bone. Four locking screws were inserted into the proximal and three into the distal bone fragment. Operated limbs were immobilized with casts. Animals were submitted to stall rest, but were allowed to bear weight on the operated limb. During the recovery period, animals were checked daily for physiological parameters, behavior and lameness. Follow-up radiographs were taken monthly. Results Surgical procedures and postoperative recovery were uneventful. Animals adapted quickly to casts and were able to bear weight on the operated limb with no signs of discomfort or distress. No clinical or radiographic complications were detected over a 90-day follow-up period. Conclusions Surgical creation of tibial segmental bone defects followed by fixation with single LCP and cast immobilization was deemed a feasible and appropriate model for veterinary orthopedic research in tissue engineering.

Evaluation of hip joint laxity in crab-eating foxes (Cerdocyon thous)

ABSTRACT: Like canids, crab-eating foxes may probably be predisposed to similar orthopedic diseases of domestic dogs, such as hip dysplasia. However, for the adequate hip dysplasia diagnosis in wild animals, the normality characteristics of each species must be determined. This study aimed to estimate radiographic and computed tomographic (CT) values of hip joint laxity in healthy crab-eating foxes. Fifteen intact crab-eating foxes, eight males and seven females, ages 1 to 5 and mean body mass of 6.66kg were used. Norberg angle (NA) was calculated from ventrodorsal hip-extended radiographs. To calculate the dorsolateral subluxation (DLS) score, the center distance (CD) index, the lateral center edge angle (LCEA), and the dorsal acetabular rim angle (DARA), measurements obtained from transverse CT images were used. No statistically significant differences were observed between the right and left sides in the radiographic and tomographic parameters. The mean NA was 107.57°. The mean DLS score, the CD index, the LCEA, and the DARA were 60.79%, 0.16, 98.25° and 13.47°, respectively. The data obtained are helpful in characterizing mean values of the hip joint in healthy crab-eating foxes, and can contribute to the knowledge of the species.

RESUMO: Como canídeos, os cachorros-do-mato podem estar predispostos a doenças ortopédicas semelhantes aquelas de cães domésticos, tais como a displasia coxofemoral. No entanto, para o diagnóstico adequado da displasia coxofemoral em animais selvagens, os padrões de normalidade de cada espécie precisam ser determinados. Sendo assim, o presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar os valores radiográficos e tomográficos (TC) da lassitude da articulação coxofemoral em cachorros-do-mato hígidos. Foram utilizados quinze cachorros-do-mato não castrados, oito machos e sete fêmeas, com idades entre 1 e 5 anos e massa corporal média de 6,66kg. O ângulo de Norberg (NA) foi calculado a partir de radiografias na projeção ventrodorsal com os membros estendidos. Para calcular o escore de subluxação dorsolateral (DLS), o índice de distância central (CD), o ângulo da margem central lateral (LCEA) e o ângulo da borda dorsal acetabular (DARA), foram utilizadas as mensurações obtidas a partir de imagens transversais da TC. Não foram observadas diferenças estatísticas entre os lados direito e esquerdo nos parâmetros radiográficos e tomográficos. A média do NA foi de 107,57°. As médias do escore do DLS, do índice de CD, e dos ângulos LCEA e DARA foram, respectivamente, 60,79%, 0,16, 98,25° e 13,47°. Os dados obtidos são úteis para a caracterização dos valores médios referentes à articulação coxofemoral de cachorros-do-mato e podem contribuir para o conhecimento da espécie.