Investigation of the effect of indirect pulp capping materials on dentin mineral density

Aim: To evaluate the potential of inducing mineral density changes of indirect pulp capping materials applied to demineralized dentin. Methods: A total of 50 cavities were prepared, 5 in each tooth, in extracted ten molars without caries, impacted or semi-embedded. The cavities were scanned by microcomputed tomography (µ-CT) after creating artificial caries by microcosm method (pre-treatment). Each cavity was subjected to one of 5 different experimental conditions: control (dental wax), conventional glass ionomer cement (Fuji IX GP Extra), resin-modified calcium silicate (TheraCal LC), resin-modified calcium hydroxide (Ultra-Blend Plus), MTA (MM-MTA) and the samples were kept under intrapulpal pressure using simulated body fluid for 45 days. Then, the second µ-CT scan was performed (post-treatment), and the change in dentin mineral density was calculated. Afterward, elemental mapping was performed on the dentinal surfaces adjacent to the pulp capping agents of 5 randomly selected samples using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) apparatus attached to a scanning electron microscope (SEM). The Ca/P ratio by weight was calculated. Friedman test and Wilcoxon Signed Ranks test were used to analyze the data. Results: There was a significant increase in mineral density values of demineralized dentin after treatment for all material groups (p<0.05). Resin-modified calcium silicate had similar efficacy to MTA and conventional glass ionomer cement, but was superior to resin-modified calcium hydroxide in increasing the mineral density values of demineralized dentin. Conclusions: Demineralized dentin tissue that is still repairable can be effectively preserved using materials with remineralization capability

Caracterização mecânica, termodinâmica e química de fios CuNiTi ­ um estudo comparativo clínico e laboratorial / Mechanical, thermodynamic and chemical characterization of CuNiTi wires ­ a clinical and laboratory comparative study

Introdução: Os fios Copper Ni-Ti (CuNiTi) possuem indicações de uso clínico específicas, permanecendo no ambiente bucal por um longo período. Por esse motivo suas características mecânicas, termodinâmicas e estruturais devem ser preservadas durante todo o período de uso. Objetivos: Investigar se ocorrem alterações no comportamento mecânico, termodinâmico, estrutura e composição química superficial em fios CuNiTi 35°C submetidos ao envelhecimento in vivo (uso clínico) e in vitro (termociclagem), evidenciando as possíveis diferenças entre os métodos de envelhecimento. Material e Métodos: A amostra total foi constituída de 30 arcos pré-contornados 0.016", termodinâmicos com adição de cobre, e temperatura austenítica final (Af) de 35°C, da marca Ormco®. As análises destes fios resultaram em dois capítulos. Para o experimento clínico, 10 unidades de fios foram instaladas em 05 pacientes e permaneceram em meio bucal durante 30, 60 e 90 dias, e 05 fios foram analisados como recebidos (CR). A cada período, um hemiarco completo mais 1/3 (um terço) do hemiarco inferior direito foi retirado para análises. Para o experimento in vitro os 15 fios restantes foram submetidos à termociclagem para simulação do envelhecimento em ambiente oral durante 30 (600 ciclos), 60 (1200 ciclos) e 90 dias (1800 ciclos) com variação de temperatura entre 5°C e 55°C, com banhos de 90 segundos em cada temperatura, e transição de 15 segundos entre os banhos. Após cada período de envelhecimento in vivo e in vitro, os fios foram submetidos a um teste de padronização das suas dimensões através da medição dos diâmetros com paquímetro, Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV), Espectrometria por Raios X Fluorescentes (FRX), ensaios de tração uniaxial e ensaio de Varredura Diferencial de Calorimetria (DSC). Resultados: No capítulo 1 a comparação entre os fios CR e os envelhecidos revelou que não houve diferença significativa entre os diâmetros das amostras, das forças obtidas ou mesmo das temperaturas Af, independentemente do tempo de permanência em boca. Foram encontrados predominantemente Ni, Ti, Cu e Al nas amostras, além de outros elementos químicos em concentrações variadas. No capítulo 2 não houve diferença significativa entre os diâmetros das amostras, das forças obtidas ou mesmo das temperaturas Af entre as amostras, independentemente do tempo ou do método de envelhecimento. Conclusão: As análises laboratoriais dos fios envelhecidos in vivo e in vitro foram comparadas, evidenciando que as características mecânicas, termodinâmicas e químicas dos fios permanecem estáveis mesmo até 90 dias de uso clínico ou 1800 ciclos de termociclagem. O método de envelhecimento in vitro se mostra uma alternativa viável para a análise destes parâmetros, em substituição aos métodos in vivo (AU).

Introduction: Copper Ni-Ti wires (CuNiTi) have specific indications for clinical use, remaining in the oral environment for a long period. For this reason, their mechanical, thermodynamic and structural characteristics must be preserved throughout the period of use of these materials. Objectives: To investigate whether there are changes in the mechanical, thermodynamic, structure and surface chemical composition of CuNiTi 35°C wires subjected to in vivo aging (clinical use) and in vitro (thermocycling), highlighting the possible differences between the aging methods. Material and Methods: The total sample was obtained from 30 pre-contoured Ormco® 0.016 thermodynamic archwires with copper addition and austenitic final temperature (Af) of 35°C. The analysis of these archwires resulted in two articles. For the clinical experiment, 10 units of wires were installed in 05 patients and remained in the oral environment for 30, 60 and 90 days, and 05 wires were analyzed as received. At each period, a complete hemiarch plus 1/3 of the right lower hemiarch was removed for analysis. For the in vitro experiment, the 15 remaining wires underwent thermocycling to simulate the aging of the oral environment for 30 (600 cycles), 60 (1200 cycles) and 90 days (1800 cycles) with a temperature range between 5°C and 55°C, with 90 second baths at each temperature, and 15 second transition between baths. After each in vivo and in vitro aging period, the wires underwent to a standardization test of their dimensions, by defining the diameters with a caliper, Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), Fluorescent X-Ray Spectrometry (FRX), tests of Uniaxial traction and Differential Scanning Calorimetry (DSC) test. Results: In chapter 1, the comparison between CR and aged wires revealed that there was no significant difference between the sample diameters, the forces obtained or even the temperatures Af, regardless the time spent in the mouth. Predominantly Ni, Ti, Cu and Al were found in the samples, in addition to other chemical elements in different concentrations. In chapter 2 there was no significant difference between the diameters of the samples, the forces obtained or even the temperatures Af between the samples, regardless of time or aging method. Conclusion: The comparison of the laboratoral analyzes of the archwires aged in vivo and in vitro showed that the mechanical, thermodynamic and the surface chemical characteristics were stable, even up to 90 days of clinical use or 1800 thermocycling cycles. The in vitro aging method is a viable alternative for the analysis of these parameters, replacing the in vivo methods (AU).

