Effect of Sunflower Kernel Peptides Produced by Dual-Degradation on the Growth Performance, Nutrient Digestibility, and Health Status of Broilers

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of sunflower kernel peptides produced by enzymatic digestion, fermentation, or both on the growth performance, nutrient digestibility, and health status of broilers. Four diets contained 20% of sunflower kernel meal as its raw form (CON) or degraded by protease (ESM), Bacillus pumilus (FSM), or both (DSM). A total of 480 yellow broilers at one day old were randomly distributed to 4 groups with 6 replicates of 20 chicks each. The feeding trial lasted for 63 d. Results showed that peptide content was increased (p<0.001) from 3.97% (CON) to 32.5% (ESM), 24.2% (FSM), and 39.1% (DSM). The three sunflower peptide groups improved (p≤0.001) feed intake and body weight gain. The peptide groups increased (p≤0.015) ileal apparent digestibility of dry matter, energy, crude protein, and amino acids (methionine, lysine, tryptophan, and threonine). Furthermore, the peptide groups improved (p≤0.029) the health status by increasing serum immunoglobulins (IgA, IgG) and glutathione peroxidase. Additionally, among the peptide groups, DSM showed more pronounced effects (p<0.05) on these parameters than ESM or FSM. It is concluded that dual-degradation by enzymolysis and fermentation has a better improvement in the nutrition and application of sunflower kernel meal in broilers.(AU)

Partially Dehulled Sunflower Seeds in Diets for Grazing Chickens: Effect in Meat Quality

The effect of including partially dehulled sunflower seeds in the diet of grazing chickens in meat quality was evaluated. Two hundred and forty, one-day-old, Ross 308 chickens were used, randomly distributed into four treatments with six replicates of 10 birds each. Seventy-two birds were slaughtered at seven weeks of age, 18 per treatment, extracting the Pectoralis major muscle to analyze meat quality. The treatments were completely randomized in a 2x2 factorial arrangement, where type of rearing (confinement or grazing) and diet (base diet or base diet substituting 10% soybean meal for partially dehulled sunflower seeds) were the independent variables. The grazing chickens spent 8 hours a day in a white clover (Trifolium repens) paddock. Including sunflower seeds improved (p<0.05) the color and crude protein (CP) in breast meat (p<0.05), while grazing increased (p<0.05) CP, dry mater (DM), and shear force (SF), and the percentage of breast fat decreased (p<0.05) by up to 50%. Additionally, grazing increased (p<0.05) saturated fatty acids (SFA) and reduced (p<0.05) lipid oxidation by up to 50%. Partially replacing soybean meal with partially dehulled sunflower seeds in the diet of grazing chickens with white clover improves the physicochemical characteristics and nutritional quality of the breast meat; it also decreases lipid oxidation, extending the shelf life of the meat.(AU)

Nutritional quality of wet distillers grains coensiled with wholeplant maize and its feeding value for lambs

ABSTRACT: The high moisture content of wet distillers grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The coensiling with wholeplant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers grains (WPMS + DDGS), and wholeplant maize (WPM) coensiled with WDGS (WPM WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPMWDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGSbased diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMSbased diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, coensiling WDGS with wholeplant maize provides the opportunity for the longterm storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers’ grains co–ensiled with whole–plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co–ensiling with whole–plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole–plant maize (WPM) co–ensiled with WDGS (WPM – WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS–based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p 0.05). In conclusion, co–ensiling WDGS with whole–plant maize provides the opportunity for the long–term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Nutritional quality of wet distillers' grains co-ensiled with whole-plant maize and its feeding value for lambs

The high moisture content of wet distillers' grains with solubles (WDGS) has limited its feeding value despite the relatively high nutritive value. The co­ensiling with whole­plant maize, as a complementary feed, was evaluated for growing lambs by formulating diets whose contents were: whole plant maize silage (WPMS) + sunflower oilcake meal (SOM) (control, WPMS + SOM), whole plant maize silage + dried distillers' grains (WPMS + DDGS), and whole­plant maize (WPM) co­ensiled with WDGS (WPM ­ WDGS). Rumen fermentation parameters and in situ degradability of the diets were evaluated using three cannulated Merino wethers in a cross over 3 × 3 Latin square design experiment that lasted 39 days. Concurrently, feed intake and growth performance of South Africa Mutton Merino lambs (29.7 ± 3.6 kg) were evaluated over 45 days. The WPMS + DDGS diet had a lower rate of dry matter degradation (p < 0.05) compared to the WPMS + SOM and WPM­WDGS diets. However, the rapidly fermentable fraction, as well as the progressively fermentable fraction of the diet dry matter, was not different (p > 0.05). No differences in rumen volatile fatty acid, ammonia nitrogen concentration nor rumen pH of the wethers as a result of diet differences were observed. Lambs consuming the WDGS­based diet had a lower average daily intake and average daily gain (p < 0.05) compared to lambs consuming the DDGS and WPMS­based diets. However, the feed conversion ratio was not affected by diet differences (p > 0.05). In conclusion, co­ensiling WDGS with whole­plant maize provides the opportunity for the long­term storage and utilization of WDGS in lamb feeding.

