Automatic cattle weighing on pastures with behavioral analysis during drinking

t Livestock body weight (BW) and average daily weight gain (ADG) are primary indicators of beef cattle productivity. The conventional method of weighing involves moving the cattle to a weighing location, which is labor-intensive, stressful for the animals and has a negative impact on their growth. An alternative approach is to use special weighing platforms attached to the drinkers to weigh the animals. This method enables daily monitoring of BW and ADG without incurring additional labor costs or stress. In this study, an experimental weighing platform, previously developed at KazATU and named after S. Seifullin, was employed to measure livestock's partial body weight (PBW). The weighing platform recorded the weights of the animals on the front legs at one-second intervals, allowing for subsequent calculation of the animals' total weight. However, due to significant weight fluctuations observed when the animals were on the platform, the accuracy of calculating the weight based on a simple average of the one-second measurements was questionable. Hence, an algorithm was developed to determine live weight by analyzing the primary data from the scales and identifying moments of animal immobility during drinking. The calculated results were compared with both mean and median values and data from Kazakhstan's information base of selection and breeding work (IBSBW). The experimental method exhibited a stronger correlation (r = 0.925) with the actual IBSBW data compared to the mean method (r = 0.887) or the median method (r = 0.921).(AU)

Effect of replacing corn with cactus pear on the performance and carcass traits and meat quality of feedlot finished lambs / Efeito da substituição do milho pela palma forrageira sobre o desempenho, características de carcaça e qualidade da carne de cordeiros terminados em confinamento

The aim was to evaluate the effect of replacing ground corn with spineless cactus from two species Orelha de Elefante Mexicana-OEM (Opuntia stricta Haw.) and Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) in a total mixed ration for finishing lambs evaluating its effects on intake, ingestive behavior, performance, carcass traits, commercial cuts and physiochemical composition of the meat. Eighteen crossbred lambs with average body weight of 15.0 ± 2.32 kg were distributed in a completely randomized design with three treatments (OEM and Gigante spineless cactus and ground corn as control treatment) and six replications. Spineless cactus species replacing ground corn in lambs diets does not change the intake of dry matter (DMI), crude protein and neutral detergent fiber or time (min/d) of ingestion, rumination and idleness, or final body weight gain. Lambs fed with ground corn and "Gigante" cactus presented a higher total weigh gain (TWG) and average daily weight gain (ADG) when compared to OEM spineless specie. Ground corn diet promoted better hot and cold carcass yield in lambs receiving spineless cactus, regardless of species. Feed and total costs (kg/lamb) were higher for the ground corn diet. The replacement of ground corn with spineless cactus did not change moisture, protein, and ash meat contents, as well as water holding capacity, cooking loss, shear force, and a* color intensity. However, there was an effect for the meat lipid content, b* and L* color intensity and color index, where the species of cactus Gigante on ground corn presented the highest lipid content and yellowness (b*) intensity and lower L* color compared to OEM. Spineless cactus species Gigante can replace ground corn as a source of energy in diets for finishing lambs because it significantly improves the financial income for the producer without changing the ADG, DMI, ingestive behavior and yield of commercial cuts.

Objetivou-se avaliar o efeito da substituição do milho moído por duas espécies de palma forrageira, Orelha de Elefante Mexicana-OEM (Opuntia stricta Haw.) e espécie Gigante (Opuntia ficus-indica Mill) em uma ração completa para terminação de cordeiros avaliando seus efeitos sobre consumo, comportamento ingestivo, desempenho, características de carcaça, cortes comerciais e composição físico-química da carne. Foram utilizados dezoito cordeiros sem padrão racial definido com peso corporal médio de 15,0 ± 2,32 kg e foram distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente casualizado com três tratamentos (OEM e palma Gigante e grão de milho como controle) e seis repetições. As duas espécies de palma forrageira em substituição ao milho moído na dieta de cordeiros não modificaram o consumo de matéria seca (CMS) proteína bruta e fibra em detergente neutro nem o tempo (min/dia) de ingestão, ruminação e ócio ou ganho corporal final. Cordeiros alimentados com milho moído e palma Gigante apresentaram maior ganho de peso total (GPT) e médio diário (GMD) em relação à espécie OEM. A dieta com milho moído promoveu melhor rendimento de carcaça quente e fria comparando cordeiros recebendo palma forrageira, independente da espécie. Os custos com ração e total (kg/cordeiro) foram maiores para a dieta com milho moído. A substituição do milho moído pela palma forrageira não alterou os teores de umidade, proteína e cinzas da carne, bem como a capacidade de retenção de água, perda por cozimento, força de cisalhamento e intensidade de cor a*. No entanto, houve efeito para o teor de lipídios da carne, índice de intensidade de cor b* e L*, sendo que a espécie de palma Gigante e o milho grão moído apresentou o maior teor de lipídios e intensidade de amarelo (b*) e menor cor L* em relação ao OEM. A espécie palma forrageira Gigante pode substituir o milho moído como fonte de energia em dietas para cordeiros em terminação, pois melhora significativamente o rendimento financeiro do produtor sem alterar o GMD, CMS, comportamento ingestivo e rendimento dos cortes comerciais.

