Prevalência de periodontites apicais e classificação do índice do complexo periapical em brasileiros por meio de tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico / Prevalence of apical periodontitis and classification of the periapical complex index in Brazilians using cone beam computed tomography

A Periodontite Apical (PA), por ser comumente assintomática, é considerada um achado radiográfico, frequentemente encontrada em pacientes que efetuam radiografias para início ou durante tratamentos odontológicos. Entretanto, tais radiografias apresentam limitações para identificar a real extensão e destruição óssea causada pela lesão. Por isso, é indicada a realização de Tomografia Computadorizada de Feixe Cônico (TCFC). O presente estudo tem como propósito avaliar a prevalência das PA, correlacioná-las de acordo com a idade, sexo, local afetado na estrutura óssea e classificá-las de acordo como parâmetro do índice do complexo apical apresentadas em uma amostra de brasileiros, através de imagens de TCFC do banco de dados do Laboratório de Análises e Processamento de Imagens (LAPI) da Faculdade de Odontologia da Universidade de São Paulo (FOUSP). Foram analisadas 250 TCFC, utilizando o software Ondemand 3D Dental. A PA mostrou-se com prevalência maior no sexo feminino (64,53%). Em relação à localização, 232 dentes possuiam PA na maxila sendo que 140 apresentavam tratamento endodôntico satisfatório (60,34%). Na mandíbula, 96 dentes com PA, 68 apresentavam tratamento endodôntico satisfatório (70,83%). O dente mais acometido na maxila foi o 16 e na mandíbula o 46. Na comparação por sexo e condições de dentes da maxila e mandíbula, houve diferença significativa do índice R0 do dente 17, e na presença de PA no dente 25. Na mandíbula houve diferenças significativas na ausência de tratamento endodôntico do dente 42, presença de PA e índices SRD. Na análise feita por faixas etárias, não houveram diferenças significantes estatisticamente. Concluiu-se que a TCFC proporciona precisão de diagnóstico e mensurações, além de oferecer maior segurança ao cirurgião dentista.

Precisão dos escaneamentos intraorais e modelos 3D, com diferentes escâneres e softwares: revisão sistemática / Accuracy of intraoral scanning and 3D models, with different scanners and software: systematic review

Objetivo: Esta revisão sistemática investigou se a precisão dos escaneamentos intraorais e modelos 3D com diferentes escâneres e softwares, é suficiente para os clínicos aceitarem e implementarem as novas tecnologias como critério de diagnóstico e planejamentos dos tratamentos. Material e métodos: Protocolo PROSPERO número CRD42020218151. Duas revisoras realizaram uma pesquisa avançada de banco de dados eletrônico, sem restrição de idioma ou data, no MEDLINE/PubMed; Embase; BVS/LILACS; Scopus; Cochrane Library; Google Scholar e Web of Science até janeiro de 2021. Os estudos foram escolhidos por título e resumo para triagem, de acordo com os seguintes critérios de inclusão: Estudos Clínicos in vivo e in vitro (pacientes, modelos de gesso de pacientes e manequins simulando bocas humanas) com os diferentes softwares e técnicas de escaneamento intraoral comparando a acurácia, fidelidade e/ou precisão como desfecho dos escaneamentos intraorais, dos modelos virtuais em 3D com modelos de gesso; com um mínimo de 5 pacientes escaneados sem limite de idade ou gênero; texto completo acessível; nos estudos de coorte, transversais e caso-controle. Após a leitura do texto completo os artigos foram excluídos de acordo com os seguintes critérios: 1) estudos com menos de 5 pacientes; 2) estudos em animais; 3) revisão sistemática, descrição de técnica, intervenções, protocolos; 4) escaneamentos por Ressonância Magnética ou Tomografia computadorizada; 5) estudos em que não foram utilizados scanners intraorais. Resultados. Dos 4410 estudos inicialmente identificados, 16 preencheram os critérios de inclusão. O guia PRISMA foi utilizado para redação da revisão e a ferramenta ROBINS-1 da Cochrane foi utilizada para análise de viés. Os estudos incluídos na sua maioria mostraram diferenças estatisticamente significativas entre os resultados das moldagens convencionais e digitais, porém também demonstraram que as diferenças não têm significância clínica. Conclusões: Esta revisão sistemática permitiu levantar dados que demonstraram que os escaneamentos intraorais não são superiores às moldagens convencionais, mas de acurácia equivalente com confiabilidade para o uso das imagens digitais conseguidas por escaneamento intraoral e dos modelos digitais provenientes destes escaneamentos.

