Morphometric analysis on erythrocytes of various livestock being reared in the Cholistan desert / Análise morfométrica de eritrócitos de vários pecuários criados no deserto de Colistão

The present study aimed to assess the influence of physiological exposure to erythrocyte indices; the morphometric parameters of the size of erythrocytes, as well as synergistic effects on the erythrocyte spectrum changes in various species being reared in different strip-wasteland conditions. We collected samples from 400 animals from the jugular veins and made 2000 blood smears, sample blood was taken by an expert veterinary doctor and transferred into an EDTA vacutainer. Blood smears were stained through the Pappenheim procedure and slides were photomicrographed under 100x objective. The parameters of morphometry of erythrocytes were largest in cattle after buffalo, sheep, while goats have the lowest one. The influence of age was significant p<0.05. The influence of sex was not significant in Cattle p<0.01, values of a parameter of erythrocytes were higher in young than in adults in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo. The size of erythrocytes in males was higher than females in sheep, goat, and buffalo but in cattle values of female erythrocytes were higher than in males. Further, gender, altitude, and age have a profound influence on the morphometric attributes of erythrocytes. It will be helpful in interpreting etiopathogenetic conditions in human beings and other animals.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da exposição fisiológica nos índices eritrocitários; os parâmetros morfométricos do tamanho dos eritrócitos, bem como os efeitos sinérgicos sobre as alterações do espectro eritrocitário em várias espécies criadas em diferentes condições de terreno baldio. Coletamos amostras de 400 animais das veias jugulares e fizemos 2.000 esfregaços de sangue, a amostra de sangue foi colhida por um médico veterinário especialista e transferida para um vacutainer de EDTA. Esfregaços de sangue foram corados pelo procedimento de Pappenheim e as lâminas foram fotomicrografadas sob objetiva de 100x. Os parâmetros de morfometria dos eritrócitos foram maiores em bovinos após bubalinos, ovinos, enquanto os caprinos apresentaram os menores. A influência da idade foi significativa p<0,05. A influência do sexo não foi significativa em Bovinos p<0,01, os valores de um parâmetro de eritrócitos foram maiores em jovens do que em adultos em ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e bubalinos. O tamanho dos eritrócitos nos machos foi maior que nas fêmeas em ovinos, caprinos e búfalos, mas em bovinos os valores de eritrócitos femininos foram maiores do que nos machos. Além disso, sexo, altitude e idade têm uma profunda influência nos atributos morfométricos dos eritrócitos. Será útil na interpretação de condições etiopatogenéticas em seres humanos e outros animais.

Biochemical energy and hematological profile of sheep supplemented with soy molasses

and proteins. Despite the great variety of by-products and being potentially beneficial, it is not yet fully understood how the interaction between the nutrients in this product and the physiological changes in sheep occurs. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels with soy molasses under the energy metabolites and hematological parameters of sheep. The treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% of inclusion of soy molasses in the dry matter for a basal diet of corn silage, which met the nutritional needs of the sheep in maintenance, distributed in a 5 × Latin square design. 5. The energy metabolites were evaluated: cholesterol, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and fructosamine. The hematological parameters were red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrits, and platelets, in addition to leukocytes, rods, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Supplementation with soy molasses did not significantly alter (P> 0.05) the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, and fructosamine. There was no significant difference in the blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet concentrations of sheep with soy molasses supplementation (P> 0.05), which may indicate that the level of inclusion was sufficient to meet the nutritional needs of the animals, without damage. Leukocyte, rod, neutrophil, e

Soy molasses is a by-product of the soy industry, with low commercial cost and rich in carbohydrates and proteins. Despite the great variety of by-products and being potentially beneÞ cial, it is not fully understood how the interaction between the nutrients in this product and the physiological changes in sheep occurs. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels with soy molasses on the energy metabolites and hematological parameters of sheep. The treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% of inclusion of soy molasses in dry matter basis for a basal diet of corn silage, which met the nutritional needs of the sheep in maintenance, distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The energy metabolites evaluated were: cholesterol, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and fructosamine. The hematological parameters were: red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrits, and platelets, in addition to leukocytes, rods, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Supplementation with soy molasses did not signiÞ cantly alter (P> 0.05) the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, and fructosamine. There was no signiÞ cant difference in the blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet concentrations in sheep receiving soy molasses supplementation (P> 0.05), which may indicate that the level of inclusion was

Biochemical energy and hematological profile of sheep supplemented with soy molasses / Perfil bioquímico energético e hematológico de ovinos suplementados com melaço de soja

Soy molasses is a by-product of the soy industry, with low commercial cost and rich in carbohydrates and proteins. Despite the great variety of by-products and being potentially beneÞ cial, it is not fully understood how the interaction between the nutrients in this product and the physiological changes in sheep occurs. Thus, the objective was to evaluate the effects of supplementation levels with soy molasses on the energy metabolites and hematological parameters of sheep. The treatments consisted of 0, 3, 6, 9, and 12% of inclusion of soy molasses in dry matter basis for a basal diet of corn silage, which met the nutritional needs of the sheep in maintenance, distributed in a 5 × 5 Latin square design. The energy metabolites evaluated were: cholesterol, triglycerides, very-low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), and fructosamine. The hematological parameters were: red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrits, and platelets, in addition to leukocytes, rods, neutrophils, eosinophils, monocytes, and lymphocytes. Supplementation with soy molasses did not signiÞ cantly alter (P> 0.05) the serum concentrations of cholesterol, triglycerides, VLDL, and fructosamine. There was no signiÞ cant difference in the blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and platelet concentrations in sheep receiving soy molasses supplementation (P> 0.05), which may indicate that the level of inclusion was sufÞ cient to meet the nutritional needs of the animals, without damage. Leukocyte, rod, neutrophil, eosinophil, monocyte, and lymphocyte concentrations did not change (P> 0.05) with the inclusion of soy molasses in the sheep's diet, indicating the absence of intoxication, diseases, and infections. It can be concluded that supplementation with soy molasses does not alter the energy metabolites and hematological parameters of sheep in maintenance.(AU)

