Pesquisa de novos pontos craniométricos para aumento da precisão em reconstrução facial forense / Ressearch of new craniometric points for more accurate facial reconstruction

A estimativa de aparência da face de uma pessoa, partindo de um crânio seco, é chamada de Reconstrução Facial Forense (RFF). Pode ser realizada de maneira digital ou manual, a partir da marcação de pontos cranianos, que possuem diferentes médias de espessura de tecido mole sobreposto. Nas reconstruções digitais o uso de tomografias computadorizadas de feixe cônico (TCFC), que nos permite obter o volume de pacientes sentados, possibilitou um avanço significativo na mensuração das médias de volume dos tecidos moles faciais. Foi desenvolvido um protocolo para medições de tecidos moles a partir de 32 pontos craniométricos (10 sagitais e 11 bilaterais). Este trabalho propõe a inserção de cinco novos pontos cranianos ao protocolo, com medidas a partir dos pontos Mentual (Ml), Supra Canino (sC), Fronto-zigomático (Fz), Ptério (Pt) e Posterior do Ramo Mandibular (prM), com o intuito de aumentar a acurácia das reconstruções. As TCFC foram manipuladas no software Horus® (LGPL 3.0) e mensuradas conforme protocolo adaptado de Beaini et al. (1), obtidas as espessuras de tecido mole a partir dos pontos craniométricos propostos. Foram estudadas 100 TCFC de brasileiros adultos (maiores de 18 anos) que disponibilizaram seus exames para utilização em pesquisas de maneira anônima e que compõe um banco de dados já estruturado e utilizado em pesquisas anteriores. Esse banco de dados contém exames de 50 indivíduos do sexo feminino e 50 do sexo masculino, separados em grupos por sexo e idade. Estatisticamente, foram aplicados testes de normalidade e a diferença entre cada grupo foi testada para obtenção das espessuras médias referentes a cada ponto craniano. Para o ponto Fz, as médias de espessura de tecidos moles foram de 4.56mm para mulheres e 5.14mm para homens. Para o ponto Ml, as médias de ETMF foram de 12.88mm para mulheres e 14.74mm para homens. No ponto prM, as médias de ETMF foram de 18.30mm para homens e 19.69mm para mulheres. No ponto Pt, as médias de ETMF foram de 11.01mm para mulheres e 13.09mm para homens. No ponto sC, as médias de ETMF foram de 10.99mm para mulheres e 12.71mm para homens. A divisão de ETMFs por sexo é justificada, concordando com parcela significativa da literatura, uma vez que quatro 10 dos cinco pontos estudados apresentaram diferenças estatísticas significativas, com as espessuras de indivíduos do sexo masculino sendo maiores que de indivíduos do sexo feminino.

Prevalence of depressive symptoms among dental students is influenced by sex, academic performance, smoking exposure, and sexual orientation: cross-sectional study

Aim: To estimate the prevalence and associated factors of self-reported depressive symptoms in undergraduate and graduate dental students. Methods: The Depression, Anxiety and Stress Scale (DASS-21) was applied, and only the depression domain was verified. A structured questionnaire was used to collect sociodemographic, behavioral, and COVID-19 pandemic-related fear variables. Academic performance was assessed based on academic records, ranging from 0 (worst possible grade) to 10 (best possible grade). Respondents included 408 regularly enrolled dental students. Bi- and multivariate analyses were performed using Poisson regression with robust variance to verify the association between at least moderate depressive symptoms and independent variables. Results: The prevalence of at least moderate depression was 40.5% among undergraduate students and 26% among graduate students. The prevalence of fear and anxiety due to the COVID-19 pandemic was 96.1% among undergraduate students and 93.5% among graduate students. In the final multivariate analysis, being female (prevalence ratio [PR]:2.01; 95% confidence interval [95%CI]:1.36­2.96) was associated with a higher PR for depression. Conversely, no exposure to smoking (PR:0.54; 95%CI:0.36­0.82) and a final academic performance average ≥7.0 (PR:0.56; 95%CI:0.41­0.76) was associated with a lower PR for depression. Finally, among graduate students, a non-heterosexual orientation was associated with a higher PR for depression (PR:6.70; 95%CI:2.21­20.29). Conclusion: Higher rates of depression symptoms were observed in female undergraduates, students with lower academic performance and smoking exposure, and graduate dental students with a non-heterosexual orientation

