Check-All-That-Apply method for sensory characterization of pork from immunocastrated male pigs fed different oil sources

In the last decade, other quality attributes have emerged as the main aspects that impact pork consumers acceptance, such as environmentally friendly production, nutritional value, and animal welfare. This study applies a Check-All-That-Apply (CATA) questionnaire for sensory characterization of loins from genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs fed diets containing either a standard commercial diet with 1.5 % soybean oil (control) or 3 % oil from either soybean oil (SO), canola oil (CO), or fish oil (FO) during the growing-finishing phases. Twenty CATA attributes for loin samples were generated. We interviewed 101 consumers to select all the CATA terms that they considered suitable to characterize sensory attributes of longissimus lumborum muscle samples of pigs from each dietary treatment. The CATA results indicated differences among pork loin samples depending on the source and inclusion level of dietary oil. Loins from pigs fed 3 % SO were characterized by a higher frequency of the "juicy texture" attribute (p < 0.05) and a lower frequency of the "dry texture" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. Moreover, loins from pigs fed 3 % SO had a lower citation frequency of the "tasteless" attribute (p < 0.05) compared to loins from 3 % FO-fed pigs. The attributes "cooked pork meat-like taste", "juicy texture", "tender texture", and "brightness" were placed close to the overall liking. "Tender texture", "juicy texture", "pork meat-like" (odor and taste), and "cooked pork meat-like taste" attributes were considered drivers of liking. Feeding genetically lean immunocastrated male pigs with diets containing 3 % SO may be advisable from a pork sensory quality perspective.

Características físico-químicas e sensoriais do queijo prato com embalagem inteligente / Physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of "prato"cheese with intelligent packaging

O objetivo da pesquisa foi comparar as características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijos tipo prato, produzidos no Laboratório de Produtos de Origem Animal do Instituto Federal Goiano ­ Campus Rio Verde com o queijo prato industrial e avaliar a aceitabilidade de embalagens inteligentes preparadas com soro de leite e antocianina da casca de jabuticaba. Os queijos prato industriais foram adquiridos no mercado local. Foram realizadas análises de teor de água, extrato seco, cinza, pH, acidez, proteína, lipídios, gordura extrato seco, cor (L*, a*, b*, Chroma e Hue), textura, perfil do consumidor e intenção de compra. Os queijos tipo prato produzidos no laboratório apresentaram maior teor de umidade e pH em comparação com os queijos industriais; no entanto, na análise de cor por colorimetria, não houve diferença entre os parâmetros analisados. Nas análises de cinzas, proteína, lipídios e acidez, os queijos industriais apresentaram maiores valores em relação aos análogos produzidos no laboratório, enquanto maiores teores de gordura extrato seco foram determinados nos queijos análogos quando comparados aos queijos industriais. Por fim, a análise de textura demonstrou que os queijos industriais são mais firmes que seus análogos.

This research aimed to compare the physico-chemical and sensory characteristics of cheeses type 'prato' produced in the Laboratory of Products of Animal Origin of the Goiano Federal Institute ­ Green River Campus with 'Prato' industrial cheese and evaluate the acceptability of intelligent packings prepared with whey and anthocyanin from jabuticaba peel. Industrial 'prato' cheeses were acquired from the local market. Analyses of water content, dry extract, ash, pH, acidity, protein, lipids, dry extract fat, color (L*, a*, b*, Chroma and Hue), texture, consumer profile, and purchase intention. Cheeses type 'prato' produced in the laboratory presented higher in moisture levels and pH compared to industrial cheeses; however, in the color analysis by colorimetry there was no difference between the analyzed parameters. For analyses of ash, protein, lipids, and acidity, the industrial cheeses showed higher values in relation to the analogs produced in the laboratory, while higher contents of dry extract fat were determined in the analog cheeses when compared to the industrial cheeses. Finally, the texture analysis demonstrated that the industrial cheeses are firmer than their analogs.

Insect meal in poultry feed: a potential protein source

The present study aims to conduct a review on the potential use of insect meal as an alternative protein source in poultry feed, particularly to serve the rearing of free-range chickens. Insects are already part of the diet of birds in their natural habitat, and the availability of low-cost alternative foods with low environmental impact is essential for the development of the activity. The review comprehended studies that used meals consisting of silkworm (Bombyx mori) chrysalis, earthworm (Eisenia foetida), housefly (Musca domestica), black soldier fly (Hermetia illucens) and mealworm beetle (Tenebrio molitor) to replace plant-based protein sources. In general, insect meals have a high content of crude protein and ether extract, as well as an essential amino acid profile suitable for poultry feeding. The addition of insect meal in poultry feed normally shows good results as to growth performance and egg production, without causing a negative effect on carcass characteristics, meat sensory quality and egg quality, presenting itself as an alternative protein source with good prospects for replacing plant-based sources in poultry feed.(AU)

Ultra-refined yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) as a potential naturally colored food ingredient