O melaço de soja é um subproduto da indústria da soja, com baixo custo comercial e rico em carboidratos e proteínas. Apesar da grande variedade de subprodutos e de serem potencialmente benéÞ cos, ainda não está totalmente elucidado como ocorre a interação entre os nutrientes deste produto e as mudanças Þ siológicas em ovinos. Dessa forma, objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos de níveis de suplementação com melaço de soja sob os metabólitos energéticos e parâmetros hematológicos de ovinos. Os tratamentos consistiram em 0, 3, 6, 9 e 12% de inclusão de melaço de soja na base da matéria seca para uma dieta basal de silagem de milho, que atendia as necessidades nutricionais das ovelhas em mantença, distribuídas em delineamento em quadrado latino 5 × 5. Foram avaliados os metabolitos energéticos: colesterol, triglicérides, lipoproteínas de muito baixa densidade (VLDL) e frutosamina. Já os parâmetros hematológicos foram: hemácias, hemoglobinas, hematócritos e plaquetas, além de leucócitos, bastonetes, neutróÞ los, eosinóÞ los, monócitos e linfócitos. A suplementação com melaço de soja não alterou signiÞ cativamente (P>0,05) as concentrações séricas de colesterol, triglicérides, VLDL e frutosamina. Não houve diferença signiÞ cativa nas concentrações de hemácias, hemoglobinas, hematócritos e plaquetas das ovelhas com suplementação de melaço de soja (P>0,05), podendo ser indício que o nível de inclusão foi suÞ ciente para atender as necessidades nutricionais dos animais, sem causar balanço energético positivo. As concentrações de leucócitos, bastonetes, neutróÞ los, eosinóÞ los, monócitos e linfócitos não alteraram (P>0,05) com a inclusão de melaço de soja na dieta das ovelhas, não indicando a presença de intoxicação, doenças e infecções. Conclui-se que a suplementação com melaço de soja não altera os metabólitos energéticos e parâmetros hematológicos de ovinos em mantença.(AU)

Physiological and hematological parameters of sheep reared in the tropics and subtropics / [Parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos criados nos trópicos e nos subtrópicos]

This study aimed to determine the physiological and hematological parameters of sheep in Brazil. Therefore, 5,081 observations were used from previous experiments with animals from different Brazilian regions with the time of day, gender, breed, age, physiological characteristics, hematological and climatic variables. The animals were classified according to their stress level, and only data of non-stressed animals were used to calculate the reference values. Respiratory rate was the parameter that most differed from the normal range, with values ​​above the limits usually reported for the species, being higher in commercial wool sheep. For hematological variables, differences were observed between the present results and the previously reported values in the literature. A higher number of red blood cells (RBC), lower hemoglobin and mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) were observed in young animals. A higher number of RBC and MCHC were noted in sheep crossed with local breeds. Considering that physiological and hematological parameters are indicators of the animal's pathological or physiological state, for a correct interpretation of the results, the use of reference values based on animals with similar racial characteristics and subjected to similar environmental conditions is recommended.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi determinar parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos de ovinos no Brasil. Portanto, foram utilizadas 5.081 observações de experimentos anteriores com animais de diversas regiões do Brasil, com diferentes horário, sexo, raça, idade, características fisiológicas, variáveis ​​hematológicas e climáticas. Os animais foram classificados de acordo com o nível de estresse, e apenas os dados dos animais não estressados ​​foram utilizados para o cálculo dos valores de referência. A frequência respiratória foi o parâmetro que mais diferiu em relação à normalidade, com valores acima dos limites usualmente relatados para a espécie, sendo maior em ovinos de lã comercial. Para as variáveis ​​hematológicas, também foram verificadas diferenças entre os resultados observados e os valores previamente relatados na literatura. Maior número de hemácias, menor hemoglobina e concentração de hemoglobina corpuscular média (CHbCM) foram observados em animais jovens e maior número de hemácias e CHbCM em ovinos cruzados com raças locais. Considerando que os parâmetros fisiológicos e hematológicos são indicadores do estado patológico ou fisiológico do animal, para uma correta interpretação dos resultados recomenda-se a utilização de valores de referência baseados em animais com características raciais semelhantes e submetidos a condições ambientais também semelhantes.(AU)

Clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep / Eficácia clínica da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Four experimental groups were formed: G1, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood; G2, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood and vermifuge containing levamisole; G3, 10 animals receiving only vermifuge containing levamisole; and G4, 10 animals as the control group receiving no treatment. We performed fecal egg count (eggs per gram, EPG) of strongyles, larval culture, hemogram, leukogram, and serum protein dosage prior to the start of treatment (D0), and on days 14 (D14) and 42 (D42). There was a significant decrease in the EPG of the groups receiving levamisole (G2 and G3) from D14 to the end of the experimental period. At the end of the evaluations, the mean EPG of G2 and G3 was significantly lower than that of G1 and G4. The most common nematode genus was Haemonchus (88%), and the least common was Trichostrongylus (1%). The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of G2 and G3 on D14 were 98.1% and 97.9%, respectively, however, in G1, the FECRT was zero on the two days when evaluation took place. G1 and G2 showed a significant increase in monocyte counts on D14 and D42. There was a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in G2 and G3, however, a significant increase in the absolute value of red blood cells was observed only in G2. Two doses of autohemotherapy at 21-day intervals, administered alone or as an adjuvant to levamisole, is ineffective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep.