Relação entre os músculos masseter e esternocleidomastoideo nas situações de flexão e rotação da coluna cervical, em mastigação e máxima intercuspidação habitual, analisados através da atividade eletromiográfica / Relationship between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles in the flexion and rotation functions of the cervical, chewing and maximum habitual intercuspation, analyzed by the electromyographic activity

Na atualidade, com as frequentes inovações tecnológicas agregadas aos telefones celulares favorecendoseu uso excessivo, altos níveis de estresse e o ritmo acelerado da vida, inconscientemente, as pessoas têmadotado novas e diferentes posturas corporais, que direta ou indiretamente interferem na posição da colunavertebral. Um importante músculo postural do pescoço é o esternocleidomastoideo, cuja relevante função éa de estabilizar. Objetivo: analisar a possível relação entre os músculos masseter e esternocleidomastoideo,em diferentes posições da cabeça e da coluna cervical, nas situações de mastigação, repouso e máximaintercuspidação habitual. Metodologia: os dados foram coletados inicialmente com cabeça e coluna eretas,em repouso e em máxima intercuspidação habitual. Em seguida, coletou-se, sempre em mastigação, com acabeça e a coluna eretas, inclinadas para frente, para trás, para direita, para esquerda, giradas para direita epara esquerda. Todos os momentos de coleta de dados ocorreram por 5 segundos em cada posição. Resultados:nota-se um aumento na atividade elétrica do músculo esternocleidomastoideo quando a mastigaçãoacontece com a cabeça e a coluna fora da posição ereta. Em algumas posições da cabeça, esse aumento, emvalores absolutos, não é observado de forma relevante no sexo feminino, sendo notado no masculino. Conclusões:existe uma relação de trabalho entre os músculos masseter e esternocleidomastoideo. Essa relaçãosugere que o segundo músculo trabalha na tentativa de estabilizar a cabeça para otimizar o ato mastigatório,ação essa notadamente encontrada no sexo masculino e de forma menos ativa no sexo feminino.(AU)

Nowadays, with the frequent technological innovations added to cell phones favoring their excessive use, high levels of stress and the fast pace of life, people have unconsciously adopted new and different body postures that directly or indirectly interfere in the position of the spine. An important postural muscle of the neck is the sternocleidomastoid, whose important function is to stabilize it. Objective: to analyze the possible relationship between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles, in different positions of the head and cervical spine, in situations of chewing, resting and maximum habitual intercuspation. Methodology: data were collected initially with head and spine erect, at rest and at maximum habitual intercuspation. Then, it was collected, always chewing, with the head and column erect, tilted forward, backward, right, left, turned to the right and turned to the left. All moments of data collection occurred for 5 seconds in each position. Results: An increase in the electrical activity of the sternocleidomastoid muscle is observed when chewing occurs with the head and spine out of the upright position. In some positions of the head this increase, in absolute values, is not observed in a relevant way in the female sex, being noticed in the male. Conclusions: there is a working relationship between the masseter and sternocleidomastoid muscles. This relationship suggests that the second muscle works in an attempt to stabilize the head to optimize the masticatory act, an action that is notably found in men and less actively in women.(AU)

Conhecimento científico produzido sobre a Síndrome da Ardência Bucal nos últimos cinco anos / Scientific knowledge produced about Bucal Ardence Syndrome in the last five years

Objetivo: realizar revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a Síndrome da Ardência Bucal (SAB). Materiais e Método: trata-se de uma revisão integrativa da literatura sobre a SAB nos últimos cinco anos. Utilizou-se as bases de dados Medline, SciELO e Lilacs para a pesquisa, empregando de forma combinada os descritores relacionados à temática. Como critérios de inclusão, decidiu-se selecionar publicações sobre a temática que estivessem disponíveis para leitura em qualquer idioma dos últimos cinco anos. Foram excluídos os estudos sem relação com o tema. Resultados: após análise, apenas 42 estudos foram selecionados para esta revisão. A maior parte dos artigos era publicada em inglês, porém, foi o Brasil que apresentou o maior número de publicações. As pesquisas avaliadas demonstraram os seguintes resultados: o sexo feminino é o mais acometido; maior prevalência acima dos 60 anos; dor, queimação e xerostomia são os sintomas mais relatados. O laser foi bastante relatado como terapia, além do uso de fármacos. Conclusão: a revisão apresentada neste artigo constatou que a maioria dos artigos, apesar de oriundos do Brasil, foi publicada no idioma inglês. A maioria dos trabalhos destacou que indivíduos do sexo feminino acima dos 60 anos são mais acometidos. Pacientes com SAB apresentam dor e queimação em língua e palato, principalmente. Fatores psicológicos e gastrointestinais podem estar associados ao aparecimento desta síndrome, e os usos do laser e de fármacos fitoterápicos, ou não, parecem melhorar o quadro clínico dos indivíduos acometidos.(AU)

