Bactericidal and Smear Layer Removal Efficacy of Herbal Alternatives Against Enterococcus Faecalis Dentinal Biofilm - An ex-vivo Study

Abstract Objective: To assess the antibacterial and smear layer removal ability of Trigonella foenum, Syzygium cumini, Terminalia chebula seed extracts against E. faecalis dentinal biofilm. Material and Methods: Agar well diffusion, micro broth dilution assay and time-kill curve assay were performed to determine the antibacterial activity. The ability of the herbal extracts to remove the smear layer on the root canal surface was assessed by scanning electron microscopy. Results: Antibacterial activity was observed for the extracts of S. cumini and T. chebula on E. faecalis dentinal biofilm and its planktonic counterparts. The smear layer was efficiently removed by the seed extracts of T. chebula alone. Seed extracts of T. foenum neither possessed antibacterial effect nor smear layer removal ability. Conclusion: The extracts of T. chebula seeds may replace conventional irrigant due to its antibacterial properties and smear layer removing the ability. The extracts of S. cumini may be used as an intracanal medicament as it exhibited a bactericidal effect against the E. faecalis dentinal biofilm following 18 hours of incubation.

Anti-Cancer and Anti-Proliferation Activity of Ethyl Asetat Extract From Ant Nest (Myrmecodia pendans) in Burkitt's Lymphoma Cancer Cells

Objective: To determine the activity of anti-cancer and anti-proliferation of ethyl acetate fraction of ant nest plants (Myrmecodia pendans) in Burkitt's Lymphoma cancer cells. Material and Methods: The study was conducted in a pure laboratory experimental method using Burkitt's Lymphoma cancer cell culture. Gradual research begins with the determination, extraction and fractionation of ant nest plants, to test for proliferation barriers. Data analysis using two-way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD test with a significance level of 95%. Pearson correlation test was conducted. Results: The results of testing the inhibition of Burkitt's Lymphoma cell proliferation with ethyl acetate extract treatment showed that there was inhibition of cell growth based on the concentration given, starting from the lowest concentration of 15.625 µg/mL. Likewise, the incubation time factor of 24, 48, and 72 hours showed that the longer the incubation time, the greater the inhibition of cell growth. Antiproliferation analysis of flavonoid ethyl acetate extract based on concentration and incubation time on absorption of optical density Burkitt's Lymphoma was statistically significant (p = 0.00). Conclusion: Ant nest ethyl acetate extract has the effect of proliferation inhibition on Burkitt's lymphoma cells.

An Herbal Alternative to Control Nosocomial Pathogens in Aerosols and Splatter During Ultrasonic Scaling

Abstract Objective: To evaluate the efficacy of herbal mouthwash (Himalaya Hiora Regular) against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus and Acinetobacter baumanni during ultrasonic scaling. Material and Methods: Group B (n=25) received herbal mouthwash and Group A (n=25) received 0.12% chlorhexidine mouthwash respectively as a preprocedural rinse. The aerosols produced by the ultrasonic unit were collected on MeReSa and Leeds Acinetobacter Agar plates. The experimental setting included eight different locations covering all areas of the operatory. The plates exposed to aerosols for a period of 30 minutes were incubated aerobically at 37ºC for 48hrs and the colony forming units (CFU) were statistically analyzed Results: Herbal mouthwash (Himalaya Hiora Regular) showed a significant reduction in mean CFU of MRSA compared to 0.12% chlorhexidine. While herbal mouthwash was on par with 0.12% chlorhexidine in the reduction of A. baumannii Conclusion: Herbal mouthwash was found to be more effective against MRSA than 0.12% Chlorhexidine mouthwash as a pre-procedural rinse. Both herbal mouthwash and chlorhexidine mouthwash was found to be effective against A. baumannii. Herbal mouthwash may be a safe alternative to chlorhexidine against nosocomial pathogens like MRSA and A. baumannii.

Laboratorial evaluation of antimicrobial efficacy of herbal dentifrices commercialized in India / Avaliação laboratorial da eficácia antimicrobiana de dentifrícios herbais comercializados na Índia

Objective: The purpose of this in vitro study to evaluate antimicrobial efficacy of commercially available herbal dentifrices in comparison with conventional dentifrices against seven oral microbes, namely, Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillus acidophilus. Materials and methods: Antimicrobial properties of dentifrices were evaluated by measuring zone of inhibition at 48h on blood agar plates inoculated with microbial strains, using disc diffusion method. Each dentifrice was tested in 100% and 50% concentration. Sterile distilled water was used as control. One way Analysis of Variance followed by Tukey post hoc was used for multiple group comparisons. P value < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: In both, 100% and 50% concentrations maximum zone of inhibition was observed with Smyle™ herbal toothpaste followed by Himalaya herbals™ dental cream. Conclusion: Antimicrobial activity of Smyle™ herbal toothpaste is the best against microorganisms tested in present study.

Objetivo: O propósito deste estudo foi avaliar e comparar a eficácia antimicrobiana de dentifrícios herbaiscomerciais e convencionais contra sete micro-organismos: Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus mitis, Streptococcus sanguinis, Streptococcus salivarius, Actinomyces viscosus, Candida albicans, and Lactobacillusacidophilus. Materiais e métodos: Propriedades antimicrobianas dos dentifrícios foram avaliadas a partir damedição da zona de inibição utilizando o método de difusão em disco após 48h em placas de ágar sangue inoculadascom as cepas microbianas. Cada dentifrício foi testado nas concentrações de 100% e 50%. O controleconsistiu em água destilada estéril. As comparações entre grupos foram realizadas por ANOVA a um critério eteste de Tukey post hoc, ambos com nível de significância de 5%. Resultados: Em ambas as concentrações de100% e 50%, a zona de inibição máxima foi observada para o dentifrício herbal Smyle® seguido do dentifrícioherbal Himalaya herbals®. Conclusões: O dentifrício herbal Smyle® apresentou o melhor resultado contra osmicro-organismos avaliados no presente estudo.