Ultra-refined yerba mate (URYM), with a final particle size of 5 to 12 microns, is an innovation in the market that aims to diversify and increase the consumption of yerba mate ( Ilex paraguariensis St. Hil) through its practicality and versatility of preparation. The present work seeks to evaluate the potential for applying naturally colored URYM in food products. The nature of this study was exploratory, adopting a chemical approach (analysis of the antioxidant potential); physical approach (color stability) and sensory perception. URYM is a suitable naturally colored food ingredient with natural antioxidant appeal. Methanolic extraction of URYM (MEUR) was more efficient in scavenging DPPH radicals compared with aqueous extract of URYM (AEUR) (959.5 vs . 638.1 µmol Trolox g-1). No differences were found between AEUR and MEUR for total phenolic content in mg GAE g-1 (266.4 and 339.0, respectively) and scavenging of ABTS radicals in µmol Trolox g-1 (1008.9 and 1053.8, respectively). Water was able to extract phenolic compounds with antioxidant activity. Ice cream, juice, cake, and cookies emerged as the food products in which consumers used URYM in their homemade foods. With good color stability (no difference between L*, a* and b* parameters during the six-day) and good acceptance, cake with URYM added has a profile described as tasty, sweet, soft, and mate flavor. The results also demonstrated consumer interest in food products and ingredients with a healthy appeal.(AU)

Male Layer-Type Chickens - an Alternative Source for High Quality Poultry Meat: a Review on the Carcass Composition, Sensory Characteristics and Nutritional Profile

Male layer-type chickens are usually killed immediately after hatching. Despite the ethical debates and the sharp criticism against this practice, it is still widely applied. One of the possible alternatives for the culling of layer cockerels might be their use for meat production. Except for a small market niche, meat from male layer-type chickens is not currently popular among wider circles of consumers. However, although rather scarce, research on this type of bird shows that in comparison to fast or slow growing broilers, dual purpose, or indigenous breeds, the meat of male layers does not show any disadvantages in regards to sensory characteristics, chemical composition, and fatty acid profile, with its overall acceptability rating equally or even higher.(AU)

Preparation of tambacu protein concentrates using different methodologies / Elaboração de concentrados proteicos de tambacu a partir de diferentes metodologias

The aim of this study was to develop methodologies to obtain fish protein concentrates from tambacu filleting residues, characterize their physical-chemical composition and evaluate their sensory profile. Concentrates were prepared by one of three methodologies: cooking of the raw material and subsequent drying (FPC1); cooking, drying, lipid removal with ethanol at 70 °C and final drying (FPC2); and three washing steps of the raw material with ethanol at 70 °C and drying (FPC3). FPC2 had a lower final yield (15.5%) and chroma a* (1.77) and chroma b* values (14.12) but higher moisture (5.22%) and protein content (80.39%) and luminosity (74.97), in addition to having the weakest fish taste compared to FPC1 and FPC3. FPC1 had the strongest odour, darkest colour, and strongest fish taste compared to FPC2 and FPC3. Ash, pH values, and water activity were not different between the concentrates. It is concluded that the methodology where lipid removal steps are carried out after cooking and drying (FPC2) is more effective for the removal of lipids and deodorization of tambacu protein concentrate.(AU)

Este trabalho teve por objetivo desenvolver metodologias para a obtenção de concentrados proteicos de pescado a partir de aparas da filetagem de tambacu, caracterizando sua composição físico-química e perfil sensorial. Foram utilizadas três metodologias: cozimento da matéria-prima e posterior secagem (CP1), cozimento, secagem, deslipidificação com etanol a 70°C e secagem final (CP2) e três lavagens da matéria-prima com etanol a 70°C e secagem (CP3). O CP2 apresentou o menor rendimento final (15,5%), porém maior teor de umidade (5,22%), proteína (80,39%) e luminosidade (74,97), além de menores médias para croma a* (1,77), croma b * (14,12), além de sabor de peixe mais fraco comparado aos CP1 e CP3. O CP1 apresentou odor mais forte, cor mais escura e o sabor de peixe mais forte em relação ao CP2 e CP3. Os valores de pH e atividade de água não foram diferentes entre os concentrados. Conclui-se que a metodologia de deslipidificação após o cozimento e secagem (CP2) é mais eficaz para a remoção dos lipídeos e desodorização do concentrado proteico de tambacu.(AU)

Animal abuse and interpersonal violence from the perspective of veterinarians from Paraíba State, Brazil / Maus-tratos aos animais e violência interpessoal sobre a perspectiva dos Médicos Veterinários do Estado da Paraíba, Brasil

This study aimed to obtain information about the knowledge and attitudes of veterinarians in the state of Paraíba, Brazil, regarding the care of abused animals, the profile of possible aggressors, and their perceptions of the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. For this purpose, an online survey containing 21 questions was made available to veterinarians registered in the Regional Veterinary Medicine Council of Paraíba (CRMV - PB). The chi-square test with a 5% significance level (p < 0.05) was used for statistical analysis. According to the interviewees, 70.7% (53/75) of the abuse victims were small animals. Negligence (68% [51/75]) and the absence of medical care (68% [51/75]) were the most evident forms of abuse. Furthermore, 82.7% (62/75) of them believed in the relationship between animal maltreatment and interpersonal violence. In addition, 90.7% (68/75) of the interviewees responded that they have not experienced technical difficulty in identifying maltreatment. However, 48% (36/75) stated to not know the animal abuse law, 90.7% (68/75) did not report the aggressors, and 81.3% (61/75) stated that the absence of measures by the competent public bodies makes it harder to report the abuse. This study concluded that these professionals will, at some point in their clinical routine, encounter situations of animal maltreatment and human violence, as they are in a privileged position to identify such acts. However, they need more normative knowledge about animal abuse crimes.(AU)