Objective: to perform an integrative review of the literature on Burning Mouth Syndrome (BMS). Materials and Method: This is an integrative review of the literature on Burning Mouth Syndrome over the last five years. The Medline, SciELO, and Lilacs databases were used for the research, using the descriptors related to the topic in combination. The inclusion criteria consisted of publications on the topic that were available for reading in any language over the last five years. Studies unrelated to the topic were excluded. Results: After the analysis, only 42 studies were selected for this review. Most articles were published in English but Brazil had the highest number of publications. The studies evaluated showed the following results: women are the most affected; highest prevalence over 60 years old; and pain, burning, and xerostomia are the most reported symptoms. The laser was extensively reported as therapy, as well as the use of other drugs. Conclusion: The review presented in this article found that most studies were published in Brazil but in the English language. Most studies highlighted that women over 60 years old are more affected. Patients with BMS experience pain and burning especially in the tongue and palate. Psychological and gastrointestinal factors may be associated with the onset of this syndrome, and the use of laser and other drugs, either herbal medicines or not, seems to improve the clinical condition of the individuals affected.(AU)

Relação entre o estrogênio e as disfunções temporomandibulares: uma revisão de literatura / Relationship between estrogen and temporomandibular disorders: a review of literature

Objetivo: realizar uma revisão da literatura a fim de traçar um panorama atual sobre o papel do estrogênio nas disfunções temporomandibulares. Metodologia: foram realizadas buscas nas plataformas digitais Pub- Med, SciELO e Google Acadêmico, durante os meses de setembro de 2018 a maio de 2019, sem filtros para determinar período de tempo, sendo excluídos aqueles trabalhos em que não foi possível identificar relação com o tema. Resultados: na análise dos estudos encontrados, foi observada a relação entre o estrogênio e a prevalência de disfunções temporomandibulares em mulheres. O estrogênio atua central e perifericamente no sistema nervoso central, influenciando no processamento dos receptores pró e antinoceptivos da articulação temporomandibular. Considerações finais: a modulação estrogênica da dor é um mecanismo complexo. Diversos estudos associam o hormônio estrogênio às disfunções temporomandibulares. Embora não haja um consenso entre os autores do papel exato deste hormônio, há evidências comprovadas de que as mulheres possuem uma susceptibilidade a dores em geral, com prevalência tanto em frequência quanto em intensidade.(AU)

Objective: to carry out an integrative review of the literature in order to outline the role of estrogen in temporomandibular disorders. Methodology: the study searched studies in the digital platforms PubMed, SciELO and Google Acadêmico, from September 2018 to May 2019, without filters to determine the time period, excluding those works in which it was not possible to identify relation with the theme. Results: among the analysis of the studies found, the relationship between estrogen and the prevalence of temporomandibular disorders in women was observed. Estrogen acts centrally and peripherally in the central nervous system, influencing the processing of the pro and antinoceptive receptors of the temporomandibular joint. Final considerations: estrogenic modulation of pain is a complex mechanism. Several studies associate the estrogen hormone with temporomandibular disorders. Although there is no consensus among authors of the exact role of this hormone, there is proven evidence that women have a susceptibility to pain in general, with prevalence both in frequency and intensity.(AU)

In-depth morphological evaluation of tooth anatomic lengths with root canal configurations using cone beam computed tomography in North American population

