Clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical findings in a case of bovine cutaneous angiomatosis in a Holstein heifer / Achados clínico-patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos em um caso de angiomatose cutânea bovina em uma novilha Holandesa

ABSTRACT: Bovine cutaneous angiomatosis (BCA) is a rare condition characterized by vasoproliferative skin lesions mainly affecting cattle in the northern hemisphere. An eight-month-old Holstein heifer showed two skin easy-bleeding nodules bulging from the epidermis in the forehead and close to the right prescapular region. Skin lesions were within the dermis and had an irregular surface and a soft heterogeneous reddish parenchyma composed of numerous variable-sized arterioles, veins, and capillaries surrounded by abundant collagenous fibrous tissue. Immunohistochemical assays evidenced endothelial cells lining proliferative vascular structure immunolabeled for CD31 and Von Willebrand factor, and vascular smooth muscle cells immunostained for smooth muscle actin. All clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features observed in the Holstein heifer were hallmarks of BCA. Considering its potential for hereditary spread, BCA must be included in the differential diagnosis of easily bleeding skin nodules that do not respond to routine topical wound treatments to prevent its spread in Brazilian herds.

RESUMO: A angiomatose cutânea bovina (ACB) é uma condição rara caracterizada por lesões vasoproliferativas na pele que afetam principalmente bovinos do hemisfério norte. Uma novilha Holandesa de oito meses de idade apresentou dois nódulos cutâneos protuberantes na epiderme, que apresentavam fácil sangramento localizados na fronte e próximo à região pré-escapular direita. As lesões cutâneas dérmicas tinham uma superfície irregular e um parênquima avermelhado heterogêneo macio composto por numerosas arteríolas, veias e capilares de tamanho variável circundadas por tecido fibroso colagenoso abundante. O exame imuno-histoquímico evidenciou células endoteliais revestindo a estrutura vascular proliferativa imunomarcadas para CD31 e fator de Von Willebrand, e células vasculares de músculo liso imunomarcadas para actina de músculo liso. Todas as características clínicas, patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas observadas na novilha Holandesa foram características da ACB. Considerando seu potencial de disseminação hereditária, a ACB deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial dos nódulos cutâneos de fácil sangramento que não respondem aos tratamentos tópicos de rotina para evitar sua disseminação nos rebanhos brasileiros.

Morphometric analysis on erythrocytes of various livestock being reared in the Cholistan desert / Análise morfométrica de eritrócitos de vários pecuários criados no deserto de Colistão

The present study aimed to assess the influence of physiological exposure to erythrocyte indices; the morphometric parameters of the size of erythrocytes, as well as synergistic effects on the erythrocyte spectrum changes in various species being reared in different strip-wasteland conditions. We collected samples from 400 animals from the jugular veins and made 2000 blood smears, sample blood was taken by an expert veterinary doctor and transferred into an EDTA vacutainer. Blood smears were stained through the Pappenheim procedure and slides were photomicrographed under 100x objective. The parameters of morphometry of erythrocytes were largest in cattle after buffalo, sheep, while goats have the lowest one. The influence of age was significant p<0.05. The influence of sex was not significant in Cattle p<0.01, values of a parameter of erythrocytes were higher in young than in adults in sheep, goats, cattle, and buffalo. The size of erythrocytes in males was higher than females in sheep, goat, and buffalo but in cattle values of female erythrocytes were higher than in males. Further, gender, altitude, and age have a profound influence on the morphometric attributes of erythrocytes. It will be helpful in interpreting etiopathogenetic conditions in human beings and other animals.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da exposição fisiológica nos índices eritrocitários; os parâmetros morfométricos do tamanho dos eritrócitos, bem como os efeitos sinérgicos sobre as alterações do espectro eritrocitário em várias espécies criadas em diferentes condições de terreno baldio. Coletamos amostras de 400 animais das veias jugulares e fizemos 2.000 esfregaços de sangue, a amostra de sangue foi colhida por um médico veterinário especialista e transferida para um vacutainer de EDTA. Esfregaços de sangue foram corados pelo procedimento de Pappenheim e as lâminas foram fotomicrografadas sob objetiva de 100x. Os parâmetros de morfometria dos eritrócitos foram maiores em bovinos após bubalinos, ovinos, enquanto os caprinos apresentaram os menores. A influência da idade foi significativa p<0,05. A influência do sexo não foi significativa em Bovinos p<0,01, os valores de um parâmetro de eritrócitos foram maiores em jovens do que em adultos em ovinos, caprinos, bovinos e bubalinos. O tamanho dos eritrócitos nos machos foi maior que nas fêmeas em ovinos, caprinos e búfalos, mas em bovinos os valores de eritrócitos femininos foram maiores do que nos machos. Além disso, sexo, altitude e idade têm uma profunda influência nos atributos morfométricos dos eritrócitos. Será útil na interpretação de condições etiopatogenéticas em seres humanos e outros animais.

Clinico-pathological and immunohistochemical findings in a case of bovine cutaneous angiomatosis in a Holstein heifer / Achados clínico-patológicos e imuno-histoquímicos em um caso de angiomatose cutânea bovina em uma novilha Holandesa

Bovine cutaneous angiomatosis (BCA) is a rare condition characterized by vasoproliferative skin lesions mainly affecting cattle in the northern hemisphere. An eight-month-old Holstein heifer showed two skin easy-bleeding nodules bulging from the epidermis in the forehead and close to the right prescapular region. Skin lesions were within the dermis and had an irregular surface and a soft heterogeneous reddish parenchyma composed of numerous variable-sized arterioles, veins, and capillaries surrounded by abundant collagenous fibrous tissue. Immunohistochemical assays evidenced endothelial cells lining proliferative vascular structure immunolabeled for CD31 and Von Willebrand factor, and vascular smooth muscle cells immunostained for smooth muscle actin. All clinical, pathological, and immunohistochemical features observed in the Holstein heifer were hallmarks of BCA. Considering its potential for hereditary spread, BCA must be included in the differential diagnosis of easily bleeding skin nodules that do not respond to routine topical wound treatments to prevent its spread in Brazilian herds.