Objetivou-se com esse estudo a obtenção de informações a respeito do conhecimento e atitudes dos Médicos Veterinários do estado da Paraíba, Brasil, acerca dos atendimentos de animais vítimas de maustratos, o perfil dos possíveis agressores e de suas percepções a respeito da conexão entre maus-tratos animais e violência interpessoal. Para tanto foi disponibilizada pesquisa online contendo 21 questões a todos Médicos Veterinários inscritos no Conselho Regional de Medicina Veterinária da Paraíba (CRMV-PB). Para análise estatística foi utilizado o teste de Qui-quadrado com nível de significância de 5% (p<0.05). Segundo os Médicos Veterinários entrevistados, 70,7% (53/75) das vítimas de maus-tratos eram pequenos animais, sendo a negligência [68% (51/75)] e a ausência de atendimento médico [68% (51/75)] os maustratos mais evidenciados. Adicionalmente, 82,7% (62/75) deles acreditavam na conexão entre maustratos animais e violência interpessoal e 90,7% (68/75) responderam não sentir dificuldade técnica em identificar maus-tratos, porém, 48% (36/75) não conheciam a lei que trata sobre os maus-tratos animais, 90,7% (68/75) não realizaram denúncia contra os agressores, e 81,3% (61/75) afirmaram que a ausência de providências por parte dos órgãos públicos competentes dificulta a denúncia. Conclui-se que esses profissionais irão em algum momento de sua rotina clínica se deparar com situações de maus-tratos a animais e violência humana, pois estão em posição privilegiada para identificar tais atos, entretanto, precisam de mais conhecimento normativo sobre os crimes de maus-tratos aos animais.(AU)

Effect of dietary addition of phenolic compounds from propolis on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid profile of feedlot beef cattle / Efeito da adição de compostos fenólicos da própolis na ração sobre o desempenho produtivo, características de carcaça e perfil de ácidos graxos da carne de bovinos confinados

Twenty-four male Nellore steers (445 ± 31 kg initial body weight) were used to evaluate the effects of different doses of phenolic compounds from a propolis-based product (PBP) on growth performance, carcass traits, and meat fatty acid (FA) profile. The total mixed ration consisted of 470 g kg-1 corn silage and 530 g kg-1 concentrate (dry matter [DM] basis), which were randomly assigned to one of three treatments: control (CON, without phenolic compounds from the propolis extract), PBP1 (225 mg of phenolic compounds g-1 of propolis dry extract), and PBP2 (300 mg of phenolic compounds g-1 of propolis dry extract). The animals were fed in a feedlot for 84 days and presented an average final body weight (FBW) of 542 kg. Dietary addition of phenolic compounds had no overall effect on growth performance. Mean values for dry matter intake, average daily gain and feed conversion ratio were 9.99 kg d-1, 1.14 kg d-1 and 8.82 kg DM kg gain-1, respectively. Hot carcass weight and hot carcass yield had average values of 308 kg and 56.8%, respectively. In addition, carcass traits did not change after PBPs were added to the diet, except for the ribeye area, which was higher for PBP2 (21.5 cm2 100 kg-1) than for PBP1 (18.6 cm2 100 kg-1). Dietary addition of PBPs maintained redness better than the controls after 9 days in the refrigerator; no major changes were observed in the meat FA profile after the addition of PBPs to the diet. These results suggest that phenolic compounds present in propolis (300 mg g-1) have positive effects on meat color and improve the sensory quality of meat.(AU)

Foram utilizados vinte e quatro novilhos da raça Nelore (445 ± 31 kg de peso corporal inicial) para avaliar o efeito de diferentes doses de compostos fenólicos obtidos a partir de produto a base de própolis (PBP) sobre o desempenho produtivo, características de carcaça e perfil de ácidos graxos (AG). A ração total foi constituída em 470 g kg-1 de silagem de milho e 530 g kg-1 de concentrado (com base na matéria seca) e os animais foram distribuídos nos seguintes tratamentos: controle (CON, sem compostos fenólicos do extrato seco de própolis), PBP1 (225 de compostos fenólicos g-1 de extrato seco de própolis) e PBP2 (300 mg de compostos fenólicos g-1 de extrato seco de própolis). Os animais foram alimentados em confinamento por 84 dias e apresentaram peso corporal final médio de 542 kg. A adição dos compostos fenólicos da própolis na ração não influenciou o desempenho produtivo. Os valores médios para consumo de matéria seca, ganho médio diário e conversão alimentar foram 9,99 kg d-1, 1,14 kg d-1 e 8,82 kg MS kg ganho-1, respectivamente. O peso de carcaça quente e o rendimento de carcaça quente apresentaram valores médios de 308 kg e 56,8%; respectivamente. Além disso, as características da carcaça não foram alteradas após a adição dos PBPs à dieta, exceto para a área de olho de lombo, que foi maior para o tratamento PBP2 (21,5 cm2 100 kg-1) quando comparada ao PBP1 (18,6 cm2 100 kg-1). A adição dos PBPs manteve a carne mais vermelha do que o CON após 9 dias na geladeira; não foram observadas grandes alterações no perfil de AG da carne após a adição dos PBPs à dieta. Os resultados sugerem que os compostos fenólicos presentes na própolis (300 mg g-1) têm efeitos positivos na coloração da carne, melhorando sua qualidade sensorial.(AU)