Abstract Objective This study aimed to assess the association between tooth size and root canal morphology by using CBCT analysis. Methodology In this retrospective study, tooth anatomic lengths (crown and root lengths, buccolingual and mesiodistal dimensions) of 384 patients were assessed and correlated with Vertucci's root canal morphology classification. Data was analyzed for gender-related differences using the independent sample t-test, ANOVA, and the Pearson's correlation for a possible relation between anatomic lengths and canal morphology. Results The maxillary first and second premolars showed a greater predilection for Type IV and II variants, respectively, while the mandibular first premolar showed a greater predilection for Type II canal system. The root canal system of the mandibular second premolar showed maximal diversity (47% Type I, 30% Type II, and 20% Type III). The dimensions were greater in men regardless of tooth type. The most significant relation (p<0.05) between the anatomic size and canal morphology was observed in the maxillary first premolars, followed by the mandibular canines (buccolingual dimension) and the lower second premolars (crown length). Negative correlations existed between the crown length and the patient's age for the anterior teeth and mandibular second premolar (r=−0.2, p<0.01). Conclusions The most common canal formation for anterior teeth was the Type I. The anatomic lengths had the strongest influence on the canal configuration of the maxillary first premolar, with Type IV being the most common root canal system. The mandibular second premolars showed maximal diversity in the canal classification terms and had a significant correlation with their crown lengths. Clinical Relevance The complex relationship between the canal morphology and anatomic tooth sizes need meticulous awareness and recognition during endodontic procedures, in conjunction with the demographic variabilities.

The influence of malocclusion, sucking habits and dental caries in the masticatory function of preschool children

Abstract The aim of this study was to evaluate the association of malocclusion, nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits and dental caries in the masticatory function of preschool children. A cross-sectional study was conducted with a sample of 384 children aged 3-5 years. A single examiner calibrated for oral clinical examinations performed all the evaluations (kappa > 0.82). Presence of malocclusion was recorded using Foster and Hamilton criteria. The number of masticatory units and of posterior teeth cavitated by dental caries was also recorded. The parents answered a questionnaire in the form of an interview, addressing questions about the child's nutritive and non-nutritive sucking habits. The masticatory function was evaluated using Optocal test material, and was based on the median particle size in the masticatory performance, on the swallowing threshold, and on the number of masticatory cycles during the swallowing threshold. Data analysis involved simple and multiple linear regression analyses, and the confidence level adopted was 95%. The sample consisted of 206 children in the malocclusion group and 178 in the non-malocclusion group. In the multiple regression analysis, the masticatory performance was associated with age (p = 0.025), bottle feeding (p = 0.004), presence of malocclusion (p = 0.048) and number of cavitated posterior teeth (p = 0.030). The swallowing threshold was associated with age (p = 0.025), bottle feeding (p = 0.001) and posterior malocclusion (p = 0.017). The number of masticatory cycles during the swallowing threshold was associated with the number of cavitated posterior teeth (p = 0.001). In conclusion, posterior malocclusion, bottle feeding and dental caries may interfere in the masticatory function of preschool children.

Aesthetic perceptions and social judgments about different enamel opacities

Abstract This study aimed to evaluate adolescents' aesthetic perceptions and their social judgments regarding different enamel opacities. Sample size was calculated and resulted in the inclusion of 100 adolescents (aged 10 to 15 years) from a public school in Jequié, Bahia, Brazil. Images of enamel opacities were manipulated to create aesthetic enamel defects, such as enamel color changes (unilateral and bilateral white opacity, unilateral and bilateral yellowish opacity, and unilateral and bilateral yellowish opacity with loss of structure). The images of the opacities were based on Fédération Dentaire Internationale's Developmental Defects of Enamel (DDE) Index. Aesthetic perception and social judgments were evaluated using a validated questionnaire with 12 questions (six positive and six negative points) on social aspects, considering the six manipulated images and the control. The photographic analyses were projected one-by-one by computer to adolescents individually in a classroom. Participants had one minute to observe each image and answer the questionnaire. The data were analyzed by descriptions, and the Friedman Wilcoxon test (p < 0.05). The results indicate that all opacities negatively impacted social judgment (p < 0.001). The enamel aesthetic defects most affecting an individual's perception were bilateral yellow opacity with or without loss of structure (p < 0.001). Regarding social judgment, all participants showed a negative perception of all the tested opacity types (p < 0.001). In conclusion, even opacities presenting only a color change caused aesthetic dissatisfaction to the individuals and changes in their social judgment toward others. Color changes in dental enamel have several aesthetic consequences.