Effects of melatonin on testicular function in adult male mice under different photoperiods

Photoperiod is an important environmental factor affecting animal physiological function. Melatonin is an endogenous hormone that plays an important role in circadian and seasonal (or cyclical) rhythms and seasonal reproduction in mammals. To investigate the effects of melatonin on the reproductive performance of adult male mice under different photoperiods, sixty mice were randomly allotted to six groups: control (Light Dark, 12 L:12 D), control plus melatonin (MLD, 12 L:12 D), 24-hour continuous light (LL, 24 L:0 D), 24-hour continuous light plus melatonin (MLL 24 L:0 D), constant darkness (DD, 0 L:24 D), and constant darkness plus melatonin (MDD, 0 L:24 D). Normal saline (100 µL) was injected into the LD, LL, and DD groups at noon each day; the MLD, MLL, and MDD groups were injected with melatonin (1 mg/mL; 2 mg/kg·body weigh). After 24 hours of prolonged light exposure, testis morphology decreased, convoluted seminiferous tubules became sparse, the diameter of convoluted seminiferous tubules decreased, and the level of sex hormones decreased. After the administration of exogenous melatonin, testicular morphology and sex hormone levels decreased in the MLD group under normal light conditions. In the MLL group, the testicular tissue morphology returned to normal, the diameter of convoluted tubules increased, the hormone levels of LH (Luteinizing hormone) and MTL (melatonin) significantly increased (P<0.05), and th0e gene expressions of LHß and Mtnr1A (Melatonin receptors 1A) increased. There was almost no difference in the MDD group under continuous darkness. In conclusion, melatonin can damage the reproductive performance of male mice under normal light conditions, while exogenous melatonin can alleviate and protect the testicular injury of male mice under continuous light conditions.(AU)

Optimum contribution for mate selection in Santa Inês sheep

The objective of this research was to simulate the genetic gains expected comparing random mating strategies and mate selection by optimum contribution with different penalty levels in the inbreeding rate of Santa Inês sheep. The optimum contribution theory was thus applied to optimize genetic gain in the long term in twelve selection groups by selectively mating 500 females with the respective males, increasingly penalizing the increase in inbreeding in the objective function. Genetic algorithms were used to find the optimum contribution. Optimization was achieved via EVA software. Selection candidates had their contribution defined into four treatments, using different values to weigh the genetic merit and penalize increases in inbreeding. This made it possible to measure the degree of control over those parameters that can be obtained with this methodology. This selection offers different levels of genetic gain, which are achievable from restrictions on the coancestry. The number of males selected and their distribution into selection groups varied according to the penalty attributed to inbreeding in the objective function. Mate selection using optimum contribution should be adopted when aiming to limit the increase in inbreeding. Increasing the exchange of genetic material between groups is recommended to elevate genetic gain and maintain control over inbreeding.

Fibrolipoma gigante no membro distal de uma vaca / Giant fibrolipoma in the distal limb of a cow

Background: Lipomas are adipocytic tumors of slow and expansive growth. They can be classified into several subtypes depending on the tissue present next to the neoplastic adipocytes. One of such subtypes is the fibrolipoma, which is formed by well-differentiated adipocytes and fibrous connective tissue. This neoplasm has been little described in cattle, and rare reports present the treatment and resolution of the case. Thus, the dissemination of cases of fibrolipomas in cattle is essential to help veterinarians diagnose this neoplasm. The present report describes a case of fibrolipoma in the distal pelvic limb of a cow successfully treated by surgical excision. Case: A 4-year-old 3/4 Girolando cow from the municipality of Vazante, MG, Brazil, was treated on the farm. According to the owner, the animal had been showing tumoral growth in the left pelvic limb over the period of 1 year and 3 months. The tumor involved the entire left metatarsus and was 40 x 37 cm, without ulcerations and painless on palpation. A neoplasm was suspected and surgical excision was the chosen approach. The cow was sedated, positioned and restrained in right lateral recumbency for surgery. The operative field was prepared and a subcutaneous locoregional ring block was performed dorsally to the tumor. The tumor mass was excised with a safety margin of 1 cm. After removal, the mass was found to weigh 10.4 kg and to be yellowish-white upon sectioning. Due to the distance between the edges of the surgical wound, skin suture could not be performed. Thus, second-intention healing and wound protection with bandages were the choice of management. In the postoperative period, the adopted treatment consisted of antibiotic therapy with benzathine penicillin, analgesia with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, daily dressings and wound protection with bandages. The animal did not show postoperative complications and, over 8 months of monitoring after surgery, there was no recurrence of the neoplasm and the cow was in productive activity. Tumor fragments were fixed in 10% buffered formalin and sent for histopathological examination, which revealed a neoplasm of mesenchymal cells in the subcutaneous adipose tissue supported by dense fibrovascular stroma with solid arrangement. A large amount of dense connective tissue was found among the neoplastic cells. In view of these findings, the diagnosis of fibrolipoma was established. Discussion: Fibrolipoma is a benign neoplasm little described in the veterinary literature, especially in cattle, with only 3 cases reported. To the knowledge of the authors, this is the first report of this neoplasm in the distal limb of cattle. Fibrolipomas are a rare type of lipoma formed by well-differentiated lipocytes and fibrous tissue. The fibrolipoma described in this report was 40 cm in diameter and weighed 10.4 kg, so it can be classified as a type of giant lipoma, as it was more than 10 cm in diameter and more than 1 kg in weight. In the present report and in others in the medical literature, surgical removal of the fibrolipoma resulted in complete recovery of the patient without postoperative complications. Surgical excision is the treatment of choice in these cases and usually promotes healing. However, surgery must be performed early and the neoplasm must be completely removed. The histological characteristics of the fibrolipoma in this case are similar to those found in other cases in cattle and corroborate the choice for surgical treatment and maintenance of the animal in the herd. Although rare, fibrolipomas should be included in the differential diagnosis of tumors of slow and expansive growth in cattle.(AU)

Impact of ovarian fetal tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production in annual genetic gain estimates for cattle weight traits / Impacto do xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associado à produção in vitro de embriões em estimativas de ganho genético anual para características de peso em bovinos

