Relação enfermeiro-pessoa afetada pela Tuberculose fundamentada na teoria do alcance de metas de imogene king / La relación enfermería-Persona afectada por la Tuberculosis, según la Teoría del logro de objetivos de imogene king / The nurse-tuberculosis patient relationship according to Imogene King's theory of goal achievement

Resumo Introdução: As ações desenvolvidas na Atenção Primária à Saúde são um dos pontos fortes de combate à tuberculose. Nesse nível de atenção, o contato contínuo do enfermeiro por meio da consulta de enfermagem permite manter relação com a população adoecida. Diante da relação enfermeiro-pessoa cuidada para o estabelecimento do vínculo e adesão ao tratamento contra tuberculose, compreende-se a importância do referencial teórico de Imogene King para estruturar a interação enfermeiro-pessoa cuidada e oferecer uma dinâmica para esse processo. Objetivo: Analisar a relação enfermeiro-pessoa afetada pela tuberculose fundamentada na Teoria do Alcance de Metas de Imogene King. Método: Estudo descritivo com abordagem qualitativa, com 14 enfermeiros da APS, selecionadas por conveniência. A coleta de dados ocorreu de agosto a novembro de 2018, por meio de entrevista semiestruturada, elaborada com base no Registro Meta-Orientado de Enfermagem de Imogene King. Os dados foram analisados de forme qualitativa pelo Software IRAMUTEQ. A pesquisa foi aprovada pelo Comitê de Ética. Resultados: Após a análise, emergiram quatro classes: 1) relação estabelecida com base no acolhimento; 2) relação enfermeiro-pessoa com tuberculose e o apoio de outros profissionais e familiares; 3) relação estabelecida com vistas ao cumprimento do tratamento; e 4) relação estabelecida para enfrentamento do preconceito diante da tuberculose. Conclusão: O acolhimento, a família e o vínculo entre profissional, paciente e equipe da Atenção Primária à Saúde fortalecem o enfrentamento da doença e reforçam a adesão ao tratamento medicamentoso.

Resumen Introducción: Uno de los puntos fuertes de la lucha contra la tuberculosis son las acciones desarrolladas en la atención primaria de salud. En este nivel asistencial, el contacto continuo de las enfermerías a través de la consulta de enfermería permite mantener una relación con la población enferma. Frente a la relación enfermería-persona para el establecimiento del vínculo y la adherencia al tratamiento contra la tuberculosis, se entiende la importancia del referente teórico de Imogene King para estructurar la interacción enfermería-persona y ofrecer una dinámica para este proceso. Objetivo: Análisis de la relación entre el personal de enfermería y las personas afectadas por la tuberculosis, a partir de la teoría del logro de objetivos de Imogene King. Método: Estudio descriptivo con abordaje cualitativo, con 14 enfermeras de atención primaria de salud, seleccionadas por conveniencia. La recolección de datos ocurrió de agosto a noviembre de 2018, a través de una entrevista semiestructurada, elaborada con base en el registro meta-orientado de enfermería de Imogene King. Los datos fueron analizados cualitativamente utilizando el software IRAMUTEQ. La investigación fue aprobada por el Comité de Ética. Resultados: Después del análisis, surgieron cuatro clases: 1) relación establecida con base en la recepción, 2) relación enfermería-persona con tuberculosis y apoyo de otras personas profesionales y familiares, 3) relación establecida con miras al cumplimiento del tratamiento y 4) relación establecida para combatir los prejuicios contra la tuberculosis. Conclusión: La acogida, la familia y el vínculo entre profesional, paciente y equipo de atención primaria de salud fortalecen el afrontamiento de la enfermedad y refuerzan la adherencia al tratamiento farmacológico.

Abstract Introduction: One of the main aspects in the fight against tuberculosis are the actions developed in Primary Health Care (PHC). At this level of care, the nurse's continuous contact through the nursing consultation allows them to maintain a relationship with the sick population. Regarding the nurse-patient relationship for establishing a bond and the compliance with tuberculosis treatment, we understand the importance of Imogene King's theoretical framework for structuring the nurse-patient interaction and offering a dynamic for this process. Objective: To analyze the nurse-tuberculosis patient relationship based on Imogene King's Theory of Goal Achievement. Method: A descriptive study with a qualitative approach, with 14 PHC nurses, selected by convenience. Data were collected from August to November 2018 through semi-structured interviews based on Imogene King's Meta-Oriented Nursing Record. The data were analyzed qualitatively using the IRAMUTEQ software. The research was approved by the Ethics Committee. Results: After the analysis, four classes emerged: 1) relationship established on the basis of welcoming; 2) nurse-tuberculosis patient relationship and the support of other professionals and family members; 3) relationship established towards treatment compliance; and 4) relationship established to confront prejudice associated with tuberculosis. Conclusion: The welcoming, the family, and the bond between the professional, the patient and Primary Health Care team strengthen the coping with the disease and reinforce the compliance with the pharmacological treatment.

Assessment of Covid-19 vaccine confidence among healthcare personnel in the safety-net sector in the United States and Puerto Rico.

BACKGROUND: This study aimed to assess COVID-19 vaccine confidence among healthcare personnel in the safety net sector of the United States and Puerto Rico. This study aimed to examine the extent to which increased knowledge and positive attitudes toward COVID-19 vaccine safety and efficacy were associated with healthcare workers' COVID-19 vaccination status and their recommendation of the vaccine to all patients. METHODS: Online survey data were collected from health care workers working in Free and Charitable Clinics across the United States and Federally Qualified Health Centers in Puerto Rico. The survey consisted of 62 questions covering various demographic measures and constructs related to healthcare workers' vaccination status, beliefs, and recommendations for COVID-19 vaccination. Statistical analyses, including multivariate analysis, were conducted to identify the factors associated with the COVID-19 vaccine status and recommendations among healthcare personnel. RESULTS: Among the 2273 respondents, 93% reported being vaccinated against COVID-19. The analysis revealed that respondents who believed that COVID-19 vaccines were efficacious and safe were three times more likely to be vaccinated and twice as likely to recommend them to all their patients. Respondents who believed they had received adequate information about COVID-19 vaccination were 10 times more likely to be vaccinated and four times more likely to recommend it to all their patients. CONCLUSIONS: The study results indicate that healthcare workers' confidence in COVID-19 vaccines is closely tied to their level of knowledge, positive beliefs, and attitudes about vaccine safety and efficacy. The study emphasizes the significance of healthcare workers feeling well informed and confident in their knowledge to recommend the vaccine to their patients. These findings have important implications for the development of strategies to boost COVID-19 vaccine confidence among healthcare workers and increase vaccine uptake among patients.