Analysis of permanent second molar development in children born with cleft lip and palate

Abstract The study of dental development in individuals born with cleft lip and palate (CLP) serves to determine when orthodontic intervention should start. Objective To evaluate the permanent second molar development in children born with cleft lip and palate according to Demirjian's and Nolla's methods. Methodology Out of a total of 513 digital panoramic radiographs, 113 pairs of children aged 3 to 16 years were selected. The exams were from children born with or without cleft lip and palate, of the same sex, with an age difference of up to 30 days. The images were analyzed by three examiners and reliability was checked through intra-examiner agreement by the Kappa test. The data were analyzed by Wilcoxon's and Mann-Whitney tests according to each dataset. Results The findings indicated delayed development of the permanent second molars in children with CLP (P<0.001). The development of the right permanent second molar was delayed compared to the left molar in children with CLP. Moreover, mandibular teeth showed significantly earlier development than maxillary teeth in both the case and control groups. There was no significant difference in the development of permanent second molars between sexes. Conclusion Children with CLP presented delay in the development of permanent second molars.

Risky sexual behavior and associated factors in undergraduate students in a city in Southern Brazil / Comportamento sexual de risco e fatores associados em universitários de uma cidade do Sul do Brasil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the sexual behavior of freshmen undergraduate students according to demographic, economic, psychosocial and behavioral characteristics, and evaluate the prevalence of risky sexual behavior and its associated factors. METHODS A cross-sectional study of the census type with undergraduate students over 18 years old of 80 undergraduate courses of the Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), in Rio Grande do Sul (RS), who entered in the first semester of 2017 and remained enrolled in the second semester. Undergraduate students who reported having had sex were evaluated. We considered as risky sexual behavior having more than one sexual partner within the last three months and not having used condoms in the last sexual intercourse. RESULTS The prevalence of risky sexual behavior was 9% (95%CI 7.6-10.5). Men presented more risky behavior than women, with a prevalence of 10.8% and 7.5%, respectively. Of the undergraduate students, 45% did not use condoms in the last sexual intercourse, and 24% had two partners or more within three months before the survey. Smartphone applications for sexual purposes were used by 23% of students within three months before the survey. Risky sexual behavior was associated with gender, age at first sexual intercourse, frequency of alcohol consumption, consumption of psychoactive substances before the last sexual intercourse and use of smartphone applications for sexual purposes. CONCLUSION Although undergraduate students are expected to be an informed population, the prevalence of risky sexual behavior was important, indicating the need to expand public investment in sexual education and awareness actions.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Descrever o comportamento sexual de ingressantes universitários de acordo com características demográficas, econômicas, psicossociais e comportamentais, e avaliar a prevalência de comportamento sexual de risco e seus fatores associados. MÉTODOS Estudo de delineamento transversal, do tipo censo, com universitários maiores de 18 anos, de 80 cursos de graduação da Universidade Federal de Pelotas (UFPel), no RS, que ingressaram no primeiro semestre de 2017 e que permaneceram matriculados no segundo semestre. Avaliou-se o comportamento sexual de risco entre os estudantes que relataram já ter tido relações sexuais alguma vez na vida, considerado quando relatado mais de um parceiro sexual nos últimos três meses e não ter utilizado preservativo na última relação. RESULTADOS A prevalência de comportamento sexual de risco foi de 9% (IC95% 7,6-10,5). Estudantes do sexo masculino apresentaram mais comportamento de risco do que estudantes do sexo feminino, com prevalência de 10,8% e 7,5%, respectivamente. Dos universitários, 45% não utilizaram preservativo na última relação e 24% tiveram dois parceiros ou mais nos últimos três meses. Os aplicativos de celular para fins sexuais nos últimos três meses foram utilizados por 23% dos estudantes. O comportamento sexual de risco esteve associado com sexo, idade da primeira relação sexual, frequência de consumo de bebidas alcoólicas, consumo de substâncias psicoativas antes da última relação e uso de aplicativos de celular para fins sexuais. CONCLUSÃO Embora se espere que os universitários sejam uma população informada, a prevalência de comportamento sexual de risco foi importante, indicando a necessidade de ampliação do investimento público em ações de educação sexual e conscientização.