Effect of the diet on performance characteristics and quality of meat fat of lamb by principal component analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of agroindustrial co-products in the diet of lambs on the performance and nutritional quality of meat fat. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups: control diet (C) or diets containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower meal (SFM), and castor cake (CC). During the experimental period, data on dry matter consumption (DMC) and total weight gain (TWG) were collected. After slaughter, samples of Logissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were taken for fatty acids and cholesterol analysis. Diets C and CS provided similar characteristics of fat quality and animal performance. However, SFM and CC diets tend to form isolated groups, with different fat and performance characteristics. The SFM diet results in meat with a higher saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content. The CC diet is related to improved performance characteristics and lower cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of CC in the experimental diets provided, in the proportions used in this experiment, better characteristics of animal performance and meat fat quality.(AU)

Effect of the diet on performance characteristics and quality of meat fat of lamb by principal component analysis

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of use of agroindustrial co-products in the diet of lambs on the performance and nutritional quality of meat fat. Twenty lambs were distributed into four experimental groups: control diet (C) or diets containing cottonseed (CS), sunflower meal (SFM), and castor cake (CC). During the experimental period, data on dry matter consumption (DMC) and total weight gain (TWG) were collected. After slaughter, samples of Logissimus dorsi (LD) muscle were taken for fatty acids and cholesterol analysis. Diets C and CS provided similar characteristics of fat quality and animal performance. However, SFM and CC diets tend to form isolated groups, with different fat and performance characteristics. The SFM diet results in meat with a higher saturated fatty acids and cholesterol content. The CC diet is related to improved performance characteristics and lower cholesterol content. In conclusion, the inclusion of CC in the experimental diets provided, in the proportions used in this experiment, better characteristics of animal performance and meat fat quality.

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system / Efeito do tamanho da amostra nos parâmetros cinéticos de alimentos volumosos e concentrados por meio de um sistema de produção de gases in vitro semi-automatizado

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, dried brewer's yeast, bean residue, wet brewer's grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewer’s grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers’ grains with solubles, dried brewer’s yeast, wet brewer’s grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05)...

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de amostras incubadas sobre os parâmetros cinéticos de fermentação in vitro de alimentos concentrados e volumosos disponíveis para alimentação de ruminantes. O preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando 200, 300, 400 e 500 mg de amostra seca ao ar, moída a 1 mm, alocadas em frascos de vidro com capacidade de 120 mL, e adicionados inóculo e solução McDougal, seguidos das leituras, por meio de um transdutor de pressão semi-automatizado, até 96 horas após o inicio das incubações. A produção de gases da fração não-fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de girassol e farelo de pinhão manso, quadrático (P < 0,05) para silagem de capim napier e torta de algodão, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para farelo de mamona e farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração não-fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim napier e farelo de mamona, quadrático (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim marandu, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a silagem de milho, farelo de soja, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão e torta de algodão. A produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de algodão e torta de girassol, quadrático (P < 0,05) para farelo de pinhão manso, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, farelo de mamona, farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo...