Prevalence of sexually risky behaviors among Mexican medical students.

University students are at high risk of sexually transmitted infections due to the lack of adequate sexual education, as well as multiple associated factors, which lead to risky sexual practices. It is important to update data about sexual behaviors to identify the main factors associated with sexually risky behaviors. The present study aimed to evaluate the current prevalence of sexually risky practices in medical students. A cross-sectional study was conducted among medical students through an anonymous self-administered online questionnaire including demographic characteristics and sexual behaviors. We used descriptive statistics and multivariable regression to analyze the data collected. A total of 1520 undergraduate medical students aged between 18 and 28 years old were included in the study. Sixty percent of the students were sexually active with a higher proportion in men (70%), likewise, they had an earlier sexual debut (16.5 vs 16.9 years old), and a greater number of lifetime sexual partners than women (3.8 vs 2.2). The main sexual activity in both groups was vaginal sex with high use of condoms (75%), however, most of them (67%) reported having unprotected oral sex. Logistic regression analysis showed that condomless sex was associated with having oral sex, anal sex, and being female. The findings of this study showed that medical university students are involved in risky sexual behaviors, the major risk factor was unprotected oral sex. Based on these results, we recommended designing interventions to improve sexual education and preventive approaches from early stages such as in middle school students to mitigate sexually transmitted infections among medical university students.

Human Papillomavirus vaccination coverage among the female population living in the state of Goiás, Brazil, 2014-2020: a time series study.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination coverage among the female population aged 10 to 14 years, living in the state of Goiás, Brazil, between 2014 and 2022. METHODS: This was an ecological time series study using data from the Brazilian National Health System Information Technology Department (Departamento de Informática do Sistema Único de Saúde - DATASUS); the annual vaccination coverage rate was calculated based on the number of second doses administered; the trend of the rates was analyzed using the Prais-Winsten model. RESULTS: A total of 407,217 second doses of the quadrivalent HPV vaccine were administered to the female population aged 10-14 years, with annual vaccination coverage rates ranging from 12.3% (2019) to 30.0% (2015), and an annual percentage change (APC) of 0.7% (95%CI 0.9; 0.2; p-value = 0.030). CONCLUSION: In Góias state, the quadrivalent HPV vaccine coverage rate was below the national target (80%), showing a stationary trend in the time series.

Impact of sustained virologic response on glucose parameters among patients with chronic hepatitis C treated with direct-acting antivirals.

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate the glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) levels before and after sustained virologic response (SVR) and investigate the baseline characteristics associated with improved glycemic control in patients with chronic hepatitis C (CHC) achieving SVR after directacting antivirals (DAA) therapy. Materials and methods: Consecutive adult patients with CHC who achieved SVR after DAA treatment between January 2016 and December 2017 at Hospital de Clínicas de Porto Alegre (RS, Brazil) were prospectively included. Levels of HbA1c were measured up to 24 weeks before DAA therapy and 12 weeks after SVR. Exclusion criteria were decompensated cirrhosis, HIV and/or hepatitis B virus, liver disease of other etiologies, and/or modification of prediabetes/ type 2 diabetes mellitus (PDM/T2DM) management. The primary outcome was a comparison of HbA1c levels before and after SVR. Secondary outcomes were the baseline variables associated with improved glycemic control. Results: The study included 207 patients with a mean age of 60.6±10.7 years, of whom 51.7% were women, 56% had cirrhosis, 37.7% had HCV genotype 3, and 54.5% had baseline T2DM or PDM. The median HbA1c level reduced significantly after SVR (5.5%, interquartile range [IQR] 4.9%-6.3%) compared with baseline (5.7%, IQR 5.3%-6.7%; p = 0.01). The baseline characteristics associated with improved HbA1c after SVR were cirrhosis, genotype 3, and age ≤ 60 years. Conclusion: Among patients with CHC, SVR after DAA was associated with HbA1c reduction, particularly in those with cirrhosis, genotype 3, and age ≤ 60 years.

Spatial distribution of arboviruses and its association with a social development index and the waste disposal in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil, 2015 to 2019.

OBJECTIVE: To detect spatial and spatiotemporal clusters of urban arboviruses and to investigate whether the social development index (SDI) and irregular waste disposal are related to the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection in São Luís, state of Maranhão, Brazil. METHODS: The confirmed cases of Dengue, Zika and Chikungunya in São Luís, from 2015 to 2019, were georeferenced to the census tract of residence. The Bayesian Conditional Autoregressive regression model was used to identify the association between SDI and irregular waste disposal sites and the coefficient of urban arboviruses detection. RESULTS: The spatial pattern of arboviruses pointed to the predominance of a low-incidence cluster, except 2016. For the years 2015, 2016, 2017, and 2019, an increase of one unit of waste disposal site increased the coefficient of arboviruses detection in 1.25, 1.09, 1.23, and 1.13 cases of arboviruses per 100 thousand inhabitants, respectively. The SDI was not associated with the coefficient of arboviruses detection. CONCLUSION: In São Luís, spatiotemporal risk clusters for the occurrence of arboviruses and a positive association between the coefficient of arbovirus detection and sites of irregular waste disposal were identified.

Big Data-Planetary Health approach for evaluating the Brazilian Dengue Control Program.