A angiomatose cutânea bovina (ACB) é uma condição rara caracterizada por lesões vasoproliferativas na pele que afetam principalmente bovinos do hemisfério norte. Uma novilha Holandesa de oito meses de idade apresentou dois nódulos cutâneos protuberantes na epiderme, que apresentavam fácil sangramento localizados na fronte e próximo à região pré-escapular direita. As lesões cutâneas dérmicas tinham uma superfície irregular e um parênquima avermelhado heterogêneo macio composto por numerosas arteríolas, veias e capilares de tamanho variável circundadas por tecido fibroso colagenoso abundante. O exame imuno-histoquímico evidenciou células endoteliais revestindo a estrutura vascular proliferativa imunomarcadas para CD31 e fator de Von Willebrand, e células vasculares de músculo liso imunomarcadas para actina de músculo liso. Todas as características clínicas, patológicas e imuno-histoquímicas observadas na novilha Holandesa foram características da ACB. Considerando seu potencial de disseminação hereditária, a ACB deve ser incluída no diagnóstico diferencial dos nódulos cutâneos de fácil sangramento que não respondem aos tratamentos tópicos de rotina para evitar sua disseminação nos rebanhos brasileiros.

Caudal vena cava thrombosis in cows

Background: Caudal vena cava thrombosis (CVCT) is a serious disease that affects cattle. Due to being commonly a fatal pathology, it causes economic losses for producers and national livestock. Thus, the present study describes the epidemiological, clinical, ultrasonographic imaging and pathological findings in 4 cattle with CVCT attended at the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Institute of Veterinary Medicine (IMV) of the Federal University of Pará (UFPA). Cases: The animals were crossbreds of the Gir x Holstein and Jersey x Holstein breeds, aged between 4 and 8 years old, raised in semi-extensive and intensive systems. The main clinical signs were pale mucous membranes, reluctance to move, markedly positive venous pulse, engorged jugular with positive stasis test, and serous to mucopurulent nasal exudation. The auscultation of the lung fields revealed tachypnea, silent areas, wheezing, and pleural friction, in addition to coughing, expiratory dyspnea, mouth breathing, and expiratory grunts. One animal had severe hemoptysis. The ultrasound examination performed on a bovine revealed a circular and dilated caudal vena cava in cross-section. Laboratory tests in 3 cattle revealed anemia, leukocytosis with neutrophil left shift, and increased liver enzymes. At necropsy, all cattle had thrombi in the hepatic segment of the caudal vena cava. In the lung, multiple abscesses and areas of parenchymal consolidation, crateriform areas, as well as thrombi in the arteries were observed. Pleural effusion and ascites were seen in all cattle. Clotted blood was seen in the trachea, bronchi, and on rumen contents of an animal. Histopathological alterations seen in the liver were centrilobular hepatocytes with frequent intensely eosinophilic cytoplasm, and pyknotic, karyorrhexic, or absent nuclei and cell borders barely distinguishable. In the lung were nodular and random formations, with a thick wall of mature connective tissue and a central area full of cellular debris, necrotic cells, and intact and degenerated neutrophils (abscesses). Discussion: The set of diagnostic tools that include epidemiology, clinical signs and clinical examinations, ultrasound, necropsy, and histopathology were efficient in the diagnosis of CVCT. The possible causes that led the animals to develop CVCT were diffuse septic pododermatitis in the medial nail of the right pelvic limb associated with traumatic reticuloabomasitis and liver abscesses. In 1 cow, it was not possible to establish the probable cause of CVCT, but for the other cattle in the present study, the probable causes are in agreement with studies that have shown that this disease can occur as a sequel to several septic conditions such as jugular phlebitis, mastitis, hoof rot, enteritis, pneumonia, traumatic reticulopericarditis, acidosis and rumen laminitis, as well as omphalophlebitis in calves. The tachypnea, serous to purulent nasal exudation, pulmonary wheezing, pleural friction, coughing, and expiratory dyspnea, usually with open mouth breathing and expiratory grunts evidenced in the animals of this study, occurred as a result of embolic abscess pneumonia. The presence of multiple lung abscesses, areas of parenchymal consolidation, crateriform foci, and thrombi in the pulmonary arteries and chronic suppurative pneumonia, found at necropsy of the animals in the present study, are related to the development of a thrombus in the caudal vena cava that detaches and embolizes and lodges in the pulmonary arteries. The histopathological findings in 1 cow are compatible with lesions found at necropsy and draw attention to embolic pneumonia and liver lesions, which, are related to thrombi in pulmonary arteries and abscesses formed from CVCT, as well as venous stasis exerted in the return circulation.

Identification of the tributary branches of the hepatic portal vein in the common sloth, Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825 (Pilosa: Bradypodidae) / [Identificação dos ramos tributários da veia porta hepática na preguiça-comum, Bradypus variegatus Schinz, 1825 (Pilosa: Bradypodidae)]

Bradypus variegatus, the common sloth, belongs to the Bradypodidae family, being considered a biological model to be applied in multidisciplinary research. This study was developed with the aim of being applied to clinical medicine and to the adequate management of the common sloth. Ten sloths were utilized, obtained post-natural death. The animals were fixed and to obtain the results, they were submitted to the dissection technique. For 80% of the animals, the portal vein originated from five tributaries, which were: the resulting vein from the anastomosis of the cardia vein, fundic vein, and the pyloric branches; the mesenteric trunk; the vein formed by the confluence of the stomach body branches and the cranial portion of the cavity of the cardia; the pyloric vein and splenic vein. While in 20% of the animals, the portal vein was comprised of six tributaries, because the fundic vein and cardia vein form two direct anastomoses, arriving at the portal vein two tributary vessels. This pattern differs in number and arrangement of branches when compared to the main domestic species. Therefore, the hepatic portal system is responsible for the drainage of the stomach, spleen, pancreas and intestines.

