Estrogen deficiency influences SEC23A gene expression in the odontogenic region of incisors ­ a murine model study / A deficiência de estrógeno influencia a expressão gênica de SEC23A na região odontogênica de incisivos ­ um estudo em modelo murino

Recent scientific evidence suggests a close relationship between estrogen deficiency and vitamin D- related genes. Estrogen and vitamin D were involved with alterations in odontogenesis and tooth eruption process. Objective: The aim of the present study was to evaluate the influence of estrogen deficiency on the expression of genes related to the activation and degradation of vitamin D in the odontogenic region of incisors in a murine model. Material and Methods: This is an experimental clinical study that used female Wistar Hannover rats. The animals were randomly divided into two groups according to the intervention received: Hypoestrogenism Group ­ animals submitted to estrogen deficiency by ovariectomy surgery and Control Group ­ animals submitted to sham surgery. Surgical intervention was performed in the prepubertal period; the animals were followed throughout the pubertal period. After euthanasia, the hemimandibles were removed to evaluate the mRNA expression of the vitamin D-related genes AMDHD1, CYP24A1, NADSYN1 and SEC23A in the odontogenic region of incisors through real time PCR. Student's t test was used to compare means. Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's posttest were also used. The level of significance was 5%. Results: SEC23A was overexpressed in the estrogen deficiency condition in the odontogenic region (p=0.021). Conclusion: Estrogen deficiency may influence the expression of the SEC23A gene involved in the activation and degradation of vitamin D in the odontogenic region of incisors in a murine model(AU)

Evidências científicas recentes sugerem uma estreita relação entre a deficiência de estrógeno e os genes relacionados à vitamina D. O estrógeno e a vitamina D estão envolvidos com alterações na odontogênese e no processo de erupção dentária. Objetivo: O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a influência da deficiência de estrógeno na expressão de genes relacionados à ativação e degradação da vitamina D na região odontogênica de incisivos em modelo murino. Material e Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo clínico experimental que utilizou ratas Wistar Hannover fêmeas. Os animais foram divididos aleatoriamente em dois grupos de acordo com a intervenção recebida: Grupo Hipoestrogenismo ­ animais submetidos à deficiência de estrógeno pela cirurgia de ovariectomia e Grupo Controle ­ animais submetidos à cirurgia simulada. A intervenção cirúrgica foi realizada no período pré-púbere; os animais foram acompanhados durante todo o período puberal. Após a eutanásia, as hemimandíbulas foram removidas para avaliar a expressão de mRNA dos genes AMDHD1, CYP24A1, NADSYN1 e SEC23A, relacionados à vitamina D, na região odontogênica de incisivos por meio de PCR em tempo real. O teste t de Student foi utilizado para comparar as médias. Também foram utilizados o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o pós-teste de Dunn. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: SEC23A foi superexpresso na condição de deficiência de estrógeno na região odontogênica (p=0,021). Conclusão: A deficiência de estrógeno pode influenciar a expressão do gene SEC23A envolvido na ativação e degradação da vitamina D na região odontogênica de incisivos em modelo murino (AU)

Estrogen deficiency influences TNF-α and IL-1ß gene expression in the odontogenic region of dental hypofunctional condition / A deficiência de estrógeno influencia a expressão gênica de TNF-α e IL-1ß na região odontogênica de dentes em hipofunção

Objetivo: Evidências científicas sugerem que a deficiência de estrógeno e fatores genéticos influenciam o desenvolvimento do sistema estomatognático. Este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a influência da deficiência de estrógeno na expressão gênica de TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 e IL-10 durante o desenvolvimento dentário em modelo murino. Material e Métodos: Ratas Wistar Hannover foram divididas em dois grupos de acordo com a intervenção recebida: Grupo Hipoestrogenismo - cirurgia de ovariectomia e Grupo Controle - cirurgia fictícia. Para avaliar o desenvolvimento dentário, o incisivo inferior foi escolhido. O modelo de hipofunção dos incisivos inferiores foi realizado por ajuste incisal. O incisivo homólogo exercia hiperfunção dentária. Os animais foram avaliados durante todo o período puberal. Após a eutanásia, as hemimandíbulas foram removidas para avaliar a expressão gênica do TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 e IL-10 na região odontogênica dos incisivos por meio de PCR em tempo real. Foi realizado o teste de Kruskal-Wallis e o pós-teste de Dunn. O nível de significância foi de 5%. Resultados: Houve diferenças estatisticamente significativas na expressão gênica de TNF-α e IL-1ß entre os grupos hipoestrogenismo e controle sob condição de hipofunção dentária (p=0,0084, p=0,0072, respectivamente). Conclusão: A deficiência de estrógeno influencia a expressão gênica de TNF-α e IL-1ß na região odontogênica de dentes hipofuncionais (AU)

Objective: Scientific evidence suggests that estrogen deficiency and genetic factors have an influence on the development of the stomatognathic system. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of estrogen deficiency on the gene expression of TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 during dental development in a murine model. Material and Methods: Wistar Hannover rats were divided into two groups according to the intervention received: Hypoestrogenism Group - ovariectomy surgery and Control Group - fictitious surgery. To evaluate the dental development, the lower incisor was chosen. The mandibular incisor hypofunction model was performed by incisal adjustment. The homologous incisor exerted a hyperfunction. The animals were evaluated throughout the pubertal period. After euthanasia, the hemimandibles were removed to evaluate the gene expression of the TNF-α, IL-1ß, IL-6 and IL-10 in the odontogenic region of the incisors through real time PCR. Kruskal-Wallis test and Dunn's posttest were performed. The level of significance was 5%. Results: There were statistically significant differences of TNF-α and IL-1ß gene expression between the hypoestrogenism and control groups under hypofunction condition (p=0.0084, p=0.0072, respectively). Conclusion: Estrogen deficiency influences TNF-α and IL-1ß gene expression in the odontogenic region of the hypofunctional teeth. (AU)

The effect of Maras powder and smoking on the microRNA deregulation of oral mucosa

Abstract Objective This study aimed to investigate the effects of Maras powder (a type of smokeless tobacco obtained from Nicotiana rustica Linn and mixed with the ashes of wood, especially from oak, walnut or grapevine) on the microRNA (miRNA) deregulation of oral mucosa, and it compares these effects with those of smoking. Methodology Oral mucosal samples were collected from 74 patients, consisting of 16 nonusers, 26 smokers, and 32 Maras powder users. Genes associated with oral cancer were selected and 90 microRNAs targeting these genes were identified. MicroRNA were isolated and purified using the microRNA isolation kit. MicroRNA were expressed using Fluidigm RT-PCR. Results A positive correlation between the duration of Maras powder use with miR-31 expression levels, and a negative correlation between the Maras powder chewing time and miR-372 expression levels was found. In addition, there is a negative correlation between the amount of Maras powder consumed and expression levels of miR-375, miR-378a, miR-145, and miR-10b; moreover, another negative correlation is observed between the number of cigarettes consumed and the expression levels of miR-23a, miR-23b, miR-203a, miR-200b, and miR-375. However, miR-200b and miR-92a levels were downregulated significantly more in Maras powder users when compared with smokers and nonusers (p<0.05). Conclusion The results show both chewing Maras powder and smoking have an effect on deregulation of miR-200b and miR-92a expressions. This leads to the belief that assessing the expression of these two miRNAs is a promising noninvasive method of analysis, especially in mutagen exposures. Finally, large-scale and high-throughput studies may help to identify an extensive miRNA expression profile associated with tobacco use and improve the understanding of oral malignancies.