The present paper aims to estimate the impact of the reduction of the generation interval, based on the model of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production to estimate the annual genetic gain of weight traits in a bovine herd. Weigh data and genealogy of Brahman animals were used to estimate the annual direct genetic gain for weight at birth, weight at 120 days, at 210 days, and at 550 days of age. The genetic parameters were obtained by animal model, via Bayesian inference, by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. For the estimates, different generation intervals were defined as the average value between the supposed maternal generation intervals and the average sire generation interval based on the analyzed data (9.6 years). The shortest generation interval considered was 5.1 years, outlined from the average of 0.66 year (corresponds to 8 fetal months, an assumption defined based on the use of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production) and 9.6 years (sire generation interval). The remaining intervals considered were 6.7, 8.7 and 10.2 years. The estimate of annual direct genetic gain for all the evaluated traits was higher when considering the generation interval outlined based on the model of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production. The estimates were lower as the generation interval increased. The use of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production, may favor the reduction of the generation interval and successively generate a positive impact on the annual direct genetic gain estimates.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar o impacto da redução do intervalo de gerações, com base no modelo de xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associado à produção in vitro de embriões, na estimativa do ganho genético anual direto de características de peso em um rebanho bovino. Dados de pesagens e genealogia de animais da raça Brahman foram utilizados para estimar o ganho genético direto anual para as características peso ao nascimento, peso aos 120 dias, aos 210 dias e aos 550 dias de idade. Os parâmetros genéticos foram obtidos por modelo animal, via inferência Bayesiana, por Métodos de Monte Carlo via Cadeias de Markov. Para as estimativas, foram delineados intervalos de gerações distintos, definidos como a média entre os supostos intervalos de gerações materno e o intervalo de gerações paterno médio do rebanho analisado (9,6 anos). O menor intervalo de gerações considerado foi 5,1 anos, resultante da média entre 0,66 ano (corresponde a 8 meses fetais, suposição definida com base na utilização da biotecnologia xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associada à produção in vitro de embriões) e 9,6 anos. Os demais intervalos considerados foram 6,7, 8,7 e 10,2 anos. A estimativa do ganho genético anual para todas as características avaliadas foi superior quando se considerou o intervalo de gerações delineado com base no modelo de xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associado à produção in vitro de embriões. As estimativas foram menores conforme aumento no intervalo de gerações. O uso da biotecnologia xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal, associada à produção in vitro de embriões poderá favorecer a redução do intervalo de gerações e sucessivamente gerar impacto positivo nas estimativas de ganho genético direto anual.

Abordagem de tratamento de múltiplos sarcóides em equino da raça Crioulo / Approach to treatment of multiple sarcoids in Crioulo horses

Background: The equine sarcoid corresponds to one third of equine tumors, and may present as single or multiple and insix different shapes. The etiology is still unknown, but it brings with it some predisposing factors. Confirmatory diagnosisis made based on histopathology evaluation. There are several treatments described in the literature, therefore, it variesaccording to the choice of the veterinarian, the conditions and interests of the owner and the characteristics of the sarcoidtumor. The present case report describe of a Crioulo horse that presented of a multiple sarcoids in different shapes of thebody and, testing the efficacy and response to the chosen treatment.Case: The Crioulo gateado coat stallion, aged six years and seven months, weigh 360 kg. In the physical evaluation observed alert behavior, body score (ECC) three (1-5), 36 bpm and 20 mpm. The pelvic right limb (PRL) presented a mobilefibroblastic nodule was found on the proximal dorsal face of the third metatarsal bone (MTIII), pendular and broad-based,ulcerated, with a diameter of approximately 10 cm x 7 cm associated of a dark pink color. Likewise, on the caudal surface ofthe ear observed verrucous sessile flat lesion with a diameter of 5 cm and, in the right corner of the mouth, a non-ulcerated,pendular, mobile dark red color nodule evidenced with a diameter approximately 3 cm. Similarly, there were multipleulcerated pendulous dark pink color mobiles nodules in the region of the left and right groin, as well in the pectoral region.Histopathological evaluation of the 0,5 cm specimen tumor observed a proliferation of connective tissue and thickening ofthe epidermis with pseudocarcinomatous projections suggestive of sarcoid lesion tumor...

Abordagem de tratamento de múltiplos sarcóides em equino da raça Crioulo / Approach to treatment of multiple sarcoids in Crioulo horses

Background: The equine sarcoid corresponds to one third of equine tumors, and may present as single or multiple and insix different shapes. The etiology is still unknown, but it brings with it some predisposing factors. Confirmatory diagnosisis made based on histopathology evaluation. There are several treatments described in the literature, therefore, it variesaccording to the choice of the veterinarian, the conditions and interests of the owner and the characteristics of the sarcoidtumor. The present case report describe of a Crioulo horse that presented of a multiple sarcoids in different shapes of thebody and, testing the efficacy and response to the chosen treatment.Case: The Crioulo gateado coat stallion, aged six years and seven months, weigh 360 kg. In the physical evaluation observed alert behavior, body score (ECC) three (1-5), 36 bpm and 20 mpm. The pelvic right limb (PRL) presented a mobilefibroblastic nodule was found on the proximal dorsal face of the third metatarsal bone (MTIII), pendular and broad-based,ulcerated, with a diameter of approximately 10 cm x 7 cm associated of a dark pink color. Likewise, on the caudal surface ofthe ear observed verrucous sessile flat lesion with a diameter of 5 cm and, in the right corner of the mouth, a non-ulcerated,pendular, mobile dark red color nodule evidenced with a diameter approximately 3 cm. Similarly, there were multipleulcerated pendulous dark pink color mobiles nodules in the region of the left and right groin, as well in the pectoral region.Histopathological evaluation of the 0,5 cm specimen tumor observed a proliferation of connective tissue and thickening ofthe epidermis with pseudocarcinomatous projections suggestive of sarcoid lesion tumor...(AU)

Impact of ovarian fetal tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production in annual genetic gain estimates for cattle weight traits / Impacto do xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associado à produção in vitro de embriões em estimativas de ganho genético anual para características de peso em bovinos