Avaliação da acurácia de exames de imagem para o diagnóstico de defeitos ósseos peri-implantares em implantes de titânio e dióxido de zircônia: uma revisão sistemática e metanálise / Assessment of the accuracy of imaging exams for the diagnosis of peri-implant bone defects in titanium and zirconia dioxide implants: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi realizar uma revisão sistemática (RS) e metanálise para avaliar a acurácia de exames de imagem para o diagnóstico de defeitos ósseos peri-implantares em implantes de titânio (Ti) e dióxido de zircônia (ZrO2). Material e método: Seis bancos de dados online foram pesquisados. Todos os estudos selecionados foram submetidos a critérios de inclusão e exclusão. Os estudos incluídos na RS foram submetidos a avaliação de viés e aplicabilidade por meio da ferramenta QUADAS-2 e metanálise de efeito aleatório. As curvas sumárias de características de operação do receptor (sROC) foram construídas para comparar o efeito das diferenças metodológicas em relação às variáveis de cada grupo. Resultados: A estratégia de busca resultou em 719 artigos, seguindo os critérios de elegibilidade, títulos e resumos foram lidos e 61 estudos foram selecionados para leitura na íntegra, 24 dos 61 estudos foram incluídos nesta RS. A tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) apresentou dados suficientes para análise quantitativa (metanálise) em implantes de ZrO2 e Ti. A metanálise revelou altos níveis de inconsistência no último grupo. Em relação às curvas sROC, a área sob a curva (AUC) foi maior para o grupo Ti global (AUC = 0,79) do que para o ZrO2 global (AUC = 0,69), mas sem diferença estatisticamente significativa entre elas. A comparação de AUCs de deiscências e defeitos de fenestração em implantes de Ti (AUC de deiscência em Ti = 0,73 e AUC de fenestração em Ti = 0,87) resultou em uma diferença estatisticamente significativa. Conclusão: A acurácia diagnóstica da TCFC na avaliação de defeitos ósseos peri-implantares ao comparar os implantes de Ti e ZrO2 foi semelhante, e o defeito de fenestração foi diagnosticado com mais precisão do que a deiscência nos implantes de Ti. Os dados coletados para analisar quantitativamente o desempenho diagnóstico de defeitos ósseos peri-implantares dos métodos de imagem RP, PAN, IRM e TC em implantes de Ti e ZrO2 não foram suficientes. Número do protocolo PROSPERO: CRD42020149678.

Prevalence of soft tissue calcifications in the maxillofacial region: a radiographic study

Aim: To evaluate the prevalence of soft tissue calcifications in orofacial region and their panoramic radiographic characteristics using digital panoramic radiographs among patients reporting to a tertiary dental hospital. Methods: 1,578 digital panoramic radiographs were retrieved from the archives and scrutinized for the presence of calcifications. Soft tissue calcifications were recorded according to age, gender, site (left or right). Data were analysed using Chi-square and Fisher's exact test using SPSS software and a p < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Results: Among the total number of radiographs, calcified carotid artery (34.3%), calcified stylohyoid ligament (21%), tonsillolith (10.3%), phlebolith (17.6%), antrolith (6.3%), sialolith (5.9%), rhinolith (2.5%) and calcified lymph nodes (1.9%) were identified. The most commonly observed calcifications were calcification of carotid artery and stylohyoid ligament and the least commonly observed calcifications were rhinolith and calcified lymph node. A statistically significant association of the presence of calcifications of carotid artery and stylohyoid ligament on the left and right side was observed in females and tonsillolith on the right side in males (p-value < 0.05). Considering the gender and age group, the occurrence of antrolith among males and rhinolith among females of young-adult population, tonsillolith among the males, calcified carotid artery and stylohyoid ligament among the females of middle-aged population was found to be significant. Conclusion: Soft tissue calcifications are often encountered in dental panoramic radiographs. Our study revealed that the soft tissue calcifications in orofacial region were more common in women and were found to be increased above 40 years of age

Mineral Density Distribution Differences in Enamel and Dentin Tissues in the Teeth Array According to the HU Scale

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the mineral density of enamel and dentin tissues of healthy individuals using threedimensional cone-beam computed tomography. Material and Methods: CBCT images of 15 healthy individuals, previously obtained for various reasons, were used in this study. In HU measurements, mineral density measurements were made from three different regions of enamel and three different regions of dentin, and the values obtained were compared. Enamel and dentin mineralization density measurements were measured from six regions, namely the crown cutting edge, buccal middle and cervical region for enamel, and the crown cutting edge, cervical region and root apex for dentin. In the comparisons of groups, the parametric One-Way ANOVA variance analysis method was applied. In the paired comparisons between the groups, the Tukey HSD test was applied as the multiple comparison post hoc test. A value of p<0.05 was accepted as statistically significant. Results: Mineralization density of tooth enamel and dentin tissues was quantitatively different in the maxilla and mandible in anterior and posterior teeth. Conclusion: In all the teeth, there were statistically significant decreases in the mineral density values of enamel and dentin tissue from occlusal towards the cemento-enamel junction. Statistically significant decreases were observed in the mineral density values of enamel and dentin tissue from the anterior region towards the posterior region in the teeth in both the upper and lower jaws.