Effect of the polishing procedure and surface sealant application on fluoride release / Efeito do procedimento de polimento e aplicação superficial de selante na liberação de flúor

Objectives: This study aimed to assess the effect of the polishing procedure and surface sealant application on the fluoride release of restorative materials. Material and Methods: The groups were consisted of using five different restorative materials were employed: Beautifil II, GCP Glass Fill, Amalgomer CR, Zirconomer and Fuji IX GP. 30 disk-shaped specimens (8x2 mm) were prepared from each material. Each group was subdivided into three groups considering finishing procedures: Mylar strip, polishing with Super-Snap discs, G-Coat Plus application after polishing with Super-Snap discs. The amount of fluoride released into distilled water was measured using a fluoride ion-selective electrode and ion analyzer after 24 hours, followed by measurement on days 3, 7, 15, 21, and 28. Surface analysis of the materials was performed with SEM (Scanning Electron Microscopy) and EDS (Energy Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy). The data were statistically analyzed using two-way repeated measure ANOVA and LSD test (p=0.05). Results: The highest amount of fluoride released was measured after the first 24 h for all materials. Beautifil II released less fluoride than other materials in all measurement periods (p<0.05). After polishing, the amount of fluoride released from all materials except Beautifil II increased (p<0.05). The application of G-Coat Plus did not impact the amount of fluoride release of any materials (p>0.05). EDS analysis showed the most percentage of oxygen in all materials. Conclusion: The polishing procedure might induce an increase in fluoride release of glass ionomer-based materials, and the application of G-Coat Plus cannot affect the amount of fluoride release. (AU)

Objetivos: Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar o efeito do procedimento de polimento e aplicação de selante superficial na liberação de flúor de materiais restauradores. Material e Métodos: Os grupos consistiram na utilização de cinco materiais restauradores diferentes: Beautifil II, GCP Glass Fill, Amalgomer CR, Zirconomer e Fuji IX GP. Trinta espécimes em forma de disco (8x2 mm) foram preparados a partir de cada material. Cada grupo foi subdividido em três grupos considerando os procedimentos de acabamento: tira Mylar, polimento com discos Super-Snap, aplicação de G-Coat Plus após polimento com discos Super-Snap. A quantidade de flúor liberada na água destilada foi medida usando um eletrodo íon-seletivo de fluoreto e analisador de íons após 24 horas, seguido pela medição nos dias 3, 7, 15, 21 e 28. A análise da superfície dos materiais foi realizada com MEV (Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura) e EDS (Espectroscopia de Energia Dispersiva de Raios-X). Os dados foram analisados estatisticamente usando ANOVA de dois fatores com medidas repetidas e teste LSD (p = 0,05). Resultados: A maior quantidade de flúor liberado foi medida após as primeiras 24 horas para todos os materiais. O Beautifil II liberou menos flúor do que outros materiais em todos os períodos avaliados (p <0,05). Após o polimento, a quantidade de flúor liberada de todos os materiais, exceto Beautifil II, aumentou (p <0,05). A aplicação de G-Coat Plus não afetou a quantidade de liberação de flúor de nenhum material (p> 0,05). A análise por EDS revelou a maior porcentagem de oxigênio em todos os materiais. Conclusão: O procedimento de polimento pode induzir um aumento na liberação de flúor de materiais à base de ionômero de vidro, e a aplicação de G-Coat Plus não pode afetar a quantidade de liberação de flúor (AU)

Análise estrutural comparativa de dentina humana em pacientes com câncer de cabeça e pescoço submetidos à radioterapia / Comparative structural analysis of human dentin in head and neck cancer patients undergoing radiotherapy

O câncer de cabeça e pescoço está entre as neoplasias mais prevalentes, sendo seu tratamento realizado por cirurgia, radioterapia, quimioterapia ou uma combinação destes, dependente de fatores como tipo e localização. O método radioterápico destaca-se por ser um método menos invasivo, com possibilidade de regressão da doença e prevenção de possíveis reincidências. Porém, mudanças estruturais e morfológicas podem acontecer nos tecidos duros dentários ao serem irradiados durante o tratamento. Assim, o objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar "in vivo" a influência da radioterapia para tratamento do câncer de cabeça e pescoço sobre a estrutura da dentina humana. Foram utilizados dentes extraídos por motivos periodontais e/ou sujeitos a gerar processos infecciosos graves em caráter de urgência, tanto de pacientes que realizaram radioterapia devido ao diagnóstico de câncer de cabeça e pescoço, como de pacientes saudáveis, aos quais foram separados em dois grupos: Controle (n=12 dentes - dentina de pacientes saudáveis); Irradiado (n=12 dentes - dentina de pacientes irradiados). Os dentes foram seccionados ao meio, obtendo-se duas metades (n=24) para cada grupo. Ambos os grupos (n=24) foram analisados por técnicas não destrutivas: análises de Microdureza de Superfície (MDS), Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e Espectroscopia por Energia Dispersiva de Raios X (EDS); e os dados obtidos através de EDS foram correlacionados, realizando sua validação matemática, com análise de Fluorescência de Raios X. A análise de MDS não encontrou diferenças significativas; a análise por MEV encontrou diferenças visuais significativas entre as imagens obtidas; a análise por EDS encontrou diferenças significativas nas comparações entre Cálcio e Fósforo (p=0,000 e p=0,037, respectivamente), evidenciando redução de Ca e aumento de P no grupo que sofreu radiação. A correlação matemática foi validada, com padrões satisfatórios de aceitabilidade da precisão e da exatidão na técnica utilizada.

Head and neck cancer is among the most prevalent cancers, and its treatment is performed by surgery, radiotherapy, chemotherapy or a combination of these, depending on factors such as type and location. The radiotherapy method stands out for being a less invasive method, with the possibility of disease regression and prevention of possible recurrences. However, structural and morphological changes may occur in dental hard tissues when irradiated during treatment. Thus, the aim of this study will be to evaluate "in vivo" the influence of radiotherapy to treat head and neck cancer on the structure of human dentin. Teeth extracted for periodontal reasons and/or subject to urgent serious infectious processes will be used, both from patients who underwent radiotherapy for the diagnosis of head and neck cancer and from healthy patients, who will be separated into two groups: Control (n = 12 teeth - dentin of healthy patients); Irradiated (n = 12 teeth - dentin from irradiated patients). The teeth were sectioned in half, obtaining two halves (n = 24) for each group. Both groups (n = 24) were arranged by non-destructive techniques: Surface Microhardness (MDS), Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (EDS) analysis; and the data obtained through EDS were correlated, performing its mathematical validation, with X-Ray Fluorescence analysis. MDS analysis did not find differences; SEM analysis found relevant visual differences between the customized images; EDS analysis found differences in the comparisons between Calcium and Phosphorus (p = 0.000 and p = 0.037, respectively), showing a reduction in Ca and an increase in P in the group that underwent radiation. Mathematical correlation was validated, with acceptability standards of precision and accuracy in the technique used satisfactory.

Síntese e caracterização de ciclotrifosfato de sódio contendo cálcio e seu efeito na prevenção da erosão do esmalte in vitro / Synthesis and characterization of calcium-containing sodium cyclotriphosphate and its effect on preventing enamel erosion in vitro

O objetivo do presente estudo foi sintetizar e caracterizar ciclotrifosfato de sódio (NaTMP) contendo cálcio, e verificar seu efeito utilizando modelo de lesões iniciais de erosão do esmalte. Os ciclotrifosfatos contendo cálcio (CaNaTMP) foram sintetizados utilizando coluna para cromatografia e adição de sobrenadante de solução contendo hidróxido de cálcio e analisados por meio de microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de raios-X por dispersão de energia. Para determinar o efeito sobre lesões erosivas iniciais, blocos de esmalte bovino sadios (n=96) foram selecionados por dureza de superfície inicial e divididos em 8 grupos experimentais (12 blocos/grupo): controle (água deionizada), 0,24% NaF (1100 ppm F), 0,25%, 0,5% e 1% de NaTMP e CaNaTMP nas mesmas concentrações. Os blocos de esmalte foram imersos em 4 mL das soluções experimentais durante 2 minutos, seguidos por 4 desafios erosivos (ácido cítrico, 0,75%, pH 3,5, por 1 minuto, sob agitação). A porcentagem de perda da dureza de superfície (%SH) foi calculada após cada desafio ácido. Os dados foram submetidos à análise de variância de medidas repetidas a dois critérios, seguida pelo teste de Tukey (p< 0,05). O processo de síntese levou a substituição de átomos de Na por átomos de Ca e as partículas apresentaram tamanhos homogêneos. As soluções contendo 0,25%, 0,5% e 1% CaNaTMP apresentaram menor %SH quando comparadas as suas contrapartes sem cálcio (p< 0,001), após os quatro desafios erosivos. Quando comparado a solução contendo 1100 ppm F, as soluções 0,5% e 1% CaNaTMP promoveram redução na perda de dureza (p< 0,001). Concluiu-se que soluções contendo CaNaTMP promoveram efeitos protetores superiores em comparação ao grupo 1100 ppm F sobre lesões iniciais do esmalte(AU)

