Efeito de extratos vegetais de Hamamelis virginiana, Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L e Stryphnodendron barbatiman Msobre a expressão fenotípica dos fatores de virulência em biofilmes de Candida albicans / Effect of Hamamelis virginiana, Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L and Stryphnodendron barbatiman M plant extracts on the phenotypic expression of virulence factors in biofilms of the Candida albicans

Objetivo: Analisar a expressão fenotípica de fatores de virulência em biofilmes de Candida albicans frente a extratos glicólicos de plantas. Material e Métodos: Os biofilmes de Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) obtidos a partir de incubação de 48 horas foram expostos por 5 minutos e 24 horas a diferentes concentrações de extratos glicólicos de Hamamelis virginiana e Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L e Stryphnodendron barbatiman M, a fim de verificar a ação antifúngica da proteinase, fosfolipase e hemolisina. Resultados: Todos os extratos foram eficazes na redução do biofilme. Em contato por 5 minutos. os extratos reduziram 50% do biofilme. Após 24 horas. o extrato de Persea americana apresentou o biofilme em 90%, seguido de Cynara scolymus, que o interrompeu em 85%. Houve mudança na intensidade da proteinase após 5 minutos e 24 horas, com uma atividade enzimática média de 0,69 em comparação com o controle de 0,49. Cynara scolymus foi o extrato com maior concentração média de 100 mg/ml; a intensidade da fosfolipase foi alterada com Stryphnodendron barbatiman sendo mais efetivo em 24 horas em relação ao controle (p< 0,0001). A secreção de hemolisina foi modificada por Hamamelis virginiana (12,5 mg/ml) após 5 minutos de exposição e em 24 horas. todos os extratos foram capazes de causar alterações na secreção. Conclusão: Os extratos testados apresentam potencial antifúngico em biofilmes de Candida albicans, implicando em redução significativa dos fatores de virulência. Assim, estes podem ser indicados como uma ferramenta terapêutica alternativa para reduzir a morbidade dessas infecções, já que em ambos os tempos de exposição investigados, eles foram capazes de reduzir a secreção enzimática do fungo (AU)

Objective: Analyze the phenotypic expression of virulence factors in Candida albicans biofilms against plant glycolicextracts. Material and Methods: The biofilms of Candida albicans (ATCC 18804) obtained from incubation for 48 hours were exposed for 5 minutes and 24 hours to different concentrations of glycolic extracts of Hamamelis virginiana and Persea americana, Cynara scolymus L and Stryphnodendron barbatiman M, in order to verify the antifungal activity of the proteinase, phospholipase and hemolysin. Results: All extracts were effective in reducing biofilm. In contact for 5 minutes. the extracts reduced 50% of the biofilm. After 24 hours, the Persea americanaextract showed the biofilm at 90%, followed by Cynara scolymus, which interrupted it at 85%, There was a change in proteinase intensity after 5 minutes and 24 hours. with an average enzymatic activity of 0.69 compared to the control of 0.49. Cynara scolymus was the extract with the highest mean concentration of 100 mg/ml; the phospholipase intensity was changed with Stryphnodendron barbatiman being more effective in 24 hours compared to the control (p< 0.0001). The hemolysin secretion was modified by Hamamelis virginiana (12.5 mg/ml) after 5 minutes of exposure, and in 24 hours. all extracts were capable to cause changes in secretion. Conclusion: The tested extracts have antifungal potential in Candida albicans biofilms, implying a significant reduction in virulence factors. Thus, these can be indicated as an alternative therapeutic tool to reduce the morbidity of these infections, as in both investigated exposure times. they were able to reduce theenzymatic secretion of the fungus (AU)

Caracterização fitoquímica, avaliação dos efeitos sinérgicos e antibiofilmes dos extratos de Rosmarinus officinalis L. e Plinia cauliflora sobre microrganismos envolvidos na infecção endodôntica secundária / Phytochemical characterization, evaluation of the synergistic and antibiofilm effects of Rosmarinus officinalis L. and Plinia cauliflora extracts on microorganisms involved in secondary endodontic infection

Com o aumento de microrganismos resistentes nos canais radiculares, os estudos de extratos de plantas com ação antibacteriana têm aumentado visando terapias alternativas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos sinérgicos sobre Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum e Porphyromonas gingivalis e a ação antibiofilme dos extratos hidroetanólicos de Rosmarinus officinalis L. (alecrim) e Plinia cauliflora (jabuticaba). Foram determinadas a Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) por microdiluição em caldo e Índice de Concentração Inibitória Fracionada e Índice de Concentração Microbicida Fracionada por microdiluição checkerboard. Posteriormente, a ação da concentração efetiva dos extratos foi avaliada sobre biofilmes formados em poços de placa de microtitulação. Os biofilmes foram expostos a dois diferentes períodos de tratamento com os extratos, por 5 min e 24 h, sendo n=10 para cada grupo experimental. Como controles foram utilizados solução salina 0,9% (C+) e hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% (C-), totalizando 5 grupos para cada microrganismo e cada tempo experimental. Em seguida, os biofilmes foram submetidos ao teste de MTT. Foram realizadas análises da atividade citotóxica dos extratos sobre as linhagens de queratinócitos humanos (HaCat) pelo teste de MTT. A análise estatística foi feita aplicando método ANOVA e teste de Dunn (significância de 5%). Ambos os extratos demonstraram fitocompostos fenólicos e flavonóides e possuem ação antioxidante. Os extratos apresentam ação antimicrobiana para as cepas estudadas e quando foram associados, apresentaram concentrações aditivas para cepa de E. faecalis. Em relação a propriedade antibiofilme, o extrato de alecrim apresentou boa redução da viabilidade microbiana de E. faecalis, com redução de 52% para o tempo de 5 min e de 40% para 24 h. Para as cepas de microrganismos anaeróbios, para a cepa de F. nucleatum, o extrato de jabuticaba reduziu em até 73% o biofilme. Para a cepa de P. gingivalis houve redução de até 41% para o extrato de jabuticaba e de até 57% para o extrato de alecrim. Quanto a citotoxicidade em HaCat, demonstrou que após tratamento com diferentes concentrações dos extratos, ambos apresentaram citotoxicidade estatisticamente semelhante ao hipoclorito de sódio 2,5%. Diante disso, pode-se concluir que ambos os extratos apresentam ação antioxidante e antimicrobiana em culturas planctônicas, exceto o extrato de jabuticaba para C. albicans. Quanto a associação dos extratos, não houve ação sinérgica, mas obteve-se resultado aditivo para cepa clínica de E. faecalis 2. A ação antibiofilme foi efetiva para as cepas de E. faecalis, F nucleatum e P. gingivalis. A citotoxicidade dos extratos apresentou semelhança estatística com o hipoclorito de sódio 2,5% para ambos. (AU)