Características ultrassonográficas e clínicopatológicas de pacientes com Síndrome de Sjögren e sicca não-Sjögren atendidos no Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG / Ultrasonographic and clinicopathological characteristics of patients with Sjögren's Syndrome and sicca non-Sjögren from Hospital das Clínicas da UFMG

O diagnóstico da Síndrome de Sjögren (SS) é baseado em achados clínicos, sorológicos e microscópicos. O exame de ultrassom (US) evidencia danos estruturais nas glândulas salivares maiores que podem contribuir no diagnóstico da SS. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi analisar as características ultrassonográficas dos pacientes com SS (grupo SS), e dos pacientes com secura bucal que não preencheram os critérios atuais do Colégio Americano e Liga Europeia de Reumatologia (ACR/EULAR), (grupo Sicca não-SS); e analisar a associação da imagens do US com parâmetros clínicos, sorológicos e microscópicos. Para isso, 40 pacientes pareados, dos grupos SS (n=20) e Sicca não-SS (n=20), foram recrutados e as parótidas e submandibulares examinadas no US com o método OMERACT nos modos B e color Doppler por examinador cego. As imagens obtidas foram classificadas como ausente, leve, moderada ou severa, correspondendo aos scores 0, 1, 2 ou 3, respectivamente. Para fins de estatística, os dados foram dicotomizados em ausente ou leve e moderada ou severa. Características tais como fluxo salivar não-estimulado (FSNE), xeroftalmia, focus score (FS), bem como sorologia para fator antígeno nuclear (FAN), fator reumatoide (FR), anticorpos anti-SSA/Ro e antiSSB/La foram obtidos dos prontuários ou coletados durante o estudo. Análises estatísticas comparativas da avaliação do US, bem como a relação desta avaliação com as diferentes características foram realizadas. No grupo Sicca não-SS houve maior prevalência de glândulas salivares sem alteração ou com alteração leve, quando comparados com o grupo SS, nos quais as alterações moderada ou severa foram mais prevalentes (p<0,05). No color Doppler a glândula parótida do grupo Sicca não-SS apresentou mais fluxo vascular normal ou com alteração leve, em comparação ao grupo SS (p<0,05). Presença de xeroftalmia, anti-SSA/Ro, FAN, FR e FS positivos foram mais frequentes no grupo SS e em pacientes com alterações moderada ou severa na análise do US no modo b (p<0,05). O FSNE não diferiu entre os grupos ou com o grau de alteração das glândulas (p<0,05). As características do US das parótidas e submandibulares utilizando o sistema OMERACT modo B permitiram uma distinção entre os grupos SS e Sicca não-SS. Os resultados corroboram para que o US seja incorporado como uma possibilidade de exame não invasivo complementar no Hospital das clinicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC/UFMG) e em outros centros de referência de tratamento da Doença, que ainda têm tido o uso do US pouco explorado.

The diagnosis of Sjögren's Syndrome (SS) is based on clinical, serological, and microscopic findings. Ultrasound (US) examination can reveal structural damage in major salivary glands, which can contribute to the diagnosis of SS. Therefore, the objective of this study was to analyze the ultrasonographic characteristics of patients with SS (SS group) and patients with dry mouth who did not meet the current criteria of the American College of Rheumatology and European League Against Rheumatism (ACR/EULAR) for SS (non-SS sicca group). Additionally, we aimed to analyze the association of US images with clinical, serological, and microscopic parameters. For this purpose, 40 matched patients from the SS group (n=20) and non-SS sicca group (n=20) were recruited, and the parotid and submandibular glands were examined using the OMERACT method in B and color Doppler modes by a blinded examiner. The obtained images were classified as absent, mild, moderate, or severe, corresponding to scores 0, 1, 2, or 3, respectively. For statistical purposes, the data were dichotomized as absent or mild and moderate or severe. Characteristics such as unstimulated whole saliva flow rate (UWS), xerophthalmia, focus score (FS), as well as serology for antinuclear antibody (ANA), rheumatoid factor (RF), anti-SSA/Ro, and anti-SSB/La were obtained from medical records or collected during the study. Comparative statistical analyses of the US evaluation, as well as the relationship of this evaluation with different characteristics, were performed. In the non-SS sicca group, there was a higher prevalence of salivary glands with no alteration or mild alteration when compared to the SS group, in which moderate or severe changes were more prevalent (p<0.05). In the color Doppler, the parotid gland in the non-SS sicca group showed more normal vascular flow or mild alteration compared to the SS group (p<0.05). The presence of xerophthalmia, positive anti-SSA/Ro, ANA, RF, and FS was more frequent in the SS group and in patients with moderate or severe changes in the B-mode US analysis (p<0.05). UWS did not differ between the groups or with the degree of gland alterations (p<0.05). The US characteristics of the parotid and submandibular glands using the OMERACT B-mode system allowed for differentiation between the SS and non-SS sicca groups. The results support the incorporation of US as a non-invasive complementary examination at the Hospital das Clínicas da Universidade Federal de Minas Gerais (HC/UFMG) and at other reference centers for the treatment of the disease, where the use of US has been underutilized.