The objective of the present study was to synthesize and characterize sodium cyclotriphosphate (NaTMP) containing calcium and verify its effect using an initial enamel erosion model. Cyclotriphosphate containing calcium (CaNaTMP) was synthesized using column chromatography, and addition of a solution with calcio hydroxide supernatant and analyzed by scanning electron microscopy and energydispersive X-ray spectroscopy. To determine the effect on enamel initial erosion, sound bovine enamel blocks (n=96) were selected by initial surface hardness and divided into to 8 experimental groups (12 blocks/group): control (deionized water), 0.24% NaF (1100 ppm F), 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% NaTMP and CaNaTMP at the same concentrations. The enamel blocks were immersed in 4 mL of the experimental solutions for 2 minutes followed by 4 erosive challenges (citric acid, 0.75%, pH 3.5, for 1 minute, under stirring). The percentage of surface hardness variation (%SH) was calculated after each acid challenge. Data were subjected to two-way repeated measures analysis of variance, followed by Tukey's test (p< 0.05). The synthesis process led to the replacement atoms of Na by atoms of Ca with particles having, homogeneous sizes. The solutions containing 0.25%, 0.5% and 1% CaNaTMP promoted lower %SH when compared to their counterparts without calcium (p< 0.001), after the four erosive challenges. When compared to the solution containing 1100 ppm F, the 0.5% and 1% CaNaTMP solutions were superior in reducing hardness loss (p< 0.001). It was concluded that solutions containing CaNaTMP led to superior protective effects compared to the 1100 ppm F group on initial enamel erosion(AU)

Effect of antioxidant agents after dental bleaching on luting of ceramic laminates / Efeito de agentes antioxidantes pós-clareamento na cimentação de laminados cerâmicos

O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de agentes antioxidantes após o clareamento dentário e previamente à cimentação de laminados cerâmicos na estabilidade cromática do conjunto restaurador, assim como nas propriedades mecânicas de nanodureza (HIT), módulo de elasticidade (Eit*), grau de conversão, resistência de união e morfologia da interface adesiva. Ademais, a neutralização de peróxido de hidrogênio e a caracterização superficial do esmalte, como ângulo de contato, energia de superfície, energia livre total de interação, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva do substrato submetido à ação das soluções antioxidantes e do agente clareador também foram analisados. Duzentos e quarenta e dois blocos de esmalte dentário (7x8x0,6mm) foram utilizados para o processo de cimentação e distribuídos em grupos experimentais de acordo com os métodos de procedimentos (grupo não clareado, grupo clareado com Whiteness HP Maxx 35%), tipos de antioxidantes adotados (controle; ácido ascórbico 10% e α-tocoferol 10%) e períodos de cimentação (após 24 horas e 14 dias do processo de cimentação) (n = 22). Foi utilizado o sistema adesivo Tetric N Bond Universal e o cimento resinoso Variolink Esthetic LC (Ivoclar Vivadent) como agentes cimentantes. Os dados foram submetidos a testes estatísticos de normalidade e analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Os dados da morfologia da interface adesiva, obtidas pela microscopia confocal a laser, foram submetidas ao teste Kappa inter-examinadores e os dados foram submetidos aos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que, de modo geral, a utilização da solução antioxidante α-tocoferol 10% pós-clareamento no período mediato promoveu resultados satisfatórios com relação à estabilidade cromática do conjunto restaurador, assim como para as propriedades mecânicas, grau de conversão, resistência de união e morfologia da interface adesiva comparado ao grupo clareado sem associação dos agentes antioxidantes, tanto para o período mediato, quanto para o período de 14 dias (p< 0,05). A solução de αtocoferol 10% apresentou maiores valores de neutralização do peróxido de hidrogênio e maiores valores de molhabilidade do esmalte em relação aos grupos controle e ácido ascórbico (p< 0,05). A energia de superfície e energia livre total de interação do esmalte dentário foi significativamente influenciada pelo tratamento clareador (p< 0,05). Dessa forma, conclui-se que o emprego da solução antioxidante α-tocoferol 10% promoveu resultados promissores, sugerindo que o mesmo poderia ser utilizado mediatamente após o clareamento dental na cimentação de laminados cerâmicos(AU)

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of antioxidant agents application after tooth bleaching and prior to luting of ceramic veneers on color stability of the restorative set, as well as on mechanical properties of nanohardness (HIT), elastic modulus (Eit*), degree of conversion, bond strength and morphology of the adhesive interface. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide neutralization and surface characterization of enamel, such as contact angle, surface energy, total free energy of interaction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy of the substrate submitted to the action of antioxidant solutions and bleaching agent were also analyzed. Two hundred forty two dental enamel blocks (7 x 8 x 0.6 mm) were used for the luting process and distributed into experimental groups according to the procedure methods (unbleached group, bleached group with Whiteness HP Maxx 35%), types of antioxidants adopted (control; 10% ascorbic acid and 10% α-tocopherol) and the luting periods (24 hours and 14 days after the luting process) (n = 22). Tetric N Bond Universal adhesive system and Variolink Esthetic LC resin cement (Ivoclar Vivadent) were used as luting agents. Data were submitted to statistical tests of normality and analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The adhesive interface morphology data, obtained by confocal laser microscopy, were submitted to the interexaminer Kappa test and the data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn´s tests (α = 0.05). The results showed that, in general, the use of 10% α-tocopherol antioxidant solution after bleaching in mediate period promoted satisfactory results regarding the color stability of the restorative set, as well as for the mechanical properties, degree of conversion, shear bond strength and adhesive interface morphology compared to the bleached group without antioxidant agents association, both for the mediate and 14-day period (P < 0.05). The 10% αtocopherol solution showed higher hydrogen peroxide neutralization values and higher enamel wettability values compared to the control and ascorbic acid groups (P < 0.05). Surface energy and total free energy of interaction of tooth enamel were significantly influenced by the bleaching treatment (P < 0.05). Thus, it is concluded that the use of 10% αtocopherol antioxidant solution promoted promising results, suggesting that it could be used mediately after tooth bleaching on luting of ceramic laminates(AU)

Influência do tamoxifeno na remodelação óssea periimplantar / Influence of tamoxifen on periimplant bone remodeling