Bradypus variegatus, a preguiça-comum, pertence à família Bradypodidae, sendo considerada um modelo biológico a ser aplicado em pesquisas multidisciplinares. Este estudo foi desenvolvido a fim de ser aplicado à clínica médica e ao manejo adequado da preguiça-comum. Foram utilizadas 10 preguiças, obtidas após morte natural. Os animais foram fixados e, para a obtenção dos resultados, submeteram-se à técnica de dissecação. Em 80% das observações, a veia porta originou-se a partir de cinco tributárias, são elas: a veia resultante da anastomose da veia cárdia, da veia fúndica e dos ramos pilóricos; o tronco mesentérico; a veia formada a partir da confluência de ramos do corpo estomacal e da porção cranial da cavidade cárdica; a veia pilórica e a veia esplênica. Enquanto em 20% dos animais a veia porta é constituída por seis tributárias, a veia fúndica e a veia cárdica formam duas anastomoses diretas, chegando à veia porta dois vasos tributários. Esse padrão difere em número e em disposição dos ramos, quando comparado ao das principais espécies domésticas. Portanto, o sistema porta hepático é responsável pela drenagem do estômago, do baço, do pâncreas e dos intestinos.

Comparative compositional and functional venomic profiles among venom specimens from juvenile, subadult and adult Russell's viper ( Daboia siamensis ): correlation with renal pathophysiology in experimental rabbits

Abstract Background: Eastern Russell's viper (Daboia siamensis) is one of the most medically significant snakes responsible for the development of acute renal failure. However, variation of the clinical picture and renal pathophysiology following bites by young and adult D. siamensis have not been elucidated. Methods: In this study, we analyzed the venomic profiles of D. siamensis at different maturation stages of juvenile, subadult and adult groups. The same pooled venom from each group was subjected to enzymatic, electrophoretic and proteomic analysis, including sublethal toxicity (0.1 mg/kg iv.) examined on bodily functions by comparing the venom compositional and functional profiles among venom specimens from juvenile, subadult and adult D. siamensis by correlating them with the renal pathophysiology in experimental rabbits. Results: The comparative studies revealed that juvenile venom possessed higher phospholipase A2 , metalloproteinase and serine proteinase levels, while subadult and adult venoms contained more L-amino acid oxidase, phosphodiesterase, the Kunitz-type serine protease inhibitor, disintegrin families and endothelial growth factor. An in vivo study revealed that the adult and subadult venoms caused persistent hypotension and bradycardia, while thrombocytopenia was a more characteristic effect of juvenile venom. All venom age groups showed significant reductions in renal hemodynamics and electrolyte excretions. The juvenile venom caused a higher tubulonephrosis lesion score than adult and subadult venoms. Conclusions: The D. siamensis venom shows an ontogenetic shift in its compositions and activities. Renal function alterations after envenomation depend on either the synergistic actions of different venom components or the disproportionate expression between the concentrations of enzymatic and non-enzymatic proteins in each age venom group. The high proportion of enzymatic toxin proteins in the juvenile venom results in greater nephrotoxicity.(AU)

Morphometry and skeletopy of kidneys and renal vessels in "ring-tailed coati" (Nasua nasua) / Morfometria e esqueletopia dos rins e vasos renais no "quati de cauda anelada" (Nasua nasua)

Nasua nasua is a carnivore belonging to the family Procyonidae and is widely distributed throughout South America. The details of its anatomy are fundamental to the application of antomy and understanding of its natural history. This study aimed to measure the average length, width, thickness, and volume of the kidneys; the average length of the renal artery and vein, and to describe the renal and vessel skeletopy in Nasua nasua. For this purpose, 32 kidneys and renal vessels of 16 cadaveric specimens (eight male and eight female) were dissected and measured using a digital caliper. Pearson's correlation coefficients were calculated between the rostrum-sacral length and the renal and vessel variables. The kidneys had a "bean-shaped" aspect with smooth surfaces and were unipapilate. On average, the N. nasua kidneys measured 30 × 16 × 13 mm, with no significant difference between the sexes. The average right renal artery (1.74 ± 0.67 cm) was longer than the left (1.26 ± 0.43 cm), and the right renal vein (1.22 ± 0.34 cm) was shorter than the left renal vein (1.82 ± 0.46 cm) (p < 0.05). One male animal (6.8%) presented with a double right renal vein as an anatomical variation. Both the right and left kidney cranial poles prevailed at the level of the L2 vertebra, assuming a practically symmetrical position. There was a positive and moderate to high correlation between rostrum-sacral length and renal dimensions and renal vessel lengths. The present data may be useful for interpreting the diagnosis of nephropathies that affect renal dimensions in this species and may contribute to the comparative anatomy of carnivorans.(AU)

Nasua nasua é um carnívoro da família Procyonidae amplamente distribuído pela América do Sul. Detalhes de sua anatomia são fundamentais para a anatomia aplicada e o entendimento de sua história natural. Objetivou-se determinar a média do comprimento, largura, espessura e volume elipsoide dos rins, a média do comprimento das artérias e veias renais e revelar a esqueletopia dos rins e vasos renais em N. nasua. Para este propósito, 32 rins e os vasos renais de 16 espécimes cadavéricos (oito machos e oito fêmeas) foram dissecados e mensurados com um paquímetro digital. Os coeficientes de correlação linear de Pearson foram calculados entre o comprimento rostro-sacral e as variáveis dos rins e seus vasos. Os rins apresentaram formato de "feijão" e superfícies lisas e são unipapilados. Na média, os rins de N. nasua mediram 30x16x13 mm, sem diferença significativa entre antímeros ou sexos. O comprimento médio da artéria renal direita (1,74 ± 0,67 cm) foi maior que o da esquerda (1,26 ± 0,43 cm); o comprimento da veia renal direita (1,22 ± 0,34 cm) foi menor que o da esquerda (1,82 ± 0,46 cm) (p < 0,05). Em um macho (6,8%), foi identificada uma veia renal direita dupla como variação anatômica. Os polos craniais dos rins direito e esquerdo prevaleceram ao nível da vértebra L2, assumindo praticamente uma posição simétrica. Houve uma correlação positiva, moderada a elevada, entre o comprimento rostro-sacral com as dimensões renais e com o comprimento dos vasos renais. Os dados do presente estudo poderão vir a ser aplicados na interpretação do diagnóstico de nefropatias que cursam com alterações nas dimensões renais bem como contribuir no campo da anatomia comparada de carnívoros.(AU)

Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AYVV); a betasatellite independent begomovirus infecting Sonchus palustris in Pakistan / Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AYVV); um begomovírus independente de betassatélites infectando Sonchus palustris L. no Paquistão

Satellites associated begomoviruses are the most diverse group of plant viruses in tropical and subtropical regions. In Pakistan, during field surveys in 2019-2020, Sonchus palustris (a weed plant) was observed showing begomovirus symptoms i.e., vein yellowing and mosaic patterns on leaves. Rolling circle amplification from total isolated DNA of symptomatic leaves was performed to amplify circular viral genomes. Subsequent cloning and sequencing showed that a new strain of Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV) is associated with vein yellowing disease of S. palustris. The identity percentage analysis through BLAST search and SDT analysis showed that the new strain is 94-98% identical to AlYVV isolates reported from Pakistan, India and China. In phylogenetic tree, it clustered with AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:15-KX710155], AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:13]-KX906697] and AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:11]-KX906694] previously reported from Pakistan. There was no detectable level of betasatellite or any other satellite molecule in the samples studied here. Phylogenetic analysis of Rep and CP genes of AlYVV with corresponding genes of closely related viruses circulating in Southeast Asia showed intra-specific recombination involving both complementary and virion sense region of virus. Relaxed clock and Bayesian Skyline Plot analysis based on CP gene sequences indicated slight higher substitution rates (4.75 x 10-3 substitutions/nucleotide/year). In the Indian subcontinent satellite-associated monopartite begomoviruses predominately infect crops and non-crop plants. But AlYVV is found infecting mostly non-crop plants independent of satellite molecules. We hypothesize here that AlYVV evolved as a true monopartite begomovirus in the Indian sub-continent and could be a great threat to introduced crops under suitable conditions. Such studies are crucial to understand probable future epidemics of begomoviruses in the region.

Os begomovírus associados aos satélites são o grupo mais diversificado de vírus de plantas encontrado em regiões tropicais e subtropicais. No Paquistão, durante pesquisas de campo entre 2019 e 2020, a espécie Sonchus palustris L. (uma planta daninha) foi observada apresentando sintomas de begomovírus, ou seja, amarelecimento das veias e padrões de mosaico nas folhas. A Amplificação em Círculo Rolante (ACR) a partir de DNA isolado total de folhas sintomáticas foi realizada para amplificar genomas virais circulares. A clonagem e sequenciamento subsequentes mostraram que uma nova cepa de Alternanthera yellow vein virus (AlYVV) está associada à doença do amarelecimento das veias de S. palustris. A análise da porcentagem de identidade por meio de pesquisa BLAST e análise SDT mostrou que a nova cepa é 94-98% idêntica aos isolados de AlYVV relatados no Paquistão, Índia e China. Na árvore filogenética, essa cepa se agrupou com AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:15-KX710155], AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:13]-KX906697] e AlYVV-[PK:E prostrata:11]-KX906694] relatada anteriormente de Paquistão. Não houve nível detectável de betassatélite ou qualquer outra molécula satélite nas amostras estudadas aqui. A análise filogenética de genes Rep e CP de AlYVV com genes correspondentes de vírus intimamente relacionados que estão circulando no Sudeste Asiático mostrou recombinação intraespecífica envolvendo a região complementar e de sentido viral do vírus. Relógio molecular relaxado e análise de Bayesian Skyline Plot (BSP) com base nas sequências do gene CP indicaram taxas de substituição ligeiramente mais altas (4,75 x 10-3 substituições/nucleotídeo/ano). No subcontinente indiano, os begomovírus monopartidos associados aos satélites infectam predominantemente culturas e plantas não cultivadas. Mas o AlYVV é encontrado infectando principalmente plantas não cultivadas, independentemente de moléculas satélites. Desenvolveu-se a hipótese de que o AlYVV evoluiu como um verdadeiro begomovírus monopartido no subcontinente indiano e pode ser uma grande ameaça às culturas introduzidas em condições adequadas. Tais estudos são cruciais para entender prováveis e ​​futuras epidemias de begomovírus na região.

Clinical and surgical approach to umbilical disorders in calves: literature review / Abordagem clínica e cirúrgica das afecções umbilicais em bezerros: revisão de literatura

Umbilical disorders, which frequently occur in calves, are among the major causes of economic losses in herds. Antibiotic therapy alone is effective for some infectious cases, but surgical intervention is often indicated. This review aims to provide an overview of the clinical and surgical perspectives of the principal umbilical disorders in calves. The umbilicus may be affected by infectious or non-infectious conditions, including hernia, persistent urachus, omphalitis, urachitis, omphalophlebitis, and omphaloarteritis. Infectious varieties can culminate in sepsis and sometimes even involve other organs. Under these conditions, the chief complaint of calves tends to be apathy and visible swelling in the umbilical region. When surgery is indicated, the veterinary surgeon needs to have a thorough understanding of umbilical disorders, which coupled with careful clinical examination, will enable the formulation of an effective surgical plan. Surgical principles linked to pre-, trans-, and post-operative care must be considered, as recovery depends upon the surgery performed, pathological factors, and the patient's individual response. Some of the most common surgeries performed include herniorrhaphy, urachus, and umbilical vein resection. Several technological resources, such as ultrasonography and laparoscopy, are new tools that can help improve the performance of these procedures.