Acurácia diagnóstica da ultrassonografia na avaliação de doenças inflamatórias e obstrutivas das glândulas salivares maiores: uma revisão sistemática e meta-análise / Diagnostic accuracy of ultrasonography in the assessment of inflammatory and obstructive diseases of the major salivary glands - a systematic review and meta-analysis

Os distúrbios inflamatórios e obstrutivos das glândulas salivares maiores são muito comuns e podem estar inter-relacionados. A sialadenite é um termo genérico que se refere às alterações inflamatórias e pode ter causa infecciosa, de origem bacteriana ou viral, não infecciosa ou, ainda, por obstrução. A sialolitíase, uma das causas de distúrbios obstrutivos, se dá pela formação de estruturas calcificadas no interior dos parênquimas ou ductos, em decorrência da deposição de sais de cálcio ao redor de debris, notadamente na luz dos ductos. Como ferramenta para o diagnóstico dessas alterações, pode-se lançar mão da ultrassonografia, método seguro, sem efeito deletério conhecido, de custo reduzido, fácil execução e que permite a aquisição de imagens em tempo real, comboa resolução. A presente revisão sistemática e meta-análise teve como objetivo analisar estudos que realizaram avaliação comparativa da acurácia diagnóstica da ultrassonografia para o diagnóstico de sialadenites e sialolitíase, comparativamente a outros métodos de diagnóstico por imagem. Foi realizada busca nas bases de dados eletrônicas PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters), EMBASE (Elsevier) e SCOPUS (Elsevier), que resultaram na seleção de 1.205 referências. A amostra final foi composta por 10 artigos que contemplaram os critérios de elegibilidade. Foram coletados dados sobre os autores, data de publicação, tipo de estudo, alteração ou patologia avaliada, glândula avaliada e valor diagnóstico da US (ultrassonografia), considerando sua acurácia, sensibilidade,especificidade, valor preditivo positivo, valor preditivo negativo, razão de verossimilhança positiva e razão de verossimilhança negativa. A ultrassonografia apresentou resultados satisfatórios para o diagnóstico das alterações inflamatórias e obstrutivas das glândulas salivares maiores que, comparativamente a outros exames diagnósticos por imagem, a habilitam como um método de escolha para este propósito.

Inflammatory and obstructive disorders of the major salivary glands are very common and may be interrelated. Sialadenitis is a generic term that refers to inflammatory changes in these glands and may have an infectious, bacterial or viral origin, non- infectious or even obstruction. Sialolithiasis, one of the causes of obstructive disorders, is caused by the formation of calcified structures within the parenchyma or ducts of the salivary glands, as a result of the deposition of calcium salts around debris, notably in the lumen of the ducts. As a tool for the diagnosis of these alterations, ultrasound can be used, a safe method, which does not emit ionizing radiation, has no known deleterious effect, is inexpensive, easy to perform and which allows the acquisition of images in real time, with good resolution. Given these assumptions, the present systematic review and meta- analysis aimed to analyze studies that performed a comparative evaluation of the diagnostic accuracy of ultrasound for the diagnosis of sialadenitis and sialolithiasis, compared to other diagnostic imaging methods. A search was performed in the electronicdatabases PubMed (National Library of Medicine), Web of Science (Thomson Reuters),EMBASE (Elsevier) and SCOPUS (Elsevier), which resulted in the selection of 1,205 references. After reading titles and abstracts, 205 studies remained. These, read in full, led to 10 articles that met the eligibility criteria. Data on authors, date of publication, type of study, alteration or pathology evaluated, gland evaluated and diagnostic value of US (ultrasonography), considering its accuracy, sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value, negative predictive value, positivelikelihood ratio and of negative likelihood. Ultrasonography showed satisfactory results for the diagnosis of inflammatory and obstructive changes in the major salivary glands, which, compared to other diagnostic imaging tests, make it a method of choice for this purpose.

Feasibility of three-dimensional CT reconstruction in assessing mandibular fractures: a survey among oral surgeons and dental maxillofacial radiologists