Illicit drug use among students of a university in Southern Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe drug consumption and the co-occurrence use of more than one illegal drug as well as associated factors in freshmen at a public university in Southern Brazil. METHODS Cross-sectional study with census of students entering undergraduate courses in 2017. A total of 1,788 university students answered questions about illicit drug use. For analysis, ordinal logistic regression was used. RESULTS Marijuana was the most consumed drug (lifetime: 42.1%; 30-day use: 22.7%), followed by hallucinogens (lifetime: 13.1%, 30-day use: 2.8%). Rates for lifetime use of 0, 1 and 2 or more drugs were 56.2%, 23.3% and 20.4%, respectively, and were associated with men (OR = 2.2; 95%CI:1.4-3.5), being at least 23 years old (OR = 2.7; 95%CI: 1.4-5.1), under 18 years old first experimentation with drugs (OR = 2.3; 95%CI: 1.3-3.9) and living with friends (OR = 2.0; 95%CI: 1.2-3.4). Rates for 30-day use of 0, 1 and 2 or more drugs were 76.8%; 18.1% and 5.1%, respectively, and were associated with being single, separated or widowed (OR = 3.2; 95%CI: 1.4-7.0), lower socioeconomic classes (OR = 0.3; 95%CI: 0.1-1.1; p = 0.001), under 18 years old first experimentation with drugs (OR = 1.8; 95%CI: 1.1-2.9) and living with friends (OR = 1.8 95%CI: 1.2-2.8). CONCLUSION Results indicate that students are at greater risk of illicit drug-related health problems. Thus, a better understanding of this consumption should be pursued, as well as the development of a prevention plan.

Adults at high-risk of severe coronavirus disease-2019 (Covid-19) in Brazil

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To estimate the proportion and total number of the general adult population who may be at higher risk of severe Covid-19 in Brazil. METHODS We included 51,770 participants from a nationally representative, household-based health survey (PNS) conducted in Brazil. We estimated the proportion and number of adults (≥ 18 years) at risk of severe Covid-19 by sex, educational level, race/ethnicity, and state based on the presence of one or more of the following risk factors: age ≥ 65 years or medical diagnosis of cardiovascular disease, diabetes, hypertension, chronic respiratory disease, cancer, stroke, chronic kidney disease and moderate to severe asthma, smoking status, and obesity. RESULTS Adults at risk of severe Covid-19 in Brazil varied from 34.0% (53 million) to 54.5% (86 million) nationwide. Less-educated adults present a 2-fold higher prevalence of risk factors compared to university graduated. We found no differences by sex and race/ethnicity. São Paulo, Rio de Janeiro, Minas Gerais, and Rio Grande do Sul were the most vulnerable states in absolute and relative terms of adults at risk. CONCLUSIONS Proportion and total number of adults at risk of severe Covid-19 are high in Brazil, with wide variation across states and adult subgroups. These findings should be considered while designing and implementing prevention measures in Brazil. We argue that these results support broad social isolation measures, particularly when testing capacity for SARS-CoV-2 is limited.

Validity studies of the scale of positive and negative perceptions about alcohol effects / Estudos de validade da escala de percepções positivas e negativas sobre efeitos do álcool

ABSTRACT OBJECTIVE To describe the process of elaboration and validation of the Scale of Perceptions about Alcohol Consumption in Higher Education Students in a Portuguese sample, considering the relationship between alcohol use rates and students' perceptions about the effects of this consumption. METHODS The validation study included 531 Portuguese college freshmen who answered the instrument, which is composed of five items that express positive perceptions and five items that express negative perceptions about the effects of alcohol consumption. RESULTS Evidence of content validity, internal structure and external variables were obtained. The results of the factor analysis confirm the distribution of positive and negative perceptions by two different factors according to the theoretical model. Adequate internal consistency indexes were obtained for each dimension. The data obtained showed expected correlations between the perceptions and consumption behaviors of the students, indicating evidence of criterion validity of the scale. Moreover, the study showed that different consumption patterns between men and women, with higher alcohol consumption in the students' households and restaurants or cafés by male students, in addition to the similarity in the consumption pattern between the two genders in parties and bars or nightclubs. CONCLUSION The data obtained show the validity of the instrument. In the discussion, the article presents considerations about the responsibility of higher education institutions in the prevention and reduction in consumption rates among their students.