O propósito do presente estudo foi avaliar a remodelação óssea de implantes ósseointegrados instalados em tíbias de ratos modificados ou não sistemicamente pelo tamoxifeno. Foram utilizadas 72 ratas, os animais receberam ovariectomia bilateral, instalação dos implantes em tíbia bilateralmente e após 6 semanas,foram aleatoriamente distribuídas em dois grupos experimentais(n=36), Grupo SS: administração de solução salina e Grupo TAM: administração de citrato de tamoxifeno, via gavagem por todo o período experimenta. Doze animais de cada grupo foram eutanasiados aos 30, 60 e 90 dias após a administração da primeira dose das soluções, as tíbias direita e esquerda foram coletadas, e aleatóriamente processadas com desmineralização para as análises histológicas, imunoistoquímicas e para a análise de porcentagem de tecido ósseo neoformado(PTON) e sem desmineralização para análise do contato osso/implante(BIC) e para as análises de Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) e de Espectroscopia Dispersiva de Raio-x (EDS). Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística (p< 0,05) em programa computacional especializado. Com relação ao contato osso implante, o grupo TAM, apresentou maior BIC em todos os períodos experimentais quando comparado com o grupo SS. O grupo TAM apresentou também maior PTON em todos os períodos experimentais quando comparado com o grupo SS. A análise histológica dos tecidos periimplantares mostrou que o grupo TAM apresentou características histológicas que se mostraram similares ao grupo controle, no entanto, com maior quantidade de tecido ósseo peri-implantar e menor quantidade de tecido conjuntivo . Nos padrões de marcação imunoistoquímica, quando comparado ao grupo SS, o grupo TAM apresentou maior imunomarcação para RUNX-2 e OCN, menor marcação para TRAP e não houve diferenças quanto a marcação de BMP-2/4. Em respeito a análise EDS o grupo tamoxifeno apresentou maior Fração de Ca/P em área regenerada em relação ao grupo SS todos os períodos experimentais. Comparado ao grupo ss, o grupo tamoxifeno mostrou na análise MEV uma superfície óssea periimplantar com maior presença de fibras de colágeno a partir do período de 30 dias, sendo mais evidente no período de 90 dias, enquanto no grupo SS a quantidade de fibras é mantida em um perfil mais baixo e decrescente. Dentro dos limites do presente estudo, pode-se concluir que o Tamoxifeno exerceu uma influência positiva na remodelação óssea periimplantar em implantes osseointegrados(AU)

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the bone remodeling of osseointegrated implants installed in tibias of rats modified or not systemically modified by tamoxifen. Seventy-two female rats were used, the animals received bilateral ovariectomy, tibial implant placement bilaterally and after 6 weeks were randomly assigned to two experimental groups (n = 36). Group SS: received saline administration and Group TAM: received administration of tamoxifen citrate via gavage throughout the experimental period. Twelve animals from each group were euthanized at 30, 60 and 90 days after administration of the first dose of the solutions. The right and left tibias were collected, processed with demineralization for histológical, immunohistochemical and percentage analysis of neoformed bone tissue. (PTON) and without demineralization for bone / implant contact analysis (BIC) and for Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and Xray Dispersive Spectroscopy (EDS). The data obtained were submitted to statistical analysis (p < 0.05) in a specialized computer program. With regard to implant bone contact, the TAM group presented higher BIC in all experimental periods when compared to the SS group. The TAM group also presented higher PTON in all experimental periods when compared to the SS group. Histológical analysis of periimplant tissues showed that the TAM group presented histológical characteristics that were similar to the control group, however, with a larger amount of peri-implant bone tissue and a smaller amount of connective tissue. In the immunohistochemical staining patterns, when compared to the SS group, the TAM group presented higher immunostaining for RUNX-2 and OCN, lower TRAP labeling and no differences regarding BMP-2/4 labeling. Regarding the EDS analysis, the tamoxifen group presented higher Ca / P fraction in regenerated área in relation to the SS group all experimental periods. Compared to the ss group, the tamoxifen group showed in the SEM analysis a periimplant bone surface with greater presence of collagen fibers from 30 days, being more evident over 90 days, while in the SS group the amount of fibers is maintained. in a lower and decreasing profile. Within the limits of the present study, it can be concluded that Tamoxifen had a positive influence on periimplant bone remodeling in osseointegrated implants(AU)

Effects of in-office bleaching agent combined with different desensitizing agents on enamel

Abstract Objective: To analyze color change, microhardness and chemical composition of enamel bleached with in-office bleaching agent with different desensitizing application protocols. Materials and Methods: One hundred and seventeen polished anterior human enamel surfaces were obtained and randomly divided into nine groups (n = 13). After recording initial color, microhardness and chemical composition, the bleaching treatments were performed as G1: Signal Professional White Now POWDER&LIQUID FAST 38% Hydrogen peroxide(S); G2: S+Flor Opal/0.5% fluoride ion(F); G3: S+GC Tooth Mousse/Casein Phosphopeptide-Amorphous Calcium Phosphate (CPP-ACP) paste(TM); G4: S+UltraEZ/3% potassium nitrate&0.11% fluoride(U); G5: S+Signal Professional SENSITIVE PHASE 1/30% Nano-Hydroxyapatite (n-HAP) suspension(SP); G6: S-F mixture; G7: S-TM mixture; G8: S-U mixture; G9: S-SP mixture. Color, microhardness and chemical composition measurements were repeated after 1 and 14 days. The percentage of microhardness loss (PML) was calculated 1 and 14 days after bleaching. Data were analyzed with ANOVA, Welch ANOVA, Tukey and Dunnett T3 tests (p<0.05). Results: Color change was observed in all groups. The highest ΔE was observed at G7 after 1 day, and ΔE at G8 was the highest after 14 days (p<0.05). A decrease in microhardness was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after 1 day. The microhardness of all groups increased after 14 days in comparison with 1 day after bleaching (p>0.05). PML was observed in all groups except G6 and G7 after bleaching and none of the groups showed PML after 14 days. No significant changes were observed after bleaching at Ca and P levels and Ca/P ratios at 1 or 14 days after bleaching (p>0.05). F mass increased only in G2 and G6, 1 day after bleaching (p<0.05). Conclusions: The use of desensitizing agents containing fluoride, CPP-ACP, potassium nitrate or n-HAP after in-office bleaching or mixed in bleaching agent did not inhibit the bleaching effect. However, they all recovered microhardness of enamel 14 days after in-office bleaching.

Chemical and Microscopy Characterization of Trans-Endodontic Implants / Caracterización química y microscópica de implantes trans-endodónticos

Abstract Trans-endodontic implants are an artificial extension through root apex anchored in periradicular bone tissue. The aim is to improve the crown-root ratio and to provide stability to dental organ present. Zirconium oxide (ZrO2) is a material of great technological importance, having good natural color, high strength, high toughness, high chemical stability, does not suffer any corrosion, chemical and microbial resistance and excellent esthetic properties. Objective: The aim of this study was to evaluate chemical and microscopy of surface conditions of ZrO2 trans-endodontic implant. Materials and Methods: A blocks of ZrO2 were manufactured for produce trans-endodontic implants and divided in two groups: monoclinic and tetragonal phase. They were evaluated using Scanning Electroning Microscope (SEM), EnergyDispersive X-ray Spectroscopy (EDS), and Atomic Force Microscope (AFM) and Vickers Micro hardness. Results: The Monoclinic phase through AFM analysis showed roughness Ra = 0.320μm, whereas in the Tetragonal phase was 0.126μm, SEM/EDX indicated that the phases are not properly uniform and the addition of the Yttrium to favor the stabilization of the Tetragonal phase. The Vickers hardness analysis showed a value of 1500HV. Conclusion: The characterization of the surface of trans-endodontic zirconium oxide implants provides a guideline to know the surface characteristics of the material, since a greater roughness on the surface of the implant will favor the Osseo-integration capacity.