OBJECTIVE: This study aims to integrate the concepts of planetary health and big data into the Donabedian model to evaluate the Brazilian dengue control program in the state of São Paulo. METHODS: Data science methods were used to integrate and analyze dengue-related data, adding context to the structure and outcome components of the Donabedian model. This data, considering the period from 2010 to 2019, was collected from sources such as Department of Informatics of the Unified Health System (DATASUS), the Brazilian Institute of Geography and Statistics (IBGE), WorldClim, and MapBiomas. These data were integrated into a Data Warehouse. K-means algorithm was used to identify groups with similar contexts. Then, statistical analyses and spatial visualizations of the groups were performed, considering socioeconomic and demographic variables, soil, health structure, and dengue cases. OUTCOMES: Using climate variables, the K-means algorithm identified four groups of municipalities with similar characteristics. The comparison of their indicators revealed certain patterns in the municipalities with the worst performance in terms of dengue case outcomes. Although presenting better economic conditions, these municipalities held a lower average number of community healthcare agents and basic health units per inhabitant. Thus, economic conditions did not reflect better health structure among the three studied indicators. Another characteristic of these municipalities is urbanization. The worst performing municipalities presented a higher rate of urban population and human activity related to urbanization. CONCLUSIONS: This methodology identified important deficiencies in the implementation of the dengue control program in the state of São Paulo. The integration of several databases and the use of Data Science methods allowed the evaluation of the program on a large scale, considering the context in which activities are conducted. These data can be used by the public administration to plan actions and invest according to the deficiencies of each location.

Domestic (re)infestation risk with the main vector Triatoma infestans increases with surrounding green vegetation and social vulnerability in the Argentine Chaco.

BACKGROUND: Chagas disease, caused by Trypanosoma cruzi, is still a public health problem in Latin America and in the Southern Cone countries, where Triatoma infestans is the main vector. We evaluated the relationships among the density of green vegetation around rural houses, sociodemographic characteristics, and domestic (re)infestation with T. infestans while accounting for their spatial dependence in the municipality of Pampa del Indio between 2007 and 2016. METHODS: The study comprised sociodemographic and ecological variables from 734 rural houses with no missing data. Green vegetation density surrounding houses was estimated by the normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI). We used a hierarchical Bayesian logistic regression composed of fixed effects and spatial random effects to estimate domestic infestation risk and quantile regressions to evaluate the association between surrounding NDVI and selected sociodemographic variables. RESULTS: Qom ethnicity and the number of poultry were negatively associated with surrounding NDVI, whereas overcrowding was positively associated with surrounding NDVI. Hierarchical Bayesian models identified that domestic infestation was positively associated with surrounding NDVI, suitable walls for triatomines, and overcrowding over both intervention periods. Preintervention domestic infestation also was positively associated with Qom ethnicity. Models with spatial random effects performed better than models without spatial effects. The former identified geographic areas with a domestic infestation risk not accounted for by fixed-effect variables. CONCLUSIONS: Domestic infestation with T. infestans was associated with the density of green vegetation surrounding rural houses and social vulnerability over a decade of sustained vector control interventions. High density of green vegetation surrounding rural houses was associated with households with more vulnerable social conditions. Evaluation of domestic infestation risk should simultaneously consider social, landscape and spatial effects to control for their mutual dependency. Hierarchical Bayesian models provided a proficient methodology to identify areas for targeted triatomine and disease surveillance and control.

Sentinel Enhanced Dengue Surveillance System - Puerto Rico, 2012-2022.

Problem/Condition: Dengue is the most prevalent mosquitoborne viral illness worldwide and is endemic in Puerto Rico. Dengue's clinical spectrum can range from mild, undifferentiated febrile illness to hemorrhagic manifestations, shock, multiorgan failure, and death in severe cases. The disease presentation is nonspecific; therefore, various other illnesses (e.g., arboviral and respiratory pathogens) can cause similar clinical symptoms. Enhanced surveillance is necessary to determine disease prevalence, to characterize the epidemiology of severe disease, and to evaluate diagnostic and treatment practices to improve patient outcomes. The Sentinel Enhanced Dengue Surveillance System (SEDSS) was established to monitor trends of dengue and dengue-like acute febrile illnesses (AFIs), characterize the clinical course of disease, and serve as an early warning system for viral infections with epidemic potential. Reporting Period: May 2012-December 2022. Description of System: SEDSS conducts enhanced surveillance for dengue and other relevant AFIs in Puerto Rico. This report includes aggregated data collected from May 2012 through December 2022. SEDSS was launched in May 2012 with patients with AFIs from five health care facilities enrolled. The facilities included two emergency departments in tertiary acute care hospitals in the San Juan-Caguas-Guaynabo metropolitan area and Ponce, two secondary acute care hospitals in Carolina and Guayama, and one outpatient acute care clinic in Ponce. Patients arriving at any SEDSS site were eligible for enrollment if they reported having fever within the past 7 days. During the Zika epidemic (June 2016-June 2018), patients were eligible for enrollment if they had either rash and conjunctivitis, rash and arthralgia, or fever. Eligibility was expanded in April 2020 to include reported cough or shortness of breath within the past 14 days. Blood, urine, nasopharyngeal, and oropharyngeal specimens were collected at enrollment from all participants who consented. Diagnostic testing for dengue virus (DENV) serotypes 1-4, chikungunya virus, Zika virus, influenza A and B viruses, SARS-CoV-2, and five other respiratory viruses was performed by the CDC laboratory in San Juan. Results: During May 2012-December 2022, a total of 43,608 participants with diagnosed AFI were enrolled in SEDSS; a majority of participants (45.0%) were from Ponce. During the surveillance period, there were 1,432 confirmed or probable cases of dengue, 2,293 confirmed or probable cases of chikungunya, and 1,918 confirmed or probable cases of Zika. The epidemic curves of the three arboviruses indicate dengue is endemic; outbreaks of chikungunya and Zika were sporadic, with case counts peaking in late 2014 and 2016, respectively. The majority of commonly identified respiratory pathogens were influenza A virus (3,756), SARS-CoV-2 (1,586), human adenovirus (1,550), respiratory syncytial virus (1,489), influenza B virus (1,430), and human parainfluenza virus type 1 or 3 (1,401). A total of 5,502 participants had confirmed or probable arbovirus infection, 11,922 had confirmed respiratory virus infection, and 26,503 had AFI without any of the arboviruses or respiratory viruses examined. Interpretation: Dengue is endemic in Puerto Rico; however, incidence rates varied widely during the reporting period, with the last notable outbreak occurring during 2012-2013. DENV-1 was the predominant virus during the surveillance period; sporadic cases of DENV-4 also were reported. Puerto Rico experienced large outbreaks of chikungunya that peaked in 2014 and of Zika that peaked in 2016; few cases of both viruses have been reported since. Influenza A and respiratory syncytial virus seasonality patterns are distinct, with respiratory syncytial virus incidence typically reaching its annual peak a few weeks before influenza A. The emergence of SARS-CoV-2 led to a reduction in the circulation of other acute respiratory viruses. Public Health Action: SEDSS is the only site-based enhanced surveillance system designed to gather information on AFI cases in Puerto Rico. This report illustrates that SEDSS can be adapted to detect dengue, Zika, chikungunya, COVID-19, and influenza outbreaks, along with other seasonal acute respiratory viruses, underscoring the importance of recognizing signs and symptoms of relevant diseases and understanding transmission dynamics among these viruses. This report also describes fluctuations in disease incidence, highlighting the value of active surveillance, testing for a panel of acute respiratory viruses, and the importance of flexible and responsive surveillance systems in addressing evolving public health challenges. Various vector control strategies and vaccines are being considered or implemented in Puerto Rico, and data from ongoing trials and SEDSS might be integrated to better understand epidemiologic factors underlying transmission and risk mitigation approaches. Data from SEDSS might guide sampling strategies and implementation of future trials to prevent arbovirus transmission, particularly during the expansion of SEDSS throughout the island to improve geographic representation.