With the increase in resistant microorganisms in root canals, studies of plant extracts with antibacterial action have increased aiming at alternative therapies. The objective of this study was to evaluate the synergistic effects on Enterococcus faecalis, Enterococcus faecium, Candida albicans, Fusobacterium nucleatum and Porphyromonas gingivalis and the antibiofilm action of hydroethanolic extracts of Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) and Plinia cauliflora (jabuticaba). The Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Microbicide Concentration (MCC) were determined by broth microdilution and the Fractional Inhibitory Concentration Index and Fractional Microbicide Concentration Index by checkerboard microdilution. Subsequently, the effect of the effective concentration of the extracts was evaluated on biofilms formed in microtiter plate wells. The biofilms were exposed to two different periods of treatment with the extracts, for 5 min and 24 h, with n=10 for each experimental group. As controls, 0.9% saline solution (C+) and 2.5% sodium hypochlorite (C-) were used, totaling 5 groups for each microorganism and each experimental time. Then, the biofilms were subjected to the MTT test. Analysis of the cytotoxic activity of the extracts on human keratinocyte lines (HaCat) was carried out using the MTT test. Statistical analysis was performed using the ANOVA method and Dunn's test (5% significance level). The results that both extracts demonstrated phenolic and flavonoid phytocompounds and have antioxidant action. The extracts have antimicrobial action for the strains studied and when they were combined, they presented additive concentrations only for the E. faecalis strain. Regarding the antibiofilm property, the rosemary extract showed a good reduction in the microbial viability of E. faecalis, with a reduction of 52% for 5 min and 40% for 24 h. For strains of anaerobic microorganisms, in contact with the F. nucleatum strain, the jabuticaba extract reduced biofilm by up to 73%. For the P. gingivalis strain, there was a reduction of up to 41% for the jabuticaba extract and up to 57% for the rosemary extract. As for cytotoxicity in HaCat, it was demonstrated that after treatment with different concentrations of extracts, both showed cytotoxicity statistically similar to 2.5% sodium hypochlorite. Given this, it can be concluded that both extracts have antioxidant and antimicrobial action in planktonic cultures, except the jabuticaba extract for C. albicans. Regarding the association of extracts, there was no synergistic action, but an additive result was obtained for the clinical strain of E. faecalis 2. The antibiofilm action was effective for the strains of E. faecalis, F nucleatum and P. gingivalis. The cytotoxicity of the extracts showed statistical similarity with 2.5% sodium hypochlorite for both.(AU)

Influence of two natural cross-linkers on microtensile bond strength durability ­ An in vitro study / Influência de dois reticuladores naturais na durabilidade da resistência de união à microtração ­ Um estudo in vitro

Objective: to investigate the effect of two natural cross-linkers on microtensile bond strength (µTBS) and evaluate their influence on the durability of the resin dentin bonds. Material and Methods: the Moringa oleifera and Centella asiatica plant extracts were qualitatively tested with high-performance thin layer chromatography (HPTLC) for the presence of phenols. The phenolic content ranged from 27 to 30 gallic acid equivalents (GAE), µg/mg of dry weight. After etching, two concentrations (5% and 1%) of these two extracts were prepared and used as pretreatment liners on dentin. They were applied for a min. After restoration with resin composite, dentin resin beams were prepared. The study groups were 5% Moringa, 1% Moringa 5% Centella 1% Centella, and control (without cross-linker application). For each group, half of the samples underwent µTBS testing after 24 hours, while the remaining half were immersed in artificial saliva to assess the bond's longevity after 6 months of ageing. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's post hoc test. Results: both 5% and 1% Moringa showed a significant difference (p<0.05) compared to the other groups at both intervals. However, after ageing, the specimens in the control and 1% Centella groups resulted in a significant decrease in µTBS. Conclusion: overall, both concentrations of Moringa (5% and 1%) were effective in stabilising the bond during both intervals.(AU)

Objetivo: investigar o efeito de dois reticuladores naturais na resistência de união (µTBS) à microtração e avaliar sua influência na durabilidade da adesão da resina à dentina. Material e Métodos: extratos das plantas Moringa oleifera e Centella asiatica foram qualitativamente testados através de cromatografia em camada fina de alta performance (HPTLC) para a presença de fenóis. O conteúdo fenólico alcançou entre 27 a 30 equivalentes de ácido gálico (GAE), µg/mg de peso seco. Após o condicionamento, duas concentrações (5% e 1%) dos extratos foram preparadas e utilizadas como forros de pré-tratamento em dentina. Eles foram aplicados por um minuto. Após a restauração com resina composta, palitos de dentina e resina foram preparados. Os grupos foram 5% Moringa, 1% Moringa, 5% Centella, 1% Centella e controle (sem aplicação de reticulador). Para cada grupo, metade das amostras foram submetidas ao teste µTBS após 24 horas, enquanto a outra metade foi imersa em saliva artificial para avaliar a longevidade adesiva após 6 meses de envelhecimento. Foi realizada análise estatística através de ANOVA 1-fator, seguido do teste post hoc de Tukey. Resultados: ambas as concentrações de 5% e 1% de Moringa demonstraram diferença significativa (p<0.05) comparadas aos outros grupos em ambos os intervalos. No entanto, após o envelhecimento, os espécimes dos geupos controle e 1% de Centella resultaram em uma redução significativa de µTBS. Conclusão: no geral, ambas as concentrações de Moringa (5% e 1%) foram efetivas em estabelecer a adesão em ambos os intervalos (AU)

Accelerating Wound Healing of Traumatic Ulcer with Topical Application of Dental Pulp Mesenchymal Stem Cell Secretome and Robusta Green Coffee Bean Extract Combination in vivo

ABSTRACT Objective: To investigate the ability of a combination dental pulp mesenchymal stem cell secretome (DPMSCS), robusta green coffee bean extract (RGCBE), and Carboxymethylcellulose-Natrium (CMC-Na) in a Wistar rats model of traumatic ulcers. Material and Methods: Twenty-eight young, male, healthy Wistar rats (Rattus norvegicus) were divided into seven groups randomly: Group K0, group K1-3 (traumatic ulcer rats that received CMC-Na gel for three days), group K1-7 (traumatic ulcer rats that received CMC-Na gel for seven days), group K2-3 (traumatic ulcer rats that received RGCBE for three days), group K2-7 (traumatic ulcer rats that received RGCBE for seven days), group K3-3 (traumatic ulcer rats that received DPMSCS for three days), and group K3-7 (traumatic ulcer rats that received DPMSCS for seven days). An ulcer was made with an amalgam stopper on the right buccal mucosa of the rats. DPMSCS 50% gel was applied to the ulcer on the left buccal mucosa. The ulcer diameter was measured on day 3 and day 7. Results: There was a significant difference in the diameter of the ulcer, the number of neutrophils, and fibroblasts in the treatment group compared to the control group on day 7. Conclusion: A combination of DPMSCS and RGCBE 50% accelerates traumatic ulcer wound healing by lowering ulcer diameter, decreasing neutrophil counts, and increasing fibroblast proliferation in vivo.