Resumen Los implantes trans-endodónticos son una extensión artificial a través del ápice radicular anclado en el tejido óseo periradicular. El objetivo es mejorar la relación corona-raíz y proporcionar estabilidad al órgano dental presente. El óxido de zirconio (ZrO2) es un material de gran importancia tecnológica, con buen color natural, alta resistencia, alta tenacidad, alta estabilidad química, no sufre corrosión, resistencia química y microbiana y excelentes propiedades estéticas. Objetivo: El objetivo de este estudio fue evaluar las condiciones superficiales de ZrO2 para su aplicación clínica a los implantes transendodónticos. Materiales y Métodos: se trituraron bloques de ZrO2 en implantes trans-endodónticos y se dividieron en: monoclínico y tetragonal. Luego se evaluaron mediante microscopía electrónica de barrido (SEM), espectroscopia de rayos X de energía dispersiva (EDS) y microscopio de fuerza atómica (AFM) y microdureza vickers. Resultados: La fase monoclínica a través del análisis AFM presenta Ra = 0.320 μm, mientras que en la fase Tetragonal es 0.126 μm, SEM / EDS muestra que las fases no son adecuadamente uniformes y la adición del Ytrio para favorecer la estabilización de la fase tetragonal. El análisis de microdureza mostro un valor de 1500HV. Conclusión: La caracterización de la superficie de los implantes trans-endodónticos de óxido de zirconio, brinda una pauta para conocer las características superficiales del material, ya que al haber una mayor rugosidad en la superficie del implante se verá favorecida la capacidad de oseointegración.

Simplified micrometric surface characterization of different implant surfaces available on the Brazilian market

Aim: This study characterized the implant surfaces available on the Brazilian market in terms of topography, chemical composition, and roughness. Methods: The following brands were selected according to their surfaces: Kopp (Ko), Signo Vinces (Sv), Neodent (Ne), Osseotite (Os) NanoTite (Nt), SIN (Si), Titanium Fix (Tf), conventional Straumann (Str), Active SLA (SLA). The morphological analysis and the alloy impurities and implant surface contaminants were analyzed by SEM-EDS. Surface roughness parameters and 3-D reconstructions were obtained by laser microscopy (20x). Two distinct areas were evaluated: i) the cervical portion (no surface treatment), and ii) the middle third (treated surface). Results: The characterization of the implant surfaces by SEM showed morphological differences between the thread geometries and surface morphology at 800x and 2000x magnification. The EDS elemental analysis showed a predominance of titanium (Ti) for all implants. The SLA surface showed only peaks of Ti while other implants brands showed traces of impurities and contaminants including Al, C, PR, F, Mg, Na, Ni, O, P, and SR. The implant surface roughness in the cervical portion did not exceed Ra 0.5­1.0 µm, constituting a minimally rough surface and obtaining acceptable standards for this region. Only Nt, Str, and SLA presented Ra above 2 µm in the middle third area showing a rough surface favorable for osseointegration. Conclusion: This study concluded that there is no established standard for morphology, chemical composition and implant surface roughness that allows a safe comparison between the available dental implant surfaces. National implant brands generally contain more impurities and surface contaminants than their international counterparts and were consequently more sensitive to the surface treatment techniques

Effects of experimental bleaching agents on the mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels

Abstract High concentrations of hydrogen peroxide can cause adverse effects on composition and structure of teeth. However, the addition of calcium and fluoride in bleaching agents may reduce enamel demineralization. Objective: To evaluate chemical changes of sound and demineralized enamels submitted to high concentrations of hydrogen peroxide containing fluoride (F) or calcium (Ca). Material and Methods: Enamel blocks of bovine incisors with standard dimensions were obtained and half of them were submitted to pH-cycling to promote initial enamel caries lesions. Sound and demineralized enamel samples were divided into (n=10): (C) Control (no whitening treatment); (HP) 35% hydrogen peroxide; and two experimental groups: (HPF) 35% HP+0.2% F and (HPC) 35% HP+0.2% Ca. Experimental groups were submitted to two in-office bleaching sessions and agents were applied 3 times for 15 min to each session. The control group was kept in remineralizing solution at 37°C during the bleaching treatment. The surface mineral content of sound and demineralized enamels was determined through Fourier Transform Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), Energy dispersive Micro X-ray fluorescence spectroscopy (μ-EDXRF); and the subsurface, through cross-sectional microhardness (CSMH). In addition, polarized light microscopy (PLM) images of enamel subsurface were observed. Results: According to three-way (FT-Raman and μ-EDXRF analyses) or two-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) (CSMH) and Tukey test (α=5%), the calcium or fluoride added to high-concentrated bleaching agents increased phosphate and carbonate concentrations on sound and demineralized enamels (p<0.05). However, HPC and HPF were unable to completely reverse the subsurface mineral loss promoted by bleaching on sound and demineralized enamels. The calcium/ phosphate (Ca/P) ratio of sound enamel decreased after HP treatment (p<0.001). Conclusion: Even though experimental bleaching agents with Ca or F reduced mineral loss for both sound and demineralized enamel surfaces, these agents were unable to reverse the enamel subsurface demineralization.

Enhanced bioactive properties of BiodentineTM modified with bioactive glass nanoparticles

Abstract Objective To prepare nanocomposite cements based on the incorporation of bioactive glass nanoparticles (nBGs) into BiodentineTM (BD, Septodent, Saint-Maur-des-Fosses Cedex, France) and to assess their bioactive properties. Material and Methods nBGs were synthesised by the sol-gel method. BD nanocomposites (nBG/BD) were prepared with 1 and 2% nBGs by weight; unmodified BD and GC Fuji IX (GIC, GC Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) were used as references. The in vitro ability of the materials to induce apatite formation was assessed in SBF by X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflectance with Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with energy dispersive X-ray (EDX) analysis. BD and nBG/BD were also applied to dentine discs for seven days; the morphology and elemental composition of the dentine-cement interface were analysed using SEM-EDX. Results One and two percent nBG/BD composites accelerated apatite formation on the disc surface after short-term immersion in SBF. Apatite was detected on the nBG/BD nanocomposites after three days, compared with seven days for unmodified BD. No apatite formation was detected on the GIC surface. nBG/BD formed a wider interfacial area with dentine than BD, showing blockage of dentine tubules and Si incorporation, suggesting intratubular precipitation. Conclusions The incorporation of nBGs into BD improves its in vitro bioactivity, accelerating the formation of a crystalline apatite layer on its surface after immersion in SBF. Compared with unmodified BD, nBG/BD showed a wider interfacial area with greater Si incorporation and intratubular precipitation of deposits when immersed in SBF.

Molecular and morphological surface analysis: effect of filling pastes and cleaning agents on root dentin

Abstract The quality of the dentin root is the most important factor for restoration resin sealing and drives the outcome of endodontic treatment. Objective This study evaluated the effect of different filling pastes and cleaning agents on the root dentin of primary teeth using Fourier-transformed Raman spectroscopy (FT-Raman), micro energy-dispersive X-ray fluorescence (µ-EDXRF) and scanning electron microscopic (SEM) analysis. Material and Methods Eighty roots of primary teeth were endodontically prepared and distributed into 4 groups and filled according to the following filling pastes: Control-no filling (CP), Calen®+zinc oxide (CZ), Calcipex II® (CII), Vitapex® (V). After seven days, filling paste groups were distributed to 4 subgroups according to cleaning agents (n=5): Control-no cleaning (C), Ethanol (E), Tergenform® (T), 35% Phosphoric acid (PA). Then, the roots were sectioned and the dentin root sections were internally evaluated by FT-Raman, µ-EDXRF and SEM. Data was submitted to two-way ANOVA and Tukey tests (α=0.05). Results Regarding filling pastes, there was no significant difference in organic content. CP provided the lowest calcium values and, calcium/phosphoric ratio (Ca/P), and the highest phosphoric values. For cleaning agents there was no difference in organic content when compared to the C; however, T showed significantly higher calcium and Ca/P than PA. All groups showed similar results for phosphorus. The dentin smear layer was present after use of the cleaning agents, except PA. Conclusion The filling pastes changed the inorganic content, however they did not change the organic content. Cleaning agents did not alter the inorganic and organic content. PA cleaned and opened dentin tubules.