Entomological assessment of hessian fabric transfluthrin vapour emanators as a means to protect against outdoor-biting Aedes after providing them to households for routine use in Port-au-Prince, Haiti.

BACKGROUND: A simple treated fabric device for passively emanating the volatile pyrethroid transfluthrin was recently developed in Tanzania that protected against nocturnal Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes for several months. Here these transfluthrin emanators were assessed in Port-au-Prince, Haiti against outdoor-biting Aedes. METHODS: Transfluthrin emanators were distributed to participating households in poor-to-middle class urban neighbourhoods and evaluated once every two months in terms of their effects on human landing rates of wild Aedes populations. A series of three such entomological assessment experiments were conducted, to examine the influence of changing weather conditions, various transfluthrin formulations and emanator placement on protective efficacy measurements. Laboratory experiments assessed resistance of local Aedes aegypti to transfluthrin and deltamethrin, and the irritancy and repellency of the transfluthrin-treated fabric used in the field. RESULTS: Across all three entomological field assessments, little evidence of protection against wild Ae. aegypti was observed, regardless of weather conditions, transfluthrin formulation or emanator placement: A generalized linear mixed model fitted to the pooled data from all three assessment rounds (921 females caught over 5129 hours) estimated a relative landing rate [95% Confidence interval] of 0.87 [0.73, 1.04] for users of treated versus untreated emanators (P = 0.1241). Wild Ae. aegypti in this setting were clearly resistant to transfluthrin when compared to a fully susceptible colony. CONCLUSIONS: Transfluthrin emanators had little if any apparent effect upon Aedes landing rates by wild Ae. aegypti in urban Haiti, and similar results have been obtained by comparable studies in Tanzania, Brazil and Peru. In stark contrast, however, parallel sociological assessments of perspectives among these same end-users in urban Haitian communities indicate strong satisfaction in terms of perceived protection against mosquitoes. It remains unclear why the results obtained from these complementary entomological and sociological assessments in Haiti differ so much, as do those from a similar set of studies in Brazil. It is encouraging, however, that similar contrasts between the entomological and epidemiological results of a recent large-scale assessment of another transfluthrin emanator product in Peru, which indicate they provide useful protection against Aedes-borne arboviral infections, despite apparently providing only modest protection against Aedes mosquito bites.

Effectiveness of mass dengue vaccination with CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia®) in the state of Paraná, Brazil: integrating case-cohort and case-control designs.

Background: CYD-TDV (Dengvaxia®) was the first dengue vaccine approved, launched in Brazil in 2015 for individuals aged 9-44 years. We aimed to estimate the effectiveness of CYD-TDV in preventing symptomatic dengue cases during a campaign targeting individuals aged 15-27 years in selected municipalities in Paraná, Brazil. Additionally, we examined whether a history of dengue, as recorded by the surveillance system, modified the vaccine's effectiveness. Methods: We conducted a case-cohort analysis comparing the frequency of vaccination, with at least one dose of CYD-TDV, in individuals with dengue confirmed by RT-PCR, identified by the surveillance system during 2019 and 2020, with the vaccination coverage in the target population. Moreover, in a case-control design using weighted controls, we assessed the documented history of dengue as a modifier of the vaccine's effectiveness. We used a logistic random-effects regression model, with data clustered in municipalities and incorporating covariates such as the incidence of dengue before the campaign, age, and sex. We calculated vaccine effectiveness (VE) as (1-relative risk) x 100%. Findings: 1869 dengue cases were identified, which had a vaccination frequency significantly lower than the overall vaccination coverage in the target population (50.3% vs. 57.2%, respectively; overall VE: 21.3%; 95% confidence interval [CI]: 13.4%-28.4%). In individuals with a documented history of dengue, vaccination had a VE of 71% (95% CI: 58%-80%) in reducing the incidence of dengue. However, vaccination was not associated with a significant reduction in the overall dengue case risk in individuals without a documented history of dengue (VE: 12%; 95% CI: -21% to 36%). In this last stratum, vaccination was associated with reduced cases due to DENV-1 and DENV-4, but an excess of DENV-2 cases. Interpretation: Vaccination led to a significant reduction in reported dengue cases within the target population. The case-control design suggested that this reduction was primarily driven by the benefits observed in individuals with a documented history of dengue. In endemic regions with limited serological testing facilities, a previous history of dengue diagnosis recorded by epidemiological surveillance could be used to triage candidates for CYD-TDV vaccination. Funding: Research supported by Sanofi.

Addressing the burden of cervical cancer for Indigenous women in Latin America and the Caribbean: a call for action.