As afecções umbilicais são frequentes em bezerros e causam prejuízos econômicos e produtivos nos rebanhos. Apesar da antibioticoterapia ser eficaz em muitos casos infecciosos, o tratamento cirúrgico pode ser indicado. Pela incipiência de revisão relacionada a temática, objetivou-se produzir uma revisão sobre a abordagem clínica e cirúrgica das principais afecções umbilicais de bezerros. O umbigo pode apresentar infecções, como onfalite, uraquite, onfaloflebite, onfaloarterite, paratopias cirúrgicas e persistência de úraco. As infecções podem progredir para quadros septicêmicos com acometimentos de outros órgãos. A queixa principal dessas afecções consiste na protrusão da região umbilical e apatia dos bezerros. Quando a indicação terapêutica for cirúrgica, uma adequada compreensão das afecções umbilicais aliada a um bom exame clínico possibilitará ao cirurgião veterinário estabelecer um bom plano cirúrgico. Princípios cirúrgicos relacionados ao pré, trans e pós-operatório devem ser levados em consideração, pois a recuperação do paciente está diretamente relacionada à tratamento cirúrgico executada, fatores patológicos e resposta individual do paciente. Dentre as cirurgias mais comuns realizadas estão as herniorrafias, cirurgias de úraco e de veias umbilicais. Vários recursos tecnológicos trazem novidades nesses procedimentos, como a ultrassonografia, com destaque para videocirurgia.

Antibody prevalence of Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus in domestic cats from Araguaína, Tocantins, North Region of Brazil / Prevalência de anticorpos para Leptospira spp. e Brucella Abortus em gatos domésticos de Araguaína, Tocantins, Região Norte do Brasil

Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus are bacterial pathogens that can infect humans and animals. The present study aimed to detect anti-Leptospira and anti-B. abortus antibodies and verified the presence of factors associated with seropositivity in cats. One hundred and eighty serum samples were collected from domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) from the urban area of the municipality of Araguaína-Tocantins by phlebocentesis of the cephalic and jugular veins. The samples were subjected to detection of anti-Leptospira and anti-B.abortus antibodies, respectively, by microscopic seroagglutination and buffered acidified antigen testing, followed by confirmation by the 2-mercaptoethanol test and slow seroagglutination in tubes. Data from the epidemiological questionnaire (the age, sex, origin, breed, and presence of clinical signs) were analyzed using Epi Info® software with seropositivity data found to search for associated factors using the chi-square test. In the present study, the prevalence of Leptospira spp. was 5.56% (10/180). However, no sample was reactive to B. abortus. None of the studied variables were associated with seropositivity for the pathogens evaluated. Therefore, there is contact between Leptospira spp. and the feline population of the municipality, indicating the possibility of the circulation of pathogenic serovars and that the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies does not depend on the variables analyzed.

Leptospira spp. e Brucella abortus são patógenos bacterianos que podem infectar humanos e animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar anticorpos anti-Leptospira e anti-B.abortus e verificar a presença de fatores associados com a soropositividade em gatos. Foram coletadas 180 amostras de soro de gatos domésticos (Felis silvestris catus) da zona urbana do município de Araguaína-Tocantins por flebocentese das veias cefálica e jugular. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-Leptospira e anti-B. abortus, respectivamente, por soroaglutinação microscópica e teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado, seguido de confirmação pelo teste de 2-mercaptoetanol e soroaglutinação lenta em tubos. Os dados do questionário epidemiológico (idade, sexo, procedência, raça e presença de sinais clínicos) foram analisados no software Epi Info® com os dados de soropositividade encontrados para pesquisa de fatores associados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. No presente estudo, a prevalência de Leptospira spp. foi de 5,56% (10/180). No entanto, nenhuma amostra foi reativa para B. abortus. Nenhuma das variáveis estudadas foi associada com a soropositividade para os patógenos avaliados. Portanto, há contato entre Leptospiraspp. e a população felina do município, indicando a possibilidade de circulação de sorovares patogênicos e que a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira independe das variáveis analisadas.

Tromboflebite séptica hemorrágica em equino / Hemorrhagic septic thrombophlebitis in horses

Background: Thrombophlebitis represents the main disease of the cardiovascular system of horses, its occurrence is strongly associated with the use of inappropriate materials and techniques. Its clinical presentation varies according to the degree of vessel obstruction and the appearance of complications, in the diagnosis it is essential to assess the extent of damage and the severity of the case. Establishing appropriate treatments, it should be noted that these are mostly clinical, reserving surgical interventions for severe cases, so the aim of the study is report a case of hemorrhagic septic thrombophlebitis treated by partial phlebectomy of the left jugular vein. Case: A 9-year-old male castrated equine, with no defined racial pattern, weighing 345 kg, used in the practice of vaquejada was attended at the Veterinary Hospital (HV) of the Federal University of Campina Grande (UFCG), Campus Patos (PB). During the anamnesis, it was reported that the animal presented colic a month ago, it was treated, recovered and since then, it started presenting an area with increase in volume in the neck region that ruptured the day before the HV attendance, where blood and pus came from. On physical exam, slight edema was noted in the left masseteric region, a volume rise involving the middle and cranial third of the neck with firm consistency in the left jugular sulcus, sensitivity to palpation and little drainage of purulent bloody secretion was observed. Additionally, tachycardia, tachypnea and intestinal hypomotility were found. In turn, in the ultrasound exam, a hypoechoic structure was seen, causing partial obstruction of the vessel, proximal to the fistulated region and total obstruction distal to it. With this information, antibiotic therapy was prescribed, a warm compress followed by the use of anti-inflammatory gel every 8 h. By choice of the owner, the animal returned to the farm, in the next day returned to the Veterinary Hospital, due to...