Superexpressão de genes da via Wnt/b-catenina no carcinoma de células escamosas bucal / Overexpression of Wnt/ß-catenin pathway genes in oral squamous cell carcinoma

O presente trabalho tem como proposição avaliar a expressão de genes da via de sinalização Wnt no carcinoma de células escamosas bucal (CCE). Foram avaliados dois grupos: Grupo controle (GCO): 12 amostras de mucosa bucal com aspecto de normalidade. Grupo carcinoma (GCA): 30 amostras com diagnóstico histopatológico de CCE. As informações quanto ao hábito tabágico, consumo de etílicos, gradação e estágio da doença foram extraídas dos prontuários. A expressão dos genes WNT5A, APC, CTNNB1, CCND1, MYC foi avaliada por meio de RT-qPCR e, os resultados de expressão gênica foram correlacionados com os dados clinicopatológicos dos pacientes. Os dados foram analisados por meio do software GraphPad Prism 5.03. Utilizou-se o teste t de Student e os coeficientes de correlação de Pearson e de Sperman, com nível de significância de 5% para todos os testes. Houve superexpressão dos genes, WNT5A (fold increase=0,28; p=0,034), APC (fold increase=0,74; p=0,043), CTNNB1 (fold increase=0,36; p=0,493), CCND1 (fold increase=0,67; p= 0,049) e MYC (fold increase=0,99; p=0,001) no GCA, quando comparado ao GCO. Ainda, a expressão do gene MYC apresentou correlação inversamente proporcional com o consumo de cigarros por dia (-3,76; p=0,040) e carga tabágica (-3,73; p=0,043). Já a expressão do gene CTNNB1 apresentou correlação inversamente proporcional ao Teste de Fagerström (-0,405; p=0,026) e a gradação histopatológica (-0,419; p=0,021). A via de sinalização Wnt/ßcatenina mostrou-se envolvida na carcinogênese bucal das amostras estudadas, por meio da superexpressão dos genes WNT5A, APC, CCND1 e MYC. Interessantemente, o aumento da expressão de CTNNB1 correlacionou-se com menor carga tabágica da mesma forma que o MYC com menor número de cigarros diários e menor carga tabágica. Assim, sugere-se que o papel da via Wnt parece ser importante nos estágios iniciais da carcinogênese bucal e que a ativação ou superexpressão dos genes se dá de maneira independente ao hábito tabágico(AU)

This study aim was to investigate the Wnt signaling genes expression in oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC). Patients were divided into 2 groups: Control group (COG): 12 samples of oral mucosa with normal appearance. Carcinoma group (CAG): 30 samples of histopathological SCC diagnosis. Smoking habits, alcohol consumption, disease histopathological grade and clinical staging were accessed from medical records. The expression of the WNT5A, APC, CTNNB1, CCND1 and MYC genes was evaluated by RT-qPCR and the gene expression profile were correlated with the clinicopathological data of the patients. The groups were compared by the Student t-test, with p < 0.05 indicating a significant difference. The gene expression results were correlated with clinical data with Pearson's and Sperman's correlation coefficient. It was seen an overexpression of WNT5A (fold increase=0,28; p=0,034), APC (fold increase=0,74; p=0,043), CTNNB1 (fold increase=0,36; p=0,493), CCND1 (fold increase=0,67; p= 0,049) e MYC (fold increase=0,99; p=0,001) compared to COG. The Wnt / ß-catenin signaling pathway was shown to be involved in the oral carcinogenesis of the studied samples, through the overexpression of the WNT5A, APC, CCND1 and MYC genes. Interestingly, the increased expression of CTNNB1 was correlated to a lower load in the same way as MYC was correlated to a lower number of daily cigarettes and a lower smoking load. Thus, it is suggested that the role of the Wnt pathway appears to be important in the early stages of oral carcinogenesis and that the activation or overexpression of genes occurs independently of smoking(AU)

Preliminary findings on the possible role of B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS) on diabetes-related periodontitis

Abstract The possible role of B-cell growth and differentiation-related cytokines on the pathogenesis of diabetes-related periodontitis has not been addressed so far. The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of diabetes mellitus (DM) on the gene expression of proliferation-inducing ligand (APRIL) and B-lymphocyte stimulator (BLyS), two major cytokines associated to survival, differentiation and maturation of B cells in biopsies from gingival tissue with periodontitis. Gingival biopsies were obtained from subjects with periodontitis (n = 17), with periodontitis and DM (n = 19) as well as from periodontally and systemically healthy controls (n = 10). Gene expressions for APRIL, BLyS, RANKL, OPG, TRAP and DC-STAMP were evaluated using qPCR. The expressions APRIL, BLyS, RANKL, OPG, TRAP and DC-STAMP were all higher in both periodontitis groups when compared to the control group (p < 0.05). Furthermore, the expressions of BLyS, TRAP and RANKL were significantly higher in the subjects with periodontitis and DM when compared to those with periodontitis alone (p < 0.05). The mRNA levels of BLyS correlated positively with RANKL in the subjects with periodontitis and DM (p < 0.05). BLyS is overexpressed in periodontitis tissues of subjects with type 2 DM, suggesting a possible role of this cytokine on the pathogenesis DM-related periodontitis.

Perillyl alcohol has antibacterial effects and reduces ROS production in macrophages

Abstract Natural products have emerged as a rich source of bioactive compounds for adjunctive treatments of many infectious and inflammatory conditions, including periodontitis. Among the monoterpenes with significant biological properties, there is the perillyl alcohol (POH), which can be found in several essential oils and has shown immunomodulatory properties in recent studies, which may be interesting in the treatment of non-neoplastic inflammatory disorders. Objective To determine the antibacterial and immune modulatory activities of the POH. Methodology The minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) and the minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) of the POH for two significant Gram-negative periodontal pathogens were determined by macrodilution and subculture, respectively. Cell proliferation and cytotoxicity in RAW 264.7 macrophages were determined by Trypan Blue and mitochondrial enzymatic activity assay. The modulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) was analyzed by flow cytometry and expression of TNF and arginase-1 by real-time PCR. Results The POH was effective against P. gingivalis (ATCC 33277) and F. nucleatum (ATCC 25586) with MIC= MBC=1600 μM. No cytotoxicity up to 100 µM was observed on macrophages. The cell proliferation was inhibited from 48 hours at 100 μM (p<0.05) and 250 μM (p<0.01). The POH increased ROS production at both 10 μM and 100 μM (p<0.05) in unstimulated cells. The PMA-induced ROS production was not affected by POH, whereas 100 μM significantly reduced lipopolysaccharide-induced (LPS-induced) ROS. The expression of TNF was not affected by POH in unstimulated cells or in cells polarized to M1 phenotype, whereas both concentrations of POH reduced (p<0.05) the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages. Conclusion The POH has antibacterial activity against periodontal pathogens and reduced proliferation of murine macrophages without significant cytotoxicity at concentrations up to 100 μM. In addition, the POH reduced the LPS-induced ROS and the expression of arginase-1 in M2-polarized macrophages.