Cervical cancer, primarily caused by human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, poses a significant global health challenge. Due to higher levels of poverty and health inequities, Indigenous women worldwide are more vulnerable to cervical cancer than their non-Indigenous counterparts. However, despite constituting nearly 10% of the population in Latin America and the Caribbean (LAC), the true extent of the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous people in this region remains largely unknown. This article reviews the available information on cervical cancer incidence and mortality, as well as HPV infection prevalence, among Indigenous women in LAC. The limited existing data suggest that Indigenous women in this region face a heightened risk of cervical cancer incidence and mortality compared to non-Indigenous women. Nevertheless, a substantial knowledge gap persists that must be addressed to comprehensively assess the burden of cervical cancer among Indigenous populations, especially through enhancing cancer surveillance across LAC countries. Numerous structural, social and cultural barriers hindering Indigenous women's access to HPV vaccination and cervical cancer screening worldwide have been identified and are reviewed in this article. The discussion highlights the critical role of culturally sensitive education, community engagement, and empowerment strategies in overcoming those barriers. Drawing insights from the success of targeted strategies in certain high-income countries, the present article advocates for research, policies and healthcare interventions tailored to the unique context of LAC countries.

A critical analysis of the decreasing trends in tuberculosis cure indicators in Brazil, 2001-2022.

OBJECTIVE: To analyze the temporal trend of tuberculosis cure indicators in Brazil. METHODS: An ecological time-series study using administrative data of reported cases of the disease nationwide between 2001 and 2022. We estimated cure indicators for each federative unit (FU) considering individuals with pulmonary tuberculosis, tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, and those in tuberculosis retreatment. We used regression models using joinpoint regression for trend analysis, reporting the annual percentage change and the average annual percentage change. RESULTS: For the three groups analyzed, we observed heterogeneity in the annual percentage change in the Brazilian FUs, with a predominance of significantly decreasing trends in the cure indicator in most FUs, especially at the end of the time series. When considering national indicators, an average annual percentage change of -0.97% (95% CI: -1.23 to -0.74) was identified for the cure of people with pulmonary tuberculosis, of -1.11% (95% CI: -1.42 to -0.85) for the cure of people with tuberculosis-HIV coinfection, and of -1.44% (95% CI: -1.62 to -1.31) for the cure of people in tuberculosis retreatment. CONCLUSIONS: The decreasing trends of cure indicators in Brazil are concerning and underscore a warning to public authorities, as it points to the possible occurrence of other treatment outcomes, such as treatment discontinuity and death. This finding contradicts current public health care policies and requires urgent strategies aiming to promote follow-up of patients during tuberculosis treatment in Brazil.

Cost of controlling the dengue vector Aedes aegypti in the Peruvian amazon. / Costo del control de Aedes aegypti en la Amazonía peruana.

OBJECTIVE.: Motivation for the study. Dengue prevention and control is based on the control of its vector. This study was conducted because of the need to know the costs associated with Aedes aegypti control in a region that carries out planned vector control activities. Main findings. The costs incurred in dengue vector control in the Loreto region in 2017 and 2018 amounted to PEN 4,066,380.25 and PEN 3,807,858.73, respectively. Implications. Knowing the cost of vector control activities will allow us to better plan these activities and have a basis for cost-effectiveness studies with other methods of prevention and control of dengue. To estimate the costs incurred in the control of Aedes aegypti in the Loreto region, during the years 2017 and 2018. MATERIALS AND METHODS.: We conducted a partial retrospective economic evaluation of the costs of Aedes aegypti control of the Regional Health Directorate Loreto, during the implementation of the Regional Plan for Surveillance and Control of Aedes aegypti. Documentation such as plans, intervention reports and payment slips were reviewed, and interviews were conducted with professional personnel involved in vector control, on the costs of control interventions. RESULTS.: We found that the costs incurred in dengue vector control in the Loreto Region in the two years were: PEN 3,807,858 and PEN 4,066,380 during 2017 and 2018, respectively (USD 1,175,264 and USD 1,1210,232 at the 2017 and 2018 exchange rate). However, the effect of control activities is short-lived. CONCLUSIONS.: The high cost involved in vector control with the methods currently used and the short duration of its effect make it unsustainable. Studies should be conducted in order to find other more efficient methods for dengue control.

OBJETIVO.: Motivación para realizar el estudio. La prevención y control del dengue se basa en el control de su vector. Este estudio se realizó por la necesidad de conocer los costos asociados al control Aedes aegypti en una región que realiza actividades planificadas de control vectorial. Principales hallazgos. Los costos incurridos en el control del vector del dengue en la región Loreto en los años 2017 y 2018, ascienden a 4,066,380.25 y 3,807,858.73 PEN, respectivamente. Implicancias. Conocer el costo de las actividades de control vectorial nos permitirá planificar mejor estas actividades y tener una base para estudios de costo efectividad con otros métodos de prevención y control del dengue. Estimar los costos incurridos en el control del Aedes aegypti en la región Loreto, en los años 2017 y 2018. MATERIALES Y MÉTODOS.: Se realizó una evaluación económica retrospectiva parcial de los costos del control del Aedes aegypti de la Dirección Regional de Salud Loreto, durante la ejecución del Plan Regional de Vigilancia y Control de Aedes aegypti. Se revisó documentación como planes, informes de intervenciones y planillas de pago y se realizaron entrevistas al personal profesional implicado en el control vectorial, sobre los costos de las intervenciones de control. RESULTADOS.: Se halló, que los costos incurridos en el control del vector del dengue en la Región Loreto en los dos años estudiados ascienden a: 3,807,858 PEN y 4,066,380 PEN durante el 2017 y 2018, respectivamente (1´175,264 USD y 1´1210,232 USD al tipo de cambio del 2017 y 2018). Sin embargo, el efecto de las actividades de control es de corta duración. CONCLUSIONES.: El alto costo que implica el control vectorial con los métodos usados actualmente y la corta duración de su efecto lo hace insostenible. Se deben realizar estudios para hallar otros métodos más eficientes para el control del dengue.