Aneurisma em veia cava caudal de cão: relato de caso / Caudal vena cava aneurysm: case report

Uma paciente da espécie canina de 9 anos de idade, SRD, foi encaminhado ao serviço de oncologia, após a retirada de um hemangiossarcoma dérmico em região de abdome. Após pesquisa de metástase, constatou por meio da radiografia de tórax presença de uma formação circular, homogênea de 4 cm em hemitórax direito em topografia de lobo acessório pulmonar. Foi então realizado exames complementares cardiológicos e de imagem tais como ecocardiograma e posteriormente tomografia computadorizada com contraste, que confirmou a presença de aneurisma em veia cava caudal. A paciente apresentava-se assintomática, portanto, tendo sido considerado um achado em estadiamento clínico. O aneurisma é uma dilatação vascular, patologia rara em cães, principalmente em veia cava caudal e suas causas ainda permanecem incertas, tendo na genética como a mais provável. Embora o hemangiosarcoma não seja a causa principal para o desenvolvimento do aneurisma, serviu de gatilho para esse achado. Essa patologia ainda permanece rara na medicina veterinária, mesmo sendo os animais utilizados como principais modelos de estudos para tratamento de aneurismas em humanos.

A 9-year-old canine patient, SRD, was referred to the oncology service after removal of a dermal hemangiosarcoma in the abdomen. After searching for metastasis, he found through chest radiography the presence of a circular, homogeneous 4 cm formation in the right hemithorax in topography of the pulmonary accessory lobe. Complementary cardiological and imaging exams, such as echocardiography and later contrast-enhanced computed tomography, were performed, which confirmed the presence of aneurysm in the caudal vena cava. The patient was asymptomatic, therefore, having been considered a finding in clinical staging. Aneurysm is a vascular dilation, a rare pathology in dogs, mainly in the caudal vena cava and its causes are still uncertain, with genetics as the most plausible and probable. Although hemangiosarcoma is not the main cause for the development of the aneurysm, it served as a trigger for this finding. This pathology still remains rare in veterinary medicine, even though animals are used as the main study models for the treatment of aneurysms in humans.

Antibody prevalence of Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus in domestic cats from Araguaína, Tocantins, North Region of Brazil / Prevalência de anticorpos para Leptospira spp. e Brucella Abortus em gatos domésticos de Araguaína, Tocantins, Região Norte do Brasil

Leptospira spp. and Brucella abortus are bacterial pathogens that can infect humans and animals. The present study aimed to detect anti-Leptospira and anti-B. abortus antibodies and verified the presence of factors associated with seropositivity in cats. One hundred and eighty serum samples were collected from domestic cats (Felis silvestris catus) from the urban area of the municipality of Araguaína-Tocantins by phlebocentesis of the cephalic and jugular veins. The samples were subjected to detection of anti-Leptospira and anti-B.abortus antibodies, respectively, by microscopic seroagglutination and buffered acidified antigen testing, followed by confirmation by the 2-mercaptoethanol test and slow seroagglutination in tubes. Data from the epidemiological questionnaire (the age, sex, origin, breed, and presence of clinical signs) were analyzed using Epi Info® software with seropositivity data found to search for associated factors using the chi-square test. In the present study, the prevalence of Leptospira spp. was 5.56% (10/180). However, no sample was reactive to B. abortus. None of the studied variables were associated with seropositivity for the pathogens evaluated. Therefore, there is contact between Leptospira spp. and the feline population of the municipality, indicating the possibility of the circulation of pathogenic serovars and that the presence of anti-Leptospira antibodies does not depend on the variables analyzed.(AU)

Leptospira spp. e Brucella abortus são patógenos bacterianos que podem infectar humanos e animais. O presente estudo teve como objetivo detectar anticorpos anti-Leptospira e anti-B.abortus e verificar a presença de fatores associados com a soropositividade em gatos. Foram coletadas 180 amostras de soro de gatos domésticos (Felis silvestris catus) da zona urbana do município de Araguaína-Tocantins por flebocentese das veias cefálica e jugular. As amostras foram submetidas à detecção de anticorpos anti-Leptospira e anti-B. abortus, respectivamente, por soroaglutinação microscópica e teste do antígeno acidificado tamponado, seguido de confirmação pelo teste de 2-mercaptoetanol e soroaglutinação lenta em tubos. Os dados do questionário epidemiológico (idade, sexo, procedência, raça e presença de sinais clínicos) foram analisados no software Epi Info® com os dados de soropositividade encontrados para pesquisa de fatores associados pelo teste do qui-quadrado. No presente estudo, a prevalência de Leptospira spp. foi de 5,56% (10/180). No entanto, nenhuma amostra foi reativa para B. abortus. Nenhuma das variáveis estudadas foi associada com a soropositividade para os patógenos avaliados. Portanto, há contato entre Leptospiraspp. e a população felina do município, indicando a possibilidade de circulação de sorovares patogênicos e que a presença de anticorpos anti-Leptospira independe das variáveis analisadas.(AU)

Aneurisma em veia cava caudal de cão: relato de caso / Caudal vena cava aneurysm: case report

Uma paciente da espécie canina de 9 anos de idade, SRD, foi encaminhado ao serviço de oncologia, após a retirada de um hemangiossarcoma dérmico em região de abdome. Após pesquisa de metástase, constatou por meio da radiografia de tórax presença de uma formação circular, homogênea de 4 cm em hemitórax direito em topografia de lobo acessório pulmonar. Foi então realizado exames complementares cardiológicos e de imagem tais como ecocardiograma e posteriormente tomografia computadorizada com contraste, que confirmou a presença de aneurisma em veia cava caudal. A paciente apresentava-se assintomática, portanto, tendo sido considerado um achado em estadiamento clínico. O aneurisma é uma dilatação vascular, patologia rara em cães, principalmente em veia cava caudal e suas causas ainda permanecem incertas, tendo na genética como a mais provável. Embora o hemangiosarcoma não seja a causa principal para o desenvolvimento do aneurisma, serviu de gatilho para esse achado. Essa patologia ainda permanece rara na medicina veterinária, mesmo sendo os animais utilizados como principais modelos de estudos para tratamento de aneurismas em humanos.(AU)