The role of Candida albicans in root caries biofilms: an RNA-seq analysis

Abstract Objective This study sought to analyze the gene expression of Candida albicans in sound root surface and root caries lesions, exploring its role in root caries pathogenesis. Methodology The differential gene expression of C. albicans and the specific genes related to cariogenic traits were studied in association with samples of biofilm collected from exposed sound root surface (SRS, n=10) and from biofilm and carious dentin of active root carious lesions (RC, n=9). The total microbial RNA was extracted, and the cDNA libraries were prepared and sequenced on the Illumina Hi-Seq2500. Unique reads were mapped to 163 oral microbial reference genomes including two chromosomes of C. albicans SC5314 (14,217 genes). The putative presence of C. albicans was estimated (sum of reads/total number of genes≥1) in each sample. Count data were normalized (using the DESeq method package) to analyze differential gene expression (using the DESeq2R package) applying the Benjamini-Hochberg correction (FDR<0.05). Results Two genes (CaO19.610, FDR=0.009; CaO19.2506, FDR=0.018) were up-regulated on SRS, and their functions are related to biofilm formation. Seven genes ( UTP20 , FDR=0.018; ITR1 , FDR=0.036; DHN6 , FDR=0.046; CaO19.7197 , FDR=0.046; CaO19.7838 , FDR=0.046; STT4 , FDR=0.046; GUT1 , FDR=0.046) were up-regulated on RC and their functions are related to metabolic activity, sugar transport, stress tolerance, invasion and pH regulation. The use of alternative carbon sources, including lactate, and the ability to form hypha may be a unique trait of C. albicans influencing biofilm virulence. Conclusions C. albicans is metabolically active in SRS and RC biofilm, with different roles in health and disease.

Effect of focal adhesion kinase inhibition on osteoblastic cells grown on titanium with different topographies

Abstract Objective The present study aimed to investigate the participation of focal adhesion kinases (FAK) in interactions between osteoblastic cells and titanium (Ti) surfaces with three different topographies, namely, untreated (US), microstructured (MS), and nanostructured (NS). Methodology Osteoblasts harvested from the calvarial bones of 3-day-old rats were cultured on US, MS and NS discs in the presence of PF-573228 (FAK inhibitor) to evaluate osteoblastic differentiation. After 24 h, we evaluated osteoblast morphology and vinculin expression, and on day 10, the following parameters: gene expression of osteoblastic markers and integrin signaling components, FAK protein expression and alkaline phosphatase (ALP) activity. A smooth surface, porosities at the microscale level, and nanocavities were observed in US, MS, and NS, respectively. Results FAK inhibition decreased the number of filopodia in cells grown on US and MS compared with that in NS. FAK inhibition decreased the gene expression of Alp, bone sialoprotein, osteocalcin, and ALP activity in cells grown on all evaluated surfaces. FAK inhibition did not affect the gene expression of Fak, integrin alpha 1 ( Itga1 ) and integrin beta 1 ( Itgb1 ) in cells grown on MS, increased the gene expression of Fak in cells grown on NS, and increased the gene expression of Itga1 and Itgb1 in cells grown on US and NS. Moreover, FAK protein expression decreased in cells cultured on US but increased in cells cultured on MS and NS after FAK inhibition; no difference in the expression of vinculin was observed among cells grown on all surfaces. Conclusions Our data demonstrate the relevance of FAK in the interactions between osteoblastic cells and Ti surfaces regardless of surface topography. Nanotopography positively regulated FAK expression and integrin signaling pathway components during osteoblast differentiation. In this context, the development of Ti surfaces with the ability to upregulate FAK activity could positively impact the process of implant osseointegration.

Gene expression profile of Scardovia spp. in the metatranscriptome of root caries

Abstract A few investigations of caries biofilms have identified Scardovia spp.; however, little is known about its involvement in caries pathogenesis. The purpose of this study was to assess the gene expression profile of Scardovia spp. in root caries, and compare it with other microorganisms. Clinical samples from active root caries lesions were collected. Microbial mRNA was isolated and cDNA sequenced. The function and composition of the Scardovia were investigated using two methods: a) de novo assembly of the read data and mapping to contigs, and b) reads mapping to reference genomes. Pearson correlation was performed (p < 0.05). Proportion of Scardovia inopinata and Scardovia wiggsiae sequences ranged from 0-6% in the root caries metatranscriptome. There was a positive correlation between the transcriptome of Lactobacillus spp. and Scardovia spp. (r = 0.70; p = 0.03), as well as with other Bifidobacteriaceae (r = 0.91; p = 0.0006). Genes that code for fructose 6-phosphate phosphoketolase (the key enzyme for "Bifid shunt"), as well as ABC transporters and glycosyl-hydrolases were highly expressed. In conclusion, "Bifid shunt" and starch metabolism are involved in carbohydrate metabolism of S. inopinata and S. wiggsiae in root caries. There is a positive correlation between the metabolism abundance of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacteriaceae members, and Scardovia in root caries.

Root canal contamination or exposure to lipopolysaccharide differentially modulate prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 signaling in apical periodontitis

Abstract Purpose To evaluate the kinetics of apical periodontitis development in vivo , induced either by contamination of the root canals by microorganisms from the oral cavity or by inoculation of bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and the regulation of major enzymes and receptors involved in the arachidonic acid metabolism. Methodology Apical periodontitis was induced in C57BL6 mice (n=96), by root canal exposure to oral cavity (n=48 teeth) or inoculation of LPS (10 µL of a suspension of 0.1 µg/µL) from E. coli into the root canals (n= 48 teeth). Healthy teeth were used as control (n=48 teeth). After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and tissues removed for histopathological and qRT-PCR analyses. Histological analysis data were analyzed using two-way ANOVA followed by Sidak's test, and qRT-PCR data using two-way ANOVA followed by Tukey's test (α=0.05). Results Contamination by microorganisms led to the development of apical periodontitis, characterized by the recruitment of inflammatory cells and bone tissue resorption, whereas inoculation of LPS induced inflammatory cells recruitment without bone resorption. Both stimuli induced mRNA expression for cyclooxygenase-2 and 5-lipoxygenase enzymes. Expression of prostaglandin E 2 and leukotriene B 4 cell surface receptors were more stimulated by LPS. Regarding nuclear peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors (PPAR), oral contamination induced the synthesis of mRNA for PPARδ, differently from inoculation of LPS, that induced PPARα and PPARγ expression. Conclusions Contamination of the root canals by microorganisms from oral cavity induced the development of apical periodontitis differently than by inoculation with LPS, characterized by less bone loss than the first model. Regardless of the model used, it was found a local increase in the synthesis of mRNA for the enzymes 5-lipoxygenase and cyclooxygenase-2 of the arachidonic acid metabolism, as well as in the surface and nuclear receptors for the lipid mediators prostaglandin E2 and leukotriene B4.