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos. Quatro grupos experimentais foram formados: G1, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo; G2, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo e vermífugo contendo levamisol; G3, 10 animais que receberam somente vermífugo contendo levamisol; e G4, 10 animais do grupo controle, que não receberam tratamento. Realizamos contagem de ovos nas fezes (ovos por grama, OPG) de estrongilídeos, cultivo de larvas, hemograma, leucograma e dosagem de proteína sérica antes do início do tratamento (D0) e nos dias 14 (D14) e 42 (D42). Houve uma diminuição significativa no OPG dos grupos que receberam levamisole (G2 e G3) do D14 até o final do período experimental. Ao final das avaliações, o OPG médio de G2 e G3 foi significativamente menor do que G1 e G4. O gênero de nematódeo mais comumente encontrado foi Haemonchus (88%) e o menos foi Trichostrongylus (1%). O teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) de G2 e G3 no D14 foi 98,1% e 97,9%, respectivamente, entretanto, no G1, o RCOF foi zero nos dois dias avaliados. G1 e G2 mostraram aumento significativo na contagem de monócitos em D14 e D42. Houve um aumento significativo nos valores do hematócrito e hemoglobina em G2 e G3, entretanto, um aumento significativo no valor absoluto de hemácias foi observado somente em G2. Duas doses de auto-hemoterapia em intervalos de 21 dias, administradas isoladamente ou como adjuvante do levamisole, não é eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados.

Eficácia clínica da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados / Clinical effectiveness of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control ofgastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep

Este estudo objetivou avaliar os efeitos da auto-hemoterapia como adjuvante no controle de nematódeos gastrointestinais em ovinos. Quatro grupos experimentais foram formados: G1, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo; G2, 10 animais que receberam sangue venoso autólogo e vermífugo contendo levamisol; G3, 10 animais que receberam somente vermífugo contendo levamisol; e G4, 10 animais do grupo controle, que não receberam tratamento. Realizamos contagem de ovos nas fezes (ovos por grama, OPG) de estrongilídeos, cultivo de larvas, hemograma, leucograma e dosagem de proteína sérica antes do início do tratamento (D0) e nos dias 14 (D14) e 42 (D42). Houve uma diminuição significativa no OPG dos grupos que receberam levamisole (G2 e G3) do D14 até o final do período experimental. Ao final das avaliações, o OPG médio de G2 e G3 foi significativamente menor do que G1 e G4. O gênero de nematódeo mais comumente encontrado foi Haemonchus (88%) e o menos foi Trichostrongylus (1%). O teste de Redução na Contagem de Ovos nas Fezes (RCOF) de G2 e G3 no D14 foi 98,1% e 97,9%, respectivamente, entretanto, no G1, o RCOF foi zero nos dois dias avaliados. G1 e G2 mostraram aumento significativo na contagem de monócitos em D14 e D42. Houve um aumento significativo nos valores do hematócrito e hemoglobina em G2 e G3, entretanto, um aumento significativo no valor absoluto de hemácias foi observado somente em G2. Duas doses de auto-hemoterapia em intervalos de 21 dias, administradas isoladamente ou como adjuvante do levamisole, não é eficaz no controle de nematóides gastrintestinais em ovinos naturalmente infectados.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of autohemotherapy as an adjuvant in the control of gastrointestinal nematodes in sheep. Four experimental groups were formed: G1, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood; G2, 10 animals receiving autologous venous blood and vermifuge containing levamisole; G3, 10 animals receiving only vermifuge containing levamisole; and G4, 10 animals as the control group receiving no treatment. We performed fecal egg count (eggs per gram, EPG) of strongyles, larval culture, hemogram, leukogram, and serum protein dosage prior to the start of treatment (D0), and on days 14 (D14) and 42 (D42). There was a significant decrease in the EPG of the groups receiving levamisole (G2 and G3) from D14 to the end of the experimental period. At the end of the evaluations, the mean EPG of G2 and G3 was significantly lower than that of G1 and G4. The most common nematode genus was Haemonchus (88%), and the least common was Trichostrongylus (1%). The Fecal Egg Count Reduction Test (FECRT) of G2 and G3 on D14 were 98.1% and 97.9%, respectively, however, in G1, the FECRT was zero on the two days when evaluation took place. G1 and G2 showed a significant increase in monocyte counts on D14 and D42. There was a significant increase in hematocrit and hemoglobin values in G2 and G3, however, a significant increase in the absolute value of red blood cells was observed only in G2. Two doses of autohemotherapy at 21-day intervals, administered alone or as an adjuvant to levamisole, is ineffective in controlling gastrointestinal nematodes in naturally infected sheep.

Effects of purge potato (operculina macrocarpa) in multinutritional blocks on sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal helminth

Objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da batata de purga (O. macrocarpa) oferecida em blocos multinutricionais sobre ovinos naturalmente infectados por helmintos gastrintestinais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de um animal. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = apenas BMs; T2 = BMs + batata de purga (1g/Kg/peso vivo); T3 = BMs + batata de purga (0,5g/Kg/pv) e T4 = BMs + anti-helmíntico químico. Nos tratamentos com batata de purga 1g/Kg/pv, 0,5g/Kg/pv e químico o OPG diminuiu aos sete dias com 767, 516, 267 e eficácia de 53, 68, e 84% respectivamente. Os valores médios das hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito e leucócitos foram menores para o tratamento apenas com BMs, porém se mantiveram dentro dos valores de referência. Para globulina, proteínas totais, creatinina os valores médios ficaram discretamente abaixo da referência para ovinos. Conclui-se que a O. macrocarpa adicionada aos blocos multinutricionais nas doses e período estudado não provocaram respostas fisiorgânicas características de toxicidade.