Análise qualitativa da estrutura química de quatro marcas comerciais de implantes dentários brasileiros: Estudo-piloto / Qualitative analysis of the chemical composition of four Brazilian dental implant manufacturers: a pilot study

Objetivo: avaliar qualitativamente a estrutura química de quatro marcas comerciais de implantes dentários brasileiros. Material e métodos: 12 amostras de diferentes lotes foram fixadas em resina acrílica usando um processo padronizado, e cortes sagitais foram realizados. As amostras foram analisadas em dois microscópios eletrônicos de varredura (FEI Quanta 400, TM 3030 Plus Tablestop Microscope Hitachi). Resultados: a maioria apresentou na sua porção interna (8 das 12) diferentes níveis de níquel, variando de uma marca para outra. Entretanto, este metal não foi detectado na superfície externa. A presença de níquel talvez seja atribuída às matérias-primas e metodologia de produção, desde a sua extração até a comercialização. Conclusão: dentro dos limites desta investigação, há necessidade de mais estudos qualitativos, em todo o processo de fabricação de todos os implantes comercializados, assim como estudos quantitativos com relação ao elemento níquel nos implantes dentários.

Objective: to perform a qualitative evaluation of the chemical structure of four commercial dental implant Brazilian brands. Material and methods: 12 samples of different batches were embedded in acrylic resin according to a standardized process, and sagittal sections were made accordingly. All the samples were analyzed under two SEM devices (FEI Quanta 400, TM 3030 Plus Tablestop Microscope Hitachi). Results: most samples (8 of 12) revealed at their internal portions different levels of Nickel, from one manufacturer to the other. However, this metal was not detected at the external implant portion. The presence of Nickel maybe can be attributed to the raw materials and production process, from extraction to commercialization. Conclusion: within the limits of this investigation, more qualitative studies are necessary throughout the fabrication process of all investigated implants in the market, as well as quantitative evaluations regarding the presence of Nickel on dental implants.

Anticariogenic potential and quantification of the enamel mineral elements around restorative materials / Potencial anticariogênico e quantificação dos elementos minerais do esmalte ao redor de materiais restauradores

Objective: The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the anticariogenic potential and quantification of the enamel mineral elements around restorative materials after pH-cycling, through the analysis of the microhardness of the enamel as well as the evaluation of Ca/P/F ratio by Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy analysis (EDS). Methods: Ninety blocks of bovine enamel after polishing were submitted to analysis of the microhardness and analysis of the composition in EDS, and sequentially randomly divided into six groups according to the treatment used (n=15): F IX (Fuji IX Extra - GC Corporation); IZ (Ion Z - FGM); F II (Fuji II LC GC Corporation); B II (Beautifil II - Shofu); F250 (Filtek Z250 XT - 3M ESPE); and C (Control - No treatment). The specimens were subjected to pH-cycling for 7 days. Subsequently, they were analyzed by EDS, and the final evaluations of the microhardness at standard distances from the treatment material. Results: The EDS findings revealed that there was a significant increase in Fluor concentration and decrease in Calcium in Group BII after pH-cycling. The values of the surface microhardness in F IX, IZ and F II were higher than those in B II, F250 and C at different distances of the materials. Conclusion: According to the methodology used, it can be concluded that restorative materials F IX, IZ and F II were able to partially inhibit enamel demineralization under a dynamic pH cycling model. The giomer B II system demonstrated an intermediate anticariogenic potential and incorporation of fluoride in the enamel with statistical difference between Z250 and C, which did not show difference between them. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o potencial anticariogênico e quantificação dos elementos minerais do esmalte ao redor de materiais restauradores após ciclagem de pH, através da análise da microdureza de superfície do esmalte e da avaliação do Ca/P/F por análise quantitativa em espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDS). Métodos: Noventa blocos de esmalte bovino após polimento foram submetidos a análise da microdureza superficial e análise da composição em EDS, e sequencialmente divididos aleatoriamente em seis grupos em função do tratamento empregado (n=15): F IX (Fuji IX Extra - GC Corporation); IZ (Ion Z - FGM); F II (Fuji II LC GC Corporation); B II (Beautifil II - Shofu); F250 (Filtek Z250 XT - 3M ESPE) e C (Controle - Sem tratamento). Os espécimes foram submetidos à ciclagem de pH por sete dias. Posteriormente, a análise em EDS e microdureza de superfície final foi realizada em distâncias padronizadas em relação ao material de tratamento. Resultados: A análise em EDS demonstrou que houve aumento significativo na concentração de flúor e diminuição do cálcio para o grupo B II após ciclagem de pH. Os valores da microdureza de superfície do esmalte em F IX, IZ e F II foram maiores que os de B II, F250 e C nas diferentes distâncias dos materiais. Conclusão: De acordo com a metodologia utilizada, pode-se concluir que os materiais restauradores F IX, IZ e F II, foram capazes de inibir parcialmente a desmineralização do esmalte submetido a um modelo dinâmico de ciclagem de pH. O sistema giomer B II demonstrou um potencial anticariogênico intermediário e incorporação de flúor no esmalte com diferença estatística entre Z250 e C, os quais não apresentaram diferença entre si. (AU)

Evaluation of sealing ability, color alteration and surface morphology of MTA and Portland cement associated with different radiopacifiers and liquids / Avaliação da capacidade seladora, alteração de cor e de componentes superficiais do MTA e cimento Portland associado à diferentes radiopacificadores e diferentes líquidos

This study aimed to analyze the influence of two different vehicles for MTA manipulation on color alteration, chemical characteristics, and radiopacity after immersion in blood or distilled water (DW). In addition, some physical-chemical properties, volumetric solubility and bioactivity of new brands of calcium silicate cements such as MTA Repair HP, MTA Vitalcem and MTA Flow were compared with MTA Angelus. MTA Angelus mixed with 100% Distilled Water (DW) or 80% DW/20% propylene glycol (PG) as vehicles were placed into rubber rings and incubated at 37°C and 100% relative humidity. Color assessment and scanning electron microscopy/energy-dispersive spectroscopy (SEM/EDX) analysis were performed after setting and repeated after 7, 15, and 30 days after immersion in blood and DW. The data were analyzed by using Kruskal-Wallis followed by the Dunn test. The association of 80% DW/20% PG used as vehicle presented significantly lower color alterations compared with 100% DW, when immersed in blood (p < 0.05). All samples surfaces displayed loss of bismuth after immersion in both media and consequently a decrease in radiopacity was observed with significant results after 30 days. This study showed that ratio of 80% DW/20% PG as a vehicle for MTA Angelus results in a lower color alteration when in contact with blood. The physical-chemical properties such as radiopacity, calcium release, the pH change, solubility, water sorption, porosity, surface morphology, and bioactivity of MTA Repair HP and MTA Vitalcem were compared with MTA Angelus. Water absorption, interconnected pores and apparent porosity were measured after 24h-immersion in DW at 37ºC. Calcium and pH were tested up to 28d in DW. Morphological and chemical analyses of the material surfaces were performed by using ESEM-EDX after 28d in HBSS. All the materials showed good bioactivity after 28d in HBSS. The data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA followed by the RM Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). MTA Repair HP and MTA Vitalcem had some positives properties, such as extended alkalinizing activity and calcium release that favored the bioactivity. However, MTA Vitalcem showed scant radiopacity, long setting time and high solubility. The radiopacifier Calcium Tungstate, present in MTA Repair HP can be used to replace the traditional Bismuth Oxide. In relation to the comparison between MTA Angelus and MTA Flow, it was analyzed the pH, volumetric change, radiopacity and bioactivity. In the volumetric change test, the root-end fillings of 20 acrylic teeth with both materials were scanned twice by a Micro- CT, before and after immersion in DW for 168 h. The morphological and bioactivity of the materials were performed by using SEM-EDX after 28d in HBSS. The data were analyzed by using two-way ANOVA followed by the RM Student-Newman-Keuls test (p<0.05). MTA Angelus showed statistically higher radiopacity values (p<0.05). the results pointed that the new cement MTA Flow showed good physical-chemical characteristics and bioactivity, showing values similar to those of MTA Angelus. (AU)