Effects of Bacillus subtilis on Candida albicans: biofilm formation, filamentation and gene expression / Efeitos de Bacillus subtilis sobre Candida albicans: formação de biofilme, filamentação e expressão gênica

Objective: The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of Bacillus subtilis on Candida albicans biofilm formation and filamentation by evaluating the gene expression of ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, EFG1 and TEC1. Material and Methods: Mixed (C. albicans / B.subtilis) and monotypic biofilms were cultured in plates at 37°C for 48 h under shaking for counting viable cells (CFU / mL) and analysis of gene expression by real-time PCR. The C. albicans filamentation assay was performed in medium containing 10% fetal bovine serum at 37°C for 6 hours. Data was analysed by t-Student and Mann­ Whitney tests. Results: B. subtilis reduced the biofilm formation of C. albicans in 1 log when cultured in the same environment (p<0.0001). In addition, it significantly reduced the yeast - hypha transition affecting the morphology of C. albicans. Among all of the analyzed genes, the ALS3 and HWP1 genes were the most affected, achieving 111.1- and 333.3- fold decreases in the C. albicans biofilms associated with B. subtilis, respectively. Conclusion: B. subtilis reduced the biofilm formation and filamentation of C. albicans by negatively regulating the ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, EFG1 and TEC1 genes that are essential for the production of biofilm and hyphae. (AU)

Objetivo: O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar o efeito de Bacillus subtilis sobre a formação de biofilme e filamentação de Candida albicans através da avaliação da expressão dos genes ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, EFG1 and TEC1. Material e métodos: Biofilmes monotípicos e mistos (C. albicans / B.subtilis) foram cultivados em placas a 37°C por 48 h sob agitação, para a contagem de células viáveis (UFC/mL) e para a análise da expressão gênica por PCR em tempo real. O ensaio de filamentação de C. albicans foi realizado em meio contendo 10% de soro fetal bovino a 37°C por 6 h. Os dados obtidos foram analisados por testes t-Student e Mann­Whitney. Resultados: B.subtilis reduziu em 1 log a formação de biofilme por C. albicans quando cultivados no mesmo ambiente (p<0.0001). Além disso, reduziu significantemente a transição de levedura para hifa, afetando assim, a morfologia de C. albicans. Em relação aos genes analisados, os genes ALS3 e HWP1 foram os mais regulados negativamente, com uma diminuição de 111,1 e 333,3 vezes, respectivamente, na sua expressão em biofilmes de C. albicans associados a B. subtilis. Conclusão: B. subtilis reduziu a filamentação e a formação de biofilme de C. albicans através da regulação negativa dos genes ALS3, HWP1, BCR1, EFG1 e TEC1, que são essenciais na produção de hifas e de biofilme. (AU)

Resposta imune periapical à medicação intracanal à base de hidróxido de cálcio e selênio / Periapical immune response to intracanal medication based on calcium hydroxide and selenium

O tratamento endodôntico tem como objetivo eliminar a contaminação microbiana dos sistemas de canais radiculares (SCR) por meio da instrumentação mecânica e irrigação química (PMQ). Quando não for possível a resolução em uma única sessão, o SCR deverá ser preenchido com uma medicação intracanal para evitar a recolonização microbiana tardia. O presente estudo teve como objetivo avaliar a ação do hidróxido de cálcio, mundialmente utilizado como medicação intracanal, associado ao selênio (H.C + Se), em dentes portadores de necrose pulpar. A amostra foi composta por 60 pacientes que possuiam dentes com indicação de tratamento endodôntico, divididos em grupos (n=15): sem medicação intracanal (Empty); que foram medicados com hidróxido de cálcio (H.C), Selênio (Se) e hidróxido de cálcio + selênio (H.C + Se). Após a abertura coronária, 3 cones de papel absorvente foram inseridos no terço inicial do conduto e mantidos por 2 min para avaliação microbiana. Após o PMQ, novos cones foram introduzidos nos SCR, ultrapassando-se 2mm do ápice radicular, e mantidos no tecido perirradicular por 2min para a coleta do fluido intersticial periapical. A coleta foi novamente realizada 15 dias após o PMQ. A expressão gênica do mRNA do fragmento 16S de procariontes, das citocinas INF-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-10, IL-6 e MCP-1 foram quantificadas por PCR em tempo real. O mRNA 16S foi avaliado antes do PMQ e 15 dias após, nos grupos sem medicação e com medicação intracanal. A redução significativa da carga microbiana foi observada apenas no grupo com medicação intracanal (p<0,05). Observou-se um aumento da expressão gênica das citocinas (T15) TNF-α e IL-10 no grupo H.C+Se em comparação aos demais grupos (p<0,05). A expressão de mRNA de IFN-γ reduziu nos grupos tratados com as medicações (H.C, Se, H.C + Se). Conclui-se que o uso de medicação intracanal é imprescindível para se evitar a recolonização do SCR. A inclusão do selênio na pasta de hidróxido de cálcio resultou na potencialização da expressão de citocinas que permitirão o reparo dos tecidos perirradiculares.

Endodontic treatment aims to eliminate the microbial contamination of the root canal system (RCS) and is achieved with the use of mechanical instrumentation and chemical irrigation. When resolution in a single session is not possible, the RCS should be filled with intracanal medication to avoid subsequent recolonization. The present study aimed to evaluate the effect of calcium hydroxide, wich is used globally as an intracanal medication, in combination with selenium (CH + Se) as an intracanal medication in teeth with pulp necrosis. The sample consisted of 60 patients requiring endodontic treatment who were divided into groups: without intracanal medication (empty) and with medication; calcium hydroxide (CH), selenium (Se) and calcium hydroxide + selenium (CH + Se) (n = 15). After the coronary opening, three absorbent paper cones were inserted in the initial third of the RCS and maintained for 2min for microbial evaluation. After the cleaning and shaping procedures, new cones were introduced into the RCS, extending 2 mm from the root apex and were kept in the periradicular tissue for 2 min' to collect the periapical fluid. The collection was also performed 15 days later. Real time PCR was used to quantify the expression of the prokaryotic 16S ribosomal RNA gene. Additionally, the cytokines IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-1α, IL-17A, IL-10, IL-6 and MCP-1 were also quantified by real-time PCR. The 16S mRNA was evaluated before the cleaning and shaping procedures and 15 days later in the groups treated with or without medication. A significant reduction in the microbial load was observed only in the intracanal group (p <0.05). There was an increase in the gene expression level of the cytokines (T15) TNF-α and IL-10 in the CH+ group compared to the other groups (p <0.05). The expression of IFN-γ mRNA was reduced in the groups treated with the medications (CH, Se, and CH + Se). The findings of the present study indicate that in the case of treatment over multiple sessions, the use of intracanal medication is essential to avoid the recolonization of the RCS. The inclusion of selenium with calcium hydroxide resulted in the potentiation of the anti-inflammatory phase of the periradicular tissues.