The present paper aims to estimate the impact of the reduction of the generation interval, based on the model of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production to estimate the annual genetic gain of weight traits in a bovine herd. Weigh data and genealogy of Brahman animals were used to estimate the annual direct genetic gain for weight at birth, weight at 120 days, at 210 days, and at 550 days of age. The genetic parameters were obtained by animal model, via Bayesian inference, by Markov Chain Monte Carlo (MCMC) methods. For the estimates, different generation intervals were defined as the average value between the supposed maternal generation intervals and the average sire generation interval based on the analyzed data (9.6 years). The shortest generation interval considered was 5.1 years, outlined from the average of 0.66 year (corresponds to 8 fetal months, an assumption defined based on the use of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production) and 9.6 years (sire generation interval). The remaining intervals considered were 6.7, 8.7 and 10.2 years. The estimate of annual direct genetic gain for all the evaluated traits was higher when considering the generation interval outlined based on the model of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production. The estimates were lower as the generation interval increased. The use of fetal ovarian tissue xenotransplantation associated with in vitro embryo production, may favor the reduction of the generation interval and successively generate a positive impact on the annual direct genetic gain estimates.(AU)

O presente estudo teve como objetivo estimar o impacto da redução do intervalo de gerações, com base no modelo de xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associado à produção in vitro de embriões, na estimativa do ganho genético anual direto de características de peso em um rebanho bovino. Dados de pesagens e genealogia de animais da raça Brahman foram utilizados para estimar o ganho genético direto anual para as características peso ao nascimento, peso aos 120 dias, aos 210 dias e aos 550 dias de idade. Os parâmetros genéticos foram obtidos por modelo animal, via inferência Bayesiana, por Métodos de Monte Carlo via Cadeias de Markov. Para as estimativas, foram delineados intervalos de gerações distintos, definidos como a média entre os supostos intervalos de gerações materno e o intervalo de gerações paterno médio do rebanho analisado (9,6 anos). O menor intervalo de gerações considerado foi 5,1 anos, resultante da média entre 0,66 ano (corresponde a 8 meses fetais, suposição definida com base na utilização da biotecnologia xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associada à produção in vitro de embriões) e 9,6 anos. Os demais intervalos considerados foram 6,7, 8,7 e 10,2 anos. A estimativa do ganho genético anual para todas as características avaliadas foi superior quando se considerou o intervalo de gerações delineado com base no modelo de xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal associado à produção in vitro de embriões. As estimativas foram menores conforme aumento no intervalo de gerações. O uso da biotecnologia xenotransplante de tecido ovariano fetal, associada à produção in vitro de embriões poderá favorecer a redução do intervalo de gerações e sucessivamente gerar impacto positivo nas estimativas de ganho genético direto anual.(AU)

Technical and economic efficiency of bovine weighing methods / Eficiência técnica e econômica de diferentes métodos de pesagem de bovinos

The objective of this study was to evaluate the technical and economic efficiency of different methods of cattle weighing, and to develop mathematical equations to estimate the breakeven point for the adoption of electronic weighing, i.e., to estimate how many animals are required for the acquisition and use of an electronic scale to be economically viable. The survey was conducted in confined beef cattle, from the Federal Institute of Education, Science and Technology in the south of Minas Gerais, IFSUL DE MINAS, Muzambinho Campus, from July to December 2014. Two methods of weighing cattle were evaluated: an electronic scale and a tape measure, using a barimetric tape for dairy cattle and a barimetric tape for beef cattle, and a conventional tape measure involving the conversion of centimeters into body weight using a specific table. Thirty-three animals identified with plastic ear tags were weighed using each method. Animals of the Nellore, Senepol, Girolando, and Red-angus breeds, aged 0–1, 1–2, and 2–3 years, were weighed 402 times in total. The time taken to weigh animals with the electronic scale was the lowest, followed by that with the barimetric tape, and that with conventional tape measure with conversion. The electronic scale exhibited the greatest technical efficiency, owing to the lack of error and the lowest time required to weigh animals. However, the costs associated with the use of this equipment were the highest, which depended on the purchasing cost. The mathematical equations developed will help technicians and cattle farmers to rapidly and precisely estimate the minimum number of animals that should compose a production system to ensure economic viability for the adoption of an electronic method to weigh cattle.(AU)

Objetivou-se avaliar a eficiência técnica e econômica da implantação e utilização de diferentes métodos de pesagem de bovinos e desenvolver equações matemáticas que permitam estimar o ponto de equilíbrio para utilização do método eletrônico de pesagem, ou seja, estimar a partir de quantos animais é viável economicamente a aquisição e utilização da balança eletrônica. A pesquisa foi realizada no setor de gado de corte, em regime de confinamento, do Instituto Federal de Educação, Ciência e Tecnologia do Sul de Minas Gerais, IFSUL DE MINAS-Campus Muzambinho, no período de julho a dezembro de 2014. Foram avaliados dois métodos de pesagem de bovinos: balança eletrônica e fita métrica, sendo essa nas modalidades fita barimétrica para gado de leite e fita barimétrica para gado de corte e fita métrica convencional com conversão de centímetro em peso vivo (PV), utilizando-se tabela específica para essa finalidade. Cada método foi aplicado em 33 animais, identificados com brincos plásticos auriculares, das raças Nelore, Senepol, Girolando e Red-angus, com diferentes faixas etárias (0 a 1; 1 a 2; 2 a 3 anos), sendo realizadas 402 pesagens. O tempo necessário para pesagem dos animais pelo método balança eletrônica foi o mais rápido, seguido pela fita barimétrica e fita métrica convencional com conversão de centímetro em tabela de PV. O método que apresentou maior eficiência técnica, em função de não ter apresentado erro e menor tempo gasto na pesagem dos animais, foi a balança eletrônica. No entanto, o custo da utilização deste equipamento foi o mais alto, principalmente em função do valor de sua aquisição. As equações matemáticas desenvolvidas auxiliam os técnicos e pecuaristas a estimar, com precisão e considerável rapidez, a quantidade mínima de animais que devem compor um sistema de produção para tornar economicamente viável a adoção do método eletrônico de pesagem animal. (AU)