Analysis of the impact of health interventions on vaccination coverage for children under two years of age in municipalities of Minas Gerais.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the impact of the state action-research project on vaccination coverage in children under two years of age in the state of Minas Gerais, according to the size of the municipalities, comparing the years 2021 and 2022. METHODS: This is a study nested within the state action-research project, a before-after community clinical trial carried out in 212 municipalities in the state of Minas Gerais. This study used secondary data on Vaccination Coverage (VC), Homogeneity of Vaccines (HVC) and Abandonment rate of multi-dose vaccines. After classifying municipalities by size and vaccination coverage rates were equitably classified, an analysis of secondary data on 12 immunobiologicals indicated for the age group in question and their abandonment rate of multi-dose vaccines was carried out. RESULTS: There was an increase in the proportion of municipalities classified as small that reached the vaccination coverage target set by the National Immunization Program (PNI) after the action-research project was carried out. There was an increase in the proportion of small municipalities classified as having a low abandonment rate for the rotavirus vaccine, in the adequate homogeneity of vaccination coverage and in the classification of risk as very low risk and low and medium risk, all with a statistically significant difference. CONCLUSION: There was an influence of municipal size on the effectiveness of the actions applied to increase vaccination coverage, explaining that proposing individualized actions for each municipality is essential to improve vaccination coverage.

Global burden of non-communicable diseases attributable to kidney dysfunction with projection into 2040.

BACKGROUND: Spatiotemporal disparities exist in the disease burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) attributable to kidney dysfunction, which has been poorly assessed. The present study aimed to evaluate the spatiotemporal trends of the global burden of NCDs attributable to kidney dysfunction and to predict future trends. METHODS: Data on NCDs attributable to kidney dysfunction, quantified using deaths and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs), were extracted from the Global Burden of Diseases Injuries, and Risk Factors (GBD) Study in 2019. Estimated annual percentage change (EAPC) of age-standardized rate (ASR) was calculated with linear regression to assess the changing trend. Pearson's correlation analysis was used to determine the association between ASR and Sociodemographic Index (SDI) for 21 GBD regions. A Bayesian age-period-cohort (BAPC) model was used to predict future trends up to 2040. RESULTS: Between 1990 and 2019, the absolute number of deaths and DALYs from NCDs attributable to kidney dysfunction increased globally. The death cases increased from 1,571,720 (95% uncertainty interval [UI]: 1,344,420-1,805,598) in 1990 to 3,161,552 (95% UI: 2,723,363-3,623,814) in 2019 for both sexes combined. Both the ASR of death and DALYs increased in Andean Latin America, the Caribbean, Central Latin America, Southeast Asia, Oceania, and Southern Sub-Saharan Africa. In contrast, the age-standardized metrics decreased in the high-income Asia Pacific region. The relationship between SDI and ASR of death and DALYs was negatively correlated. The BAPC model indicated that there would be approximately 5,806,780 death cases and 119,013,659 DALY cases in 2040 that could be attributed to kidney dysfunction. Age-standardized death of cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and CKD attributable to kidney dysfunction were predicted to decrease and increase from 2020 to 2040, respectively. CONCLUSION: NCDs attributable to kidney dysfunction remain a major public health concern worldwide. Efforts are required to attenuate the death and disability burden, particularly in low and low-to-middle SDI regions.

Boletim de Imunização, v.46, n.1, Mar. 2024

A Organização Pan-Americana da Saúde (OPAS) publica o Boletim de Imunização quatro vezes por ano em inglês, francês, português e espanhol. Seu objetivo é facilitar o intercâmbio de ideias e informações sobre programas de imunização na Região das Américas e fora dela. Ele é publicado desde 1979 em inglês e espanhol, com versões em francês e português iniciadas em 2001 e 2019, respectivamente. A edição de marzo de 2024 do Boletim de Imunização aborda os seguintes tópicos: Terceira Reunião Anual da Comissão Regional de Monitoramento e Reverificação da Eliminação do Sarampo, Rubéola e Síndrome da Rubéola Congênita; O Grupo Técnico Assessor da OPAS sobre Doenças Imunopreveníveis fornece recomendações regionais sobre as vacinas contra a dengue e o vírus sincicial respiratório e publica uma declaração sobre os esforços atuais de vacinação contra a COVID-19; Definição do caminho a seguir: reflexões sobre a Iniciativa da OPAS de Eliminação de Doenças Transmissíveis e orientações para o futuro; Rumo à eliminação de doenças associadas à infecção pelo papilomavírus humano no Caribe francês: implementação de uma campanha geral de vacinação nas escolas a partir de outubro de 2023; Metodologia e ferramenta de monitoramento do desempenho do Programa Ampliado de Imunização para a Região das Américas; Vigilância sentinela de rotavírus em menores de 5 anos na Região das Américas; Vigilância sentinela de casos de pneumonia e meningite bacteriana em menores de 5 anos na Região das Américas; Oficina de elaboração de textos e artigos científicos na área de saúde em Bogotá, Colômbia; Classificação final dos casos na Região das Américas, 2022; Sistema de informação de imunização e qualidade dos dados; Curso virtual de autoaprendizagem Ferramentas de monitoramento de intervenções integradas em saúde pública. Vacinação e desparasitação de geo-helmintíases; e Fortalecimento da gestão dos dados de imunização.