Physicochemical and sensorial characterization of yacon mixed juice with bioactive properties / Caracterização físico-química e sensorial de suco misto de yacon com propriedades bioativas

This study developed a palatable, acceptable, and functional mixed juice of pineapple (Ananas comosus var. Comosus), passion fruit (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa degener), and yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), with enhanced bioactive and prebiotic compounds. The ideal proportion of fruit and yacon was derived after planning a mixture with six formulations and by evaluating their bioactive compounds and organic acid profile. The best formulation sensory evaluation was performed by the Just-About-Right test (JAR) and global acceptance. The chosen mixed juice (M6 - 30% pineapple, 45% passion fruit, and 30% yacon) presented results that showed elevated levels of antioxidant activity (82.5% DPPH* inhibition), carotenoids (0.97 mg.100g-¹), and total polyphenols (70.28 mg.100g-¹). Total flavonols (23.95 mg.100g-¹), total anthocyanins (1.37 mg.100g-¹), gallic acid (3.13 µg.mL-¹), quercetin (2.25 µg.mL-¹), syringic acid (1.01 µg.mL-¹), citric acid (949.30 mg.100g-¹), malic acid (140.35 mg.100g-¹), and 0.58% of dietary fiber were also reported. Sensorially, consumers perceived high acidity, strong flavor, and a fibrous texture, which might have affected the global acceptance of the juice (6.0). Results indicated the feasibility of obtaining a functional and palatable mixed juice using yacon.

Este estudo objetivou desenvolver suco misto funcional, palatável e aceitável de abacaxi (Ananas comosus var. Comosus), maracujá (Passiflora edulis flavicarpa degenerer) e yacon (Smallanthus sonchifolius), enriquecido com compostos bioativos e prebióticos. A proporção ideal entre as frutas e o yacon foi resultado de planejamento de mistura com seis formulações e avaliação de perfil de compostos bioativos e ácidos orgânicos. A melhor formulação foi avaliada sensorialmente pelo teste Just About Right (JAR) e por aceitação global. O suco misto escolhido (M6 - 30% de abacaxi, 45% de maracujá e 30% de yacon) apresentou altos valores para atividade antioxidante (82,5% de inibição de DPPH *), carotenoides (0,97 mg/100g) polifenóis totais (70,28 mg/100g). Também foram detectados flavonóis totais (23,95 mg/100g), antocianinas totais (1,37 mg/100g), ácido gálico (3,13 µg/mL), quercetina (2,25 µg/mL), ácido siríngico (1,01 µg/mL), ácido cítrico (949,30 mg/100g), ácido málico (140,35 mg/100g) e 0,58% de fibra alimentar. Sensorialmente, os consumidores perceberam alta acidez, sabor forte e textura fibrosa, o que pode ter afetado a aceitação global (6,0). Os resultados indicam a possibilidade de obtenção de um suco misto funcional e palatável com yacon.

Impact of frozen temperature and thawing methods on the Brazilian sensory profile of Nellore beef

We evaluated the effect of frozen storage temperature and thawing methods on acceptance and sensory profile of steaks of Nellore beef strip loin under 30 days of frozen storage. Fresh strip loin (n = 13), collected two days after slaughter, were aged (2 °C) for 14 days and cut into seven steaks subjected to one of the treatments: control (unfrozen), combination of two freezing temperatures (-10 and -20 °C), and three thawing methods (microwave, ambient temperature, and refrigeration thawing). Steaks in the frozen/thawing treatment were frozen using an ultra-fast freezer until the desirable temperature was reached and were stored for 30 days. After cooking, steaks were analyzed by 11 panelists for the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) and by 120 beef consumers for acceptance. Storage temperature and thawing methods showed little or no changes in the sensory quality of strip loin steaks, detected by either panelists or consumers. In the QDA®, apparent juiciness was lower in samples thawed in microwave, while the rancid flavor was lower for samples frozen at -20 °C and thawed in refrigeration ( p < 0.05). The consumer test showed that samples stored at -10 °C and microwave thawing was most accepted in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and overall impression. Fresh steaks (unfrozen) had low acceptance for overall impression in relation to frozen meat. This indicates that consumers could use a household freezer (-10 °C) and quicker thawing methods (microwave or room temperature) without compromising the sensory perception of steaks frozen up to one month.(AU)

Impact of frozen temperature and thawing methods on the Brazilian sensory profile of Nellore beef

We evaluated the effect of frozen storage temperature and thawing methods on acceptance and sensory profile of steaks of Nellore beef strip loin under 30 days of frozen storage. Fresh strip loin (n = 13), collected two days after slaughter, were aged (2 °C) for 14 days and cut into seven steaks subjected to one of the treatments: control (unfrozen), combination of two freezing temperatures (-10 and -20 °C), and three thawing methods (microwave, ambient temperature, and refrigeration thawing). Steaks in the frozen/thawing treatment were frozen using an ultra-fast freezer until the desirable temperature was reached and were stored for 30 days. After cooking, steaks were analyzed by 11 panelists for the Quantitative Descriptive Analysis (QDA®) and by 120 beef consumers for acceptance. Storage temperature and thawing methods showed little or no changes in the sensory quality of strip loin steaks, detected by either panelists or consumers. In the QDA®, apparent juiciness was lower in samples thawed in microwave, while the rancid flavor was lower for samples frozen at -20 °C and thawed in refrigeration ( p < 0.05). The consumer test showed that samples stored at -10 °C and microwave thawing was most accepted in terms of tenderness, juiciness, and overall impression. Fresh steaks (unfrozen) had low acceptance for overall impression in relation to frozen meat. This indicates that consumers could use a household freezer (-10 °C) and quicker thawing methods (microwave or room temperature) without compromising the sensory perception of steaks frozen up to one month.