Effect of sample size on kinetic parameters of roughage and concentrated feeds by a semi-automated in vitro gas production system / Efeito do tamanho da amostra nos parâmetros cinéticos de alimentos volumosos e concentrados por meio de um sistema de produção de gases in vitro semi-automatizado

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of different amounts of incubated samples on the kinetic parameters of in vitro fermentation of roughage and concentrated food used for feeding ruminants. Samples were prepared using 200, 300, 400, and 500 mg of air-dried roughage and concentrated sample, ground to 1 mm, and placed in 120 mL glass flasks. Next, inoculum and McDougal solution were added, and the readings were obtained using a semi-automated pressure transducer up to 96 h after the beginning of the incubations. Gas production of the non-fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, dried brewer's yeast, bean residue, wet brewer's grains, sunflower meal, and Jatropha meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage and cottonseed meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for castor meal and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the non-fibrous fraction reduced linearly (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Napier grass silage, and castor meal; quadratically (P < 0.05) for Marandu grass silage; and cubically (P < 0.05) for corn silage, soybean meal, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, and cottonseed meal. Gas production of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, Marandu grass silage, corn silage, dried corn distillers' grains with solubles, bean residue, wet brewers grain, cottonseed meal, and sunflower meal; quadratically ( < 0.05) for Jatropha meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, castor meal, and soybean meal. The degradation rate of the fibrous fraction increased linearly (P < 0.05) for Napier grass silage, dried corn distillers grains with solubles, dried brewers yeast, wet brewers grains; quadratically (P < 0.05) for corn silage and castor meal; and cubically (P < 0.05) for sugarcane, Marandu grass silage, and bean residue. The lag time reduced linearly (P < 0.05)...(AU)

Objetivou-se com este trabalho avaliar o efeito de diferentes quantidades de amostras incubadas sobre os parâmetros cinéticos de fermentação in vitro de alimentos concentrados e volumosos disponíveis para alimentação de ruminantes. O preparo das amostras foi realizado utilizando 200, 300, 400 e 500 mg de amostra seca ao ar, moída a 1 mm, alocadas em frascos de vidro com capacidade de 120 mL, e adicionados inóculo e solução McDougal, seguidos das leituras, por meio de um transdutor de pressão semi-automatizado, até 96 horas após o inicio das incubações. A produção de gases da fração não-fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de cervejaria desidratado, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de girassol e farelo de pinhão manso, quadrático (P < 0,05) para silagem de capim napier e torta de algodão, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para farelo de mamona e farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração não-fibrosa apresentou redução linear (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, silagem de capim napier e farelo de mamona, quadrático (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim marandu, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a silagem de milho, farelo de soja, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão e torta de algodão. A produção de gases da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear crescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, silagem de capim marandu, silagem de milho, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo de feijão, resíduo úmido de cervejaria, torta de algodão e torta de girassol, quadrático (P < 0,05) para farelo de pinhão manso, e cúbico (P < 0,05) para a cana-de-açúcar, farelo de mamona, farelo de soja. A taxa de degradação da fração fibrosa apresentou comportamento linear decrescente (P < 0,05) para a silagem de capim napier, grão seco da destilaria do milho, resíduo...(AU)

Suitability of different levels of sunflower cake from biodiesel production as feed ingredient for lamb production

The objective of this study was to evaluate performance traits, intake, nutrient apparent digestibility, and economic analysis of lambs fed diets containing different levels of sunflower cake (SFC) with a certain chemical composition. Thirty-six Santa Inês × Dorper lambs (n = 9 per treatment diet) with an average body weight (BW) of 19.5±2.19 kg at the beginning of the study were randomly allocated to four isocaloric and isonitrogenous diets for 63 days. A control diet without SFC was compared with diets containing 5, 10, and 15% of dietary dry matter (DM) of SFC replacing soybean meal and corn. Growth performance and economic indicators were calculated. Moreover, individual faeces were collected using canvas bags to evaluate the apparent digestibility of nutrients between days 30 and 45 of study. The total BW gain linearly decreased with the inclusion of SFC in the lamb diet. However, no differences among treatments were observed for final BW, average daily gain, average daily feed intake, or feed conversion ratio. The inclusion of different levels of SFC in the diet reduced the intakes of DM as g/kg BW and non-fibre carbohydrates on DM basis. The apparent digestibility of all nutrients studied improved with the inclusion of 5% SFC but decreased with diets containing 10 or 15% of SFC. Moreover, the higher benefit:cost ratio was obtained for diet containing 5% SFC. Therefore, SFC from biodiesel production could be used at levels of 5% in lamb rations, reducing feeding costs without worsening productive performance, nutrient intake, and digestibility at the ages studied.(AU)

Evaluating rumen fermentation kinetics and nutritive value of sunflower seed meal supplemented with acetonic extract of pomegranate peel using in vitro gas production technique

