Macro scale analysis of Syrah vineyards under winter growing cycles: Agronomical and ecophysiological responses

In Southeast Brazil, the change of grape harvest from wet summer to dry winter through double-pruning management has improved the quality of wines, currently denominated winter wines. In order to better understand the influences of soil, macroclimate, and vineyard management in winter wines, we investigated seven vineyards in the states of Minas Gerais (Três Corações TC, Três Pontas TP, Cordislândia COR, São Sebastião do Paraíso SSP and Andradas AND) and São Paulo (Itobi ITO and Espirito Santo do Pinhal PIN) during three consecutive growing seasons. The vineyards are located in warm temperate zones and grouped in four soil types: Acrudox in TC, AND and SSP, Hapludox in TP; Hapludult in AND and PIN; Eutrudept in ITO. The high clay content (> 35 %) observed in all soil types, associated to low evapotranspiration demand, avoided the occurrence of severe water stress, as observed by the high values of leaf and stem water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Differences in vigor were more related to vineyard management and did not affect grape composition. Among vineyards, parameters for berry quality from ITO, such as sugar and acidity, were more associated to high soil sand content and winter temperature. No significant differences were found in anthocyanins and total phenols of berries among vineyards, suggesting that the high thermal range and low precipitation during autumn-winter, historically observed in all municipalities, seemed to be the main factor for improvement of phenolic compounds.(AU)

Macro scale analysis of Syrah vineyards under winter growing cycles: Agronomical and ecophysiological responses

In Southeast Brazil, the change of grape harvest from wet summer to dry winter through double-pruning management has improved the quality of wines, currently denominated winter wines. In order to better understand the influences of soil, macroclimate, and vineyard management in winter wines, we investigated seven vineyards in the states of Minas Gerais (Três Corações TC, Três Pontas TP, Cordislândia COR, São Sebastião do Paraíso SSP and Andradas AND) and São Paulo (Itobi ITO and Espirito Santo do Pinhal PIN) during three consecutive growing seasons. The vineyards are located in warm temperate zones and grouped in four soil types: Acrudox in TC, AND and SSP, Hapludox in TP; Hapludult in AND and PIN; Eutrudept in ITO. The high clay content (> 35 %) observed in all soil types, associated to low evapotranspiration demand, avoided the occurrence of severe water stress, as observed by the high values of leaf and stem water potential, stomatal conductance, photosynthesis, and transpiration. Differences in vigor were more related to vineyard management and did not affect grape composition. Among vineyards, parameters for berry quality from ITO, such as sugar and acidity, were more associated to high soil sand content and winter temperature. No significant differences were found in anthocyanins and total phenols of berries among vineyards, suggesting that the high thermal range and low precipitation during autumn-winter, historically observed in all municipalities, seemed to be the main factor for improvement of phenolic compounds.

Study of the maturation of grapes (Vitis vinifera L. ) grown in Dois Vizinhos, Paraná / Evolução da maturação de uvas finas (Vitis vinifera L. ), no município de Dois Vizinhos, Paraná

The edaphoclimatic conditions in Southwest Parana differ from those in traditional wine-growing regions and have a major influence on the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes. Studies of grape maturation under these conditions may enable us to time the supply of raw materials for the elaboration of differentiated wines. This study aimed to quantify the ripening components of the grape cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, and Sangiovese grapes grown in Dois Vizinhos, PR, during the harvest seasons of 2008/2009 and 2011/2012. The grapevines were performed according to the espalier system and grafted on rootstock R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon and ‘Merlot) and Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo and ‘Sangiovese). The ripening of the grapes was monitored every ten days from the beginning of ripening (verasion) until harvest. The following variables were evaluated: mass and diameter of berries, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total sugars, estimated alcohol content, anthocyanins, and flavanols. Sangiovese berries showed the greatest weight and diameter in the two years. The TSS was higher in the second year of evaluation for Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo grapes. The pH decreased from the first year to the second for all cultivars. There were no significant differences in ATT among the cultivars. A higher content of flavanols was observed during the first growing season of study than during the second. Tempranillo grapes showed the highest concentration of anthocyanins during both growing seasons. Not all cultivars had enough acidity to permit wine stability and guard time. None of the cultivars required the chaptalization of must, presenting good potential of alcohol production.(AU)