Reduction of sodium content in pork coppa: physicochemical, microbiological and sensory evaluation

Sodium reduction and the substitution of sodium chloride by other salts have been extensively studied in order to produce healthier foods. Coppa is a pork cured product that receives high levels of sodium through the salting process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of reductions in Sodium Chloride (NaCl), substitution by Potassium Chloride (KCl) and reductions in the re-salting time on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics in pork coppa. Four treatments were applied: T1 with 2 days of salting, 2 days of re-salting and 35 % reduction of NaCl; T2 with 2 days of salting and 3 days of re-salting and 35 % reduction of NaCl; T3 with 2 days of salting and 2 days of re-salting and replacing 35 % of NaCl by KCl; T4 with 2 days of salting and 3 days of re-salting and 35 % replacing NaCl by KCl. Control: standard treatment was applied with 100 % of NaCL and salting time was 2 days and then 5 days to re-salting. The reduction in sodium content in processed pork Coppa produced no microbiological nor physicochemical changes. The reduction in salting together with salting and re-salting time and the partial replacement of NaCl by KCl resulted in reductions from 2,000 mg to 1,600 mg of sodium. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that the reduction in re-salting time was efficient using the ideal profile method which showed that treatments T1 and T2 were efficient in creating a product that meets consumer expectations.(AU)

Reduction of sodium content in pork coppa: physicochemical, microbiological and sensory evaluation

Sodium reduction and the substitution of sodium chloride by other salts have been extensively studied in order to produce healthier foods. Coppa is a pork cured product that receives high levels of sodium through the salting process. The objective of this work was to evaluate the impact of reductions in Sodium Chloride (NaCl), substitution by Potassium Chloride (KCl) and reductions in the re-salting time on the physicochemical, microbiological and sensorial characteristics in pork coppa. Four treatments were applied: T1 with 2 days of salting, 2 days of re-salting and 35 % reduction of NaCl; T2 with 2 days of salting and 3 days of re-salting and 35 % reduction of NaCl; T3 with 2 days of salting and 2 days of re-salting and replacing 35 % of NaCl by KCl; T4 with 2 days of salting and 3 days of re-salting and 35 % replacing NaCl by KCl. Control: standard treatment was applied with 100 % of NaCL and salting time was 2 days and then 5 days to re-salting. The reduction in sodium content in processed pork Coppa produced no microbiological nor physicochemical changes. The reduction in salting together with salting and re-salting time and the partial replacement of NaCl by KCl resulted in reductions from 2,000 mg to 1,600 mg of sodium. Sensory evaluation demonstrated that the reduction in re-salting time was efficient using the ideal profile method which showed that treatments T1 and T2 were efficient in creating a product that meets consumer expectations.

Meat quality of lambs fed phytogenic additives / Qualidade da carne de cordeiros alimentados com aditivos fitogênicos

The study was developed in the Sheep Production Laboratory of the Department of Animal Science, College of Agricultural and Veterinary Sciences, São Paulo State University, Jaboticabal, SP, Brazil. Thirtytwo non-castrated Ile de France lambs weighing 20.0 ± 0.2 kg received 4 diets with a roughage: concentrate ratio of 40: 60. The experimental treatments consisted of D1: corn silage + concentrate; D2: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg rosemary extract kg body weight1; D3: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg green tea extract kg body weight-1; and D4: corn silage + concentrate + 30 mg oregano extract kg body weight-1, up to 35.0 ± 0.2 kg body weight. The objectives were to evaluate rib eye area, cholesterol content, lipid oxidation, qualitative parameters, as well as perform sensory analysis, centesimal composition, and fatty acid profile of the meat. The experimental design was completely randomized with four treatments and eight replicates. The treatments were compared by Tukey's test through the SAS software (Statistical Analysis System Institute [SAS], 2003). Inclusion of phytogenic additives into the diets did not affect the qualitative parameters cholesterol content, lipid oxidation, and centesimal composition (except for protein content, which was lower in D2, 22.57%, compared to D1, 25.62%), as well as meat fatty acid profile (except for C18: 1n7 cis-vaccenic). The use of phytogenic additives provided suitable qualitative parameters. Moreover, despite the well-known positive effect of antioxidants in the diet, phytogenic additive inclusion was ineffective in reducing lipid oxidation in lamb meat. However, further studies with different inclusion percentages should be carried out to find out how to increase shelf life without harming lamb qualitative parameters, especially regarding the sensory analysis.(AU)