Impacto da biomodificação com extrato de Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) na resistência máxima à tração de um selante resinoso / Impact of biomodification with Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) extract on the maximum tensile strength of a resinous sealant

Introdução: Os selantes resinosos apresentam uma alta taxa de sucesso na prevenção da cárie dentária, porém não possuem atividade antibacteriana, sendo a incidência de novas lesões um dos fatores que ainda causam impacto negativo na qualidade de vida das pessoas. A biomodificação com o extrato da Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) pode ser uma alternativa no aperfeiçoamento das suas características clínicas. Objetivo: Avaliar se a biomodificação do selante Fluroshield® com diferentes concentrações do extrato do caule do Schinopsis brasiliensis afeta sua resistência máxima à tração (resistência coesiva). Metodologia: O extrato foi pesado em balança analítica e misturado ao selante nas concentrações de 0 mg/mL (controle), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL e 1,25 mg/mL e espatulado por 1 min., utilizando uma placa de vidro. Amostras em formato de barra com dimensões de 8 mm (comprimento) x 2 mm (largura) e 1 mm (espessura) foram confeccionadas (n=3) e submetidas ao teste de resistência máxima à tração em máquina de ensaio semi universal (OM 100). Antes da fixação delas nas placas de ensaio, a medida da secção transversal (mm2) foi aferida com paquímetro. Os dados foram obtidos em Kgf e transformados em MPa. A análise estatística foi realizada pelo teste de Kruskal-Wallis (p<0,05). Resultados: A resistência máxima à tração dos grupos em mediana (mínimo-máximo) dos grupos 0 mg/mL (controle), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL e 1,25 mg/mL foi, respectivamente, 56 (29-56), 53 (45-60), 48 (46-62) e 61 (38-64). Não houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os grupos (p=0,8). Conclusão: A adição do extrato do caule de Schinopsis brasiliensis não reduziu a resistência máxima à tração do selante Fluroshield® (AU).

Introduction: Resin-based sealants have a high success rate in preventing dental caries, but they do not have antibacterial activity, so that a high incidence of caries lesions is observed, which negatively impacts on health quality. The biomodification with the Schinopsis brasiliensis (Braúna) stem extract may be an alternative to improve its clinical characteristics. Objective: To evaluate if the biomodification of the Fluroshield® sealant with different amounts of Schinopsis brasiliensis affects its ultimate tensile strength. Methods: The extract was weighed on an analytical balance and mixed with the sealant in different concentrations: 0 mg/mL (control), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL by mixing for 1 min. Bar-shaped specimens with dimensions of 8 mm x 2 mm x 1 mm were prepared (n=3). The ultimate tensile strength was measured using a microtensile machine (OM100). Before testing, the sectional area (mm2) was obtained with a caliper. Data were obtained in Kgf and transformed into MPa. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test (p<0.05). Results: The maximum tensile strength in median (minimum-maximum) of the 0 mg/mL (control), 20 mg/mL, 5 mg/mL and 1.25 mg/mL groups was, respectively, 56 (29-56), 53 (45-60), 48 (46- 62) and 61 (38-64). There were no statistically significant differences among the groups (p=0.8). Conclusion: The addition of Schinopsis brasiliensis stem extract did not decrease the ultimate tensile strength of the Fluroshield® sealant (AU).

Chemical composition, antimicrobial and antifungal activity of Lippia Thymoide essential oil in oral pathogens

Aim: This study evaluated the chemical composition of Lippia thymoides (Lt) essential oil and its antimicrobial activity against fungal strains of Candida albicans (Ca) and Gram-negative bacteria Prevotella intermedia (Pi) and Fusobacterium nucleatum (Fn). Methods: Lt essential oil was obtained by hydrodistillation apparatus with a modified Clevenger extension. The chemical analysis was analyzed by gas phase chromatography and mass spectrometry on Shimadzu QP 2010 plus. Sample sensitivity evaluation was performed by ABHb-inoculum and culture plates were developed with triphenyltetrazolium chloride, also Fn and Pi samples analysis were in anaerobic environment and Ca sample analysis was performed in aerobic environment. The minimum inhibitory concentration (CIM) was determinated by microdilution in eppendorfs tubes. Results: The chemical analysis showed that Thymol (59,91%) is the main compound found in Lt essential oil, also other antifungal and antimicrobial agents were present γ-terpinene (8.16%), p-cymene (7.29%) and ß-caryophyllene (4.49%), Thymol is a central ingredient of many medicinal plants and has a potent fungicidal, bactericidal and antioxidant activity, it has been previously shown to have anti-inflammatory activity against Periodontal Disease (PD) cause can reduces prostanoids, interleukins, leukotrienes levels in periodontium. CIM result Pi was 6.5 µg/mL, Fn was 1.5 µg/mL and Ca was 0.19 µg/mL. Conclusion: The antimicrobial activity of L. thymoides, through the compound Thymol, has been shown promising potential against gram-negative periodontopathogenic bacteria and fungi whose therapeutic arsenal is still very restricted

Avaliação in vitro da atividade fotoprotetora do extrato hexânicode Psidium araçá (Psidium guineense sw) / In vitro evaluation of photoprotective activity of hexanic extract of Psidium araçá (Psidium guineense sw) / Evaluación in vitro de la actividad fotoprotectiva del extracto hexanico de Psidium araçá (Psidium guineense sw)

A radiação ultravioleta (UV) é um potente carcinógeno, principalmente a UV-B, capaz de provocar danos ao DNA, relacionado a formação de radiação livres. A excessiva exposição solar e sem prevenção contra os raios UV representa um grande risco para o desenvolvimento de patologias com malignidade, dentre elas o câncer de pele. O emprego de extratos vegetais brasileiros com potencial fotoprotetor é sem dúvida um caminho inovador. O araçá ou araçá-do-campo por exemplo, da família Myrtaceae, espécie Psidium guineense Sw., possui grande potencial para exploração econômica e tem boa aceitação in natura, Dessa forma, o presente estudo tem por objetivo avaliar a atividade fotoprotetora do extrato hexânico do Psidium guineense Sw. Foram realizadas varreduras de 290 a 320nm (com intervalos de 5nm) em concentrações de 50, 100, 500 e 1000µg/mL em amostras de 2,0 mL. Os dados foram aplicados à equação de Mansur para aferir o FPS in vitro. Os resultados dessa pesquisa demonstraram que o extrato hexânico de Psidium guineense Sw. apresenta significativa atividade fotoprotetora nas concentrações de 500 e 1000 µg/mL mostrando-se superior ao FPS necessário. Assim, os resultados sugerem que possa ser utilizado como alternativa fitocosmética, tornando-se uma opção mais acessível(AU)