Regional Update, Influenza and Other Respiratory Viruses. Epidemiological Week 18 (10 May 2024)

[WEEKLY SUMMARY]. Regional Situation: Over the past four epidemiological weeks (EWs), low activity levels of Influenza-Like Illness (ILI) have been noted across the Americas, exhibiting a declining trend primarily linked to North America. Simultaneously, there has been a reduction in Severe Acute Respiratory Infection (SARI) activity, which also remains low. These trends are largely associated with confirmed cases of influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Regionally, SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels compared to previous epidemic waves. Moreover, there has been a slight decline in seasonal influenza activity and a decrease in Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) activity, both of which are currently low. North America: Over the last four EWs, ILI cases have continued to decline, predominantly due to influenza, resulting in intermediate-low activity levels. Hospitalizations due to respiratory viruses have also followed a downward trend, remaining low. While influenza has maintained epidemic circulation levels, there has been a notable decrease during this period. The most common influenza viruses have been type B/Victoria, with lesser circulation of influenza A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has similarly decreased, stabilizing at low levels. SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at low levels. By country: Canada SARS-CoV-2 activity has remained at low levels over the last four EWs. Influenza activity has sustained epidemic levels but has gradually decreased, and RSV activity has continued to decline, remaining low. In Mexico, influenza circulation has stayed fluctuating at epidemic levels, while SARS-CoV-2 activity has decreased to low levels. In the United States, influenza activity has decreased over the last four EWs but remains above the epidemic threshold. Both RSV and SARSCoV- 2 activities have continued their decline to low levels. ILI cases have decreased and are now at intermediate-low levels. Hospitalization rates for influenza, RSV, and SARS-CoV-2 have followed a decreasing trend, maintaining low levels. Caribbean: ILI and SARI cases have maintained a downward trend over the last four weeks, primarily involving influenza and, to a lesser extent, SARS-CoV-2. Influenza activity has been low but fluctuating during the last four EWs. The predominant viruses have been type A(H3N2), with concurrent circulation of influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 and to a lesser extent, B/Victoria. Both RSV and SARS-CoV-2 activities have remained low. By country: Influenza activity was noted in Belize, Jamaica, Guyana, and the Cayman Islands, while SARS-CoV-2 activity was observed in Barbados, Guyana, and Trinidad and Tobago. Central America: Over the last four epidemiological weeks (EWs), both ILI and SARI cases have maintained low activity levels, though with a slight increase, predominantly attributed to influenza cases. During this period, influenza activity has seen a slight rise, remaining at intermediate-low levels. The most prevalent influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) along with concurrent circulation of A(H1N1)pdm09. Both Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV) and SARS-CoV-2 have consistently exhibited low levels of activity. By country: In El Salvador, SARI activity has been around epidemic levels, with SARS-CoV-2 maintaining low circulation and influenza activity fluctuating near the epidemic threshold. Guatemala has experienced stable ILI and SARI activities at epidemic levels throughout the last four EWs, associated with influenza cases at moderate circulation levels. Honduras has seen variable SARI activity around epidemic levels, connected to declining influenza cases at similar levels. In Nicaragua, RSV, influenza, and SARS-CoV-2 activities have all been low. Panama has reported an uptick in both ILI and SARI cases during this period, with influenza activity reaching epidemic levels. Andean Region: ILI activity has remained consistently low across the last four EWs. SARI cases have also been stable at low levels, although there has been a notable increase in RSV-positive cases and, to a lesser extent, influenza. The influenza activity has been low but fluctuating throughout this period, with type A(H3N2) and A(H1N1)pdm09 being the predominant viruses. RSV activity, while still low, has been on an upward trend. SARS-CoV-2 activity has continued to decline, maintaining low levels. By country: In Colombia, RSV, despite being at low levels, has shown an upward trend over the last four EWs, while SARS-CoV- 2 activity has decreased, staying at low levels, with influenza activity slightly increasing but remaining below the epidemic threshold. SARI activity has fluctuated around the epidemic threshold, primarily involving cases attributable to RSV and influenza. In Ecuador, following a significant increase in RSV activity in earlier EWs, there has been a reduction to medium levels; SARS-CoV-2 has also decreased to low levels, and influenza activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold. SARI activity in Ecuador is at epidemic levels, with most cases predominantly due to RSV and, to a lesser extent, influenza. In Peru, influenza activity has oscillated around the epidemic threshold, and SARS-CoV-2 activity has dropped to low levels. In Venezuela, influenza activity has been variable but generally around the epidemic threshold over the last four EWs. Brazil and the Southern Cone: In the last four EWs, there has been an increase in both ILI and SARI activities, achieving intermediate levels, with the majority of cases attributed to influenza. During this period, influenza activity has escalated to epidemic levels in most of these countries. The primary influenza viruses have been type A(H3N2) and, less frequently, A(H1N1)pdm09. RSV activity has remained low, though it has slightly increased. SARS-CoV-2 activity has persistently declined, staying at low levels. By country: In Argentina, both ILI and SARI levels have stayed below the epidemic threshold. However, influenza activity has risen above these levels, while SARS-CoV-2 positivity rates continue to decline, reaching low levels with a slight uptick in RSV positivity observed. In Brazil, SARS-CoV-2 activity has maintained low levels, and influenza activity remains below the epidemic threshold. In Chile, the last four EWs have seen a significant increase in both ILI and SARI cases, achieving extraordinary and epidemic levels respectively, predominantly driven by high levels of influenza activity. In Paraguay, SARI activity has crossed the epidemic threshold, though ILI activity continues to stay below it. Influenza activity is around the epidemic threshold, with the circulation of SARS-CoV-2 and RSV maintaining stable low levels. In Uruguay, SARI activity has exceeded the epidemic threshold, largely due to SARS-CoV-2 and influenza, both of which have also surpassed the epidemic levels.