Aim: Evaluation of the reliability of 3D computed tomography (3D-CT) in the diagnosis of mandibular fractures. Methods: A cross-sectional, quantitative and qualitative study was carried out, through the application of a questionnaire for 70 professionals in the area of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Radiology. 3D-CT images of mandibular fractures were delivered to the interviewees along with a questionnaire. Participants answered about the number of traces, the region and the type of fracture. The correct diagnosis, that is, the expected answer, was based on the reports of a specialist in oral and maxillofacial radiology after viewing the images in the axial, sagittal and coronal sections. The resulting data from the interviewees was compared with the expected answer and then, the data was analyzed statistically. Results: In the sample 56.9% were between 22 and 30 years old, 52.8% were oral and maxillofacial surgeons (OMF), 34.7% were residents in OMF surgery and 12.5% OMF radiologists. Each professional answered 15 questions (related to five patients) and 50.8% of the total of these was answered correctly. Specialists in Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery and Traumatology correctly answered 53.9%. Interviewees with experience between 6 and 10 years correctly answered 58.2%. In identifying fracture traces, 46.1% of the questions were answered correctly. In terms of location, 5.6% of interviewees answered wrongly while 14.2% answered wrongly regarding classification. Conclusion: 3D computed tomography did not prove to be a reliable image for diagnosing mandibular fractures when used alone. This made necessary an association with axial, sagittal and coronal tomographic sections

Aplicação da Tomografia de Coerência Ótica como método auxiliar de diagnóstico não invasivo na periodontia: revisão de literatura / Application of Optical Coherence Tomography as an auxiliary non-invasive diagnostic method in periodontics: literature review

O exame clínico, a sondagem periodontal e a radiografia são os três principais métodos de avaliação de saúde oral usados pelo cirurgião-dentista. Com isso, foi elaborado uma Revisão de Literatura com pesquisa no banco de dados da PubMed, Wiley Online Library e Google Acadêmico, com lapso temporal de 1998 a 2021, com o objetivo de avaliar a aplicação da TCO como possível método auxiliar no diagnóstico de doença periodontal. A partir de 1998, a TCO passa a ser estudada como possível método de diagnóstico não invasivo na Odontologia. Entre os benefícios referentes à Periodontia, tem sido relatado: a possibilidade de visualizar estruturas importantes do periodonto, fazer sondagem periodontal, diferenciar fenótipo gengival, detectar presença de cálculo supra e subgengival, além da observação de microestrutura e vascularização gengival, auxiliando no diagnóstico e acompanhamento do tratamento periodontal. Portando, a TCO é uma tecnologia emergente de bio-imagem que gera imagens estruturais bi e tridimensionais em alta resolução dos tecidos duros e moles do periodonto. Entretanto, mais estudos são necessários para superar as limitações da técnica e desenvolver sistemas de baixo custo para impulsionar seu uso em ambiente clínico... (AU)

Physical examination, periodontal probing and radiography are the three main methods of assessing oral health used by the dentist. Thereby, a Literature review was prepared based on research in the database of PubMed, Wiley Online Library and Google Academic, with time lapse from 1998 to 2021, with the objective of evaluating the application of OCT as a possible auxiliary method in the diagnosis of periodontal disease. Since 1998, the OCT has been studied as a possible non-invasive diagnostic method in Dentistry. Among the benefits related to Periodontics, it has been reported: the possibility of viewing important structures of the periodontium, periodontal probing, differentiating gingival phenotype, detecting the presence of supra and subgingival calculus, in addition to the observation of gingival microstructure and vascularization, helping in the diagnosis and monitoring of periodontal treatment. Therefore, the OCT is an emerging bio-imaging technology that generates high resolution bi and three-dimensional structural images of the hard and soft tissues of the periodontium. However, further studies are needed to overcome the limitations of the technique and develop low-cost systems to boost its use in a clinical setting... (AU)

Reliability of Linear and Curvilinear Measurements on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography Images for the Evaluation of Implant Sites and Jaw Pathologies

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate the intra-examiner and inter-examiner reliability of linear and curvilinear measurements for the complete assessment of implant sites and jaw pathologies using Cone-Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: Fifty cone-beam computed tomographic images of patients were retrieved from the archives of Dentomaxillofacial Radiology. CBCT images taken for implant planning and evaluation of intrabony jaw pathologies (benign cyst/tumor) were included. Two expert oral and maxillofacial radiologists analyzed the images independently and made the measurements. The images for implant planning were analyzed for width, the height of the edentulous site, and the qualitative analysis of bone in the region. Jaw pathologies were assessed for linear dimensions and curvilinear measurements. Results: The inter-observer measurement error for implant site analysis ranged from 0.12 to 0.42 mm with almost perfect agreement (ICC: 0.94 to 1). The inter-observer measurement error for jaw pathology was 0.09 to 0.25 mm (ICC: 0.98-1). Curvilinear measurements showed perfect agreement between the observers. The intraobserver reliability for the various parameters used for the assessment of the implant site and jaw pathologies indicated almost perfect agreement. Conclusion: Reliability between the radiologists is high for various measurements on CBCT images taken for implant planning and jaw pathologies.