This study evaluates the effects of purge potato (Operculina macrocarpa) in multi-nutritional blocks (MBs) on sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal helminths. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replicates per animal. Treatments were: T1 = only MBs; T2 = MBs + purge potato (1g/Kg/lw); T3 = MBs + purge potato (0.5/Kg/lw); and T4 = MBs + chemical anthelmintic. In the treatments with 1g/Kg/lw and 0.5g/Kg/lw purge potato and with chemical anthelmintic, eggs per gram (EPG) counts decreased to 767, 516, and 267 at seven days, with an effectiveness of 53, 68, and 84%, respectively. The mean values of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leukocytes were lower for the treatment with only MBs; however, they were maintained within the reference values. For globulin, total protein, and creatinine, the mean values were discretely below the reference for sheep. It is concluded that adding O. macrocarpa to the multi-nutritional blocks in the studied doses and period did not cause physiological responses characteristic of toxicity.

Effects of purge potato (operculina macrocarpa) in multinutritional blocks on sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal helminth

Objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da batata de purga (O. macrocarpa) oferecida em blocos multinutricionais sobre ovinos naturalmente infectados por helmintos gastrintestinais. O trabalho foi desenvolvido de acordo com um delineamento inteiramente casualizado, com quatro tratamentos e seis repetições de um animal. Os tratamentos foram: T1 = apenas BMs; T2 = BMs + batata de purga (1g/Kg/peso vivo); T3 = BMs + batata de purga (0,5g/Kg/pv) e T4 = BMs + anti-helmíntico químico. Nos tratamentos com batata de purga 1g/Kg/pv, 0,5g/Kg/pv e químico o OPG diminuiu aos sete dias com 767, 516, 267 e eficácia de 53, 68, e 84% respectivamente. Os valores médios das hemácias, hemoglobina, hematócrito e leucócitos foram menores para o tratamento apenas com BMs, porém se mantiveram dentro dos valores de referência. Para globulina, proteínas totais, creatinina os valores médios ficaram discretamente abaixo da referência para ovinos. Conclui-se que a O. macrocarpa adicionada aos blocos multinutricionais nas doses e período estudado não provocaram respostas fisiorgânicas características de toxicidade.(AU)

This study evaluates the effects of purge potato (Operculina macrocarpa) in multi-nutritional blocks (MBs) on sheep naturally infected with gastrointestinal helminths. The experimental design was completely randomized, with four treatments and six replicates per animal. Treatments were: T1 = only MBs; T2 = MBs + purge potato (1g/Kg/lw); T3 = MBs + purge potato (0.5/Kg/lw); and T4 = MBs + chemical anthelmintic. In the treatments with 1g/Kg/lw and 0.5g/Kg/lw purge potato and with chemical anthelmintic, eggs per gram (EPG) counts decreased to 767, 516, and 267 at seven days, with an effectiveness of 53, 68, and 84%, respectively. The mean values of red blood cells, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and leukocytes were lower for the treatment with only MBs; however, they were maintained within the reference values. For globulin, total protein, and creatinine, the mean values were discretely below the reference for sheep. It is concluded that adding O. macrocarpa to the multi-nutritional blocks in the studied doses and period did not cause physiological responses characteristic of toxicity.(AU)

The Response of Broiler Chicks to Dietary Supplementation with a Probiotic, Acidifiers Blend, and Their Combination

This study investigated the effect of a probiotic (Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299), blend of acidifiers, and their combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and twenty unsexed one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into four groups (55 birds per group divided into 5 replicates) as 2X2 factorial arrangement including two factors, probiotic and blend of acidifiers, each of which had two levels: yes and no. Performance was determined weekly. Haemagglutination test was performed on blood samples taken on days 28 and 42 after the birds were injected twice (days 14 and 28) with 10% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). On day 42, tissue samples taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were prepared for histology via scanning electron microscopy. During the first three weeks, dietary addition of probiotic significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight gain (BWG) while acidifiers significantly lowered (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Antibody titer against SRBC increased remarkably (p<0.01) 15 days post the first injection when probiotic was administered. The probiotic also increased (p<0.01) the number of the duodenal goblet cells, and the density of jejunal and ileal villi. Overall, the supplementation of probiotic or acidifiers enhanced the growth performance of broiler chicks, mainly during the first three weeks of age. The probiotic also improved the immune response and intestinal morphology of broilers. However, there was no evidence of synergy when probiotic and acidifiers were co-administered.(AU)

The Response of Broiler Chicks to Dietary Supplementation with a Probiotic, Acidifiers Blend, and Their Combination

This study investigated the effect of a probiotic (Bacillus subtilis DSM 17299), blend of acidifiers, and their combination on the performance of broiler chicks. Two hundred and twenty unsexed one-day-old broilers (Ross 308) were randomly distributed into four groups (55 birds per group divided into 5 replicates) as 2X2 factorial arrangement including two factors, probiotic and blend of acidifiers, each of which had two levels: yes and no. Performance was determined weekly. Haemagglutination test was performed on blood samples taken on days 28 and 42 after the birds were injected twice (days 14 and 28) with 10% suspension of sheep red blood cells (SRBC). On day 42, tissue samples taken from the duodenum, jejunum and ileum were prepared for histology via scanning electron microscopy. During the first three weeks, dietary addition of probiotic significantly (p<0.05) increased body weight gain (BWG) while acidifiers significantly lowered (p<0.01) feed conversion ratio (FCR). Antibody titer against SRBC increased remarkably (p<0.01) 15 days post the first injection when probiotic was administered. The probiotic also increased (p<0.01) the number of the duodenal goblet cells, and the density of jejunal and ileal villi. Overall, the supplementation of probiotic or acidifiers enhanced the growth performance of broiler chicks, mainly during the first three weeks of age. The probiotic also improved the immune response and intestinal morphology of broilers. However, there was no evidence of synergy when probiotic and acidifiers were co-administered.