Proposal of equations for predicting post-farrowing sow weigh

Background: Body condition score is used widely in swine production to ensure adequate nutritional levels in sows during gestation and lactation. However, body condition score is not a gold standard for the estimation of nutritional requirements in sows. Post-farrowing sow body weight assessment might serve as a useful approach for the better adjustment of the nutritional requirements during lactation; however, this approach is time-consuming, requires labor, and might result in detrimental effects on the sow behavior and welfare. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to formulate prediction equations for the estimation of post-farrowing sow weight.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven equations were formulated for predicting the post-farrowing sow body weight, by using the data from three databases, which comprised a total 522 sows (434 gilts and 88 multiparous). The sows were weighed on Day 112 of gestation and after farrowing within 12 h. The piglets birth weight was recorded within 24 h after farrowing. The equations were formulated considering all the parity orders. While formulating the equations, the following five variables were used: pre-farrowing body weight, piglets born, litter weight, the interval between pre-farrowing weighing and farrowing (in days), and the total feed intake between pre-farrowing and post-farrowing weighing. The seven models were compared using the sets of possible predictors through regression with the best subsets procedure (Minitab for Windows, v. 18). Equations (EQ) 1, 2, and 4 were validated with a database comprising 732 sows (parity orders: 1-5). The females were weighed on Day 107 of gestation and within 24 h after farrowing. The predicted weights estimated by EQ 2 and 4 (215.4 ± 34.3 kg and 216.7 ± 34.4 kg, respectively) did not significantly differ from the observed weight (216.8 ± 34.6 kg) [P > 0.05].[...]

Proposal of equations for predicting post-farrowing sow weigh

Background: Body condition score is used widely in swine production to ensure adequate nutritional levels in sows during gestation and lactation. However, body condition score is not a gold standard for the estimation of nutritional requirements in sows. Post-farrowing sow body weight assessment might serve as a useful approach for the better adjustment of the nutritional requirements during lactation; however, this approach is time-consuming, requires labor, and might result in detrimental effects on the sow behavior and welfare. The objective of the present study, therefore, was to formulate prediction equations for the estimation of post-farrowing sow weight.Materials, Methods & Results: Seven equations were formulated for predicting the post-farrowing sow body weight, by using the data from three databases, which comprised a total 522 sows (434 gilts and 88 multiparous). The sows were weighed on Day 112 of gestation and after farrowing within 12 h. The piglets birth weight was recorded within 24 h after farrowing. The equations were formulated considering all the parity orders. While formulating the equations, the following five variables were used: pre-farrowing body weight, piglets born, litter weight, the interval between pre-farrowing weighing and farrowing (in days), and the total feed intake between pre-farrowing and post-farrowing weighing. The seven models were compared using the sets of possible predictors through regression with the best subsets procedure (Minitab for Windows, v. 18). Equations (EQ) 1, 2, and 4 were validated with a database comprising 732 sows (parity orders: 1-5). The females were weighed on Day 107 of gestation and within 24 h after farrowing. The predicted weights estimated by EQ 2 and 4 (215.4 ± 34.3 kg and 216.7 ± 34.4 kg, respectively) did not significantly differ from the observed weight (216.8 ± 34.6 kg) [P > 0.05].[...](AU)

Biocontrol agents in the management of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato / Agentes de biocontrole no manejo de Meloidogyne incognita em tomateiro

Recognized as prominent among the principal pests of tomato crop, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) has generated much study with regards to control methods. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of biological products in decreasing the M. incognita population in tomato. Four experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. Two of these experiments had the purpose to determine the efficiency of NemOut (Bacillus subtilis + B. licheniformis + Trichoderma longibrachiatum), and the other two to assess the efficiency of other different biological products in M. incognita management. Tomato plants of the cultivar Santa Cruz Kada Giant were inoculated using 2000 eggs and J2 of M. incognita. In the first two experiments doses corresponding to 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10kg ha-1 of NemOut were applied after inoculation. In the second study, the treatments consisted of the use of biological products containing different other biocontrol agents. Assessments were made at 45 and 65 days after inoculation (DAI) to evaluate plant height, fresh shoot and fresh root weigh, gall index and egg mass index, population density and reproduction factor (RF). The NemOut doses reduced the M. incognita population density and RF at 45 DAI. The agent Pochonia chlamydosporia showed greater efficiency in controlling M. incognita on tomato. Biological products and the different doses of NemOut had no influence on the tomato plant development.

O nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) é relatado como uma das principais pragas da cultura do tomate, sendo importante o estudo de alternativas para o seu manejo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência de produtos biológicos na redução da população de M. incognita em tomate. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos em casa de vegetação, dois visando avaliar a eficiência de doses de NemOut (Bacillus subtilis + B. licheniformis + Trichoderma longibrachiatum), e outros dois para avaliar a eficiência de diferentes produtos biológicos no controle de M. incognita. Plantas de tomate Santa Cruz Kada Gigante foram inoculadas com 2000 ovos e J2 de M. incognita. No primeiro estudo foram utilizadas doses equivalentes a 0, 4, 6, 8 e 10kg ha-1 de NemOut, aplicadas após a inoculação. No segundo estudo os tratamentos constituíram de produtos biológicos com diferentes agentes de biocontrole. As avaliações foram realizadas 45 e 65 dias após a inoculação (DAI), determinando-se altura de plantas, massa fresca da parte aérea e da raiz, índice de galhas e de massas de ovos, densidade populacional e fator de reprodução (FR). Doses crescentes de NemOut reduziram a densidade populacional e o FR de M. incognita, aos 45 DAI. O agente Pochonia chlamydosporia mostrou-se mais eficiente no controle de M. incognita no tomateiro. Os produtos biológicos e as diferentes doses de NemOut não afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas de tomate.