3D CT Soft Tissue Craniofacial Analysis and Lip Morphology

ABSTRACT Objctive: To assess the soft tissue characteristics of Bangladeshi adults to formulate soft tissue 3D CT standards using Holdaway's (HA) and lip morphology (LM) analyses. Another aim of this study was to assess the gender dimorphism of Bangladeshi population. Material and Methods: One hundred and seventeen (Eighty-five men and Thirty-two women) Bangladeshi adults have obtained their computed tomography (CT) scan at the Radiology Department for normal diagnosis. Craniofacial deformities were undetected in all cases. The CT images were prepared by a 3D imaging programming software (Mimics 11.02 Materialise). Parameters from the identified landmark points were measured in 3D through this software. Results: Upper lip thickness (ULT) (vermillion UL-A point) measurement was significant in HA and in LM analyses, upper lip protrusion (ULP) (Ls to Sn-SPog) measurement has demonstrated significant difference among both genders, where p-value was less than 0.05. Mean measurements of Bangladeshi adults were relatively comparable except the face convexity (FC) when compared with the HA cephalometric soft tissue values. Conclusion: By using HA and LM analyses, 3D CT soft tissue standards were established for Bangladeshi adults. Measurements for all parameters have remained equivalent with the HA standard data apart from the FC measurement. This consequently may demonstrate that the Bangladeshi population retains a convex shape with a slight protrusive lip or retruded chin.

Cone Beam Computed Tomography Based Sex Estimation by Volume of Odontoid Process of The Second Cervical Vertebra / Estimativa sexual baseada em tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico pelo volume do processo odontóide da segunda vértebra cervical

Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate whether the volume of odontoid process of the second cervical vertebra on CBCT images can be used for sex estimation. Material and Methods: The volume of odontoid process on CBCT images of 138 subjects was measured. In addition, the patients were classified into five age groups. The comparisons between the groups in relation to sex and age were performed by using Mann-Whitney's test and Kruskal-Wallis' test, respectively. The ROC curve was used to assess the sensitivity and specificity of the volume to determine the sex. Results: No statistically significant difference was observed between age and volume. Males had significantly larger volumes than females. Values of volume equal to or greater than 1.254 mm3 have sensitivity of 68.2% and specificity of 68.1% to determine male sex. Conclusion: The volume of the odontoid process tends to be larger in males than in females and can be used as sex estimation (AU)

Introdução: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar se o volume do processo odontóide da segunda vértebra cervical em imagens de TCFC pode ser usado para estimativa do sexo. Material e Métodos: O volume do processo odontóide em imagens CBCT de 138 indivíduos foi medido. Além disso, os pacientes foram classificados em cinco faixas etárias. As comparações entre os grupos em relação ao sexo e idade foram realizadas por meio dos testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis, respectivamente. A curva ROC foi utilizada para avaliar a sensibilidade e especificidade do volume para determinar o sexo. Resultados: Não foi observada diferença estatisticamente significativa entre idade e volume. Os machos tiveram volumes significativamente maiores do que as fêmeas. Valores de volume igual ou superior a 1,254 mm3 apresentam sensibilidade de 68,2% e especificidade de 68,1% para determinação do sexo masculino. Conclusão: O volume do processo odontóide tende a ser maior no sexo masculino do que no feminino e pode ser usado como estimativa do sexo. (AU)

Tooth Coronal Index: A Novel Tool For Age Estimation on Cone-Beam Computed Tomography

ABSTRACT Objective: To evaluate dental age assessment reliability through Tooth Coronal Index (TCI) method. Material and Methods: The cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT) scans of 160 individuals aged between 20-70 years were analyzed in the present study. The height of the crown, i.e., coronal height, and the height of the coronal pulp cavity, i.e., coronal pulp cavity height, of mandibular second premolars and first molars were calculated and then TCI was measured. The actual age of a subject was compared with TCI of tooth and the acquired data were subjected to Pearson's correlation and unpaired t-tests. Results: Negative correlation was observed between the real age and TCI of mandibular first molar (r = -0.094, p=0.382) and second premolar (r = -0.176, p=0.0961. Statistically significant difference was observed between actual age and TCI for mandibular second premolar and first molar (p<0.001). Conclusion: Tooth coronal index has the potential to estimate age of an individual on CBCT scans. It is simple, cost-effective than histological methods and can be applied to both living and unknown dead.

The Using Virtual Computer-Assisted Planning in Orthognathic Surgery: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Abstract Objective: To use virtual computer-assisted planning in orthognathic surgeries through meta-analysis and systematic review. Material and Methods: This search took place between 2010 and 2019. The databases searched in this domain included MEDLINE, PubMed, Cochrane Library, Embase, ISI, and Google scholar. Accordingly, the abstracts of the articles were initially reviewed and the ones that had the most coordination with the study objectives were selected. Then, the full texts of the articles were examined; and finally, five studies were selected. In addition to reviewing the related literature, the results were extracted and entered into the meta-analyzer Stata V.14 to summarize the final results. Results: The sample size in this study was at a range from 6 to 28 patients and a total number of 85 patients had participated in the given investigations. As well, CT and CBCT were selected as imaging methods. Clinical imaging and analysis were also employed in computer-assisted planning in all five studies. Subsequently, surgical planning was performed and the virtual splint was designed while the planning time was 225 minutes and 145 minutes in two studies. Conclusion: The present results supported computer-assisted planning and the quality of scientific evidence.