As particularidades edafoclimáticas do Sudoeste paranaense diferem das tradicionais regiões de cultivo da videira e exercem grande influência nas características organolépticas das bagas. Estudos sobre a evolução da maturação de uvas nessas condições podem viabilizar o fornecimento de matéria-prima para a elaboração de vinhos diferenciados. Objetivou-se quantificar os componentes da maturação de uvas das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo e Sangiovese cultivadas no município de Dois Vizinhos PR, nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2011/2012. As videiras foram conduzidas em espaldeira e enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon e ‘Merlot) e Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo e ‘Sangiovese). A evolução da maturação das uvas foi acompanhada a cada dez dias a partir do início da maturação (verasion) até a colheita. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: massa e diâmetro médio das bagas, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), açúcares totais, álcool provável, antocianinas e flavonóis. Bagas da cv. Sangiovese apresentaram maior massa e diâmetro médio nos anos avaliados. Os teores de SST foram maiores no segundo ano de avaliação para as cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon e Tempranillo. O pH sofreu redução do primeiro ano para o segundo de avaliação, para todas as cultivares. Não houve diferenças significativas na ATT entre as cvs. A maior concentração de flavonóis foi obtida no primeiro ciclo de estudo. A cv. Tempranillo apresentou concentração mais elevada de antocianinas nos dois anos avaliados. Todas as cultivares não apresentam acidez total suficiente para permitir ao vinho estabilidade e tempo de guarda. Todas as cvs. dispensam a chaptalização do mosto tendo boa produção de álcool provável.(AU)

Virus interference on local scale viticulture: the case of Moll variety from Majorca (Spain)

In Europe, many autochthonous grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are only cultivated at local scale, but play a very important economic role due to their strict relation with terroir and wine tipicity. In this study, it was pursued to evaluate the influence of several factors on performance of Moll, the main autochthonous white variety of Majorca, by means of the database coming from a clonal preselection. The effects of multiple virus infections, vintage and vineyard components were studied by univariate linear models and principal component analysis, starting from measurement of production and must quality parameters of several vines located in 14 vineyards belonging to two appellations during four consecutive years (2001-2004). Absence of multiple virus infections, double cordon system, high clay content and Useful Water Reserve in soils have enhanced vine production without inducing considerable alterations in sugar accumulation in berries and acidity. Moll variety presented great viticultural and oenological potentials. Fertile and deep soils should be preferred in order to maximize production. Also, the use of certified propagation material is strongly recommended. However, further investigations are required to optimize must quality by opportune managements. This study does not provide only essential information to improve Moll cultivation in Majorca, but it also represents a useful example to analyze grapevine varieties that are endemically infected by viruses. In fact, in such situations, it may be supposed an insidious interference by viruses on terroir and wine tipicity.(AU)

Virus interference on local scale viticulture: the case of Moll variety from Majorca (Spain)

In Europe, many autochthonous grapevines (Vitis vinifera L.) are only cultivated at local scale, but play a very important economic role due to their strict relation with terroir and wine tipicity. In this study, it was pursued to evaluate the influence of several factors on performance of Moll, the main autochthonous white variety of Majorca, by means of the database coming from a clonal preselection. The effects of multiple virus infections, vintage and vineyard components were studied by univariate linear models and principal component analysis, starting from measurement of production and must quality parameters of several vines located in 14 vineyards belonging to two appellations during four consecutive years (2001-2004). Absence of multiple virus infections, double cordon system, high clay content and Useful Water Reserve in soils have enhanced vine production without inducing considerable alterations in sugar accumulation in berries and acidity. Moll variety presented great viticultural and oenological potentials. Fertile and deep soils should be preferred in order to maximize production. Also, the use of certified propagation material is strongly recommended. However, further investigations are required to optimize must quality by opportune managements. This study does not provide only essential information to improve Moll cultivation in Majorca, but it also represents a useful example to analyze grapevine varieties that are endemically infected by viruses. In fact, in such situations, it may be supposed an insidious interference by viruses on terroir and wine tipicity.