O objetivo do estudo foi analisar a influência de dois diferentes veículos utilizados na manipulação do MTA em relação a alteração de cor, características superficiais e radiopacidade, antes de depois do contato com sangue ou Água Destilada (AD). Adicionalmente, foram analisadas as propriedades físico-quimicas, solubilidade volumétrica e a bioatividade de novas marcas comerciais de cimentos de silicato de cálcio como MTA Repair HP, MTA Vitalcem e MTA Flow comparados com o MTA Angelus. Foram realizadas associações do MTA Angelus com 100% de Água Destilada (AD) e outra com 80% de AD e 20% de Propilenoglicol (PG) como veículos e, após isso, estas foram inseridas em anéis de borracha e encubadas a 37ºC e 100% de humidade. A análise de cor e realização do escaneamento da amostra em microscópio eletrônico de varredura (MEV) juntamente com a espectroscopia de energia dispersiva (EDX) foram realizadas após a presa e depois de 7, 15 e 30 dias após a imersão em sangue ovino e água destilada. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes não paramétricos de Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn. A associação com o veículo de 80% AD com 20% de PG apresentou alteração de cor significativamente menor quando comparada com o veículo de 100% de AD quando imersos em sangue (p < 0.05). Em todas as amostras a análise superficial comprovou a perda de partículas de bismuto durante a imersão nos diferentes líquidos e consequentemente a redução da radiopacidade apresentando resultados significativos após 30 dias. Esse estudo demonstrou que o uso do veículo 80% de AD com 20% de PG no MTA Angelus apresentou menor alterações de cor quando em contato com sangue. As propriedades físico químicas como radiopacidade, liberação de cálcio, pH, solubilidade, absorção de água, porosidade, análise das características superficiais e bioatividade dos cimentos MTA Repair HP e MTA Vitalcem foram comparadas com as do MTA Angelus. A absorção de água e a porosidade aparente foram analisadas 24h após a imersão dos espécimes em AD a 37ºC. A liberação e cácio e o pH foram anaisados após 28d de imersão em AD. As características superficiais e a Bioatividade foram analisadas em MEV/EDX após 28 dias de imersão em HBSS. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de two-way ANOVA seguido por RM Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0.05). Todos os materiais apresentaram boa bioatividade após 28 dias de imersão em HBSS. O MTA Repair HP e o MTA Vitalcem apresentaram boa atividade alcalinizante e liberação de ions cálcio favorecendo a bioatividade. Entretanto o MTA Vitalcem mostrou baixa radiopacidade, longo tempo de presa e alta solubilidade. O radiopacificador Tungstato de Cálcio, utilizado no MTA Repair HP pode ser usado como substituto do tradicional óxido de bismuto. Em relação a comparação entre o MTA Angelus e o MTA Flow, foram realizados as analises de pH, alteração volumétrica, radiopacidade e bioatividade. Em relação a alteração volumétrica, 20 retro-cavidades de dentes de acrílico preenchidas com os materiais foram escaneadas duas vezes em um aparelho de Micro-CT antes e após a imersão por 168h em AD. As características superficiais e a bioatividade foram realizadas por MEV/EDX depois de 28d de imersão em HBSS. Os dados foram submetidos aos testes de two-way ANOVA seguido por RM Student-Newman-Keuls (p<0.05). O MTA Angelus apresentou estatisticamente maior radiopacidade (p<0.05). Os resultados apontaram que o novo cimento MTA Flow apresentou boas características físico-quimicas e bioatividade similares ao MTA Angelus. (AU)

Alterações morfológicas e químicas do esmalte humano após o clareamento dental: avaliação in situ / Morphological and chemical changes of human enamel after tooth bleaching: in situ evaluation

Introdução: A alteração de cor dos dentes apresenta-se como um dos fatores que mais concorrem para o desequilíbrio do sorriso, sendo o clareamento dental amplamente difundido e solicitado pelos pacientes. Objetivo: Este estudo in situ teve como objetivo avaliar as mudanças morfológicas e químicas do esmalte quando submetido a três agentes clareadores à base de peróxido de hidrogênio ativados com fonte de luz híbrida e um agente placebo (gel sem peróxido de hidrogênio), por meio do uso da espectrometria de energia dispersiva de raios-X (EDS). Metodologia: Fragmentos de terceiros molares humanos foram divididos em quatro grupos (n=12), para a realização de uma sessão de clareamento com cinco aplicações de oito minutos dos géis clareadores: Placebo (Plac); Lase Peroxide Flex 35% e 15% (DMC) (LPF35LH e LPF15LH); Gel experimental a 10% (DMC) (EXP10LHV), e foram fotocatalizados com luz híbrida: LED azul/laser de diodo (LH) (Whitening Lase II, DMC) ou LED violeta/laser de diodo (LHV) (luz experimental, DMC). Após o clareamento, os espécimes foram fixados a dispositivos intraorais usados pelos participantes durante 15 dias. A composição inorgânica e topografia da superfície de esmalte foram analisadas antes e após o clareamento, e depois de 3, 7 e 15 dias de exposição à saliva. Os valores elementares da composição foram analisados por ANOVA a um critério de medidas repetidas e teste de Tukey. Para a topografia os escores foram determinados por três examinadores previamente calibrados pelo teste Kappa e foi aplicado o teste estatístico de Friedman e Kruskal-Wallis, e as comparações individuais foram realizadas pelo teste de Dunn ( = 0,05). Resultados: De maneira geral, não houve alterações significativas na porcentagem elementar do esmalte nos diferentes períodos estudados. Ao analisar os dois principais elementos, o grupo LPF35HL obteve o menor valor de cálcio (Ca), possuindo diferença estatisticamente significante quando comparado com o grupo EXP10LHV, enquanto os valores de fosfato (P) permaneceram constantes. Morfologicamente somente o grupo EXP10LHV demostrou maior planificação da superfície quando comparado o período de 7 dias com 15 dias. Conclusão: Os diferentes protocolos clareadores empregados, demonstraram alterações pontuais na variação dos elementos químicos e na morfologia do esmalte dental ao longo do período de avaliação.(AU)

Introduction: The tooth color change is one of the factors that contributes most to the smile imbalance, and dental bleaching is widely diffused and requested by the patients. Objective: The aimed of this in situ study is to evaluate the morphological and chemical changes of the enamel when submitted to three activated hydrogen peroxide bleaching agents with hybrid light source and a placebo agent (gel without hydrogen peroxide), using energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS). Methodology: Fragments of human third molars were divided into four groups (n = 12) to perform a bleaching session with five eight minute applications of bleaching gels: Placebo (Plac); Lase Peroxide Flex 35% and 15% (DMC) (LPF35LH and LPF15LH); 10% experimental gel (DMC) (EXP10LHV), and photocatalyzed with hybrid light: blue LED / diode laser (LH) (Whitening Lase II, DMC) or violet LED / diode laser (LHV). After bleaching, the specimens were fixed to intraoral devices used by participants for 15 days. The inorganic composition and topography of the enamel surface were analyzed before and after bleaching, and after 3, 7 and 15 days of exposure to saliva. The elementary values of the composition were analyzed by one-way ANOVA at a repeated measures and Tukey's test. For the topography the scores were determined by three examiners previously calibrated by the Kappa test and the Friedman and Kruskal-Wallis statistical test were applied, and the individual comparisons were performed by the Dunn test ( = 0.05). Results: In general, there were no significant changes in the elemental percentage of enamel in the different periods studied. When analyzing the two main elements, the LPF35HL group had the lowest calcium (Ca) value, which had a statistically significant difference when compared to the EXP10LHV group, while the phosphate (P) values remained constant. Morphologically, only the EXP10LHV group showed greater surface planning when compared to the period of 7 days with 15 days. Conclusion: The different bleaching protocols employed showed specific alterations in the variation of the chemical elements and the morphology of the dental enamel during the evaluation period.(AU)