A 9-year-old canine patient, SRD, was referred to the oncology service after removal of a dermal hemangiosarcoma in the abdomen. After searching for metastasis, he found through chest radiography the presence of a circular, homogeneous 4 cm formation in the right hemithorax in topography of the pulmonary accessory lobe. Complementary cardiological and imaging exams, such as echocardiography and later contrast-enhanced computed tomography, were performed, which confirmed the presence of aneurysm in the caudal vena cava. The patient was asymptomatic, therefore, having been considered a finding in clinical staging. Aneurysm is a vascular dilation, a rare pathology in dogs, mainly in the caudal vena cava and its causes are still uncertain, with genetics as the most plausible and probable. Although hemangiosarcoma is not the main cause for the development of the aneurysm, it served as a trigger for this finding. This pathology still remains rare in veterinary medicine, even though animals are used as the main study models for the treatment of aneurysms in humans.(AU)

Caudal vena cava collapsibility index in healthy cats by ultrasonography / [Índice de colapsibilidade da veia cava caudal em gatos domésticos Saudáveis, obtido por meio de ultrassonografia]

The objective of this study was to calculate the collapsibility index (CI) in a group of 15 healthy adult mixed breed cats via right hepatic intercostal ultrasound view. The minimal and the maximal diameters of the caudal vena cava (CVC) were obtained during inspiration and expiration, respectively, then CI was calculated. The mean diameter of the CVC was 0.5cm. The mean CI was 28±3% and CI was not significantly associated with gender. As in human medicine, there is a growing need for less invasive monitoring in small animal practice. The CI enables the assessment of estimated volemia without the need for a central venous catheter. This is the first reported study investigating CI in cats.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi calcular o índice de colapsabilidade (IC) em um grupo de 15 gatos adultos, saudáveis e SRD, por meio da janela ultrassonográfica hepática intercostal direita. Os diâmetros mínimo e máximo da veia cava caudal (VCC) foram obtidos durante a inspiração e a expiração, respectivamente. O IC foi calculado, posteriormente. O diâmetro médio da VCC foi de 0,5cm. O diâmetro médio do IC foi de 28±3%, e o IC não foi significativamente associado ao gênero. Como na medicina humana, há uma necessidade crescente de monitoramento menos invasivo na prática de pequenos animais. O IC possibilita a avaliação da volemia estimada sem a necessidade de um cateter venoso central. Este é o primeiro estudo relatado sobre IC em gatos domésticos.(AU)

Caudal vena cava collapsibility index in healthy cats by ultrasonography / [Índice de colapsibilidade da veia cava caudal em gatos domésticos Saudáveis, obtido por meio de ultrassonografia]

The objective of this study was to calculate the collapsibility index (CI) in a group of 15 healthy adult mixed breed cats via right hepatic intercostal ultrasound view. The minimal and the maximal diameters of the caudal vena cava (CVC) were obtained during inspiration and expiration, respectively, then CI was calculated. The mean diameter of the CVC was 0.5cm. The mean CI was 28±3% and CI was not significantly associated with gender. As in human medicine, there is a growing need for less invasive monitoring in small animal practice. The CI enables the assessment of estimated volemia without the need for a central venous catheter. This is the first reported study investigating CI in cats.(AU)

O objetivo deste estudo foi calcular o índice de colapsabilidade (IC) em um grupo de 15 gatos adultos, saudáveis e SRD, por meio da janela ultrassonográfica hepática intercostal direita. Os diâmetros mínimo e máximo da veia cava caudal (VCC) foram obtidos durante a inspiração e a expiração, respectivamente. O IC foi calculado, posteriormente. O diâmetro médio da VCC foi de 0,5cm. O diâmetro médio do IC foi de 28±3%, e o IC não foi significativamente associado ao gênero. Como na medicina humana, há uma necessidade crescente de monitoramento menos invasivo na prática de pequenos animais. O IC possibilita a avaliação da volemia estimada sem a necessidade de um cateter venoso central. Este é o primeiro estudo relatado sobre IC em gatos domésticos.(AU)

Comparison of right and left common carotid arteries of horses and mules by two-dimensional ultrasound and Doppler flow

ABSTRACT: In ultrasonography, the bi-dimensional mode (B-mode) allows the morphological and morphometric evaluation of several types of organs and tissues, while the Doppler mode allows the hemodynamic evaluation. In humans, the Doppler evaluation is routinely used in the assessment of important arteries and veins, such as the carotid arteries and jugular veins, with significant differences between genres and sides. However, in veterinary medicine, this diagnostic method is not yet well established in the evaluation of the carotid arteries, with only few reports in domestic horses. This study aims to compare the right and left common carotid arteries of domestic horses and mules using bi-dimensional and Doppler ultrasound evaluation. The common carotid arteries from 10 domestic horses (five males and five females) and 10 mules (five males and five females) were evaluated. The following variables were measured at three different portions (cranial, middle and caudal): diameter, intima-media thickness (IMT), resistivity index (RI), pulsatility index (PI), peak of systolic velocity (pSV) and final diastolic velocity (fDV). No significant differences were observed in the bi-dimensional variables (diameter and IMT) between the common carotid arteries of horses and mules, regardless of gender (p>0.05). In Doppler mode, there were no significant differences between carotid values in male and female horses (p> 0.05). In the mules, it was only possible to observe differences between the RI and PI values (p 0.05), being higher on the left side (0.81 and 2.04 respectively), and the fDV (p 0.05) higher, on the right side (14.35) in males. As for females, there was only in fDV (p 0.05), with the upper right side (23.16). Diameters and IMT do not differ between sides in horses and mules in B-mode ultrasound. Spectral Doppler in horses does not differ between sides, regardless of gender. As for mules, males differ in RI, PI and fDV between sides, while females differ only in fDV.