Comparative study of intraperitoneal adhesions related to light-weight polypropylene mesh and type I polymerized and purified bovine collagen coated light-weight polypropylene mesh in rabbits

Purpose: To compare the effectiveness of light-weight polypropylene mesh coated with polymerized and purified bovine type I collagen (Surgidry HNB) in the treatment of abdominal wall defect and the degree of adhesion formation. Methods: Two types of polypropylene mesh were implanted after creation of defect measuring 6.0cm X 5.5cm in the anterior abdominal wall of 32 male New Zealand breed rabbits, divided in two groups (n = 32): (1) light-weigh macroporous polypropylene, (2) type I polymerized and purified bovine collagen coated light-weigh macroporous polypropylene. These animals were further accessed for adhesions, histological evaluation of inflammation and walls thickness. Results: The percentage of the area adhered in group 1 (62.31 ± 16.6) was higher compared to group 2 (22.19 ± 14.57) (p 0.05). There was an association between the percentage of the covered area by adhesions and the type of adhesion, toughness and the scores obtained by the adhesion score by correlation analysis (p <0.05). There was no difference between the groups in any variables in relation to the degree of inflammation. Conclusion: The purified type I bovine collagen coated light-weigh polypropylene mesh showed to be effective in the repair of abdominal wall defects and reducing adhesion formation.(AU)

Biocontrol agents in the management of Meloidogyne incognita in tomato / Agentes de biocontrole no manejo de Meloidogyne incognita em tomateiro

Recognized as prominent among the principal pests of tomato crop, the root-knot nematode (Meloidogyne incognita) has generated much study with regards to control methods. This study aimed to assess the efficiency of biological products in decreasing the M. incognita population in tomato. Four experiments were conducted under greenhouse conditions. Two of these experiments had the purpose to determine the efficiency of NemOut (Bacillus subtilis + B. licheniformis + Trichoderma longibrachiatum), and the other two to assess the efficiency of other different biological products in M. incognita management. Tomato plants of the cultivar Santa Cruz Kada Giant were inoculated using 2000 eggs and J2 of M. incognita. In the first two experiments doses corresponding to 0, 4, 6, 8 and 10kg ha-1 of NemOut were applied after inoculation. In the second study, the treatments consisted of the use of biological products containing different other biocontrol agents. Assessments were made at 45 and 65 days after inoculation (DAI) to evaluate plant height, fresh shoot and fresh root weigh, gall index and egg mass index, population density and reproduction factor (RF). The NemOut doses reduced the M. incognita population density and RF at 45 DAI. The agent Pochonia chlamydosporia showed greater efficiency in controlling M. incognita on tomato. Biological products and the different doses of NemOut had no influence on the tomato plant development.(AU)

O nematoide das galhas (Meloidogyne incognita) é relatado como uma das principais pragas da cultura do tomate, sendo importante o estudo de alternativas para o seu manejo. O presente estudo objetivou avaliar a eficiência de produtos biológicos na redução da população de M. incognita em tomate. Foram conduzidos quatro experimentos em casa de vegetação, dois visando avaliar a eficiência de doses de NemOut (Bacillus subtilis + B. licheniformis + Trichoderma longibrachiatum), e outros dois para avaliar a eficiência de diferentes produtos biológicos no controle de M. incognita. Plantas de tomate Santa Cruz Kada Gigante foram inoculadas com 2000 ovos e J2 de M. incognita. No primeiro estudo foram utilizadas doses equivalentes a 0, 4, 6, 8 e 10kg ha-1 de NemOut, aplicadas após a inoculação. No segundo estudo os tratamentos constituíram de produtos biológicos com diferentes agentes de biocontrole. As avaliações foram realizadas 45 e 65 dias após a inoculação (DAI), determinando-se altura de plantas, massa fresca da parte aérea e da raiz, índice de galhas e de massas de ovos, densidade populacional e fator de reprodução (FR). Doses crescentes de NemOut reduziram a densidade populacional e o FR de M. incognita, aos 45 DAI. O agente Pochonia chlamydosporia mostrou-se mais eficiente no controle de M. incognita no tomateiro. Os produtos biológicos e as diferentes doses de NemOut não afetaram o desenvolvimento das plantas de tomate.(AU)

Atrofia de los músculos supra y infraspinoso debido lesiones en el nervio supraescapular en equino (Sweeny) / Atrophy of the supra and infraspinatus muscles due to injury of the suprascapular nerve in horse (Sweeny) / Atrofia dos músculos supra e infra espinhoso por lesão do nervo supraescapular em equino (Sweeny)

Se presenta un caso de atrofia de los músculos supra y infraespinosos por el daño del nervio supraescapular comúnmente llamado "Sweeny" en un caballo, mestizo, macho, castrado, de 15 años de edad, con un peso de 350 kg, que se utiliza para la tracción, asistimos en el Hospital Clínicas veterinarias (HCV) de Centro de Ciencias Agroveterinarias (CAV) de la Universidad del Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brasil. El animal mostró signos clínicos tales como la atrofia muscular de la región limitada por los músculos que se llenan los tanques de la escápula y la inestabilidad moderada de la articulación del hombro del húmero de la extremidad anterior izquierda, que se encuentran en movimiento durante la inspección. Debido a los cambios crónicos e irreversibles en la musculatura y estable, no traen más daño al animal, se decidió no iniciar ningún tratamiento y recomendó al propietario reduce la carga de trabajo y la adecuación de guarnicionería utilizado en el animal. Esta es la primera discreción clínica en Brasil atrofia de la lesión muscular arriba y infraespinoso al nervio supraescapular con evolución crónica en equinos.(AU)