DNA hypermethylation of Fgf16 and Tbx22 associated with cleft palate during palatal fusion

Abstract Objective: Cleft palate (CP) is a congenital birth defect caused by the failure of palatal fusion. Little is known about the potential role of DNA methylation in the pathogenesis of CP. This study aimed to explore the potential role of DNA methylation in the mechanism of CP. Methodology: We established an all-trans retinoic acid (ATRA)-induced CP model in C57BL/6J mice and used methylation-dependent restriction enzymes (MethylRAD, FspEI) combined with high-throughput sequencing (HiSeq X Ten) to compare genome-wide DNA methylation profiles of embryonic mouse palatal tissues, between embryos from ATRA-treated vs. untreated mice, at embryonic gestation day 14.5 (E14.5) (n=3 per group). To confirm differentially methylated levels of susceptible genes, real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) was used to correlate expression of differentially methylated genes related to CP. Results: We identified 196 differentially methylated genes, including 17,298 differentially methylated CCGG sites between ATRA-treated vs. untreated embryonic mouse palatal tissues (P<0.05, log2FC>1). The CP-related genes Fgf16 (P=0.008, log2FC=1.13) and Tbx22 (P=0.011, log2FC=1.64,) were hypermethylated. Analysis of Fgf16 and Tbx22, using Gene Ontology (GO) and the Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG), identified 3 GO terms and 1 KEGG pathway functionally related to palatal fusion. The qPCR showed that changes in expression level negatively correlated with methylation levels. Conclusions: Taken together, these results suggest that hypermethylation of Fgf16 and Tbx22 is associated with decreased gene expression, which might be responsible for developmental failure of palatal fusion, eventually resulting in the formation of CP.

Stanozolol promotes osteogenic gene expression and apposition of bone mineral in vitro

Abstract Stanozolol (ST) is a synthetic androgen with high anabolic potential. Although it is known that androgens play a positive role in bone metabolism, ST action on bone cells has not been sufficiently tested to support its clinical use for bone augmentation procedures. Objective: This study aimed to assess the effects of ST on osteogenic activity and gene expression in SaOS-2 cells. Material and Methods: SaOS-2 deposition of mineralizing matrix in response to increasing doses of ST (0-1000 nM) was evaluated through Alizarin Red S and Calcein Green staining techniques at 6, 12 and 24 days. Gene expression of runt-related transcription factor 2 (RUNX2), vitamin D receptor (VDR), osteopontin (SPP1) and osteonectin (ON) was analyzed by RT-PCR. Results: ST significantly influenced SaOS-2 osteogenic activity: stainings showed the presence of rounded calcified nodules, which increased both in number and in size over time and depending on ST dose. RT-PCR highlighted ST modulation of genes related to osteogenic differentiation. Conclusions: This study provided encouraging results, showing ST promoted the osteogenic commitment of SaOS-2 cells. Further studies are required to validate these data in primary osteoblasts and to investigate ST molecular pathway of action.

Periapical bone response to bacterial lipopolysaccharide is shifted upon cyclooxygenase blockage

Abstract Objectives: Infection, inflammation and bone resorption are closely related events in apical periodontitis development. Therefore, we sought to investigate the role of cyclooxygenase (COX) in osteoclastogenesis and bone metabolism signaling in periapical bone tissue after bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS) inoculation into root canals. Methodology: Seventy two C57BL/6 mice had the root canals of the first molars inoculated with a solution containing LPS from E. coli (1.0 mg/mL) and received selective (celecoxib) or non-selective (indomethacin) COX-2 inhibitor. After 7, 14, 21 and 28 days the animals were euthanized and the tissues removed for total RNA extraction. Evaluation of gene expression was performed by qRT-PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using analysis of variance (ANOVA) followed by post-tests (α=0.05). Results: LPS induced expression of mRNA for COX-2 (Ptgs2) and PGE2 receptors (Ptger1, Ptger3 and Ptger4), indicating that cyclooxygenase is involved in periapical response to LPS. A signaling that favours bone resorption was observed because Tnfsf11 (RANKL), Vegfa, Ctsk, Mmp9, Cd36, Icam, Vcam1, Nfkb1 and Sox9 were upregulated in response to LPS. Indomethacin and celecoxib differentially modulated expression of osteoclastogenic and other bone metabolism genes: celecoxib downregulated Igf1r, Ctsk, Mmp9, Cd36, Icam1, Nfkb1, Smad3, Sox9, Csf3, Vcam1 and Itga3 whereas indomethacin inhibited Tgfbr1, Igf1r, Ctsk, Mmp9, Sox9, Cd36 and Icam1. Conclusions: We demonstrated that gene expression for COX-2 and PGE2 receptors was upregulated after LPS inoculation into the root canals. Additionally, early administration of indomethacin and celecoxib (NSAIDs) inhibited osteoclastogenic signaling. The relevance of the cyclooxygenase pathway in apical periodontitis was shown by a wide modulation in the expression of genes involved in both bone catabolism and anabolism.

Estudo da expressão gênica dos principais metabolizadores de fase II de xenobióticos: GSTM1, GSTP1 e GSTT1 em carcinoma de células escamosas bucal / Study of the gene expression of the main xenobiotic phase II metabolizers: GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 in squamous cell carcinoma of the oral cavity

Tabaco e álcool são considerados os principais fatores de risco para o carcinoma de células escamosas (CCE) bucal contribuindo de maneira desfavorável para o tratamento e desfecho clínico. Seus carcinógenos são metabolizados em duas fases, sendo a segunda fase realizada pelas Glutationa S-transferases (GSTs). O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar a expressão gênica da forma selvagem dos genes GSTM1, GSTP1 e GSTT1 por qPCR em 33 amostras de CCE bucal de fumantes, ex-fumantes e não fumantes, e 15 controles em busca de uma correlação clínica com consumo de tabaco, álcool e estadiamento clínico. A dependência nicotínica foi avaliada pelo Teste de Fagerström pra Dependência a Cigarros (TFDC) e para consumo de etílicos o Teste AUDIT. Foi observado aumento da expressão de GSTM1 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo Controle (p=0,0161). Contrariamente, foi encontrada uma menor expressão de GSTT1 no Grupo CCE fumante em relação ao Grupo Controle fumante (p=0,0183). No grupo CCE fumante não foi encontrada uma correlação entre a expressão dos genes estudados e fatores ligados ao tabagismo, etilismo e estadiamento clinico. No grupo Controle fumante, houve correlação entre teste AUDIT e a expressão de GSTM1 (p=0,0000). Para GSTP1 e GSTT1 houve correlação entre a expressão quando comparada a idade do paciente (p=0,0008; p=0,0095), idade de inicio do tabagismo (p=0,0033; p=0,0081), TFDC (p=0,0102; p=0,0085) e AUDIT (p=0,0052; p=0,0219) respectivamente. Para GSTT1 foi encontrada uma correlação entre a expressão e número de cigarros/dia (p=0,0175). Concluímos que as formas selvagens das GSTs estudadas apresentaram uma alta expressão nas amostras de CCE bucal, entretanto, quantitativamente essa expressão foi baixa, com grande variabilidade interindividual. Outrossim, não houve uma correlação direta entre níveis de expressão, carga tabágica, TFDC, teste AUDIT e estadiamento clínico. O aumento da expressão de GSTM1 e GSTP1 parece não ter tido um efeito protetor. A baixa expressão de GSTT1 em pacientes fumantes com CCE bucal se mostrou um potencial marcador a ser avaliado em pacientes fumantes que ainda não desenvolveram uma neoplasia maligna(AU)