O trabalho foi realizado no Laboratório de Produção Ovina, pertencente ao Departamento de Zootecnia da FCAV, Unesp, Câmpus de Jaboticabal, SP. Trinta e dois cordeiros Ile de France, machos não castrados, com 20,0 ± 0,2 kg receberam 4 dietas, com relação volumoso:concentrado 40:60, sendo os tratamentos constituídos por D1: silagem de milho + concentrado, D2: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de alecrim kg peso corporal-1, D3: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de chá verde kg de peso corporal-1 e D4: silagem de milho + concentrado + 30 mg de extrato de orégano kg de peso corporal-1, até atingirem 35,0 ± 0,2 kg de peso corporal. Os objetivos foram avaliar a área de olho de lombo, o teor de colesterol, a oxidação lipídica, os parâmetros qualitativos, bem como a análise sensorial, a composição centesimal e o perfil de ácidos graxos da carne. O delineamento experimental foi o inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e oito repetições, sendo as comparações entre as médias dos tratamentos feitas pelo teste Tukey a 5 %, e as análises de variância conforme procedimentos do SAS Software (Statistical Analysis System Institute [SAS], 2003). A inclusão de aditivos fitogênicos na dieta de cordeiros não afetou os parâmetros qualitativos da carne, o teor de colesterol, a oxidação lipídica e a composição centesimal (com exceção do teor de proteína que foi menor na D2, 22,57%, em relação à D1, de 25,62%) e o perfil de ácidos graxos (com exceção do C18:1n7 cis-vacênico). O uso dos aditivos fitogênicos na dieta dos cordeiros propiciou adequadas características qualitativas da carne ovina, e apesar do conhecido efeito positivo do uso de antioxidantes na dieta de cordeiros, a inclusão dos aditivos fitogênicos não foi eficaz em reduzir a oxidação lipídica da carne, entretanto, novos estudos com diferentes porcentagens de inclusão devem ser conduzidos para averiguar como aumentar a vida de prateleira da carne sem prejudicar as características qualitativas da carne, principalmente em relação à análise sensorial.(AU)

Effect of the application of probiotic strains of Enterococcus faecium on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese / Efeito da aplicação de cepas probióticas de Enterococcus faecium nas características físicoquímicas e sensoriais de queijo coalho

Coalho cheese is a typical Northeastern Brazilian food whose production and consumption has expanded considerably to other regions of the country. Despite its cultural and socioeconomic relevance, coalho cheese still has a negative reputation due to problems in its physicochemical and microbiological quality standards, especially when it is produced artisanally. For this reason, many researchers have been looking for alternatives to improve the quality and the notoriety of this product, such as the application of probiotic strains to inhibit pathogens. However, in addition to the research related to the desired probiotic properties and the safety of strains for food application, it is important to know the possible changes in the food matrix caused by this intervention. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of probiotic strains of Enterococcus faecium on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese. The cheeses were made with pasteurized cow milk and probiotic strains of E. faecium were added during production. Cheeses were also made without adding the strains, and considered as control cheeses. The final products were evaluated for moisture, pH, titratable acidity, total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ash, color, organic acid profile, and sensory attributes.(AU)

O queijo coalho é um queijo típico do Nordeste do Brasil, cuja produção e consumo se expandiram consideravelmente para outras regiões do país. Apesar de sua relevância cultural e socioeconômica, o queijo coalho apresenta uma reputação negativa, devido a problemas em seus padrões de qualidade físicoquímicos e microbiológicos, principalmente quando é produzido artesanalmente. Por esse motivo, muitos pesquisadores têm buscado alternativas para melhoria da qualidade e notabilidade desse produto, como a aplicação de cepas probióticas que inibem patógenos. No entanto, além da investigação relacionada às propriedades probióticas desejadas e de segurança das cepas para aplicação em alimentos, é importante conhecer as possíveis alterações na matriz alimentícia em virtude dessa adição. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de cepas probióticas de Enterococcus faecium nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo coalho. Os queijos foram elaborados com leite de vaca pasteurizado e adicionados de cepas probióticas de E. faecium durante a produção. Também foram elaborados queijos sem adição das cepas, considerados queijos controle. Os produtos finais foram avaliados quanto a umidade, pH, acidez titulável, carboidratos totais, proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, cor, perfil de ácidos orgânicos e atributos sensoriais. Além disso, procedeu-se a contagem de bactérias ácido lácticas viáveis. Os queijos coalho adicionados de E. faecium apresentaram maior acidez titulável e menor pH. Além disso, houve uma redução no teor de carboidratos, atribuída à degradação da lactose. O. perfil de ácidos orgânicos também variou, destacando-se pelo aumento da concentração de ácido láctico em um fator de 3,5 e pela ausência de ácido cítrico, como possível resultado do metabolismo de E. faecium na produção de compostos aromáticos(AU)

Addition of microencapsulated soybean molasses to pasta formulations / Efeito da adição de microcápsulas do melaço de soja em massas alimentícias

This study investigated the production of pasta with the addition of microencapsulated soybean molasses and its effect on the physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics and shelf life of the product. Three formulations were prepared, as follows: F1, control pasta; F2, pasta made with free extract; and F3, pasta made with soybean molasses microparticles, which were characterized in terms of their pH, water activity, color measurements, sensory evaluation, microbiological characterization, and shelf life via determination of the phenolic compounds remaining during a 28 day storage. The cooked pasta containing the microparticles retained 25% of the original phenolics up to 14th day of storage, meanwhile, the raw pasta presented 15% of the original phenolics up to the 21st day of storage. Good sensory acceptability was observed for all pasta containing the microparticles, with no differences from the control pasta; however, pasta made with free extract was less accepted when compared to the other types. The addition of microparticles did not change the microbiological profile, pH, water activity, or color of the pasta.