This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing different levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% of buffered rumen fluid) of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel on rumen fermentation kinetics of sunflower seed meal (SFM), using in vitro gas production technique. The samples were incubated in syringes containing rumen liquor obtained from three cannulated Iranian Ghezel rams for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36h. Results indicated that, addition of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel resulted in increase in gas production volume in all of incubation times (p < 0.0001). Amount of gas production, also increased by increasing dose of the extract. Amounts of a (the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction), b (the gas production from the insoluble fraction) and a + b (the potential gas production) for pomegranate peel extract supplemented sunflower seed meal were higher (p < 0.05) than that of control meal. Adding pomegranate peel extract resulted in increase estimated short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production as well as digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) content of SFM. Production of SCFA as well as DOM, ME and NEL content of SFM increased (p < 0.05) by enhancing the level of the extract supplementation. In conclusion, it can be suggest that, supplementing acetonic extract of pomegranate peel may be lead to higher ruminal fermentation and better nutritive value of SFM in ruminants.(AU)

Evaluating rumen fermentation kinetics and nutritive value of sunflower seed meal supplemented with acetonic extract of pomegranate peel using in vitro gas production technique

This study was conducted to investigate effects of supplementing different levels (0.0, 0.5 and 1.0% of buffered rumen fluid) of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel on rumen fermentation kinetics of sunflower seed meal (SFM), using in vitro gas production technique. The samples were incubated in syringes containing rumen liquor obtained from three cannulated Iranian Ghezel rams for 2, 4, 6, 8, 12, 24 and 36h. Results indicated that, addition of acetonic extract of pomegranate peel resulted in increase in gas production volume in all of incubation times (p < 0.0001). Amount of gas production, also increased by increasing dose of the extract. Amounts of a (the gas production from the immediately soluble fraction), b (the gas production from the insoluble fraction) and a + b (the potential gas production) for pomegranate peel extract supplemented sunflower seed meal were higher (p < 0.05) than that of control meal. Adding pomegranate peel extract resulted in increase estimated short chain fatty acids (SCFA) production as well as digestible organic matter (DOM), metabolizable energy (ME) and net energy for lactation (NEL) content of SFM. Production of SCFA as well as DOM, ME and NEL content of SFM increased (p < 0.05) by enhancing the level of the extract supplementation. In conclusion, it can be suggest that, supplementing acetonic extract of pomegranate peel may be lead to higher ruminal fermentation and better nutritive value of SFM in ruminants.

Sunflower cake in diets for beef cattle: digestibility, kinetics and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake replacing soybean meal in beef cattle diets on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein (IVDCP) and the ruminal fermentation kinetics and parameters. The experiment was analyzed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four levels of sunflower cake, 0, 200, 400, 600 g kg-1, replacing soybean meal in the concentrate of beef cattle diets. The coefficients of IVDDM, IVDOM and IVDCP presented a quadratic effect with the addition of sunflower cake. The soluble fraction (fraction B) degradation rate and total gas production decreased linearly with the inclusion of sunflower cake. Values of pH in ruminal fluid were higher for levels 0, 200 and 600 g kg-1 sunflower cake. Sunflower cake can replace soybean meal by up to 280 g kg-1 in the concentrate of beef cattle diets, improving the in vitro digestibility of dry matter organic, matter and crude protein. Levels above 400 g kg-1 reduce ruminal digestion rate, digestibility and release of final fermentation products.(AU)

Sunflower cake in diets for beef cattle: digestibility, kinetics and in vitro ruminal fermentation parameters

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effect of the inclusion of sunflower cake replacing soybean meal in beef cattle diets on the in vitro digestibility of dry matter (IVDDM), organic matter (IVDOM), crude protein (IVDCP) and the ruminal fermentation kinetics and parameters. The experiment was analyzed according to a completely randomized design. The treatments consisted of four levels of sunflower cake, 0, 200, 400, 600 g kg-1, replacing soybean meal in the concentrate of beef cattle diets. The coefficients of IVDDM, IVDOM and IVDCP presented a quadratic effect with the addition of sunflower cake. The soluble fraction (fraction B) degradation rate and total gas production decreased linearly with the inclusion of sunflower cake. Values of pH in ruminal fluid were higher for levels 0, 200 and 600 g kg-1 sunflower cake. Sunflower cake can replace soybean meal by up to 280 g kg-1 in the concentrate of beef cattle diets, improving the in vitro digestibility of dry matter organic, matter and crude protein. Levels above 400 g kg-1 reduce ruminal digestion rate, digestibility and release of final fermentation products.