Assessment of alveolar bone level and furcation involvement in periodontal diseases using dental cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT): a systematic review / Avaliação do nível ósseo alveolar e envolvimento da furca em doenças periodontais usando a Tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico odontológica: uma revisão sistemática

The advent of CBCT has contributed significantly to dental imaging. In the field of periodontics, CBCT provides a multi-planar view to assess the alveolar bone in three dimensions. This helps the dentist to make measurements at any location that could significantly improve periodontal diagnosis. Objective: The aim of this systematic review is to evaluate the accuracy of using CBCT in the assessment of alveolar bone level and furcation involvement in periodontal diseases. Material and Methods: PubMed, LILACS and Google Scholar databases were searched for literature related to the application of CBCT in periodontal diseases. Keywords used for the search were CBCT, furcation involvement, measurement and their synonyms. Results: Fifteen full-text English language research papers were eligible for the systematic review using the PRISMA guidelines. Conclusion: From the results of the systematic review it can be concluded that conebeam computed tomography imaging technique offers significantly reliable images of the furcation involvement and height of the alveolar bone. (AU)

O advento da Tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico (TCFC) contribuiu significativamente para a imageologia. No campo da periodontia, a TCFC fornece uma visão multiplano para avaliar o osso alveolar em três dimensões. Isso ajuda o dentista a fazer medições em qualquer local que possa melhorar significativamente o diagnóstico periodontal. Objetivo: O objetivo desta revisão sistemática foi avaliar a precisão do uso da TCFC na avaliação do nível ósseo alveolar e do envolvimento da furca em doenças periodontais. Material e Métodos: As bases de dados PubMed, LILACS e Google Scholar foram pesquisadas na literatura relacionada à aplicação da TCFC em doenças periodontais. As palavras-chave utilizadas para a pesquisa foram TCFC, envolvimento da furca, mensuração e seus sinônimos. Resultados: Quinze trabalhos de pesquisa em inglês com texto completo foram elegíveis para a revisão sistemática usando as diretrizes do PRISMA. Conclusão: A partir dos resultados da revisão sistemática, pode-se concluir que a técnica de imagem por tomografia computadorizada de feixe cônico oferece imagens significativamente confiáveis do envolvimento da furca e da altura do osso alveolar.(AU)

O uso do Endoguide no tratamento de canais calcificados: relatos de casos clínicos / The use of Endoguide for treatment of calcified root canals: clinical case reports

Introdução: o tratamento endodôntico em dentes com canais calcificados é extremamente desafiador. Durante o procedimento de localização do canal residual, uma quantidade excessiva de dentina pode ser removida, o que pode implicar em maior risco de fratura do elemento dentário. Somado a isso, a calcificação pulpar é o motivo mais comum de perfuração radicular durante o tratamento endodôntico. Métodos: tendo em vista a importância do desenvolvimento de técnicas seguras e precisas para o tratamento endodôntico de canais parcial ou totalmente calcificados, serão apresentados dois relatos de casos clínicos conduzidos segundo uma estratégia terapêutica recentemente descrita na literatura endodôntica. Resultados: o Endoguide tornou mais segura e eficaz a realização do tratamento endodôntico nos dois casos relatados. Conclusão: o guia endodôntico auxiliou na localização do canal radicular calcificado e ajudou a evitar iatrogenias durante sua localização (AU).

Introduction: Endodontic treatment in teeth with calcified root canals is extremely challenging. During the procedure of locating the root canal, an excessive amount of residual dentin can be removed, which may lead to a greater risk of tooth fracture. In addition, pulp calcification is the most common reason for root perforation during endodontic treatment. Methods: Considering the importance of developing safe and efficient techniques for endodontic treatment of partially or completely calcified root canals, these two clinical cases were conducted in accordance with the therapeutic strategy recently described in the endodontic literature. Results: Endoguide made endodontic treatment safer and more effective in the two reported cases Conclusion: The endodontic guide used in the present cases have helped to locate the calcified root canal and to prevent iatrogenies during location (AU).