Characterisation and microleakage of a new hydrophilic fissure sealant - UltraSeal XT® hydro

ABSTRACT Objectives The aim of this study was to characterise the new hydrophilic fissure sealant, UltraSeal XT® hydro™ (Ultradent Products, USA), and to investigate its in vitro resistance to microleakage after placement on conventionally acid etched and sequentially lased and acid etched molars. Material and Methods The sealant was characterised by Fourier transform infra-red spectroscopy (FTIR), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), energy dispersive X-ray analysis (EDX), and Vickers indentation test. Occlusal surfaces of extracted human molars were either conventionally acid etched (n=10), or sequentially acid etched and laser irradiated (n=10). UltraSeal XT® hydro™ was applied to both groups of teeth which were then subjected to 2,500 thermocycles between 5 and 55°C prior to microleakage assessment by fuchsin dye penetration. Results UltraSeal XT® hydro™ is an acrylate-based sealant that achieved a degree of conversion of 50.6±2.2% and a Vickers microhardness of 24.2±1.5 under standard light curing (1,000 mWcm-2 for 20 s). Fluoride ion release is negligible within a 14-day period. SEM and EDX analyses indicated that the sealant comprises irregular submicron and nano-sized silicon-, barium-, and aluminium-bearing filler phases embedded in a ductile matrix. Laser preconditioning was found to significantly reduce microleakage (Mann-Whitney U test, p<0.001). The lased teeth presented enhanced surface roughness on a 50 to 100 μm scale that caused the segregation and concentration of the filler particles at the enamel-sealant interface. Conclusion Laser preconditioning significantly decreased microleakage and increased enamel surface roughness, which caused zoning of the filler particles at the enamel-sealant interface.

Evaluation of the remineralization capacity of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish by different quantitative methods

ABSTRACT Objective The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish for remineralizing white spot lesions (WSLs) with four different quantitative methods. Material and Methods Four windows (3x3 mm) were created on the enamel surfaces of bovine incisor teeth. A control window was covered with nail varnish, and WSLs were created on the other windows (after demineralization, first week and fourth week) in acidified gel system. The test material (MI Varnish) was applied on the demineralized areas, and the treated enamel samples were stored in artificial saliva. At the fourth week, the enamel surfaces were tested by surface microhardness (SMH), quantitative light-induced fluorescence-digital (QLF-D), energy-dispersive spectroscopy (EDS) and laser fluorescence (LF pen). The data were statistically analyzed (α=0.05). Results While the LF pen measurements showed significant differences at baseline, after demineralization, and after the one-week remineralization period (p<0.05), the difference between the 1- and 4-week was not significant (p>0.05). With regards to the SMH and QLF-D analyses, statistically significant differences were found among all the phases (p<0.05). After the 1- and 4-week treatment periods, the calcium (Ca) and phosphate (P) concentrations and Ca/P ratio were higher compared to those of the demineralization surfaces (p<0.05). Conclusion CPP-ACP containing fluoride varnish provides remineralization of WSLs after a single application and seems suitable for clinical use.

Avaliação in vitro de enxaguatórios experimentais com compostos bioativos na prevenção/remineralização de lesões de mancha branca ativa durante tratamento ortodôntico / In vitro evaluation rinses experiments with bioactive compounds in the remineralization of white spot lesions during orthodontic treatment

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar in vitro por meio da Fluorescência de Raios X por Dispersão de Energia (XRF) e Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV) o efeito remineralizante de enxaguatórios bucais com compostos bioativos, sendo nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita de cálcio (nanoHAp) associadas ou não a fluoreto, fluoreto de sódio e saliva no esmalte dental bovino. Foram utilizados 15 corpos de prova (CP) a partir de 15 incisivos bovinos que foram divididos aleatoriamente em 3 grupos, com 5 CP cada um. Após colagem dos braquetes, as amostras foram submetidas a um alto desafio de cárie com solução desmineralizante de cloreto de cálcio 2,2 mM, fosfato de sódio monohidratado 2,2 mM e ácido acético 0,05 M, com pH ajustado entre 4,4 e 5,2, permanecendo durante 48 horas em solução desmineralizante, em temperatura ambiente, simulando lesão de mancha branca ativa no esmalte dental bovino ao redor desses braquetes ortodônticos. Em seguida, cada grupo foi denominado conforme os respectivos tratamentos a serem utilizados. Grupo 1 (G1) solução de fluoreto de sódio (0,05%); Grupo 2 (G2) solução aquosa de nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita de cálcio (0,75%) e Grupo 3 (G3) solução aquosa de fluoreto de sódio (0,05%) associada a nanopartículas de hidroxiapatita de cálcio (0,75%). Foram obtidos os valores de XRF e imagens em MEV antes e depois da desmineralização e antes e depois do tratamento. Os dados obtidos foram submetidos à análise estatística pelo teste ANOVA para comparação entre as médias iniciais e finais de cada grupo e para comparação dos grupos de tratamentos distintos com nível de significância de 5% (p ≤ 0,05). Nas leituras por XRF, nenhum dos enxaguatórios testados foram eficientes na remineralização das lesões de mancha branca no período de 5 dias. E nas imagens de MEV, o grupo que recebeu tratamento com a solução de NanoHAp 0,75% (G2) apresentou deposição mineral uniforme na superfície de esmalte desmineralizado, vedando os prismas de esmalte.

The aim of the present study was to assess in vitro, through energy dispersive X-ray fluorescence (XRF) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM), the remineralizing effect of mouth rinses with bioactive compounds, which are calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles (nanoHAp) associated or not with fluoride, sodium fluoride and saliva in bovine dental enamel. Fifteen specimens from 15 bovine incisors were used and randomly distributed into three groups, with 5 specimens each. After bonding the brackets, the specimens were subjected to a high caries challenge with 2.2 mM calcium chloride, 2.2 mM sodium phosphatemonohydrate and 0.05 mM acetic acid demineralizing solution, pH adjustedbetween 4.4 to 5.2, kept in demineralizing solution for 48 hours, at room temperature, simulating active white spot lesion on bovine dental enamel around those orthodontic brackets. Then, each group was named according torespective treatments to be used: Group 1 (G1) ­ 0.05% sodium fluoride solution; Group 2 (G2) ­ aqueous solution of 0.75% calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles; and Group 3 (G3) ­ aqueous solution of 0.05% sodium fluoride associated with 0.75% calcium hydroxyapatite nanoparticles. The XRF values were obtained and the SEM images were taken before and after the demineralization, and before and after the treatment. Data were submitted to statistical analysis by ANOVA test to compare the initial and final means of each group and to compare the distinct treatment groups with a significance level at 5% (p ≤ 0,05). In the XRF readings, none of the tested mouth rises were efficient in the remineralization of white spot lesions in the period of 5 days. In the SEM images, the group treated with 0.75% NanoHAp solution (G2) showed uniform mineral deposition of the demineralized enamel surface, sealing theenamel prisms