Ultraviolet radiation (UV) is a potent carcinogen, mainly UV-B, capable of causing damage to DNA, related to the formation of free radiation. Excessive sun exposure and without prevention against UV rays represents a great risk for the development of pathologies with malignancy, including skin cancer. The use of Brazilian plant extracts with photoprotective potential is undoubtedly an innovative path. The araçá or araçá-do-campo, for example, of the Myrtaceae family, Psidium guineense Sw., Has great potential for economic exploitation and has good acceptance in natura. Thus, the present study aims to evaluate the photoprotective activity of the hexane extract of Psidium guineense Sw. Scans of 290 to 320nm (with 5nm intervals) were performed in concentrationsof 50, 100, 500 and 1000µg / mL in samples of 2.0 mL. The data were applied to Mansur equation to measure SPF in vitro. The results of this research demonstrated that the hexanic extract of Psidium guineense Sw. Has significant photoprotective activity at concentrations of 500 and 1000 µg / mL, showing itself to be superior to the necessary SPF. Thus, the results suggest that it can be used as a phytocosmetic alternative, making it a more accessible option(AU)

La radiación ultravioleta (UV) es un potente carcinógeno, principalmente UV-B, capaz de causar daño al ADN, relacionado con la formación de radiación libre. La exposición excesiva al sol y sin prevención contra los rayos UV representa un gran riesgo para el desarrollo de patologías con malignidad, incluido el cáncer de piel. El uso de extractos de plantas brasileñas con potencial fotoprotector es, sin duda, un camino innovador. El araçá o araçá-do-campo, por ejemplo, de la familia Myrtaceae, Psidiumguineense Sw., Tiene un gran potencial para la explotación económica y tiene una buena aceptación en la naturaleza. Por lo tanto, el presente estudio tiene como objetivo evaluar la actividad fotoprotectora del hexano de Psidium guineense Sw. Se realizaron exploraciones de 290 a 320 nm (con intervalos de 5 nm) en concentraciones de 50, 100, 500 y 1000 µg / ml en muestras de 2,0 ml. Los datos se aplicaron a la ecuación de Mansurpara medir SPF in vitro. Los resultados de esta investigación demostraron que el extracto hexánico de Psidium guineense Sw. Tiene una actividad fotoprotectora significativa a concentraciones de 500 y 1000 µg / ml, demostrando ser superior al SPF necesario. Por lo tanto, los resultados sugieren que puede usarse como una alternativa fitocosmética, por lo que es una opción más accesible(AU)

Antibacterial and Solubility Analysis of Experimental Phytotherapeutic Paste for Endodontic Treatment of Primary Teeth

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the antibacterial effect and the solubility of experimental root canal filling pastes containing the phytoconstituents terpineol and cinnamaldehyde. Material and Methods: Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) of each phytoconstituent was determined against Enterococcus faecalis. Five groups of antibiotic pastes based on zinc oxide were obtained by mixing: only terpineol, only cinnamaldehyde, terpineol and cinnamaldehyde combined, chlorhexidine (antibiotic control), and CTZ paste (control paste). Antibacterial activity was analyzed through direct contact test within 24 and 72 hours. Solubility was evaluated by spectrophotometry within 48 and 144 hours. Antibacterial activity data were analyzed descriptively, and solubility data was analyzed using ANOVA and Tukey tests (p<0.05). Results: The MIC obtained for terpineol and cinnamaldehyde were, respectively, 2000 µg/mL and 500 µg/mL. After 24h, only the terpineol paste did not inhibit E. faecalis growth. After 72h, all groups inhibited E. faecalis growth. After 48h, the highest solubility was verified in the terpineol paste (p<0.05), and no differences were detected among other groups (p>0.05). After and 144h, highest solubility was observed in the terpineol paste (p<0.05), followed by the CTZ paste (p<0.05). No differences were detected for cinnamaldehyde, terpineol+cinnamaldehyde and chlorhexidine pastes (p>0.05). Conclusion: Pastes containing cinnamaldehyde or terpineol+cinnamaldehyde showed antibacterial activity against E. faecalis similar to CTZ paste, with lower solubility.

Avaliação in vitro da atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos de Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum L e Hamamelis virginiana L. sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa / In vitro Evaluation of antimicrobial activity of extracts from Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum L and Hamamelis virginiana L. on multiresistant clinical straines of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa

O conhecimento dos efeitos dos extratos naturais de plantas vem cada vez mais se mostrando um campo promissor. Extratos de Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum e Hamamelis virginiana apresentam propriedades analgésicas, anti-inflamatórias, antioxidantes e potencial antimicrobiano que deve ser aprofundado. Assim, o objetivo foi avaliar ação antimicrobiana dos extratos glicólicos em culturas planctônicas e biofilmes de cepas padrão e clínicas de Klebsiella pneumoniae e Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Foi realizado o teste de microdiluição em caldo segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, para determinação da Concentração Inibitória Mínima (CIM) e Concentração Microbicida Mínima (CMM) dos extratos. Foram realizados biofilmes monotípicos, nos tempos de contato de 5 min e 24 h, utilizando o teste de MTT. A CIM e CMM variaram de 1,56 a 50 mg/mL para todas as cepas avaliadas. C. annuum (50 mg/mL) apresentou redução de 0,25% entre 8,60% para cepa ATCC de P. aeruginosa (5 min) e em 24 h redução de 99,89% entre 99,99%, destacando-se os extratos de C. annuum (100 mg/mL) e os de C. officinalis. C. annuum (200 mg/mL) apresentou redução de 18% de K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352). Em 24 h houve redução de 8,86%-75,74%, para o extrato de C. annuum (100 mg/mL). Os extratos apresentaram resultados mais satisfatórios quando expostos aos tratamentos de 24 horas. As cepas clínicas K1, K2 e K3 responderam ao tratamento de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL) (p>0,05%). Para cepa clínica K4, os extratos de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL) e C. officinalis (12,5 mg/mL) promoveram redução de viabilidade semelhante a clorexidina 2% (p>0,05%). O extrato de C. annuum (50 e 100 mg/mL), promoveu a redução de viabilidade de P1 e P2, enquanto o extrato de C. officinalis (25 e 50 mg/mL), reduziu P1 (p>0,05%). Para as cepas P3 e P4 o extrato de 50 e 100 mg/mL de C. annuum, apresentaram resultados semelhantes a clorexidina. Conclui-se que todos os extratos apresentaram ação antimicrobiana em cultura planctônica, no entanto, o extrato de C. annuum foi o que apresentou importante ação antibiofilme (24 h) sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de K. pneumoniae e P. aeruginosa, podendo ser considerado um potencial agente antimicrobiano.