[RESUMEN SEMANAL]. Situación regional: Durante las últimas cuatro semanas epidemiológicas (SE) se han observado niveles bajos en la actividad de la Enfermedad Tipo Influenza (ETI) en la región de las Américas, con una tendencia decreciente. Ésta se ha relacionado principalmente con la actividad observada en Norteamérica. A su vez se ha observado una disminución en la actividad de Infección Respiratoria Aguda Grave (IRAG), actualmente en niveles bajos. En ambos casos la actividad observada se ha asociado a casos positivos de influenza y en menor medida de SARS-CoV-2. En cuanto a la circulación de virus respiratorios, a nivel regional la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido a niveles bajos en comparación con olas epidémicas previas. Asimismo, se ha observado una actividad epidémica de influenza para esta época del año que se mantiene en ligero descenso, y una actividad en descenso del Virus Respiratorio Sincitial (VRS) que se encuentra actualmente en niveles bajos. América del Norte: Los casos de ETI, se han mantenido en descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE, presentando niveles intermedio-bajos y siendo la mayoría de los casos atribuibles a influenza. Las hospitalizaciones asociadas a virus respiratorios se han mantenido en descenso y en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos de circulación, mostrando un descenso durante las cuatro últimas SE. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido del tipo B/Victoria, con circulación en menor medida de influenza A(H3N2) y A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS ha mostrado un descenso en las últimas cuatro SE, manteniéndose en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. Por países: En Canadá, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido en niveles epidémicos con un descenso paulatino, y la actividad del VRS ha permanecido en descenso encontrándose en niveles bajos. En México, la circulación de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles epidémicos en las cuatro últimas SE, y la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso hasta niveles bajos. En Estados Unidos, la actividad de influenza ha mostrado un descenso en las cuatro últimas SE, aunque se mantiene por encima del umbral epidémico. Tanto el VRS como el SARS-CoV-2 han mantenido una actividad en descenso hasta niveles bajos. Los casos de ETI han mostrado un descenso y se mantienen en niveles medio-bajos. Las tasas de hospitalización por influenza, VRS y SARSCoV- 2 han presentado una tendencia decreciente en las cuatro últimas SE, con niveles bajos. Caribe: Los casos de ETI y de IRAG han permanecido en descenso durante las cuatro últimas semanas, siendo la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza y en menor medida SARS-CoV-2. La actividad de influenza se ha mantenido fluctuante en niveles bajos durante las últimas cuatro SE. Durante este periodo, los virus predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2), con circulación concurrente de influenza A(H1N1)pdm09 y en menor medida B/Victoria. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: Se ha observado actividad de influenza las últimas cuatro SE en Belice, Jamaica, Guyana y las Islas Caimán. Se ha observado actividad de SARS-CoV-2 en Barbados, Guyana y Trinidad y Tobago. América Central: Durante las cuatro últimas SE la actividad tanto de ETI como de IRAG se ha mantenido baja, aunque presentando un ligero incremento, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un ligero incremento durante este periodo situándose en niveles intermedio-bajos. En las cuatro últimas SE, los virus influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) con circulación concurrente de A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS y del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en niveles bajos. Por países: En El Salvador, la actividad de IRAG se encuentra en torno a niveles epidémicos con una circulación de SARS-CoV-2 en niveles bajos y una actividad de influenza fluctuando en torno al umbral epidémico. En Guatemala durante las cuatro últimas SE, se ha observado una actividad de ETI e IRAG estable en niveles epidémicos, asociada a casos positivos de influenza, cuya circulación se encuentra en niveles moderados. En Honduras, en las cuatro últimas SE, se ha observado una actividad fluctuante de IRAG en torno a niveles epidémicos, asociada a casos positivos de influenza, cuya actividad se encuentra en niveles epidémicos y en descenso. En Nicaragua, la actividad tanto del VRS, influenza y SARS-CoV-2 se encuentra en niveles bajos. En Panamá los casos de ETI e IRAG han mostrado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE, y la actividad de influenza se encuentra en niveles epidémicos. Andina: La actividad de ETI se ha mantenido estable en niveles bajos durante las cuatro últimas SE. Los casos de IRAG se han mantenido estables con niveles bajos, sin embrago se ha observado un ascenso en la proporción de casos positivos a VRS y en menor medida influenza. La actividad de influenza ha permanecido en niveles bajos en las cuatro últimas SE con una tendencia fluctuante. Durante este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) con circulación concurrente de A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con una tendencia creciente. La actividad de SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos. Por países: En Colombia, el VRS aunque en niveles bajos ha presentado un incremento e las cuatro últimas SE, la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso situándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza se ha mantenido por debajo del umbral epidémico con un ligero incremento. La actividad de IRAG se ha mantenido en torno al umbral epidémico durante este periodo, con los casos positivos atribuibles a VRS e influenza. En Ecuador, tras el marcado incremento en la actividad de VRS observado en SE previas, se ha detectado un descenso hasta niveles medios, el SARS-CoV-2 ha presentado un descenso situándose en niveles bajos y la actividad de influenza se ha ascendido superando el umbral epidémico. La actividad de IRAG se encuentra en niveles epidémicos y los casos positivos han sido atribuibles en su mayoría a VRS y en menor medida influenza. En Perú la actividad de influenza se encuentra oscilante en torno al umbral epidémico y la actividad de SARS-CoV-2 ha descendido a nieves bajos. En Venezuela, durante las últimas cuatro SE, se ha observado un una actividad fluctuante de influenza en torno al umbral epidémico. Brasil y el Cono Sur: La actividad de ETI e IRAG ha presentado un incremento en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles intermedios, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a influenza. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento en las últimas cuatro SE con niveles epidémicos en la mayoría de los países. En este periodo, los virus de influenza predominantes han sido de tipo A(H3N2) y en menor medida A(H1N1)pdm09. La actividad del VRS se ha mantenido en niveles bajos, aunque con un ligero incremento. La actividad del SARS-CoV-2 se ha mantenido en descenso con niveles bajos de actividad. Por países: En Argentina, los niveles de ETI e IRAG han permanecido por debajo del umbral epidémico. La actividad de influenza ha presentado un incremento con niveles por encima del umbral epidémico y el porcentaje de positividad de SARSCoV- 2, se ha mantenido en descenso situándose en niveles bajos. A su vez se ha observado un ligero incremento en el porcentaje de positividad de VRS. En Brasil, la actividad del SARS-CoV-2 ha permanecido en descenso, con niveles bajos, y la actividad de influenza se mantiene por debajo del umbral epidémico. En Chile, tanto los casos de ETI como de IRAG han presentado un ascenso en las cuatro últimas SE situándose en niveles extraordinarios y epidémicos respectivamente; la mayoría de los casos positivos son atribuibles a influenza que circula con niveles extraordinarios. En Paraguay, la actividad de IRAG ha superado el umbral epidémico y la actividad de ETI se ha mantenido por debajo este umbral. La actividad de influenza se encuentra en torno al umbral epidémico; la circulación del SARS-CoV-2 y del VRS se encuentra estable en niveles bajos. En Uruguay, la actividad de IRAG ha superado el umbral epidémico, con la mayoría de los casos positivos atribuibles a SARS-CoV-2 e influenza, cuya actividad ha superado umbral epidémico.