Evaluation of Incidental Findings on Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: To assess the prevalence of incidental findings in relation to the side of a patient's face, location, and age group on cone beam computed tomography. Material and Methods: 175 CBCT examinations were performed on patients aged between 12 and 77 years, consisting of recordings of the anatomical location and findings following each examination. For standardization of tomographic evaluations, acquired images were analyzed by two previously trained expert radiologists. After positional adjustment of the multi-dimensional images on the monitor screen, examination of each scan was conducted simultaneously on the coronal, axial, and sagittal planes. Fisher's exact tests and Chi-square tests were used to compare the frequencies of incidental findings using a significance level of 0.05. Results: The most frequent incidental finding was maxillary sinus mucosal thickening, which occurred on the right and left side in 46.3% and 46.9% of the patients, respectively. The second most frequent incidental finding was flattening of the mandibular condyle, occurring on the right and left side in 29.7% and 24% of the patients, respectively. No significant difference was observed among the individual age groups. The number of incidental findings per patient varied from 0 to 5 on the right side and left side and from 0 to 12 in total. The Kendall correlation coefficient for the number of incidental findings between the sides was 0.25 (p<0.0001), indicating a weak but significant and positive association between the sides in relation to the number of incidental findings. The mean total number of incidental findings was 4.07. Conclusion: The prevalence of the individual incidental findings and the total number of findings were not statistically different. However, some alterations were more likely to be observed bilaterally.

Evaluation of Alveolar Bone on Dental Implant Treatment using Cone Beam Computed Tomography

Objective: To observe the outcomes of dental implant treatment based on the evaluation of bone conditions using Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT). Material and Methods: A total of 31 dental implants were collected for the present study. Subsequently, mesial and distal bone losses were examined, while buccal and lingual bone thickness were measured at 7 levels. Evaluation and interpretation of CBCT results was performed by 3 independent examiners. Results: The average of mesial bone loss was 1.08 mm and 1.36 mm on distal bone. Every dental implant had lingual/palatal bone on level 1 to 3, only 1 (6.5%) didn't have bone on level 4, 3 implants (9.7%) had no bone at level 5 and 6, and 22 implants (74.2%) had no bone at level 7/implant platform. There were 8 implants (25.8%) didn't have buccal bone at level 7, only 1 implant (3.2%) didn't have buccal bone at level 2,4,5 and 6, and there were 2 implants (6.5%) had no buccal bone on level 3. Dehiscence / fenestration can be seen on 90% of the implant subjects. Conclusion: These bone loss condition could be consequence of several factors such as infection, diagnosis, treatment plan, and operator's surgery skills. The implants that placed without CBCT could lead to operator miscalculation on bone condition, therefore in moderate to advanced cases, the use of CBCT should be mandatory for treatment plan.

Midpalatal suture maturation assessment by individuals with different levels of academic degree using cone beam computed tomography

Objective: Our aim wasto analyze the reliability of midpalatal suture maturationassessment in females in the final growth period using cone-beam computedtomography (CBCT) by an undergraduate student in two time periods (intra-examiner) and compared to an orthodontist (inter-examiner). Methods: Fortypretreatment CBCT images of 14 to 19-year-old females were selected. Imageswere oriented in the InVivo Dental 5.1 software. Axial slices were selected either bya researcher (preselected slices ­ suture-PS) or by the examiners (free scanningand slice selection ­ suture-FS) and each image was classified according to itsmidpalatal suture maturation stage. The examiners analyzed all imagesindividually and twice, with a two-week interval between sessions. The weightedkappa coefficient according to Landis and Kock was used to assess intra- andinter-examiner agreement. Results: The Kappa intra-examiner of theundergraduate student was 0.824 for suture-PS and 0.692 for suture-FS, and theorthodontist was 0.919 and 0.695, respectively. Inter-observer agreement washigher for suture-PS (>0.479) than for suture-FS (>0.300). Conclusion: The intra-observer kappa coefficient was very good for the undergraduate student, similarto the orthodontist. However, inter-examiner agreement was not good, indicatinga need for development in the method training.

Objetivo: Avaliar a confiabilidade da classificação dos estágios de fusão da suturapalatina mediana em adolescentes do sexo feminino através de tomografiacomputadorizada cone beam (TCCB) por aluno da graduação em dois tempos(intraexaminador) e comparado a um ortodontista (interexaminador). Métodos:Foram selecionadas tomografias de 40 meninas na faixa etária de 14 a 19 anos feitaspreviamente ao tratamento ortodôntico. No software InVivo Dental 5.1 as imagens dacabeça foram orientadas de forma padronizada. Os cortes axiais desejados foramselecionados por um pesquisador ou por cada examinador e cada imagemresultante foi classificada quanto ao estágio de fusão da sutura palatina mediana.Os operadores realizaram todas as classificações duas vezes com intervalo de duassemanas entre as sessões, cada um individualmente. O coeficiente kappa ponderadode acordo com Landis e Kock foi utilizado para avaliar a concordânciaintraexaminador e interexaminador. Resultados: O kappa intraexaminador doaluno da graduação foi de 0,824 pra cortes pré-selecionados e 0,692 para osorientados por ele mesmo, e do ortodontista foi de 0,919 e 0,695, respectivamente.O coeficente kappa entre eles foi 0,479 e 0,300. Conclusão: Apesar do aluno degraduação ser mais inexperiente, sua concordância intraexaminador foi muitoboa, semelhante à do ortodontista. No entanto, a concordância entre eles não foiboa, demonstrando necessidade de aprimoramento no treinamento do método.