Inclusion of vegetable oils in diets of broiler chicken raised in hot weather and effects on antioxidant capacity, lipid components in the blood and immune responses

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vegetable oils on the antioxidant capacity, blood lipid components and immune responses in chickens raised in hot climate. In a completely randomized design, 300 chicks were assigned to four treatments and five replicates with 15 chicks per each. The highest concentration of malondialdehyde was found in broilers fed palm oil (p < 0.05). Chickens fed corn oil had the lowest and those fed flaxseed oil had the highest antioxidant enzymes activities (p < 0.05). The highest hepatic Alanine-transferase and Aspartate-transferase was found in chickens fed corn oil and the lowest levels in those received flaxseed and olive oils (p < 0.05). The highest hypersensitivity was in chickens fed palm oil and the lowest was for olive oil. The highest antibody titer against sheep red blood cells was found in chickens fed flaxseed oil and the lowest titer was for those received palm oil (p < 0.05). The highest triglyceride, cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein and the lowest high density lipoprotein was found in chickens fed palm oil and vice versa for flaxseed and olive oils. Olive and flaxseed oils had beneficial effects on antioxidant activity and lipid attributes and palm oil had detrimental effects on these parameters that related to the poultry health.(AU)

Inclusion of vegetable oils in diets of broiler chicken raised in hot weather and effects on antioxidant capacity, lipid components in the blood and immune responses

The aim of this study was to assess the effects of vegetable oils on the antioxidant capacity, blood lipid components and immune responses in chickens raised in hot climate. In a completely randomized design, 300 chicks were assigned to four treatments and five replicates with 15 chicks per each. The highest concentration of malondialdehyde was found in broilers fed palm oil (p < 0.05). Chickens fed corn oil had the lowest and those fed flaxseed oil had the highest antioxidant enzymes activities (p < 0.05). The highest hepatic Alanine-transferase and Aspartate-transferase was found in chickens fed corn oil and the lowest levels in those received flaxseed and olive oils (p < 0.05). The highest hypersensitivity was in chickens fed palm oil and the lowest was for olive oil. The highest antibody titer against sheep red blood cells was found in chickens fed flaxseed oil and the lowest titer was for those received palm oil (p < 0.05). The highest triglyceride, cholesterol and very low density lipoprotein and the lowest high density lipoprotein was found in chickens fed palm oil and vice versa for flaxseed and olive oils. Olive and flaxseed oils had beneficial effects on antioxidant activity and lipid attributes and palm oil had detrimental effects on these parameters that related to the poultry health.

Rapid test to detect cytotoxic activity in vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease / Prova rápida para detectar atividade citotóxica em vacinas para febre aftosa

Substances with cytotoxic activity present in vaccines against the foot-and-mouth disease may interfere with methods used to detect residual live virus in the product or cause undesirable postvaccination reactions. This study describes a rapid in vitro test to detect cytotoxic activity in water-in-oil vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease using a commercial saponin as a cytotoxic agent and a solution of sheep's red blood cells as substrate. Hemolytic and cytotoxic activity was analyzed using experimental and commercial vaccines prepared with and without saponin. The hemolytic and cytotoxic potential of preparations containing saponin was evident. In contrast, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were not observed in vaccines without saponin in their composition. The method described here allows to easily detect if the vaccine under study has cytotoxic activity, making it possible to select the most appropriate method to process the sample to be used for the innocuity test. Additionally, due to undesirable effects that may be observed in animals receiving vaccines containing saponin in their formulation, the use of the rapid test described here allows to identify those vaccines with cytotoxic activity and to verify the presence of saponin on them, through the mass spectrometry method.(AU)

Substâncias com atividade citotóxica presentes em vacinas contra febre aftosa podem interferir com o método utilizado para a detecção de vírus ativo residual no produto ou causar reações pós-vacinais indesejáveis. O presente trabalho descreve uma prova rápida in vitro para detectar atividade citotóxica em vacinas oleosas contra febre aftosa utilizando uma saponina comercial como agente citotóxico e uma solução de hemácias de carneiro como substrato. Analisaram-se as atividades hemolítica e citotóxica utilizando-se vacinas experimentais e comerciais preparadas com e sem saponina. O potencial hemolítico e citotóxico dos preparados que continham saponina na sua formulação foi evidente. Em contraste, não se observou atividade hemolítica e citotóxica nas vacinas sem saponina. O método descrito permite conhecer rapidamente se a vacina em estudo apresenta atividade citotóxica e, dessa maneira, selecionar o método mais adequado para processar a amostra que será utilizada para investigar a presença de vírus ativo residual. Adicionalmente, devido aos efeitos indesejáveis que podem ser observados em animais que recebem vacinas que contêm saponina na sua formulação, o uso da prova rápida descrita permite selecionar aquelas vacinas com atividade citotóxica para posteriormente verificar a presença de saponina através de técnicas analíticas como a espectrometria de massas.(AU)

Rapid test to detect cytotoxic activity in vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease / Prova rápida para detectar atividade citotóxica em vacinas para febre aftosa

Substances with cytotoxic activity present in vaccines against the foot-and-mouth disease may interfere with methods used to detect residual live virus in the product or cause undesirable postvaccination reactions. This study describes a rapid in vitro test to detect cytotoxic activity in water-in-oil vaccines against foot-and-mouth disease using a commercial saponin as a cytotoxic agent and a solution of sheep's red blood cells as substrate. Hemolytic and cytotoxic activity was analyzed using experimental and commercial vaccines prepared with and without saponin. The hemolytic and cytotoxic potential of preparations containing saponin was evident. In contrast, hemolytic and cytotoxic activities were not observed in vaccines without saponin in their composition. The method described here allows to easily detect if the vaccine under study has cytotoxic activity, making it possible to select the most appropriate method to process the sample to be used for the innocuity test. Additionally, due to undesirable effects that may be observed in animals receiving vaccines containing saponin in their formulation, the use of the rapid test described here allows to identify those vaccines with cytotoxic activity and to verify the presence of saponin on them, through the mass spectrometry method.(AU)