Tobacco and alcohol are considered to be the main risk factors for oral squamous cell carcinoma (SCC), contributing to treatment and clinical outcome. Its carcinogens are metabolized in two phases, being the second phase carried out by Glutathione Stransferases (GSTs). The objective of the present study was to evaluate the wild-type gene expression of the GSTM1, GSTP1 and GSTT1 genes by qPCR in 33 samples of oral SCC from smokers, former smokers and nonsmokers, and 15 controls looking for a clinical correlation with tobacco and alcohol consumption and clinical staging. Nicotinic dependence was assessed by the Fagerström Test for Cigarette Dependence (TFCD) and alcohol consumption by the AUDIT Test. Increased expression of GSTM1 in the Smoker SCC Group was observed in relation to the Control Group (p=0.0161). Conversely, a lower expression of GSTT1 was found in the smoker SCC group compared to the Smoker Control Group (p=0.0183). In the smoker SCC group, no correlation was found between the genes expression studied and factors related to smoking, alcoholism and clinical staging. In the Smoker Control Group, there was a correlation between the AUDIT test and the GSTM1 expression (p=0.0000). For GSTP1 and GSTT1, there was a correlation between the expression compared with the patient's age (p=0.0008, p=0.0095), age of starting smoking (p=0.0033, p=0.0081), FTCD (p=0.0102, p=0.0085) and AUDIT (p=0.0052, p=0.0219) respectively. For GSTT1 a correlation was found between expression and number of cigarettes/day (p=0.0175). We concluded that the wild forms of the GSTs studied presented a high expression in the samples of oral SCC; however, quantitatively this expression was low, with great interindividual variability. Also, there was no direct correlation between levels of expression, pack-years, FTCD, AUDIT Test and clinical stage. Increased expression of GSTM1 and GSTP1 appears to have had no protective effect. The low GSTT1 expression in smokers with oral SCC was shown to be a potential marker to be evaluated in smoker patients who have not yet developed a malignant neoplasm(AU)

Avaliação da expressão apical de fatores pró-angiogênicos e citocinas em reposta à infecção endodôntica / Evaluation of apical expression of pro-angiogenic factors and cytokines in response to endodontic infection

A progressão e desenvolvimento de patologias pulpares e periapicais estão intimamente relacionados à presença de microrganismos e seus subprodutos nos sistema de canais radiculares (SCR), que induzem uma resposta de defesa adjacente ao ápice radicular. A angiogênese é apontada como fator essencial na patogênese das alterações periapicais crônicas, estando relacionada ao seu estabelecimento e manutenção, por ser fonte constante de citocinas, quimiocinas e proteases. A angiogênse também está relacionada ao reparo tecidual que segue à resolução das alterações perirradiculares após a realização da terapia endodôntica. Neste estudo, avaliou-se a expressão de fatores pró-angiogêncios e citocinas relacionadas, em amostras coletadas de pacientes (n=20) com dentes portadores de Periodontite Apical Crônica imediatamente após a instrumentação dos SCR e 7 dias após os procedimentos de desinfecção. As amostras foram analisadas por meio de reação em cadeia da polimerase em tempo real (PCR-RT). Verificou-se a expressão gênica de fatores pró-angiogênicos e citocinas Angiopoetina-1 (AGT1), Fator de crescimento endotelial vascular-A (VEGF-A), Fator de crescimento fibroblástico básico (FGF-ß), Proteína quimiotática de monócitos (CCL2/MCP-1), Proteína inflamatória de macrófagos-1ß (CCL4), C-X-C Receptor de quimiocina tipo 4 (CXCR4), C-C Receptor de quimiocina tipo 6 (CCR6), TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, IL6, RANK-L e MMP-9. A expressão do mRNA dos mediadores avaliados revelou aumento significativo nos níveis de AGT1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4, CCR6, TNF-α, IFN- γ, IL-10, RANK-L e MMP-9 no dia 7 quando comparado com o dia 0 (P <0,05). Para VEGF-A, FGF-ß, CXCR4, IL-17 e IL-6 as expressões de mRNA foram semelhantes em ambos tempos mensurados (P> 0,05). Pode-se concluir que, após desinfecção do SCR, houve aumento nos níveis de expressão de mRNA de importantes mediadores envolvidos nos fenômenos angioproliferativos e osteogênicos.(AU)

The progression and development of pulpal and periapical pathologies are closely related to the presence of microorganisms and their by-products in the infected root canal system (RCS), which induces a defense response adjacent to the root apex. Angiogenesis has been identified as an essential factor in the pathogenesis of chronic periapical alterations, being related to its establishment and maintenance, being a constant source of cytokines, chemokines and proteases. Angiogenesis is also related to the tissue repair that follows the resolution of the periradicular alterations after the implementation of endodontic therapy. In this study, was evaluated the expression of pro-angiogenic factors and correlated cytokines in samples collected from patients (n = 20) on teeth with Chronic Apical Periodontitis immediately after RCS instrumentation and 7 days after disinfection procedures. Samples were analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR). The gene expression of pro-angiogenic factors and cytokines Angiopoetin-1 (AGT1), Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A), Basic fibroblast growth factor (FGF-ß), Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (CCL2/MCP-1), Macrophage inflammatory protein-1ß (CCL4), C-X-C chemokine receptor motif 4 (CXCR4), C-C chemokine receptor motif 6 (CCR6), TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-17, IL-10, IL-6, RANK-L and MMP-9. The mRNA expression of the mediators evaluated revealed a significant increase in levels of AGT1, CCL2/MCP-1, CCL4, CCR6, TNF-α, IFN-γ, IL-10, RANK-L and MMP-9 on day 7 when compared to day 0 (P <0.05). As for VEGF-A, FGF-ß, CXCR4, IL-17 and IL-6 their mRNA expressions was similar at both observed times (P> 0.05). In conclusion, after cleaning and shaping procedures of the RCS, there was an increase in mRNA expression levels of important mediators involved in angioproliferative and osteogenic phenomenon.(AU)

Análise das alterações pulpares após expansão rápida da maxila em ratos / Analysis of pulpal changes after rapid maxillary expansion in rats

O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os efeitos da expansão rápida da maxila (ERM) na polpa dentária de dentes de ancoragem de ratos jovens, através das análises histomorfológica, histomorfométrica e de expressão gênica. Oitenta (n=80) ratos Wistar machos foram distribuídos aleatoriamente em 2 grupos: Grupo Controle (GC, n=40), em que os animais não tiveram ERM e foram sacrificados nos períodos de 3, 7, 14 e 21 dias após o início do experimento; e Grupo Experimental (GE, n=40), cujos animais foram submetidos à ERM e sacrificados nos mesmos períodos do Grupo Controle. As polpas dentárias dos incisivos superiores de 20 animais (n=20) de cada grupo, GC e GE, foram extraídas para a análise da expressão gênica do RNAm, pela técnica de Reação em Cadeia da Polimerase em Tempo Real (RT-PCR), para os genes Fator de Crescimento Endotelial Vascular (Vegf), Sialofosfoproteína da Dentina (Dspp) e Ciclooxigenase-2 (Cox-2), e de 20 animais (n=20) para as análises histomorfológica e histomorfométrica do tecido pulpar. Todos os grupos que sofreram ERM apresentaram sinais da ocorrência de inflamação e aumento da densidade de vasos sanguíneos, com alterações transitórias na camada de odontoblastos. Houve aumento significativo da expressão gênica de Vegf em todos os períodos experimentais, sendo para Cox-2 apenas nos períodos de 3 e 7 dias, e para Dspp no 7º e 14º dias. Concluise que a ERM induziu a remodelação do tecido pulpar, com modulação transitória das expressões gênicas analisadas e da vascularização. (AU)