Empirical knowledge of natural plant extracts is increasingly proving to be a promising field. Extracts of Calendula officinalis, Capsicum annuum and Hamamelis virginiana have analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant and antimicrobial potential that should be further developed. This research objective was to evaluate the antimicrobial action of glycolic extracts in planktonic cultures and biofilms of standard and clinical strains of Klebsiella pneumoniae and Pseudomonas aeruginosa. The broth microdilution test was performed according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute, to determine the Minimum Inhibitory Concentration (MIC) and Minimum Microbicide Concentration (MMC) of the extracts. Tests were performed on monotypic biofilms, at contact times of 5 min and 24 h, using the MTT test. The MIC and CMM of the extracts ranged from 1.56 to 50 mg/mL for all strains evaluated. C. annuum (50 mg/mL) showed a reduction of 0.25% between 8.60% for the ATCC strain of P. aeruginosa (5 min) and in 24 h a reduction of 99.89% between 99.99%, highlighting extracts from C. annuum (100 mg/mL) and from C. officinalis. C. annuum (200 mg/mL) showed an 18% reduction in K. pneumoniae (ATCC 4352). In 24 h there was a reduction of 8.86% between 75.74% for the extract of C. annuum (100 mg/mL). The extracts showed more satisfactory results when exposed to 24-hour treatments. Clinical strains K1, K2 and K3 responded to the treatment of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL) (p>0.05%). For clinical strain K4, extracts of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL) and C. officinalis (12.5 mg/mL) promoted a reduction in viability similar to chlorhexidine 2% (p>0.05%). The extract of C. annuum (50 and 100 mg/mL), reduced the viability of P1 and P2, while the extract of C. officinalis (25 and 50 mg/mL), reduced P1 (p>0.05% ). For strains P3 and P4, the extract of 50 and 100 mg/mL of C. annuum showed similar results to chlorhexidine. It is concluded that all extracts showed antimicrobial action in planktonic cultures, however, the extract of C. annuum was the one that showed an important antibiofilm action (24 h) on multiresistant clinical strains of K. pneumoniae and P. aeruginosa and can be considered a potential antimicrobial agent

Evaluation of flexural strength and antibacterial effect of orthodontic acrylic resins containing Galla chinensis extract

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate different concentrations of Galla chinensis extract (GCE) added to poly(methyl methacrylate) (PMMA), which is widely used for fabrication of removable orthodontic appliances, regarding the effectiveness of this herbal extract on antimicrobial effect and flexural strength of PMMA. Methods: Acrylic resin samples containing 0.4%, 0.8% and 1.6% GCE were prepared. Flexural strength was investigated via three-point flexural strength test for the 15 acrylic resin blocks of each concentration. Disk diffusion test was used to evaluate antibacterial effects of incorporating the same concentrations of GCE into acrylic resin. All these three groups were compared with the control group, with no added GCE, regarding flexural strength and antibacterial properties. Results: Comparison of flexural strength between the three study groups and the control group showed significant differences between the groups (P=0.018). However, there was no significant difference between the groups containing GCE. There were significant differences in antimicrobial activity between the four groups (P=0.026). Conclusion: Within the limitations of this study, it is suggested that incorporation of GCE into PMMA would be beneficial for antimicrobial activity and flexural strength of PMMA, but further studies on other physical properties and antimicrobial effects on other bacterial strain would be beneficial prior to clinical investigations.

RESUMO Objetivo: Avaliar se diferentes concentrações de extrato de Galla chinensis (EGC) adicionado ao polimetilmetacrilato (PMMA), que é amplamente utilizado para a fabricação de aparelhos ortodônticos removíveis, interferem no efeito antimicrobiano desse extrato e na resistência à flexão do PMMA. Métodos: Foram preparadas amostras de resina acrílica com concentrações de 0,4%, 0,8% e 1,6% de EGC. Para a avaliação da resistência à flexão, utilizou-se o teste de flexão em três pontos para as 15 amostras de resina em cada concentração. O teste de disco-difusão foi utilizado para avaliar os efeitos antibacterianos da incorporação das mesmas concentrações de EGC na resina acrílica. Esses três grupos foram comparados ao grupo controle, sem adição do EGC, em relação à resistência à flexão e quanto às propriedades antimicrobianas. Resultados: As comparações dos três grupos com o grupo controle mostraram diferenças significativas (p=0,018) para a resistência à flexão. Entretanto, não houve diferença significativa entre os grupos contendo EGC. Foram encontradas diferenças significativas na atividade antimicrobiana entre os quatro grupos (p=0,026). Conclusão: Dentro das limitações desse estudo, parece que a incorporação de EGC no PMMA seria benéfica para a atividade antimicrobiana e a resistência à flexão do PMMA. Porém, estudos adicionais sobre outras propriedades físicas e sobre os efeitos antimicrobianos contra diferentes cepas de bactérias seriam interessantes antes de se fazer pesquisas clínicas.

Effect of topical 2% eucalyptus extract on 5-fu-induced oral mucositis in male golden hamsters

Abstract Oral mucositis is a common inflammatory complication among patients with cancer. This study evaluated the histopathological, stereological, and antioxidant markers of 2% eucalyptus extract in induced oral mucositis in male golden hamsters. In this animal study, oral mucositis was induced in 30 male golden hamsters by 5-FU (60 mg/kg) on days 0, 5, and 10 of the study. The cheek pouch was scratched with a sterile needle once daily on days 3 and 4. On days 14-17, 2% eucalyptus hydroalcoholic extract gel and Calendula officinalis extract gel groups were treated and then compared with a non-treated control group. The histopathological and stereological scores and the pouch content of malondialdehyde, as well as the activities of glutathione and myeloperoxidase in the pouch tissue, were evaluated. Histopathologic scores of oral mucositis were lower in the eucalyptus gel group than those of the calendula and control groups (p<0.05). Also, a lower malondialdehyde level and higher myeloperoxidase and glutathione activities were detected in the eucalyptus group in comparison to the calendula and control groups (p<0.001). The thickness of the mucosa and submucosa increased in the eucalyptus group. The numerical density of the fibroblast and the volume density of the collagen significantly increased in the eucalyptus group. In conclusion, the use of eucalyptus hydroalcoholic extract may be associated with reduced intensity of oral mucositis, diminished concentration of malondialdehyde, increased activity of myeloperoxidase and glutathione, increased volume of mucosa and submucosa, increased fibroblast and collagen in the induced oral mucositis in golden hamsters undergoing 5-FU consumption.