Substâncias com atividade citotóxica presentes em vacinas contra febre aftosa podem interferir com o método utilizado para a detecção de vírus ativo residual no produto ou causar reações pós-vacinais indesejáveis. O presente trabalho descreve uma prova rápida in vitro para detectar atividade citotóxica em vacinas oleosas contra febre aftosa utilizando uma saponina comercial como agente citotóxico e uma solução de hemácias de carneiro como substrato. Analisaram-se as atividades hemolítica e citotóxica utilizando-se vacinas experimentais e comerciais preparadas com e sem saponina. O potencial hemolítico e citotóxico dos preparados que continham saponina na sua formulação foi evidente. Em contraste, não se observou atividade hemolítica e citotóxica nas vacinas sem saponina. O método descrito permite conhecer rapidamente se a vacina em estudo apresenta atividade citotóxica e, dessa maneira, selecionar o método mais adequado para processar a amostra que será utilizada para investigar a presença de vírus ativo residual. Adicionalmente, devido aos efeitos indesejáveis que podem ser observados em animais que recebem vacinas que contêm saponina na sua formulação, o uso da prova rápida descrita permite selecionar aquelas vacinas com atividade citotóxica para posteriormente verificar a presença de saponina através de técnicas analíticas como a espectrometria de massas.(AU)

Effects of stocking density and climate region on performance, immunity, carcass characteristics, blood constitutes, and economical parameters of broiler chickens

This experiment was conducted to evaluate the effects of stocking density and climate region on performance, immunity, carcass characteristics, blood plasma, and economic parameters of the Ross strain of broiler chickens. The effects of four climates (mild and humid, semi-arid, alpine, and hot and dry) and four densities (10, 15, 17, and 20 chicks/m2) were studied as a completely randomized design with 4×4 factorial arrangement of treatments. The results showed that the density had a significant effect on feed intake and feed conversion ratio in the starter period and on body weight gain in the grower and the whole periods of the experiment. Moreover, both climate and density had a significant impact on economic performance (live weight, survival rate, production index, meat production/m2, and profitability). The mild and humid climate and the density of 17 chicks/m2 had the most economic benefit compared with other treatments. The climate type had a significant effect on the relative weights of the breast, wings, neck, proventriculus, and ileum. The effects of climate and density on glucose, triglyceride, very low-density lipoproteins (VLDL), high-density lipoproteins (HDL), LDL/low-density lipoproteins (HDL), total protein and globulin were significant. In addition, the effect of climate on the antibody titer against sheep red blood cells (except for immunoglobulin G on day 28) was significant.(AU)

Seroprevalence of Toxoplasma gondii and associated hematological alterations in small ruminants of D.G. Khan district of Southern Punjab, Pakistan / [Soroprevalência de Toxoplasma gondii e alterações hematológicas associadas em pequenos ruminantes no distrito de D.G. Khan no sul de Punjab, Paquistão]

The present study was carried out to evaluate the prevalence and hematological effects of Toxoplasma gondii in sheep and goat in district Dera Ghazi Khan. Blood samples (n=204) were collected comprise goats (n=101) and sheep (n=103) alongwith age, gender and breeds of animals. Samples were collected randomly from 25 flocks of 7 different union council Viz. Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani and Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif at least 4 animals from each flock. All ruminants divide into three groups based on age, breed and gender. The prevalence was detected through two different kits Viz. LAT and ELISA kit. The overall prevalence suspected in goats through LAT and ELISA kit was (35.64%), (32.67%) and in sheep was (25.24%), (23.30%) respectively. The Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on goats in age groups and non-significant all other groups of goats and sheep. Toxoplasma gondii had a significant effect on all hematological parameters like Hemoglobin, total leukocyte cells, granulocytes, lymphocytes, platelets, and red blood cells, except monocytes. In conclusion of the current study, toxoplasmosis is prevalent among ruminants, reveals the possibility of transmission to humans on the use of host animals as protein source.(AU)

O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a prevalência e efeitos hematológicos de Toxoplasma gondii em ovelhas e cabras no distrito Dera Ghazi Khan. Amostras de sangue (n=204) foram coletadas para incluir cabras (n=101) e ovelhas (n=103), além de idade, gênero e raça dos animais. Amostras foram coletadas aleatoriamente de 25 rebanhos de 7 conselhos sindicais: Vehova, Tibbi Qaisrani, Lakhani, Kohar, Tuman Qaisrani, Nutkani e Kot Qaisrani of Tehsil Taunsa Sharif com pelo menos 4 animais em cada rebanho. Todos os ruminantes foram divididos em três grupos baseados em idade, raça e gênero. A prevalência foi detectada usando dois kits, LAT e ELISA. A prevalência total suspeita em cabras através dos kits LAT e ELISA foi (35.64%), (32.67%) e em ovelhas foi (25.24%), (23.30%) respectivamente. O Toxoplasma gondii teve efeito significativo em cabras em grupos de idade e não significativo em todos os outros grupos de cabras e ovelhas. Toxoplasma gondii teve efeito significativo em todos os parâmetros hematológicos como hemoglobina, células totais de leucócitos, granulócitos, linfócitos, plaquetas e glóbulos vermelhos, exceto monócitos. O presente estudo conclui que toxoplasmose é prevalente entre ruminantes, e revela a possibilidade de transmissão para humanos com o uso de animais hospedeiros como fonte de proteína.(AU)

Immunomodulatory action of jacalin from Artocarpus integrifolia and mannoprotein from Saccharomyces uvarum on the humoral immunity of laying hens / Avaliação da ação imunomoduladora do Jacalin de Artocarpus integrifolia e mannoprotein de Saccharomyces uvarum na imunidade humoral das galinhas poedeiras