Morphometric measurements of sheep fed with increasing levels of sunflower meal

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, body morphometric measurements and testicular development in lambs fed with different rates of sunflower meal inclusion. The animals (24) were randomly distributed in treatments with 0, 10, 20 and 30% of sunflower meal in the dry matter of the diet, in six replicates, during 56 days of confinement. The addition of the coproduct at increasing dietary rates increased linearly the dry matter intake in the percentage of live weight and neutral detergent fiber. Despite this, there was a linear reduction in ether extract intake and chest width. On the other hand, there was no difference in daily, total and final weight gains. The body condition score; height of withers, croup and thorax; length of body and croup; width of fore croup, hind croup and chest; thoracic and neck diameters also did not change with the addition of the coproduct. The testicular measures 26.76; 6.11; 6.08; 5.22; 5.21; 4.80, and 4.81cm varied quadratically with the inclusion. Therefore, the inclusion of 30% of the coproduct changes nutrient intake and testicular biometry, but does not interfere in the body weight and development, being an economical alternative.(AU)

Morphometric measurements of sheep fed with increasing levels of sunflower meal

The objective of this work was to evaluate the performance, body morphometric measurements and testicular development in lambs fed with different rates of sunflower meal inclusion. The animals (24) were randomly distributed in treatments with 0, 10, 20 and 30% of sunflower meal in the dry matter of the diet, in six replicates, during 56 days of confinement. The addition of the coproduct at increasing dietary rates increased linearly the dry matter intake in the percentage of live weight and neutral detergent fiber. Despite this, there was a linear reduction in ether extract intake and chest width. On the other hand, there was no difference in daily, total and final weight gains. The body condition score; height of withers, croup and thorax; length of body and croup; width of fore croup, hind croup and chest; thoracic and neck diameters also did not change with the addition of the coproduct. The testicular measures 26.76; 6.11; 6.08; 5.22; 5.21; 4.80, and 4.81cm varied quadratically with the inclusion. Therefore, the inclusion of 30% of the coproduct changes nutrient intake and testicular biometry, but does not interfere in the body weight and development, being an economical alternative.

Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of oilseed byproducts / Degradação ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de coprodutos de oleaginosas

The objective was to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of some oilseed byproducts. Oilseed byproducts evaluated were: Sunflower Meal, Cotton Cake and Castor Bean Cake. The rumen degradability test was performed following a split plot randomized complete block design with three treatments (plots) and seven incubation times (subplots) and six blocks (animals). The readily soluble fraction of the dry matter of sunflower meal was 35.0% higher than the same fraction of cotton cake and castor bean cake (mean 24.46%, P < 0.01). The highest potential degradability of crude protein (P < 0.01) was verified in castor bean cake (96.90%, 5% rate of passage). Sunflower meal had the lowest insoluble fraction of the fiber fraction, 34.4%, compared to cotton cake and castor bean cake, with 64.4% and 39.4%, respectively (P < 0.01). Sunflower meal had the highest fiber effective degradability (25.2%). Sunflower meal presented better values of ruminal parameters of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in relation to the other byproducts.

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de alguns coprodutos de oleaginosas. Os coprodutos de oleaginosas avaliados foram: Farelo de Girassol, Torta de Algodão e Torta de Mamona. O ensaio de degradabilidade ruminal foi conduzido seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos de incubações (subparcelas) e seis blocos (animais. A fração prontamente solúvel da matéria seca do farelo de girassol foi 35,0 % superior em relação à mesma fração dos coprodutos torta de algodão e torta de mamona (média 24,46%; P < 0,01). A maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (P < 0,01) foi verificada na torta de mamona (96,90%; taxa de passagem de 5%). O farelo de girassol apresentou menor fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável da fração fibrosa, 34,4%, em relação à torta de algodão e torta de mamona que apresentaram média de 64,4% e 39,4%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). O farelo de girassol apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da fibra (25,2%). O farelo de girassol apresentou melhores valores dos parâmetros ruminais da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro em relação aos demais coprodutos.