Atividade antifúngica do extrato de folhas de Psidium guajava sobre leveduras do gênero Candida / Antifungic activity of leaf extracts of Psidium guajava in Candida species

Candida é potógeno oportunista integrante da microbiota bucal do homem. Alterações imunológicas, químicas e mecânicas podem ocasionar ruptura do equilíbrio entre o fungo e o hospedeiro o que leva ao aparecimento da candidíase. As propriedades antifúngicas de substâncias extraídas de plantas vêm sendo relatadas em pesquisas realizadas em vários países, entre eles, o Brasil detentor de enorme biodiversidade. Este estudo teve como objetivo testar a atividade antifúngica das folhas de Psidium guajava, frente à Candida albicans, Candida krusei e Candida tropicalis. Os testes foram realizados através de inóculos obtidos a partir de culturas recentes dos microrganismos. Através do macerado hidroalcoólico das folhas obteve-se o extrato bruto para ser testado nas culturas. Como controles foram utilizados antimicrobianos (antisséptico bucal a base de Malva sylvestris, Fluconazol, e Gluconato de clorhexidina à 0,12%). O extrato da planta inibiu o crescimento das leveduras, assim como os agentes antimicrobianos testados, mas o Fluconazol em presença de C. tropicalis não inibiu o seu crescimento. Assim como os antissépticos bucais, o extrato de folhas de goiabeira foi capaz de inibir o crescimento do fungo, indicando uma perspectiva de utilização terapêutica em casos de candidíase bucal.

Candida is an opportunistic pathogen of the oral microbiota of man. Immunological, chemical and mechanical changes can cause disruption of the balance between the fungus and the host which leads to the appearance of candidiasis. The antifungal properties of substances extracted from plants have been reported in studies conducted in several countries, including Brazil, holder of great biodiversity. This study aimed to test the antifungal activity of Psidium guajava, in Candida albicans, Candida krusei and Candida tropicalis. The tests were performed from recent cultures of microorganisms. Through the hydroalcoholic macerate of leaf, the crude extract was obtained the to be tested on cultures. As controls were used antimicrobials (Fluconazole, mouthwash of Malva sylvestris and chlorhexidine gluconate 0.12%). The plant extract inhibited the growth of yeasts, as well as the antimicrobial agents tested, but the presence of fluconazole in C. tropicalis did not inhibit their growth. Like mouthwashes, the extract was able to inhibit the growth of the fungus, indicating a view to therapeutic use in cases of oral candidiasis.

Avaliação da atividade inibitória de extratos de plantas da savana brasileira sobre bactérias associadas às periodontopatias / Evaluation of inhibiting activity of plant extracts from the Brazilian savanna on bacteria associated with periodontopathies

O objetivo deste artigo foi avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de plantas do cerrado brasileiro sobre cepas de referência de espécies bacterianas associadas às periodontopatias. Foram usados extratos vegetais, aquosos e hidroalcoólicos de 17 plantas típicas do cerrado, preparados e submetidos a testes de atividade antimicrobiana sobre Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 2564 e Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384. Para a triagem inicial utilizou-se o método de difusão em ágar Wilkins-Chalgren acrescido de 0,5% de extrato de levedura, hemina, menadiona e 5% de sangue desfibrinado de cavalo inoculado previamente com 108 UFC da cepa bacteriana a ser testada, adicionando-se discos de papel de filtro impregnados com 20µl do extrato testado. Determinou-se a presença ou não de halo de inibição do crescimento bacteriano. Todos os extratos que apresentaram a mínima capacidade de inibir o crescimento bacteriano na triagem inicial foram submetidos a testes para avaliar a máxima diluição inibitória dos mesmos. Os resultados mostraram que os extratos das folhas de araçá, aroeira-do-sertão, guajuvira e de casca de jacarandá tiveram atividade inibitória frente a todos os microrganismos testados, embora o tempo de contato necessário para exercer essa atividade tenha variado significativamente de acordo com o extrato testado, destacando-se o extrato de araçá e a aroreira-do-sertão.

This article aims to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of plants from the Brazilian savanna on sample strains of bacterial species associated with periodontopathies. Vegetable, aqueous and hydroalcoholic extracts from 17 typical plants of the Brazilian savanna were prepared and subjected to antimicrobial activity tests on Fusobacterium nucleatum ATCC 25586, Porphyromonas gingivalis ATCC 33277, Prevotella intermedia ATCC 2564 and Aggregatibacter actinomycetemcomitans ATCC 33384. For the initial triage stage, the Wilkins-Chalgren agar dilution procedure was used, with the addition of 0.5% yeast extract, hemin, menadione and 5% defibrinated horse blood previously inoculated with 108 CFU of the bacterial strain to be tested, adding filter-paper disks soaked with 20µl of the tested extract. The presence or absence of inhibition halos of bacterial growth was determined. All extracts that presented at least minimum capacity to inhibit bacterial growth in the initial triage stage were subjected to tests in order to evaluate their maximum inhibitory dilution. The results showed that leaf extracts from the araçá (Psidium cattleianum), aroeira-do-sertão (Myracrodruon urundeuva) and guajuvira (Patagonula americana L.) plants, and the jacarandá tree bark showed inhibiting activity on all of the tested microorganisms, although the contact time needed to accomplish it varied significantly, depending on the extract tested. The best results were obtained with the araçá and aroreira-do-sertão extracts.