Advances in the fields of glycobiology and immunology have provided many insights into the role of carbohydrate-protein interactions in the immune system. Jacalin of Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) and structural mannoprotein of Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) are molecules with immunomodulatory properties. JCA is an IgA human lectin binding molecule that causes the mitogenic stimulation of immune cells, production of cytokines, chemotaxis, and activation of leukocytes. Studies on the immunomodulatory properties of JCA and MPS in mammals and fish suggest that they have an action on antibody production. The aim of this study was to investigate the possible action of JCA and MPS on the production of specific antibodies in laying hens. For this, laying hens were inoculated with an intra abdominal injection of sheep red blood cells (SRBC) with either JCA (0.075 µg, 0.75 µg, and 7.5 µg) or MPS (20 µg and 100 µg). Levels of anti-SRBC antibodies of the IgY, IgM, and IgA classes were evaluated by ELISA. Results showed that JCA and MPS have immunomodulatory effects on levels of anti-SRBC IgM, IgA, and IgY. An immunostimulatory effect of JCA was observed in primary immune response on anti-SRBC IgY, while an inhibitory effect of JCA and MPS was observed in secondary immune response on the production of IgM and IgA anti-SRBC. These results suggested that MPS and JCA have immunomodulatory effects on antibody production and could be used in future studies on humoral immune response in poultry.(AU)

Avanços nos campos glicobiologia e imunologia forneceram muitas informações sobre o papel das interações da proteína-carboidrato na modulação do sistema imunológico. A jacalina extraída de Artocarpus integrifolia (JCA) e a manoproteína da parede celular de Saccharomyces uvarum (MPS) são moléculas com propriedades imunomoduladoras. JCA é uma lectina com afinidade pela IgA humana e tem ação mitogênica sobre células do sistema imunológico estimulando a produção de citocinas, a quimiotaxia e a ativação de leucócitos. Estudos sobre as propriedades imunomoduladoras de JCA e MPS em mamíferos e peixes sugerem que essas moléculas podem ter um efeito sobre a produção de anticorpos. O objetivo deste estudo foi investigar a ação da JCA e MPS sobre a produção de anticorpos específicos em galinhas poedeiras. Para isso, galinhas poedeiras foram inoculadas por via intra-abdominal com eritrócitos de carneiro (SRBC) em associação com o JCA (0,075 µg, 0,75 µg, e 7,5 µg) ou MPS (20 µg e 100 µg). Os níveis de anticorpos anti-SRBC das classes IgY, IgM, e IgA foram avaliados por ELISA. Os resultados mostraram que a JCA e a MPS têm um efeito imunomodulador sobre a produção IgY, IgM, ou IgA anti-SRBC. Um efeito imunoestimulador da JCA foi observado sobre a produção de anticorpos IgY na resposta imune primária, enquanto um efeito imuno inibitório da JCA e da MPS sobre a produção de IgM e IgA anti-SRBC na resposta imune secundária. Estes resultados sugerem que o MPS e JCA tem efeito modulador sobre a produção de anticorpos e podem ser utilizados em estudos futuros sobre a imunidade humoral em aves comerciais.(AU)

Dynamics of hematological parameters in female lambs during the first four months of life / Dinâmica dos parâmetros hematológicos em cordeiras durante os primeiros quatro meses de vida

Important physiological changes affect the blood profile of ruminants during the growth phase, but few studies approach the factors involved in these dynamics in lambs. The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamics of hematological parameters, of total plasma protein (TPP), and of fibrinogen in healthy female lambs during the first four months of life. Blood samples of 35 female lambs were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days old to perform the complete blood count (CBC). The erythrocyte and leukocyte parameters, TPP, and fibrinogen were determined. The means for total red blood cell (RBC) counts at 60 and 120 days differed (P < 0.05) from the initial mean, showing a peak of 13.6 x 106 cells μL-1 at 60 days old. The mean values for packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration increased (P < 0.05) until 90 days and decreased at 120 days (36.6% to 33.7% and 11.4 g dL-1 to 10.6 g dL-1 between 90 and 120 days, respectively). The means for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P < 0.05) between 30 and 120 days (27.5 μm3 to 29.7 μm3 and 26.6% to 31.4%, respectively). The total white blood cell (WBC) count increased (P < 0.05) and reached a peak at 90 days (9,314 cells μL-1). The peaks for segmented neutrophils (5,141 cells μL-1) and lymphocyte counts (4,236 cells μL-1) occurred at 60 and 90 days, respectively. The means for neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were similar (P > 0.05) between the ages (mean of 1.8) but higher than the reference value for adult sheep (0.5). The initial mean for eosinophil counts (2 cells μL-1) was lower (P < 0.05) than all subsequent ones, and the monocyte count showed the lowest level (P < 0.05) at 120 days (232 cells μL-1). The mean for TPP at 60 days (6.4 g dL-1) was higher (P < 0.05) than the other ages.(AU)