Study of the maturation of grapes (Vitis vinifera L. ) grown in Dois Vizinhos, Paraná / Evolução da maturação de uvas finas (Vitis vinifera L. ), no município de Dois Vizinhos, Paraná

The edaphoclimatic conditions in Southwest Parana differ from those in traditional wine-growing regions and have a major influence on the organoleptic characteristics of the grapes. Studies of grape maturation under these conditions may enable us to time the supply of raw materials for the elaboration of differentiated wines. This study aimed to quantify the ripening components of the grape cultivars Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo, and Sangiovese grapes grown in Dois Vizinhos, PR, during the harvest seasons of 2008/2009 and 2011/2012. The grapevines were performed according to the espalier system and grafted on rootstock R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ and ‘Merlot’) and Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo’ and ‘Sangiovese’). The ripening of the grapes was monitored every ten days from the beginning of ripening (verasion) until harvest. The following variables were evaluated: mass and diameter of berries, total soluble solids (TSS), pH, titratable acidity (TTA), total sugars, estimated alcohol content, anthocyanins, and flavanols. Sangiovese berries showed the greatest weight and diameter in the two years. The TSS was higher in the second year of evaluation for Cabernet Sauvignon and Tempranillo grapes. The pH decreased from the first year to the second for all cultivars. There were no significant differences in ATT among the cultivars. A higher content of flavanols was observed during the first growing season of study than during the second. Tempranillo grapes showed the highest concentration of anthocyanins during both growing seasons. Not all cultivars had enough acidity to permit wine stability and guard time. None of the cultivars required the chaptalization of must, presenting good potential of alcohol production.

As particularidades edafoclimáticas do Sudoeste paranaense diferem das tradicionais regiões de cultivo da videira e exercem grande influência nas características organolépticas das bagas. Estudos sobre a evolução da maturação de uvas nessas condições podem viabilizar o fornecimento de matéria-prima para a elaboração de vinhos diferenciados. Objetivou-se quantificar os componentes da maturação de uvas das cultivares Cabernet Sauvignon, Merlot, Tempranillo e Sangiovese cultivadas no município de Dois Vizinhos – PR, nas safras de 2008/2009 e 2011/2012. As videiras foram conduzidas em espaldeira e enxertadas sobre o porta-enxerto R110 (‘Cabernet Sauvignon’ e ‘Merlot’) e Paulsen 1103 (‘Tempranillo’ e ‘Sangiovese’). A evolução da maturação das uvas foi acompanhada a cada dez dias a partir do início da maturação (verasion) até a colheita. As seguintes variáveis foram avaliadas: massa e diâmetro médio das bagas, teor de sólidos solúveis totais (SST), pH, acidez total titulável (ATT), açúcares totais, álcool provável, antocianinas e flavonóis. Bagas da cv. Sangiovese apresentaram maior massa e diâmetro médio nos anos avaliados. Os teores de SST foram maiores no segundo ano de avaliação para as cvs. Cabernet Sauvignon e Tempranillo. O pH sofreu redução do primeiro ano para o segundo de avaliação, para todas as cultivares. Não houve diferenças significativas na ATT entre as cvs. A maior concentração de flavonóis foi obtida no primeiro ciclo de estudo. A cv. Tempranillo apresentou concentração mais elevada de antocianinas nos dois anos avaliados. Todas as cultivares não apresentam acidez total suficiente para permitir ao vinho estabilidade e tempo de guarda. Todas as cvs. dispensam a chaptalização do mosto tendo boa produção de álcool provável.