Resumo A mucosite oral é uma complicação inflamatória comum em pacientes com câncer. Este estudo avaliou os marcadores histopatológicos, estereológicos e antioxidantes de Eucalyptus 2% na mucosite oral induzida em hamsters dourados machos. Neste estudo em animais, a mucosite oral foi induzida em 30 hamsters golden masculinos por 5-FU (60 mg / kg) nos dias 0, 5 e 10 do estudo. A bolsa da bochecha foi arranhada com uma agulha estéril uma vez ao dia nos dias 3 e 4. Nos dias 14 a 17, os grupos de gel de eucalipto a 2% e curativos à base de gel foram tratados e comparados com um grupo controle. Foram avaliados os escores histopatológicos e estereológicos e o conteúdo de malondialdeído na bolsa, bem como as atividades de glutationa e mieloperoxidase no tecido da bolsa. Os escores histopatológicos de mucosite foram menores no grupo de gel de eucalipto a 2% do que os do gel e do grupo controle (p <0,05). Além disso, um nível mais baixo de malondialdeído e maiores atividades de mieloperoxidase e glutationa foram detectadas no grupo tratado com eucalipto em comparação aos grupos à base de gel e controle (p <0,001). A espessura da mucosa e submucosa aumentou no grupo Eucalyptus. A densidade numérica do fibroblasto e a densidade do volume do colágeno aumentaram significativamente nos grupos tratados com eucalipto. Em conclusão, o uso do extrato hidroalcoólico de Eucalyptus pode estar associado a menor intensidade de mucosite oral, diminuição da concentração de malondialdeído, aumento da atividade de mieloperoxidase e glutationa, aumento do volume de mucosa e submucosa, aumento de fibroblastos e colágeno na mucosite oral induzida em hamsters dourados em consumo de 5 UF.

Antimicrobial activity of intracanal dressings composed by natural products associated to chlorhexidine and its influence on dentinal colour change / Avaliação da ação antimicrobiana de medicações intracanais à base de produtos fitoterápicos associados à clorexidina e sua influência na alteração de cor da estrutura dentinária

Purpose: evaluate the antimicrobial activity of intracanal dressings and their influence on dentinal colour changes. Material and methods: eighty single-rooted human extracted teeth were decoronated and divided into eight groups (n=10) according to intracanal dressing protocols inserted into the root canals: G1­distilled water (DW); G2­2% chlorhexidine gel (CHX); G3­calcium hydroxide (Ca[OH]2)+DW; G4­grape seed extract (GSE)+DW; G5­ginger extract (GE)+DW; G6­Ca(OH)2+CHX; G7­GSE+CHX; and G8­GE+CHX. The antimicrobial activity was evaluated by colony-forming units (CFUs) counting and dentinal colour changes was evaluated by digital spectrophotometry. Data were statistically analysed by One-way ANOVA followed by Tukey´s post hoc test (antimicrobial evaluation) and non-parametric Wilcoxon followed by the Mann- Whitney-U test (colour change evaluation) (α=0.05). Results: the highest bacterial reduction was observed in groups 4, 6, 7 and 8, with no significant difference between them (p<0.05). Groups 4 and 7 showed the highest medians of dentinal colour change (p<0.05). Conclusion: the addition of CHX improved the antimicrobial activity of GE-based intracanal dressing, with no effect in GSE-based intracanal dressing; moreover, these protocols induced significant dentinal colour changes. (AU)

Objetivo: avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana de medicações intracanais e sua influência na alteração da cor dentinária. Materiais e métodos: oitenta dentes humanos extraídos unirradiculares foram seccionados e divididos em oito grupos (n = 10), de acordo com os protocolos de medicação intracanal inseridos nos canais radiculares: água destilada G1 (DW); G2-2% de gel de clorexidina (CHX); hidróxido de cálcio G3 ­ (Ca [OH] 2) + DW; extrato de semente de uva G4 (GSE) + DW; extrato de gengibre G5 (GE) + DW; G6- Ca (OH) 2 + CHX; G7 ­ GSE + CHX; e G8-GE + CHX. A atividade antimicrobiana foi avaliada por contagem de unidades formadoras de colônias (UFCs) e as alterações de cor dentinária foram avaliadas por espectrofotometria digital. Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA one-way, seguida pelo teste post hoc de Tukey (avaliação antimicrobiana) e Wilcoxon não paramétrico, seguido pelo teste de Mann- Whitney-U (avaliação da mudança de cor) (α = 0,05). Resultados: a maior redução bacteriana foi observada nos grupos 4, 6, 7 e 8, sem diferença significativa entre eles (p < 0,05). Os grupos 4 e 7 apresentaram as maiores medianas da alteração da cor dentinária (p < 0,05). Conclusão: a adição de CHX melhorou a atividade antimicrobiana da medicação intracanal baseado em GE, sem efeito na medicação intracanal baseado em GSE; além disso, esses protocolos induziram alterações significativas na cor dentinária.(AU)

Chemical Composition, Antibacterial and Antifungal Potential of an Extract From the Leaves of Guapira Graciliflora Mart. Against Oral Microorganisms of Dental Interest

Abstract Objective: To perform an in vitro analysis of antibacterial and antifungal potential of an alcoholic extract from the leaves of Guapira Graciliflora Mart. against oral microorganisms and determine its chemical composition. Material and Methods: A hydroalcoholic extract of the leaves form G. graciliflora was obtained through maceration, vacuum concentration and freeze-drying. Antibacterial and antifungal activities were evaluated against Streptococcus mutans, Streptococcus salivarius, Streptococcus oralis, Streptococcus parasanguinis, Streptococcus mitis and strains of Candida albicans using broth microdilution method. Phytochemical analysis determined the total phenolic compounds, protein concentration and total of sugars present in the extract. Results: G. Graciliflora demonstrated antifungal activity against the LM 11 and LM 410 clinical isolates of C. albicans (MIC 0.5 mg/mL and 2 mg/mL, respectively). The other microorganisms tested were resistant to the extract. The phytochemical analysis revealed 3% proteins, 13% total sugars and 17% phenolic compounds. Conclusion: G. Graciliflora has antifungal activity against clinical strains of C. albicans and exhibits proteins, sugars and phenolic compounds in its chemical composition.

Atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme de diferentes extratos naturais sobre cepas clínicas multirresistentes de Acinetobacter baumannii / Antimicrobial activity and antibiofilm of different natural extracts on multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii strains

O presente trabalho teve como objetivos: a) avaliar a atividade antimicrobiana dos extratos naturais de alecrim, bardana, romã e cavalinha, sobre oito cepas de micro-organismos multirresistentes de Acinetobacter baumanii em cultura planctônica, verificando a concentração inibitória mínima e concentração microbicida mínima (CIM e CMM); b) avaliar a atividade antibiofilme dos extratos que apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana em cultura planctônica sobre cepas multirresistentes de A. baumanii no tempo de 5 minutos; c) avaliar a citotoxicidade das concentrações mais efetivas dos extratos que apresentaram atividade antimicrobiana nos testes em cultura planctônica sobre queratinócitos, em ensaio da atividade mitocondrial celular pelo método MTT, no tempo de 5 minutos. Para a determinação da CIM e CMM dos extratos utilizou-se o método de microdiluição em caldo, segundo Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), norma M27-A21 (CLSI, 2002) suplementada por M27-S4 (CLSI, 2012). Este teste foi realizado sobre 8 cepas clínicas de Acinetobacter baumanii e 4 extratos, perfazendo 32 grupos experimentais (n=8). Os extratos que apresentaram ação bacteriostática ou bactericida nos testes anteriores foram avaliados sobre biofilmes monomicrobianos (8 cepas clínicas de Acinetobacter baumanii), no tempo de contato de cinco minutos. As concentrações dos extratos, que apresentaram ação anti-biofilme sobre as cepas bacterianas analisadas, foram submetidas à análise de citotoxicidade em queratinócitos humanos. A avaliação foi realizada por meio do teste colorimétrico MTT, que analisou a atividade mitocondrial celular, após contato dos extratos por 5 min. Os resultados foram analisados estatisticamente por ANOVA e Tukey Test, sendo considerada diferença estatística significativa quando p ≤ 0,05. O extrato de romã apresentou CIM e CMM para todas as cepas analisadas, em quanto o extrato de alecrim apresentou CIM e CMM para 6 cepas das 8 analisadas, ambos apresentaram redução de biofilme, entretanto, romã foi o que apresentou as maiores reduções para a maioria das cepas. O extrato de romã apresentou viabilidade celular superior a 80% na maioria das concentrações e o alecrim apresentou viabilidade celular para 5 concentrações das 8 analisadas. Com isso pode-se concluir que o extrato de romã apresentou um melhor resultado comparado aos outros extratos, pois demonstrou uma significativa atividade antimicrobiana e antibiofilme e ausência de toxicidade conforme tempo de aplicação e concentração utilizada contra as cepas clínicas multirresistentes de Acinetobacter baumanni, podendo ser considerado potencial agente terapêutico para o combate destes patógenos(AU)

The objective of the present work was: a) to evaluate the antimicrobial activity of the natural extracts of rosemary, burdock, pomegranate and horsetail on eight strains of multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumanii microorganisms in planktonic culture, verifying the minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum microbicidal concentration (MIC) and CMM); b) evaluate the antibiofilm activity of extracts that showed antimicrobial activity in planktonic culture on multi-resistant strains of A. baumanii within 5 minutes; c) to evaluate the cytotoxicity of the most effective concentrations of the extracts that showed antimicrobial activity in the tests in planktonic culture on keratinocytes, in an assay of cellular mitochondrial activity by the MTT method, in 5 minutes. For the determination of the minimum inhibitory (MIC) and minimum microbicidal (CMM) concentrations of the extracts, the broth microdilution method according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI), standard M27-A21 (CLSI, 2002) supplemented by M27 was used. -S4 (CLSI, 2012). This test was performed on 8 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumanii and 4 extracts, making 32 experimental groups (n = 8). The extracts that showed bacteriostatic or bactericidal action in the previous tests were evaluated on monomicrobial biofilms (8 clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumanii) at contact time of 5 minutes. The concentrations of the extracts, which showed anti-biofilm action on the bacterial strains analyzed, were submitted to cytotoxicity analysis in human kerotinocytes. The evaluation was performed by the MTT colorimetric test, which analyzed the mitochondrial cellular activity, after contact of the extracts for 5 min. The results were statistically analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey Test, being considered statistically significant difference when p ≤ 0.05. Pomegranate extract showed MIC and CMM for all strains analyzed, while rosemary extract showed MIC and CMM for 6 strains of the 8 analyzed, both showed reduced biofilm, however, pomegranate was the one that showed the greatest reductions for most of the strains. Pomegranate extract showed cell viability greater than 80% in most concentrations and rosemary showed cell viability for 5 concentrations of the 8 analyzed.Therefore it can be concluded that the pomegranate extract presented a better result compared to the other extracts, since it demonstrated a significant antimicrobial and antibiofilm activity and absence of toxicity according to the time of application and concentration used against the multidrug-resistant clinical strains of Acinetobacter baumanni, which can be considered a potential therapeutic agent to combat these pathogens(AU)

Prevalence of oral potentially malignant disorders associated with habits in Puducherry - a Cross-sectional study

Tobacco and betel quid are the most common cause of oral cancer in India. Very often oral cancers are preceded by a visible oral precursor lesion called as potentially malignant disorder (PMD). Aim: The aim of this study was to assess the prevalence of oral PMDs associated with habits in urban and rural areas of Puducherry Union territory, India. Methods: A cross-sectional descriptive study in urban and rural areas of Puducherry was conducted. The study group comprised of 450 patients with positive history of oral habits. A standard structured questionnaire was designed to record information about demographic details, socioeconomic status, type, duration and frequency of habits followed by clinical oral examination by single trained and calibrated examiner to detect the presence of PMD. Statistical analysis used: EpiData software (version 3.1). Descriptive statistics were presented for all variables. Pearson's Chi-Square test and adjusted odds ratio (ORs) with 95% confidence interval (CI) were calculated to estimate the suspected risk factors for PMD by using multivariate logistic regression analysis. P-value of ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. Results: Prevalence of habit associated oral PMD was 64.2%. Females were more prone to develop PMDs (68.3%) as compared to males (62.8%). PMD was more common in the age group of 51-60 years (69.2%). Smoking with alcohol consumption was the most common oral habit. Habits, socio-economic status and diet were significantly associated with development of oral PMDs in our study population. Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that chronic betel quid chewing and smoking were significant risk factors for PMD. Increased frequency of vegetable consumption reduced the risk of PMD. Conclusions: Oral PMD were observed in more than half of the subjects with oral habits in Puducherry. Clearly, there is an increased risk of PMD with increased duration of tobacco and betel quid use in this region. Patients and public need to be educated regarding PMD and encouraged to quit habits so as to prevent high risk population from developing cancer

Inhibition and Eradication Effect of Javanese turmeric (Curcuma xanthorrhiza Roxb. ) Extract Against Mature Phase Biofilm of Candida albicans

Objective: To analyze the potency of Javanese turmeric extract in inhibiting and eradicating the mature phase of C. albicans biofilm. Material and Methods: C. albicans ATCC 10231 was cultured in Sabouraud Dextrose Broth on a 96-well plate and was incubated at 37ºC. To analyze its inhibitory effect, C. albicans cultures were incubated for 1.5 hours before being exposed to various concentrations of Javanese turmeric extract, followed by a further 48-hour incubation to reach the maturation phase. To analyze the eradication effect, the 48-hour C. albicans cultures were exposed to the extract and incubated further for 24 hours. Nystatin (100,000 IU) was used as a positive control. The percentage of viable C. albicans cells on the 48-hour biofilm was determined by a methylthiazol tetrazolium assay. This value was converted into the percentage of the extract's minimum inhibitory and eradication concentrations. Results: Against the mature phase C. albicans biofilm, the minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration of the Javanese turmeric extract was 40%, while the minimum biofilm eradication concentration was 45%. There were significant differences between the inhibition percentage of the positive control and that of the solutions exposed to Javanese turmeric with all the tested concentrations (p<0.05). There was a strong positive correlation between the increase in extract concentration and the eradication percentage of the mature C. albicans biofilm (r=0.981). Conclusion: Javanese turmeric extract is potential for inhibiting and eradicating mature phase C. albicans biofilm. The extract is more effective in inhibiting than in eradicating the biofilm.