RESUMO: Na ultrassonografia, o modo bidimensional (modo B) permite a avaliação morfológica e morfométrica de vários tipos de órgãos e tecidos, enquanto o modo Doppler permite a avaliação hemodinâmica. Em humanos, a avaliação com Doppler é usada rotineiramente na avaliação de artérias e veias importantes, como as artérias carótidas e veias jugulares, com diferenças significativas entre gêneros e lados. No entanto, em medicina veterinária, este método diagnóstico ainda não está bem estabelecido na avaliação das artérias carótidas, com apenas poucos relatos em equinos domésticos. Este estudo tem como objetivo comparar as artérias carótidas comuns direita e esquerda de equinos e mulas domésticos, utilizando a avaliação bidimensional (modo B) e por ultrassonografia Doppler espectral. Avaliaram-se as artérias carótidas comuns de 10 equinos domésticos (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas) e 10 mulas (cinco machos e cinco fêmeas). As seguintes variáveis foram medidas em três porções diferentes (cranial, médio e caudal): diâmetro, espessura íntima-média (IMT), índice de resistividade (RI), índice de pulsatilidade (PI), pico de velocidade sistólica (pSV) e velocidade diastólica final (fDV). Não foram observadas diferenças significativas nas variáveis bidimensionais (diâmetro e IMT) entre as artérias carótidas comuns de cavalos e muares, independentemente do gênero (p>0,05). No modo Doppler, não houve diferenças significativas entre os valores para carótidas em equinos machos e fêmeas (p>0,05). Nos muares, só foi possível observar diferenças entre os valores de RI e PI (p 0,05), sendo maiores no lado esquerdo (0,81 e 2,04 respectivamente), e o fDV (p 0,05) superior no lado direito (14,35) nos machos. Quanto as fêmeas, houve apenas no fDV (p 0,05), sendo o lado direito superior (23,16). Os diâmetros e IMT não diferem entre os lados em equinos e muares na ultrassonografia modo B. Já o Doppler espectral nos equinos não difere entre os lados, independentemente do gênero. Quanto aos muares, os machos diferenciam no IR, IP e fDV entre os lados, enquanto as fêmeas apenas para fDV.

First case report of nematode parasitic myelopathy in a wild feline in Brazil / Primeiro relato de caso de mielopatia parasitária causada por nematódeo em um felídeo selvagem no Brasil

Parasitic myelopathy caused by Gurltia paralysans in domestic cats is a disease commonly reported in several South American countries. The adult parasite is lodged in the meningeal veins and spinal cord, often causing clinical manifestations of vascular proliferation, thrombophlebitis, and medullary compression. Wild felines are believed to be the definitive hosts of this parasite. The infection occurs through the ingestion of paratenic hosts, but the life cycle of G. paralysans is not yet clearly understood. In this paper, we discuss a case of parasitic myelopathy in a margay (Leopardus wiedii) that died during post-surgical care. Necropsy revealed focal hemorrhages in the thoracolumbar spinal cord. A microscopic examination revealed adult nematodes and eggs inside the veins of subarachnoid space in spinal cord, suggesting G. paralysans infection. This is first description of parasitic myelopathy in a margay in Brazil.(AU)

Mielopatia parasitária causada por Gurltia paralysans em gatos domésticos é uma doença comumente relatada em vários países da América do Sul. O parasita adulto aloja-se nas veias das meninges e da medula espinhal, muitas vezes causando proliferação vascular, tromboflebite e compressão medular, que se manifestam como sinais clínicos. Acredita-se que os felídeos selvagens sejam hospedeiros definitivos deste parasita e que a infecção ocorre por ingestão de hospedeiros paratênicos, entretanto seu ciclo de vida completo é desconhecido. Aqui, apresentamos um caso de um gato-maracajá (Leopardus wiedii) que morreu durante a assistência pós-cirúrgica. Na necropsia, foram observadas hemorragias focais na medula espinhal toracolombar. A microscopia revelou presença de nematódeos adultos e ovos, localizados dentro das veias do espaço subaracnoide da medula espinhal, o que sugeriu a infecção por G. paralysans. Esta é a primeira descrição de mielopatia parasitária em um gato-maracajá no Brasil.(AU)

Small intestine strangulating obstruction by mesenteric pedunculated lipoma in a criollo mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adiposetissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps aroundan intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim ofthe present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum bya pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospitalof the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates,normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all fourquadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpationrevealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thicknesswas increased Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, anexploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found.Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the smallintestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasiawas performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed...

Small intestine strangulating obstruction by mesenteric pedunculated lipoma in a criollo mare

Background: The abdominal lipomas are benign tumors of hyperplastic growth that originate from mesenteric adiposetissue, most commonly in the small intestine. Pedunculated lipoma strangulation occurs when the pedicle wraps aroundan intestinal loop and its mesentery, obstructing the intestinal lumen and blood supply of the affected segment. The aim ofthe present study is to report a case of a Criollo mare presenting a strangulating obstruction of the jejunum and ileum bya pedunculated lipoma, focusing the discussion in the causes and epidemiology of this alteration.Case: A 24-year-old Criollo mare with a body condition score 8 out of 9 was referred to the Veterinary Clinical Hospitalof the Federal University of Pelotas (HCV-UFPel) presenting acute abdominal pain. At the hospital, the mare was presenting mild signs of abdominal discomfort. At the initial clinical exam, the mare had an increased heart and respiratory rates,normal body temperature, hyperemic mucous membranes, capillary refil time of 3 s and absent gut sounds in all fourquadrants during auscultation. Mild dehydration was present, increased fibrinogen and serum lactate. Rectal palpationrevealed distention of the small intestine by gas, during abdominal ultrassonography the small intestinal wall thicknesswas increased Peritoneal lactate was 11 mmol/L and protein was 6 mg/dL. Due to the clinical findings during the exam, anexploratory celiotomy was performed. Necrosis of the final third of jejunum and the entire extension of ileum was found.Examining the compromised intestinal portion, it was observed a linear structure strangulating two segments of the smallintestine. Taking into account the extensive area of irreversible necrosis and the advanced age of the patient, euthanasiawas performed. The mare was then referred for necropsy and findings confirmed...(AU)