Important physiological changes affect the blood profile of ruminants during the growth phase, but few studies approach the factors involved in these dynamics in lambs. The aim of this study was to characterize the dynamics of hematological parameters, of total plasma protein (TPP), and of fibrinogen in healthy female lambs during the first four months of life. Blood samples of 35 female lambs were collected at 30, 60, 90, and 120 days old to perform the complete blood count (CBC). The erythrocyte and leukocyte parameters, TPP, and fibrinogen were determined. The means for total red blood cell (RBC) counts at 60 and 120 days differed (P < 0.05) from the initial mean, showing a peak of 13.6 x 106 cells μL-1 at 60 days old. The mean values for packed cell volume (PCV) and hemoglobin (Hgb) concentration increased (P < 0.05) until 90 days and decreased at 120 days (36.6% to 33.7% and 11.4 g dL-1 to 10.6 g dL-1 between 90 and 120 days, respectively). The means for mean corpuscular volume (MCV) and for mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration (MCHC) increased (P < 0.05) between 30 and 120 days (27.5 μm3 to 29.7 μm3 and 26.6% to 31.4%, respectively). The total white blood cell (WBC) count increased (P < 0.05) and reached a peak at 90 days (9,314 cells μL-1). The peaks for segmented neutrophils (5,141 cells μL-1) and lymphocyte counts (4,236 cells μL-1) occurred at 60 and 90 days, respectively. The means for neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio were similar (P > 0.05) between the ages (mean of 1.8) but higher than the reference value for adult sheep (0.5). The initial mean for eosinophil counts (2 cells μL-1) was lower (P < 0.05) than all subsequent ones, and the monocyte count showed the lowest level (P < 0.05) at 120 days (232 cells μL-1). The mean for TPP at 60 days (6.4 g dL-1) was higher (P < 0.05) than the other ages.(AU)

Avaliação da zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em ruminantes domésticos / Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) evaluation in domestic ruminants

Nos sistemas de criação de ruminantes, a anemia crônica pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos, sendo decorrente da deficiência de ferro no organismo. Quando este se torna indisponível para ser incorporado à hemoglobina, forma-se um composto denominado zinco protoporfirina (ZPP), que pode ser um marcador precoce para a anemia, útil, portanto, para seu diagnóstico. Porém, para a utilidade dessa mensuração, é necessário que se conheçam os valores normais de ZPP para cada espécie. Assim, foram utilizados 30 bezerros, 30 caprinos e 30 ovinos, todos saudáveis, nos quais foram mensurados esses valores. Essa mensuração foi determinada em amostras de sangue refrigeradas, coletadas com EDTA, obtendo-se valores em hemácias não lavadas e lavadas. A lavagem visou à eliminação de substâncias interferentes nessas medidas. A média da ZPP nas amostras não lavadas foi de 80,9µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos bezerros; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos caprinos e 73,76µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos ovinos. Após a lavagem, os valores foram 61,4µmol ZPP/mol de heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol de heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol de heme, nos bezerros, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Devido à praticidade da técnica, essa pode ser empregada para a detecção precoce da anemia ferropriva, sendo recomendada a prévia lavagem das hemácias.(AU)

In ruminant breeding systems, chronic anemia can lead to economic losses, resulting from iron deficiency in the organismo. When iron is unavailable for incorporation into hemoglobin, a compound called zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is formed, may be an early marker for anemia and is useful for its diagnosis. However, for this measurement to be useful, it is necessary to know the normal values for the species. Therefore, 30 calves, 30 goats and 30 sheep, all of them healthy, to standardize the values were used. This measurement was determined on refrigerated blood samples collected with EDTA, obtaining values in red blood cells not washed and washed. The washing aimed at the elimination of interfering substances in these measures. The mean of the ZPP in the unwashed samples was 80,9µmol ZPP/mol of heme in calves; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol of heme in goats and 73,76µmol ZPP/mol of heme in sheep. After washing, the values were 61,4µmol ZPP/mol of heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol of heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol of heme, in calves, goats and sheep, respectively. Due to its practicality, the techniquecan be used for the early detection of iron deficiency anemia, recommending the previous lavage of the red blood cells.(AU)

Avaliação da zinco protoporfirina (ZPP) em ruminantes domésticos / Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) evaluation in domestic ruminants

Nos sistemas de criação de ruminantes, a anemia crônica pode levar a grandes prejuízos econômicos, sendo decorrente da deficiência de ferro no organismo. Quando este se torna indisponível para ser incorporado à hemoglobina, forma-se um composto denominado zinco protoporfirina (ZPP), que pode ser um marcador precoce para a anemia, útil, portanto, para seu diagnóstico. Porém, para a utilidade dessa mensuração, é necessário que se conheçam os valores normais de ZPP para cada espécie. Assim, foram utilizados 30 bezerros, 30 caprinos e 30 ovinos, todos saudáveis, nos quais foram mensurados esses valores. Essa mensuração foi determinada em amostras de sangue refrigeradas, coletadas com EDTA, obtendo-se valores em hemácias não lavadas e lavadas. A lavagem visou à eliminação de substâncias interferentes nessas medidas. A média da ZPP nas amostras não lavadas foi de 80,9µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos bezerros; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos caprinos e 73,76µmol ZPP/mol de heme nos ovinos. Após a lavagem, os valores foram 61,4µmol ZPP/mol de heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol de heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol de heme, nos bezerros, caprinos e ovinos, respectivamente. Devido à praticidade da técnica, essa pode ser empregada para a detecção precoce da anemia ferropriva, sendo recomendada a prévia lavagem das hemácias.(AU)

In ruminant breeding systems, chronic anemia can lead to economic losses, resulting from iron deficiency in the organismo. When iron is unavailable for incorporation into hemoglobin, a compound called zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP) is formed, may be an early marker for anemia and is useful for its diagnosis. However, for this measurement to be useful, it is necessary to know the normal values for the species. Therefore, 30 calves, 30 goats and 30 sheep, all of them healthy, to standardize the values were used. This measurement was determined on refrigerated blood samples collected with EDTA, obtaining values in red blood cells not washed and washed. The washing aimed at the elimination of interfering substances in these measures. The mean of the ZPP in the unwashed samples was 80,9µmol ZPP/mol of heme in calves; 55,09µmol ZPP/mol of heme in goats and 73,76µmol ZPP/mol of heme in sheep. After washing, the values were 61,4µmol ZPP/mol of heme; 43,92µmol ZPP/mol of heme e 59,36µmol ZPP/mol of heme, in calves, goats and sheep, respectively. Due to its practicality, the techniquecan be used for the early detection of iron deficiency anemia, recommending the previous lavage of the red blood cells.(AU)