This is a case report of atrophy of the shoulder muscles (sweeny) supra and infraspinatus due to suprascapular nerve injury in a horse, cross breed, male, with 15 years of age, weigh 350 kg, used for traction, seen at the Veterinary Hospital (HCV) from the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV) from Lages, SC, Brazil. The animal showed clinical signs such as muscle atrophy of the scapular region and moderate instability of the shoulder joint of the left forelimb. Due to chronic and irreversible changes in the musculature, with no further complications to the animal, treatment was based on reducing workload and suitability of tack used in the animal. This is the first clinical description in Brazil of atrophy of the supra and infraspinatus muscles due to injury of the suprascapular nerve with chronic presentation.(AU)

Relata-se um caso de atrofia dos músculos supra e infraespinhoso por lesão do nervo supraescapular comumente denominada Sweeny, em um equino, mestiço, macho, castrado, de 15 anos de idade, pesando 350 kg, utilizado para tração, atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV) da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brasil. O animal apresentava como sinais clínicos a atrofia muscular da região delimitada pelos músculos que preenchem as fossas escapulares e moderada instabilidade da articulação escapulo umeral do membro torácico esquerdo, constatado durante inspeção em movimento. Devido à cronicidade, as alterações irreversíveis na musculatura e ao quadro estável, não trazendo maiores prejuízos ao animal, optou-se por não instaurar qualquer tratamento e recomendou-se ao proprietário a redução da carga de trabalho e adequação do arreamento utilizado no animal. Trata-se da primeira descrição clínica no Brasil de atrofia dos músculos supra e infraespinhoso por lesão ao nervo supraescapular de evolução crônica em equino.(AU)

Atrofia de los músculos supra y infraspinoso debido lesiones en el nervio supraescapular en equino (Sweeny) / Atrophy of the supra and infraspinatus muscles due to injury of the suprascapular nerve in horse (Sweeny) / Atrofia dos músculos supra e infra espinhoso por lesão do nervo supraescapular em equino (Sweeny)

Se presenta un caso de atrofia de los músculos supra y infraespinosos por el daño del nervio supraescapular comúnmente llamado "Sweeny" en un caballo, mestizo, macho, castrado, de 15 años de edad, con un peso de 350 kg, que se utiliza para la tracción, asistimos en el Hospital Clínicas veterinarias (HCV) de Centro de Ciencias Agroveterinarias (CAV) de la Universidad del Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brasil. El animal mostró signos clínicos tales como la atrofia muscular de la región limitada por los músculos que se llenan los tanques de la escápula y la inestabilidad moderada de la articulación del hombro del húmero de la extremidad anterior izquierda, que se encuentran en movimiento durante la inspección. Debido a los cambios crónicos e irreversibles en la musculatura y estable, no traen más daño al animal, se decidió no iniciar ningún tratamiento y recomendó al propietario reduce la carga de trabajo y la adecuación de guarnicionería utilizado en el animal. Esta es la primera discreción clínica en Brasil atrofia de la lesión muscular arriba y infraespinoso al nervio supraescapular con evolución crónica en equinos.

This is a case report of atrophy of the shoulder muscles (sweeny) supra and infraspinatus due to suprascapular nerve injury in a horse, cross breed, male, with 15 years of age, weigh 350 kg, used for traction, seen at the Veterinary Hospital (HCV) from the Santa Catarina State University (UDESC), Agroveterinary Sciences Center (CAV) from Lages, SC, Brazil. The animal showed clinical signs such as muscle atrophy of the scapular region and moderate instability of the shoulder joint of the left forelimb. Due to chronic and irreversible changes in the musculature, with no further complications to the animal, treatment was based on reducing workload and suitability of tack used in the animal. This is the first clinical description in Brazil of atrophy of the supra and infraspinatus muscles due to injury of the suprascapular nerve with chronic presentation.

Relata-se um caso de atrofia dos músculos supra e infraespinhoso por lesão do nervo supraescapular comumente denominada Sweeny, em um equino, mestiço, macho, castrado, de 15 anos de idade, pesando 350 kg, utilizado para tração, atendido no Hospital de Clínicas Veterinárias (HCV) do Centro de Ciências Agroveterinárias (CAV) da Universidade do Estado de Santa Catarina (UDESC), Lages, SC, Brasil. O animal apresentava como sinais clínicos a atrofia muscular da região delimitada pelos músculos que preenchem as fossas escapulares e moderada instabilidade da articulação escapulo umeral do membro torácico esquerdo, constatado durante inspeção em movimento. Devido à cronicidade, as alterações irreversíveis na musculatura e ao quadro estável, não trazendo maiores prejuízos ao animal, optou-se por não instaurar qualquer tratamento e recomendou-se ao proprietário a redução da carga de trabalho e adequação do arreamento utilizado no animal. Trata-se da primeira descrição clínica no Brasil de atrofia dos músculos supra e infraespinhoso por lesão ao nervo supraescapular de evolução crônica em equino.

Nile tilapia culture under feeding restriction in bioflocs and bioflocs plus periphyton tanks / Cultivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus em sistemas convencional, bioflocos e biofíton sob restrição alimentar

Intensive aquaculture systems may cause pollution in water bodies because their effluents have high levels of nutrients. The use of substrates for periphyton and the manipulation of the C: N ratio of water are technologies that can be employed to increase aquaculture yield with environmental sustainability. The present study has aimed at determining whether feeding restriction could stimulate a greater use of natural food in three different Nile tilapia rearing systems (green water, bioflocs and biophyton), without growth performance impairment. There were nine treatments with four replicates each one (36 experimental units). The animals were raised in conventional (green water) tanks, C: N-ratio adjusted tanks (bioflocs) and bioflocs + periphyton integrated tanks (biophyton). In each culture system, the artificial diet was delivered regularly or under two levels of restriction (15 and 30%). In conventional tanks, fish growth performance was reduced by feeding restriction. Ammonia and nitrite were reduced in bioflocs tanks. Underwater structures for periphyton were not able to increase ammonia and nitrite removal. In bioflocs tanks, feeding restriction of 15% did not lessen fish weigh gain. Underwater structures for periphyton have not improved fish growth performance in any aspect.