Antibacterial and Cytotoxic Potential of a Brazilian Red Propolis

Objective: To evaluate in vitro the effect of a red propolis ethanolic extract (RPE) in the prevention of growth of a cariogenic biofilm and its cytotoxic potential. Material and Methods: Minimum inhibitory and bactericidal concentrations (MIC and MBC) of RPE against Streptococcus mutans and Lactobacillus casei were determined. The cytotoxic potential of 0.4% RPE in oral fibroblasts was observed after 1, 3 and 5 min of contact. Cellulose membrane disks (13 mm, N=12) were used for biofilm formation (24 h) of S. mutans and L. casei, which were treated (1 min) with 0.4% RPE or 0.12% Chlorhexidine (CHX). The control group of biofilm formation was not submitted to any treatment. Serial dilutions were then made to evaluate microbial viability. Descriptive data analysis and, for microbial viability, Mann Whitney test were performed (p≤0.05). Results: RPE showed similar MIC and MBC (4.46 mg/mL) against S. mutans and, for L. casei, they were 8.92 mg/mL (MIC) and 17.85 mg/mL (MBC). CHX presented MIC and MBC <0.00002 mg/mL for S. mutans and 0.00047 mg/mL for L. casei. After 1, 3 and 5 min, the RPE exhibited, respectively, 69.38%, 43.91% and 40.36% of viable cells. The RPE (6.55) and CHX (6.87) presented similar efficacy to reduce the total number of viable bacteria (p>0.05). Regarding the total number of viable bacteria (Log10 CFU/mL), the RPE (6.55) and CHX (6.87) presented similar efficacy (p>0.05). Conclusion: Red propolis extract showed antibacterial activity against the tested strains, exhibited acceptable cytotoxicity and reduced the colonization of S. mutans and L. casei in a biofilm membrane model.

Effect of hydroalcoholic extract of Myracrodruon urundeuva All. and Qualea grandiflora Mart. leaves on the viability and activity of microcosm biofilm and on enamel demineralization

Abstract Objectives: The aim of this study was to assess the effect of Myracrodruon urundeuva All. and Qualea grandiflora Mart. leaves hydroalcoholic extracts on viability and metabolism of a microcosm biofilm and on enamel demineralization prevention. Methodology: Microcosm biofilm was produced on bovine enamel using inoculum from pooled human saliva mixed with McBain saliva, under 0.2% sucrose exposure, for 14 days. The biofilm was daily-treated with the extracts for 1 min. At the end, it was analyzed with respect to viability by fluorescence, CFU counting and extracellular polysaccharides (phenol-sulphuric acid colorimetric assay) and lactic acid (enzymatic assay) production. The demineralization was measured by TMR. The data were compared using ANOVA or Kruskal-Wallis (p<0.05). Results: M. urundeuva All. at 100, 10 and 0.1 μg/mL and Q. grandiflora Mart. at 100 and 0.1 μg/mL reduced biofilm viability similarly to positive control (chlorhexidine) and significantly more than the negative-vehicle control (35% ethanol). M. urundeuva at 1000, 100 and 0.1 μg/mL were able to reduce both lactobacilli and mutans streptococci CFU counting, while Q. grandiflora (1000 and 1.0 μg/mL) significantly reduced mutans streptococci CFU counting. On the other hand, the natural extracts were unable to significantly reduce extracellular polysaccharides and lactic acid productions neither the development of enamel carious lesions. Conclusions: The extracts showed antimicrobial properties on microcosm biofilm, however, they had no effect on biofilm metabolism and caries protection.

The influence of Aloe vera with mesenchymal stem cells from dental pulp on bone regeneration: characterization and treatment of non-critical defects of the tibia in rats

Abstract Objective This study aimed to evaluate the inflammatory effect and bone formation in sterile surgical failures after implantation of a collagen sponge with mesenchymal stem cells from human dental pulp (hDPSCs) and Aloe vera. Material and Methods Rattus norvegicus (n=75) were divided into five experimental groups according to treatment: G1) control (blood clot); G2) Hemospon®; G3) Hemospon® in a culture medium enriched with 8% Aloe vera; G4) Hemospon® in a culture medium containing hDPSCs and G5) Hemospon® in a culture medium enriched with 8% Aloe vera and hDPSCs. On days 7, 15 and 30, the animals were euthanized, and the tibia was dissected for histological, immunohistochemistry and immunofluorescence analyses. The results were analyzed using nonparametric Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's post-test. Results On days 7 and 15, the groups with Aloe vera had less average acute inflammatory infiltrate compared to the control group and the group with Hemospon® (p<0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between the groups regarding bone formation at the three experimental points in time. Osteopontin expression corroborated the intensity of bone formation. Fluorescence microscopy revealed positive labeling with Q-Tracker® in hDPSCs before transplantation and tissue repair. Conclusion The results suggest that the combination of Hemospon®, Aloe vera and hDPSCs is a form of clinical treatment for the repair of non-critical bone defects that reduces the inflammatory cascade's effects.

Effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables on periodontal repair in rats with arthritis and induced periodontitis

Abstract Objective: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of avocado/soybean unsaponifiables (ASU) on periodontal repair in rats with induced periodontitis and arthritis. Methodology: Forty-five rats were submitted to periodontitis induction by insertion of ligatures into the upper second molars, maintained for 15 days. These animals were randomly allocated to 3 groups according to the presence of induced arthritis (ART) and the application of the ASU: Control (CTR) group-healthy animals, where saline solution was administered; ART-animals with induced arthritis, where saline solution was administered; ART/ASU-animals with induced arthritis, where ASU (0.6 mg/ kg) was administered. The drugs were administered daily by gavage and the animals were euthanized after 7, 15 and 30 days of the ligature removal. Bone resorption, inflammatory infiltrate composition and marker proteins expression of the differentiation and formation of osteoclasts (RANKL and TRAP) were assessed. Results: The ART/ASU group presented higher bone volume than the ART group at 7 and 30 days after the ligature removal. Furthermore, the ART group presented higher quantity of inflammatory cells and expression of TRAP and RANKL than the other groups. Conclusion: ASU administration improves the repair of periodontal tissues in an experimental periodontitis model in rats with induced arthritis.