Ruminal degradation of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of oilseed byproducts / Degradação ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de coprodutos de oleaginosas

The objective was to evaluate the rumen degradability of dry matter, crude protein and fiber fraction of some oilseed byproducts. Oilseed byproducts evaluated were: Sunflower Meal, Cotton Cake and Castor Bean Cake. The rumen degradability test was performed following a split plot randomized complete block design with three treatments (plots) and seven incubation times (subplots) and six blocks (animals). The readily soluble fraction of the dry matter of sunflower meal was 35.0% higher than the same fraction of cotton cake and castor bean cake (mean 24.46%, P < 0.01). The highest potential degradability of crude protein (P < 0.01) was verified in castor bean cake (96.90%, 5% rate of passage). Sunflower meal had the lowest insoluble fraction of the fiber fraction, 34.4%, compared to cotton cake and castor bean cake, with 64.4% and 39.4%, respectively (P < 0.01). Sunflower meal had the highest fiber effective degradability (25.2%). Sunflower meal presented better values of ruminal parameters of dry matter, crude protein and neutral detergent fiber in relation to the other byproducts.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a degradabilidade ruminal da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fração fibrosa de alguns coprodutos de oleaginosas. Os coprodutos de oleaginosas avaliados foram: Farelo de Girassol, Torta de Algodão e Torta de Mamona. O ensaio de degradabilidade ruminal foi conduzido seguindo o delineamento em blocos casualizados em esquema de parcelas subdivididas com três tratamentos (parcelas) e sete tempos de incubações (subparcelas) e seis blocos (animais. A fração prontamente solúvel da matéria seca do farelo de girassol foi 35,0 % superior em relação à mesma fração dos coprodutos torta de algodão e torta de mamona (média 24,46%; P < 0,01). A maior degradabilidade potencial da proteína bruta (P < 0,01) foi verificada na torta de mamona (96,90%; taxa de passagem de 5%). O farelo de girassol apresentou menor fração insolúvel potencialmente degradável da fração fibrosa, 34,4%, em relação à torta de algodão e torta de mamona que apresentaram média de 64,4% e 39,4%, respectivamente (P < 0,01). O farelo de girassol apresentou maior degradabilidade efetiva da fibra (25,2%). O farelo de girassol apresentou melhores valores dos parâmetros ruminais da matéria seca, proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro em relação aos demais coprodutos.(AU)

Concentrações de hidróxido de sódio nas soluções de destilação do método de Kjeldahl sobre a quantificação do nitrogênio total / Sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation solution of the Kjeldahl method on the quantification of total nitrogen

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação sobre os teores de nitrogênio (N) total obtidos pelo método de Kjeldahl em diferentes materiais. Foram utilizadas oito amostras de diferentes materiais, sendo quatro amostras com baixo teor de N (cana-de-açúcar in natura, fezes bovinas, milho grão e silagem de milho) e quatro amostras com alto teor de N (carcaça ovina, caseína, farelo de girassol e farelo de soja). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas dois padrões com conteúdo conhecido de N (HCl-Lisina e sulfato de amônio). O período experimental foi de nove dias, em que cada grupo de amostras (padrões e amostras de baixo e alto teor de N) foi analisado durante três dias consecutivos (baterias de análise). Avaliaram-se quatro concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação: 300, 400, 500 e 600 g/L. Os padrões foram avaliados separadamente em termos de recuperação de N em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e o efeito aleatório de bateria de análise. As amostras de alto e baixo teor de N foram avaliadas separadamente em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e os efeitos aleatórios de bateria de análise, amostras e interação amostra × concentração de hidróxido de sódio. Verificou-se recuperação completa de N para os padrões (P>0,01). Não houve efeito de amostra, bem como interação amostra e concentração de hidróxido de sódio sobre a concentração de N nos diferentes materiais (P>0,01). Não foram verificados efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio sobre os teores de N dos materiais de alto e baixo nitrogênio (P>0,01). A variação na concentração de hidróxido de sódio não afetou a repetibilidade dos resultados. Conclui-se que concentrações de hidróxido de sódio de 300 a 600 g/L na solução empregada na etapa de destilação do método de Kjeldahl propiciam recuperação completa do N com padrão de precisão similar.