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver massas alimentícias adicionadas de microcápsulas de melaço de soja e avaliar o efeito das microcápsulas sobre as características físico-químicas, sensoriais, microbiológicas e vida de prateleira. As formulações das massas foram, controle (F1), com extrato livre (F2) e com microcápsulas (F3), foram realizadas as análises de pH, atividade de água, cor, análise sensorial, microbiológica e vida de prateleira dos fenólicos por 28 dias. As massas cozidas contendo microcápsulas permaneceram com 25% de fenólicos até o 14º dia, e as massas cruas com 15% de fenólicos até o 21° dia de armazenamento. As massas com microcápsulas mostraram boa aceitabilidade não diferindo da massa controle, entretanto as massas com o extrato livre mostraram menor aceitação em relação às demais. A adição das microcápsulas não alterou a parte microbiológica, pH, atividade de água e cor das massas.

Effect of the application of probiotic strains of Enterococcus faecium on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese / Efeito da aplicação de cepas probióticas de Enterococcus faecium nas características físicoquímicas e sensoriais de queijo coalho

Coalho cheese is a typical Northeastern Brazilian food whose production and consumption has expanded considerably to other regions of the country. Despite its cultural and socioeconomic relevance, coalho cheese still has a negative reputation due to problems in its physicochemical and microbiological quality standards, especially when it is produced artisanally. For this reason, many researchers have been looking for alternatives to improve the quality and the notoriety of this product, such as the application of probiotic strains to inhibit pathogens. However, in addition to the research related to the desired probiotic properties and the safety of strains for food application, it is important to know the possible changes in the food matrix caused by this intervention. In this context, the aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of the incorporation of probiotic strains of Enterococcus faecium on the physicochemical and sensory characteristics of coalho cheese. The cheeses were made with pasteurized cow milk and probiotic strains of E. faecium were added during production. Cheeses were also made without adding the strains, and considered as control cheeses. The final products were evaluated for moisture, pH, titratable acidity, total carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, ash, color, organic acid profile, and sensory attributes.

O queijo coalho é um queijo típico do Nordeste do Brasil, cuja produção e consumo se expandiram consideravelmente para outras regiões do país. Apesar de sua relevância cultural e socioeconômica, o queijo coalho apresenta uma reputação negativa, devido a problemas em seus padrões de qualidade físicoquímicos e microbiológicos, principalmente quando é produzido artesanalmente. Por esse motivo, muitos pesquisadores têm buscado alternativas para melhoria da qualidade e notabilidade desse produto, como a aplicação de cepas probióticas que inibem patógenos. No entanto, além da investigação relacionada às propriedades probióticas desejadas e de segurança das cepas para aplicação em alimentos, é importante conhecer as possíveis alterações na matriz alimentícia em virtude dessa adição. Nesse contexto, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito da incorporação de cepas probióticas de Enterococcus faecium nas características físico-químicas e sensoriais de queijo coalho. Os queijos foram elaborados com leite de vaca pasteurizado e adicionados de cepas probióticas de E. faecium durante a produção. Também foram elaborados queijos sem adição das cepas, considerados queijos controle. Os produtos finais foram avaliados quanto a umidade, pH, acidez titulável, carboidratos totais, proteínas, lipídios, cinzas, cor, perfil de ácidos orgânicos e atributos sensoriais. Além disso, procedeu-se a contagem de bactérias ácido lácticas viáveis. Os queijos coalho adicionados de E. faecium apresentaram maior acidez titulável e menor pH. Além disso, houve uma redução no teor de carboidratos, atribuída à degradação da lactose. O. perfil de ácidos orgânicos também variou, destacando-se pelo aumento da concentração de ácido láctico em um fator de 3,5 e pela ausência de ácido cítrico, como possível resultado do metabolismo de E. faecium na produção de compostos aromáticos

Addition of microencapsulated soybean molasses to pasta formulations / Efeito da adição de microcápsulas do melaço de soja em massas alimentícias

This study investigated the production of pasta with the addition of microencapsulated soybean molasses and its effect on the physicochemical, sensory, and microbiological characteristics and shelf life of the product. Three formulations were prepared, as follows: F1, control pasta; F2, pasta made with free extract; and F3, pasta made with soybean molasses microparticles, which were characterized in terms of their pH, water activity, color measurements, sensory evaluation, microbiological characterization, and shelf life via determination of the phenolic compounds remaining during a 28 day storage. The cooked pasta containing the microparticles retained 25% of the original phenolics up to 14th day of storage, meanwhile, the raw pasta presented 15% of the original phenolics up to the 21st day of storage. Good sensory acceptability was observed for all pasta containing the microparticles, with no differences from the control pasta; however, pasta made with free extract was less accepted when compared to the other types. The addition of microparticles did not change the microbiological profile, pH, water activity, or color of the pasta.(AU)