RESUMO OBJETIVO Considerando a relação entre as taxas de uso de álcool e as percepções dos estudantes sobre os efeitos desse consumo, descrever o processo de elaboração e validação da Escala de Percepções sobre o Consumo de Álcool em Estudantes do Ensino Superior em uma amostra portuguesa. MÉTODOS Participaram do estudo de validade 531 estudantes portugueses do primeiro ano do ensino superior que responderam ao instrumento, composto por cinco itens que expressam percepções positivas e cinco itens que expressam percepções negativas sobre os efeitos do consumo de álcool. RESULTADOS Evidências de validade de conteúdo, de estrutura interna e baseadas em variáveis externas foram obtidas. Os resultados da análise fatorial confirmam a distribuição das percepções positivas e negativas por dois fatores diferenciados em acordo com o modelo teórico de partida. Índices adequados de consistência interna foram obtidos para cada dimensão. Os dados obtidos mostraram correlações esperadas entre as percepções e os comportamentos de consumo dos estudantes, indicando evidências de validade de critério da escala. Em acréscimo, o estudo indicou haver padrões de consumo diferenciados entre os sexos, registando-se maior consumo de álcool nas residências e nos restaurantes ou cafés por parte dos homens, além de similaridade entre os dois sexos no padrão de consumo em festas e bares ou discotecas. CONCLUSÃO Os dados obtidos evidenciam a validade do instrumento. Na discussão dos dados, o artigo apresenta considerações sobre a responsabilidade das instituições de ensino superior na prevenção e redução das taxas de consumo entre a sua população estudantil.

Comparação das medidas extraorais com as medidas intraorais na confecção da prótese total / Comparison of the extra-oral measurements with the intra-oral measurements in the manufacture of the total prosthesis

Introdução: o edentulismo é um problema bastante comum, e o conhecimento adequado da anatomia e da fisiologia da cavidade oral é essencial na recuperação e no equilíbrio neuromuscular do sistema estomatognático. O uso das linhas de referência juntamente com o plano oclusal orientam o posicionamento dos dentes artificias, que são utilizados para construção das próteses totais. Objetivo: comparar as medidas extraorais com as intraorais da largura dos dentes anteriores com as medidas das linhas de referências preconizadas na literatura para confecção de uma prótese total. Métodos: estudo do tipo observacional transversal, com amostra não probabilística, com 50 indivíduos de ambos os gêneros, no quais se realizou uma análise dentária e facial com auxílio de fotografias e um paquímetro digital. Resultados: foi observado que, na maioria dos indivíduos, não houve coincidência entre a largura dos dentes e as linhas de referência analisadas, que as mulheres apresentaram menor coincidência entre os dentes e a largura da asa do nariz, quando comparadas com os homens (8,3% e 91,7%, respectivamente), com p = 0,001. Conclusão: as linhas de referência não foram coincidentes com o tamanho dos dentes na maioria dos casos avaliados. (AU)

Introduction: edentulism is a fairly common problem, and adequate knowledge of the anatomy and physiology of the oral cavity is essential in the recovery and neuromuscular balance of the stomatognathic system. The use of reference lines together with the occlusal plane guide the positioning of the artificial teeth, which are used to construct the total dentures. Objective: to compare the extra-oral and intra-oral measurements of the width of the anterior teeth with the measurements of the reference lines recommended in the literature for making a total prosthesis. Methods: cross-sectional observational study with a non-probabilistic sample, with 50 individuals of both sexes, where a dental and facial analysis was carried out using photographs and a digital caliper. Results: it was observed that most of the individuals analyzed did not coincide between the width of the teeth and the reference lines, and that the analyzed women showed less coincidence between teeth and the width of the nose wing when compared with men (8.3% and 91.7%, respectively), with p = 0.001. Conclusion: the reference lines did not coincide with tooth size in most cases analysed. (AU)

Age estimation by pulp/tooth area ratio in anterior teeth using cone-beam computed tomography: comparison of four teeth

Abstract Objectives Age estimation is one of the most important factors in forensic medicine. Measuring secondary dentin deposition using cone-beam computed tomography images is an easy and noninvasive method. The aim of this study was to evaluate cone-beam computed tomography images as a reliable method to estimate chronological age by pulp/teeth ratio in anterior teeth in Iranian population. Methodology A total of 649 CBCT images from 377 Iranian patients aged between 20 and 69 years were evaluated. Pulp/teeth ratio (PTR) in maxillary and mandibular canine and central incisor teeth was measured in the axial and sagittal sections using OnDemand 3D Dental software. The Pearson correlation coefficient was determined to evaluate the correlation between the variables. Linear regression analysis, as well as age estimation formula, was used for each tooth separately. Results The regression analyses indicated that maxillary central incisors were more reliable for age estimation (R2=0.586 and standard error of estimate=7.045) compared with the other anterior teeth studied. Maxillary canine teeth had the lowest predictive power (R2=0.392 and standard error of estimate=8.387). Also, comparison of the axial and sagittal sections showed that the axial sections had a higher predictive power. (R2=0.48 for axial plans and R2=0.328 for sagittal plans) Conclusion The use of cone-beam computed tomography in age estimation by pulp/teeth ratio of anterior teeth is useful and a reliable method for age estimation in Iranian population.