Sistemas intensivos de aquicultura podem causar poluição de corpos hídricos, pois os efluentes gerados nesses sistemas são caracterizados pelas altas concentrações de nutrientes. O uso de substratos para perifíton e a manipulação da relação carbono: nitrogênio da água são tecnologias que podem ser empregadas no aumento da produtividade aquícola, com sustentabilidade ambiental. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar se a restrição alimentar pode propiciar um maior aproveitamento do alimento natural, em três diferentes sistemas de cultivo (águas verdes, bioflocos e biofíton), sem prejuízo zootécnico. Foram constituídos nove tratamentos com quatro repetições cada um, totalizando 36 unidades experimentais. Os animais foram cultivados em tanques convencionais (águas verdes), com ajuste da relação C: N da água (bioflocos) e com integração entre bioflocos e perifíton (biofíton). Em cada sistema de cultivo, houve oferta regular ou sob restrição (15 e 30%) de ração artificial. Nos tanques convencionais, o desempenho produtivo dos peixes foi reduzido pela restrição alimentar. A presença de bioflocos reduziu a concentração de amônia e nitrito na água. A instalação das estruturas submersas em tanques com bioflocos não foi capaz de elevar a remoção de amônia e nitrito da água. Nos sistemas com bioflocos, o nível de restrição alimentar de 15% não causou prejuízo ao ganho em peso animal. A instalação de estruturas submersas para perifíton não afetou de modo significativo o peso corporal final dos peixes cultivados.

Nile tilapia culture under feeding restriction in bioflocs and bioflocs plus periphyton tanks / Cultivo de juvenis de tilápia do Nilo, Oreochromis niloticus em sistemas convencional, bioflocos e biofíton sob restrição alimentar

Intensive aquaculture systems may cause pollution in water bodies because their effluents have high levels of nutrients. The use of substrates for periphyton and the manipulation of the C: N ratio of water are technologies that can be employed to increase aquaculture yield with environmental sustainability. The present study has aimed at determining whether feeding restriction could stimulate a greater use of natural food in three different Nile tilapia rearing systems (green water, bioflocs and biophyton), without growth performance impairment. There were nine treatments with four replicates each one (36 experimental units). The animals were raised in conventional (green water) tanks, C: N-ratio adjusted tanks (bioflocs) and bioflocs + periphyton integrated tanks (biophyton). In each culture system, the artificial diet was delivered regularly or under two levels of restriction (15 and 30%). In conventional tanks, fish growth performance was reduced by feeding restriction. Ammonia and nitrite were reduced in bioflocs tanks. Underwater structures for periphyton were not able to increase ammonia and nitrite removal. In bioflocs tanks, feeding restriction of 15% did not lessen fish weigh gain. Underwater structures for periphyton have not improved fish growth performance in any aspect.(AU)

Sistemas intensivos de aquicultura podem causar poluição de corpos hídricos, pois os efluentes gerados nesses sistemas são caracterizados pelas altas concentrações de nutrientes. O uso de substratos para perifíton e a manipulação da relação carbono: nitrogênio da água são tecnologias que podem ser empregadas no aumento da produtividade aquícola, com sustentabilidade ambiental. O presente trabalho teve por objetivo determinar se a restrição alimentar pode propiciar um maior aproveitamento do alimento natural, em três diferentes sistemas de cultivo (águas verdes, bioflocos e biofíton), sem prejuízo zootécnico. Foram constituídos nove tratamentos com quatro repetições cada um, totalizando 36 unidades experimentais. Os animais foram cultivados em tanques convencionais (águas verdes), com ajuste da relação C: N da água (bioflocos) e com integração entre bioflocos e perifíton (biofíton). Em cada sistema de cultivo, houve oferta regular ou sob restrição (15 e 30%) de ração artificial. Nos tanques convencionais, o desempenho produtivo dos peixes foi reduzido pela restrição alimentar. A presença de bioflocos reduziu a concentração de amônia e nitrito na água. A instalação das estruturas submersas em tanques com bioflocos não foi capaz de elevar a remoção de amônia e nitrito da água. Nos sistemas com bioflocos, o nível de restrição alimentar de 15% não causou prejuízo ao ganho em peso animal. A instalação de estruturas submersas para perifíton não afetou de modo significativo o peso corporal final dos peixes cultivados.(AU)

Glomerular loss after arteriovenous and arterial clamping for renal warm ischemia in a swine model

PURPOSE:To evaluate the glomerular loss after arteriovenous or arterial warm ischemia in a swine model.METHODS:Twenty four pigs were divided into Group Sham (submitted to all surgical steps except the renal ischemia), Group AV (submitted to 30 minutes of warm ischemia by arteriovenous clamping of left kidney vessels), and Group A (submitted to 30 minutes of ischemia by arterial clamping). Right kidneys were used as controls. Weigh, volume, cortical volume, glomerular volumetric density (Vv[Glom]), volume-weighted glomerular volume (VWGV), and the total number of glomeruli were measured for each organ.RESULTS:Group AV showed a 24.5% reduction in its left kidney Vv[Glom] and a 25.4% reduction in the VWGV, when compared to the right kidney. Reductions were also observed when compared to kidneys of sham group. There was a reduction of 19.2% in the total number of glomeruli in AV kidneys. No difference was observed in any parameters analyzed on the left kidneys from group A.CONCLUSIONS:Renal warm ischemia of 30 minutes by arterial clamping did not caused significant glomerular damage, but arteriovenous clamping caused significant glomerular loss in a swine model. Clamping only the renal artery should be considered to minimize renal injury after partial nephrectomies.(AU)