Este trabalho teve como objetivo desenvolver massas alimentícias adicionadas de microcápsulas de melaço de soja e avaliar o efeito das microcápsulas sobre as características físico-químicas, sensoriais, microbiológicas e vida de prateleira. As formulações das massas foram, controle (F1), com extrato livre (F2) e com microcápsulas (F3), foram realizadas as análises de pH, atividade de água, cor, análise sensorial, microbiológica e vida de prateleira dos fenólicos por 28 dias. As massas cozidas contendo microcápsulas permaneceram com 25% de fenólicos até o 14º dia, e as massas cruas com 15% de fenólicos até o 21° dia de armazenamento. As massas com microcápsulas mostraram boa aceitabilidade não diferindo da massa controle, entretanto as massas com o extrato livre mostraram menor aceitação em relação às demais. A adição das microcápsulas não alterou a parte microbiológica, pH, atividade de água e cor das massas.(AU)

Fatty acids profile, atherogenic and thrombogenic health lipid indices in the meat of lambs that received canola grain / Perfil de ácidos graxos, índices de lipídios aterogênicos e trombogênicos em carne de cordeiros alimentados com grãos de canola

This study evaluated the fatty acid composition and qualitative characteristics of meat from lambs feed in feedlot with increasing levels of canola grain. Meat obtained from 27 lambs fed 0, 8 and 16% inclusion of canola grain were analyzed. There was a reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids (SFA): lauric, heptadecanoic, and stearic; and unsaturated fatty acids (UFA): palmitoleic, oleic, and eicosatrienoic, with the increasing levels of canola grain. There was a linear reduction for the ω3 acid and the ω3: ω6 ratio, while the ω6: ω3 ratio increased. But the values observed for this ratio (ω6: ω3) were lower than 4, which is considered a satisfactory value. There was a slight increase (~2%) for the thrombogenicity index and atherogenicity index with the inclusion of canola grain. There was a reduction in the hypocholesterolemic: hypercholesterolemic ratio, with mean values of 2.09 for the diet with 0% inclusion, and 2.06 for 8 and 16% inclusion of canola. Although the inclusion of canola grain for lambs decreased the content of some UFA, reflecting alterations in the correlated nutritional properties, there is a reduction of SFA. The results for instrumental analysis, proximate composition, and sensory acceptance of the lamb meat were similar among the treatments.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a composição dos ácidos graxos e as características qualitativas da carne de cordeiros terminados com níveis crescentes de canola grão na dieta. Foram estudadas amostras de carne provenientes de 27 cordeiros, confinados por 45 dias e alimentados com 00, 08 e 16% de inclusão de canola grão. Houve efeito para os ácidos graxos saturados (AGS): laurico, heptadecanoico e esteárico; ácidos graxos monoinsaturados (AGMI): palmitoleico e oleico; e ácidos graxos polinsaturados (AGPI): eicosatrienoico. Estes ácidos reduziram à medida que os níveis da canola grão aumentaram. Para os AGMI, houve efeito com maior concentração no músculo dos cordeiros alimentados sem a canola grão (49,80%). Houve uma redução linear para o ácido ω3 e para a relação ω3:ω6, enquanto que a relação ω6:ω3 aumentou. A canola grão influenciou o índice de aterogenicidade, com média de 0,57 para o tratamento com 0% de inclusão e 0,58 para os tratamentos com 8% e 16% de inclusão. Observou-se aumento linear para o índice de trombogenicidade com a inclusão da canola grão, cujas médias foram, respectivamente, 0,16, 0,17 e 0,18 para os tratamentos 0%, 8% e 16% de inclusão. Houve redução para a relação hipocolesterolêmicos-hipercolesterolêmicos, com médias de 2,09 para a dieta com 0% de inclusão, e 2,06 para 8% e 16% de inclusão da canola em grão na dieta. A canola grão não influenciou a análise instrumental, composição centesimal e atributos sensoriais da carne.(AU)

Performance and egg quality of Japanese quail fed diets containing microalgae Schizochytrium sp

A trial was carried out to evaluate the effects of different levels of microalgae Schizochytrium sp. on performance, yolk lipid profile, and egg quality of Japanese quail. A flock of 210 quail was distributed in a completely randomized design, with five treatments (0, 10, 20, 30, and 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg of feed) and six replications with seven birds per cage. Performance and egg quality were not affected, except for a quadratic effect on yolk color, which reached the maximum value with the inclusion of 40 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg. There was linear reduction in the content of saturated fatty acids and a linear increase of polyunsaturated:saturated and polyunsaturated:monounsaturated ratios and n-6. The content of n-3 showed a minimum value with the inclusion of 6.5 g of Schizochytrium sp./kg, and the n-6:n-3 ratio was maximized with the addition of 10.5 g of microalgae/kg. As for the sensory attributes color, aroma, and overall impression, there was linear increase with the addition of increasing levels of microalgae. The inclusion of up to 40 g of microalgae Schizochytrium sp./kg in the diet of Japanese quail did not present changes in the performance nor in the egg quality but accentuated the yolk color, promoted the fortification of n-3 in the eggs, and still provided excellent sensorial acceptance. The egg fortification can add value to the product, increasing the producer remuneration and improving the nutritional quality of the diet for humans.