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation stage on the total nitrogen (N) contents of the Kjeldahl method in different materials. Eight samples of different materials were used: four samples with low-N content (sugar cane in natura, cattle feces, corn grain, and corn silage) and four samples with high-N content (sheep carcass, casein, sunflower meal, and soybean meal). Moreover, analytical two standard samples with known N content (HCl-Lysine and ammonium sulfate) were evaluated. The experimental period lasted nine days, where each group of samples (standards, high and low-N content samples) were analyzed for three consecutive days (round of analysis). Four concentrations of sodium hydroxide were used in the distillation step: 300, 400, 500, and 600 g/L. The analytical standards were evaluated separately according to recovery of N by using a model including the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effect of round of analysis. The low- and high-N samples were also evaluated separately using a model that included the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effects of round of analysis, samples and sodium hydroxide × samples interaction. A complete recovery of N from standards was observed (P>0.01). There was no effect of samples as well as interaction between sodium hydroxide concentrations and samples on the N contents in the different materials (P>0.01). No effects of the concentrations of sodium hydroxide were observed on the N contents (P>0.01). The variation in sodium hydroxide concentrations did not affect the repeatability of the results. It is concluded that sodium hydroxide concentrations from 300 to 600 g/L in the solution used in the distillation step of the Kjeldahl method provide complete recovery of N with a similar pattern of precision.

Concentrações de hidróxido de sódio nas soluções de destilação do método de Kjeldahl sobre a quantificação do nitrogênio total / Sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation solution of the Kjeldahl method on the quantification of total nitrogen

Objetivou-se avaliar os efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação sobre os teores de nitrogênio (N) total obtidos pelo método de Kjeldahl em diferentes materiais. Foram utilizadas oito amostras de diferentes materiais, sendo quatro amostras com baixo teor de N (cana-de-açúcar in natura, fezes bovinas, milho grão e silagem de milho) e quatro amostras com alto teor de N (carcaça ovina, caseína, farelo de girassol e farelo de soja). Adicionalmente, foram avaliadas dois padrões com conteúdo conhecido de N (HCl-Lisina e sulfato de amônio). O período experimental foi de nove dias, em que cada grupo de amostras (padrões e amostras de baixo e alto teor de N) foi analisado durante três dias consecutivos (baterias de análise). Avaliaram-se quatro concentrações de hidróxido de sódio na etapa de destilação: 300, 400, 500 e 600 g/L. Os padrões foram avaliados separadamente em termos de recuperação de N em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e o efeito aleatório de bateria de análise. As amostras de alto e baixo teor de N foram avaliadas separadamente em modelo incluindo o efeito fixo de concentração de hidróxido de sódio e os efeitos aleatórios de bateria de análise, amostras e interação amostra × concentração de hidróxido de sódio. Verificou-se recuperação completa de N para os padrões (P>0,01). Não houve efeito de amostra, bem como interação amostra e concentração de hidróxido de sódio sobre a concentração de N nos diferentes materiais (P>0,01). Não foram verificados efeitos das concentrações de hidróxido de sódio sobre os teores de N dos materiais de alto e baixo nitrogênio (P>0,01). A variação na concentração de hidróxido de sódio não afetou a repetibilidade dos resultados. Conclui-se que concentrações de hidróxido de sódio de 300 a 600 g/L na solução empregada na etapa de destilação do método de Kjeldahl propiciam recuperação completa do N com padrão de precisão similar.(AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of sodium hydroxide concentrations in the distillation stage on the total nitrogen (N) contents of the Kjeldahl method in different materials. Eight samples of different materials were used: four samples with low-N content (sugar cane in natura, cattle feces, corn grain, and corn silage) and four samples with high-N content (sheep carcass, casein, sunflower meal, and soybean meal). Moreover, analytical two standard samples with known N content (HCl-Lysine and ammonium sulfate) were evaluated. The experimental period lasted nine days, where each group of samples (standards, high and low-N content samples) were analyzed for three consecutive days (round of analysis). Four concentrations of sodium hydroxide were used in the distillation step: 300, 400, 500, and 600 g/L. The analytical standards were evaluated separately according to recovery of N by using a model including the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effect of round of analysis. The low- and high-N samples were also evaluated separately using a model that included the fixed effect of sodium hydroxide concentration and the random effects of round of analysis, samples and sodium hydroxide × samples interaction. A complete recovery of N from standards was observed (P>0.01). There was no effect of samples as well as interaction between sodium hydroxide concentrations and samples on the N contents in the different materials (P>0.01). No effects of the concentrations of sodium hydroxide were observed on the N contents (P>0.01). The variation in sodium hydroxide concentrations did not affect the repeatability of the results. It is concluded that sodium hydroxide concentrations from 300 to 600 g/L in the solution used in the distillation step of the Kjeldahl method provide complete recovery of N with a similar pattern of precision.(AU)