The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of rapid maxillary expansion (RME) on the dental pulp of anchoring teeth of young rats through histolomorphological, histomorphometric and gene expression analyzes. Eighty (n= 80) male Wistar rats were randomly assigned to 2 groups: Control Group (CG, n=40), in which the animals had no ERM and were sacrificed at 3, 7, 14 and 21 days after initiation of the experiment; and Experimental Group (GE, n=40), whose animals were submitted to RME and sacrificed in the same periods of the GC. The dental pulps of the upper incisors of twenty animals (n=20) from each group, GC and GE, were extracted for analysis of the mRNA gene expression by the Reverse Transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (RT-PCR) technique for the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (Vegf), Dentin Sialophosphoprotein (Dspp) and Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) genes, and twenty animals (n=20) for the histolomorphological and histomorphometric analyzes of the pulp tissue. All groups that suffered RME showed signs of inflammation occurrence and increased blood vessel density, with transient changes in the odontoblast layer. There was a significant increase in Vegf gene expression in all experimental periods, being for Cox-2 only in periods of 3 and 7 days, and for Dspp in the 7th and 14th days. It was concluded that ERM induced remodeling of pulp tissue, with transient modulation of the analyzed gene expression and vascularization. (AU)

Efeitos de formulações probióticas contendo Lactobacillus paracasei 28. 4 sobre o crescimento, produção de polissacarídeos e formação de biofilmes de Streptococcus mutans / Effects of different probiotics formulations containing Lactobacillus paracasei 28. 4 on Streptococcus mutans growth, polysaccharides production and biofilms formation

O uso de probióticos como método de prevenção para a cárie dental tem sido amplamente investigado com resultados promissores. Portanto, torna-se necessário o desenvolvimento de formulações, para aplicação na cavidade bucal, que contenham cepas probióticas com atividade contra Streptococcus mutans. Assim, o objetivo desse projeto foi avaliar os efeitos antimicrobianos de formulações probióticas de Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 sobre a atividade antibacteriana em crescimento planctônico, produção de polissacarídeos e formação de biofilmes de S. mutans. Inicialmente, a atividade antibacteriana de 3 diferentes formulações probióticas (concentrações de 0,5, 0,75 e 1% p/v de gellan gum em CaCl2) foram testadas em culturas planctônicas sobre cepas de S. mutans (cepa padrão UA 159 e 5 cepas clínicas). Os resultados demonstraram inibição total do crescimento das cepas de S. mutans quando tratadas com todas as formulações probióticas testadas. Nos estudos subsequentes, foram avaliados os efeitos profiláticos da formulação probiótica na concentração de 1% p/v nos biofilmes de 4 e 24 horas de S. mutans, utilizando-se a cepa UA 159 e 2 cepas clínicas. Por meio do método sulfúrico-antrona, foi observado que a aplicação da formulação probiótica reduziu a capacidade de produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares pelas cepas de S. mutans em aproximadamente 80% nos dois tempos dos biofilmes testados. A formulação probiótica também foi capaz de reduzir significativamente a biomassa total dos biofilmes de S. mutans nos testes de absorbância do Cristal Violeta, com redução média na leitura de densidade óptica de 2,15 ± 0,10 no tempo de 4 horas e 2,67 ± 0,25 no tempo de 24 horas. A seguir, os efeitos antimicrobianos da formulação probiótica foram avaliados em biofilmes de S. mutans formados sobre a superfície de discos de hidroxiapatita, encontrando-se reduções de 0,57 a 1,54 UFC (Log) na contagem de células viáveis de S. mutans nos grupos tratados em relação aos grupos controle. Também foi possível observar redução na quantidade de células de S. mutans aderidas aos discos de hidroxiapatita pela Microscopia Eletrônica de Varredura (MEV). Por fim, utilizando-se análise de Realtime PCR, foram testados os efeitos das formulações probióticas sobre a expressão de genes de virulência de S. mutans relacionados à adesão e formação do biofilme. Os resultados mostraram que na presença da formulação probiótica, os genes luxS, brpA, gbpB e gtfB de S. mutans foram negativamente regulados. Concluiu-se que a formulação probiótica contendo L. paracasei 28.4 em gellan gum apresentou efeitos inibitórios sobre o crescimento planctônico e biofilme de S. mutans, interferindo na produção de polissacarídeos extracelulares, quantidade de biomassa total, viabilidade celular, aderência de células à hidroxiapatita e transcrição de genes de virulência(AU)

The use of probiotics as a prevention method for dental caries has been extensively investigated with promising results. Therefore, it becomes necessary to develop formulations, for application in the oral cavity, containing probiotic strains with activity against Streptococcus mutans. Thus, the objective of this project was to evaluate the antimicrobial effects of probiotic formulations of Lactobacillus paracasei 28.4 on the antibacterial activity in planktonic growth, polysaccharide production and biofilms formation of S. mutans using reference and clinical strains. Firstly, antibacterial activity of 3 different probiotic formulations (concentrations of 0.5, 0.75 and 1% w/v of gellan gum in CaCl 2) were tested in planktonic cultures on S. mutans strains (standard strain UA 159 and 5 clinical strains). The results demonstrated complete inhibition of S. mutans strains growth when treated with all probiotic formulations tested. In the subsequent studies, the prophylactic effects of the 1% w/v probiotic formulation on 4 and 24 hours S. mutans biofilms were evaluated using the UA 159 strain and 2 clinical strains. Using the sulfuric-anthrone method, it was observed that the application of the probiotic formulation reduced the production capacity of extracellular polysaccharides by S. mutans strains in approximately 80% in both times of the biofilms tested. The probiotic formulation was also able to significantly reduce the total biomass of S. mutans biofilms in the Crystal Violet absorbance tests, with a mean reduction in the optical density reading of 2.15 ± 0.10 in 4 hours and 2.67 ± 0.25 in 24 hours. Next, the antimicrobial effects of the probiotic formulation were evaluated in S. mutans biofilms formed on the surface of hydroxyapatite discs, with reductions of 0.57 to 1.54 CFU (Log) in the viable cells count of S. mutans in the treated groups compared to the control groups. It was also possible to observe a reduction in the amount of S. mutans cells adhered to the hydroxyapatite disks by Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). Finally, using Realtime PCR analysis, the effects of probiotic formulations on the expression of S. mutans virulence genes related to adhesion and biofilm formation were tested. The results showed that in the presence of the probiotic formulation, the luxS, brpA, gbpB and gtfB genes of S. mutans were down regulated. It was concluded that the probiotic formulation containing L. paracasei 28.4 in gellan gum presented inhibitory effects on planktonic growth and S. mutans biofilm, interfering in the production of extracellular polysaccharides, amount of total biomass, cell viability, cell adhesion to hydroxyapatite and transcription of virulence genes(AU)

Análise epidemiológica e imunológica em indígenas das etnias Sateré Mawé e Tikuna portadores de infecções endodônticas / Epidemiological and immunological analysis in indigenous people of the Sateré Mawé and Tikuna ethnic groups with endodontic infections

Os povos indígenas compõem 305 etnias, distribuídas por todas as unidades federativas do Brasil. Esta diversidade cultural consiste em uma das maiores riquezas do país, mas, ao mesmo tempo, é também um grande desafio para a elaboração e implementação de políticas públicas específicas e diferenciadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi analisar o perfil epidemiológico de saúde bucal e a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico de indígenas das etnias SATERÉ MAWÉ, que vivem em Barreirinha-AM, e TIKUNA, residentes na zona urbana de MANAUS-AM. Após determinar a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico, este estudo comparou as respostas perirradiculares de infecções endodônticas entre membros de uma civilização ocidental, residentes em Belo Horizonte MG, e indígenas não miscigenados da etnia TIKUNA. Para a análise epidemiológica participaram do estudo 138 indivíduos, sendo 98 pertencentes à etnia TIKUNA e 40 SATERÉ-MAWE; distribuídos nos grupos etários de 7 a 50 anos ou mais. Para a analise imunológica das alterações perirradiculares das populações selecionas, coletaram-se as amostras clínicas em dentes portadores de necrose pulpar. Os indígenas da etnia Tikuna foram atendidos na Clínica de Endodontia da UNIP (Universidade Paulista), campus Manaus. Os membros da população ocidental foram atendidos nas clínicas da Faculdade de Odontologia da UFMG. As amostras foram coletadas imediatamente após a instrumentação do SCR, introduzindo-se cones absorventes nos SCR, 1 mm além do ápice radicular. Subsequentemente, as amostras foram transferidas para um tubo estéril, e mantidas na temperatura de - 70 º C até a sua análise. Utilizando-se o PCR em tempo real, avaliou-se a expressão das citocinas e quimiocinas TNF-, IL-1-, IL-9, INF-, IL-17, IL-10, CXCR-4, CCL-2/MCP-1 e CCR-6. Os resultados demonstram que, em relação à etnia SATERÉ-MAWÉ, na faixa etária de 7 a 12 anos, o CPO-d apresentou valor médio de 3.17. Comparando-se o índice CPO-d e a necessidade de tratamento endodôntico em cada uma das etnias, verificou-se que estas variáveis estão correlacionadas, uma vez que, à medida que o CPO-d aumentou, verificou-se um aumento na necessidade de tratamento endodôntico. Os molares prevaleceram dentre os os dentes mais acometidos por cárie e com necessidade de tratamento endodôntico. Quanto à análise imunológica, observou-se um aumento significativo na expressão gênica de TNF, CCL-2/MCP-1, CXCR4, e CCR6, após os procedimentos de limpeza e formatação dos SCR apenas na população ocidental. Os níveis de INF- aumentaram na 2a coleta na população indigena, enquanto, em ambas as populações, houve um aumento significativo na expressão de IL-10 e IL-17 após os procedimentos de limpeza e formataçao. Não observaram-se diferenças significativas entre as expressões de IL-1 , IL-9, e CCL4, entre a 1ª e 2ª coleta, em ambas as populações. Conclui-se que as populações indígenas encontram-se desasistidas, visto que o CPO-d de ambas as etnias se encontram acima dos padrões recomendados pela OMS, principalmente na faixa etária de 07 a 12anos. Ademais, o nível de escolaridade ainda é muito baixo nas populações indígenas analisadas, mesmo na comunidade Tikuna, situada na zona urbana de Manaus/AM. Finalmente, observaram-se padrões imunes distintos quando se comparou as respostas das comunidades ocidentais e Tikuna, sugerindo que os determinantes genéticos e ambientais devem ser mais bem avaliados no futuro.

The indigenous peoples comprise 305 ethnic groups, distributed by all the federative units of Brazil. This cultural diversity is one of the most significant assets of the country, but at the same time, it is also a great challenge for the elaboration and implementation of specific and differentiated public policies. The objective of this study was to analyse the epidemiological profile of oral health and the need for endodontic treatment of SATERÉ MAWÉ indigenous people living in Barreirinha-AM, and TIKUNA, living in the urban area of MANAUS-AM. After determining the need for endodontic treatment, this study compared the perirradicular responses of endodontic infections among members of western civilisation, living in Belo Horizonte - MG, and no - mixed indigenous TIKUNA. For the epidemiological analysis, the study consisted of 138 individuals, of whom 98 were TIKUNA ethnicity, and 40 were SATERÉ-MAWE ethnics; aged between 7 and 50 years or more. For the immunological analysis of the perirradicular alterations of the selected populations, the clinical samples were collected in teeth with pulp necrosis. The Tikuna Indians were treated at the Endodontics Clinic of UNIP (Universidade Paulista), Manaus campus. The members of the western population were attended in the clinics of the Faculty of Dentistry of UFMG. Samples were collected immediately after SCR instrumentation, introducing absorbent cones in the SCR, 1 mm beyond the root apex. Subsequently, the samples were transferred to a sterile tube and maintained at -70 ° C until analysed. Using the real-time PCR, the expression of cytokines and chemokines TNF-, IL-1-, IL-9, INF-, IL-17, IL-10, CXCR- 2 / MCP-1 and CCR-6. The results show that, concerning the ethnicity SATERÉ-MAWÉ, in the age group of 7 to 12 years, the CPO-d presented a mean value of 3.17. Comparing the CPO-d index and the need for endodontic treatment in each of the ethnicities, these variables were correlated, since, as CPO-d increased, there was an increase in the demand for endodontic treatment. The molars prevailed among the teeth most affected by caries and in need of endodontic treatment. As for the immunological analysis, a significant increase in the gene expression of TNF, CCL-2 / MCP-1, CXCR4, and CCR6 was observed after the SCR cleaning and formatting procedures only in the western population. INF- levels increased in the second collection in the Indian community, while in both people, there was a significant increase in the expression of IL-10 and IL-17 after the cleaning and shaping procedures. There were no significant differences between IL-1, IL-9, and CCL4, between the 1st and 2nd collection, in both populations. It is concluded that the indigenous people are disassociated, since the CPO-d of both ethnic groups is above the standards recommended by the WHO, especially in the age group from 07 to 12 years. Besides, the educational level is still shallow in the indigenous populations analysed, even in the Tikuna community, located in the urban area of Manaus / AM. Finally, distinct immune patterns were observed when comparing Western societies and Tikuna responses, suggesting that genetic and environmental determinants should be better evaluated in the future. Keywords: endodontic treatment, epidemiology, indigenous, cytokines, chemokines, periapical lesion.