Distribution of depression, somatization and pain-related impairment in patients with chronic temporomandibular disorders

Abstract Objective the aim of this study was to describe the frequency of psychosocial diagnoses in a large sample of patients attending a tertiary clinic for treatment of temporomandibular disorders (TMD). Material and Methods six hundred and ninety-one patients who sought treatment for pain-related TMD were selected. Chronic pain-related disability (Graded Chronic Pain Scale, GCPS), depression [Symptoms Checklist-90 (SCL-90) scale for depression, DEP] and somatization levels (SCL-90 scale for non-specific physical symptoms, SOM) were evaluated through the Research Diagnostic Criteria for TMD (RDC/TMD) Axis II psychosocial assessment; TMD diagnoses were based on the Axis I criteria. Results the majority of patients presented a low disability or no disability at all, with only a small portion of individuals showing a severely limiting, high disability pain-related impairment (4.3%). On the other hand, abnormal scores of depression and somatization were high, with almost half of the individuals having moderate-to-severe levels of depression and three-fourths presenting moderate-to-severe levels of somatization. The prevalence of high pain-related disability (GCPS grades III or IV), severe/moderate depression and somatization was 14.3%, 44% and 74.1% respectively. Gender differences in scores of SCL-DEP (p=0.031) and SCL-SOM (p=0.001) scales were signficant, with females presenting the highest percentage of abnormal values. Conclusion patients with TMD frequently present an emotional profile with low disability, high intensity pain-related impairment, and high to moderate levels of somatization and depression. Therefore, given the importance of psychosocial issues at the prognostic level, it is recommended that clinical trials on TMD treatment include an evaluation of patients' psychosocial profiles.

Necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico em adolescentes do Rio Grande do Sul: relação entre autopercepção e necessidade clínica / Need for orthodontic treatment in adolescents from the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil: association between self-perception and clinical need

Objetivos: analisar a associação entre a auto percepção e a necessidade clínica de tratamento ortodôntico e investigar a relação entre a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico e o impacto nas atividades diárias comer, sorrir e falar, em adolescentes. Sujeitos e método: estudo transversal com 1.630 escolares com idade entre 15 e 19 anos, de 36 municípios do estado do Rio Grande do Sul. Os instrumentos utilizados para determinar a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico foram o Índice de Estética Dental (DAI) e o Componente Estético (AC) do Índice de Necessidade de Tratamento Ortodôntico (IOTN). Os dados foram analisados com o programa SPSS 21.0, utilizando-se os testes Qui-Quadrado de Pearson ou Qui-Quadrado de tendência linear e a regressão de Poisson. O nível de significância adotado foi de 5%. Resultados: observou-se associação positiva entre o IOTN e o DAI. A proporção de sujeitos que perceberam a necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico aumentou com a recomendação feita pelo dentista. Entretanto, a maioria dos adolescentes entrevistados não percebia necessidade de tratamento ortodôntico. Após o ajuste, observou-se associação entre a maloclusão e o desempenho da atividade diária sorrir (RP = 2,03) e o sexo dos escolares (RP = 1,28). Também se observou associação entre o sexo dos adolescentes (RP = 1,23), a escolaridade do pai (RP = 1,21) e o impacto na atividade comer. A atividade diária de falar estava associada com a escolaridade do pai (RP = 2,11). Conclusão: existe associação entre a auto percepção de tratamento ortodôntico e a necessidade clínica. A maloclusão impacta a atividade sorrir entre os adolescentes, entretanto, o mesmo não ocorre com as atividades comer e falar. (AU)

Objective: to analyze the association between self- -perception and clinical need for orthodontic treatment, and to investigate the relationship between the need for orthodontic treatment and the impact on daily activities of eating, smiling, and speaking, in adolescents. Subjects and method: cross-sectional study with 1630 school children aged 15 through 19 years from 36 cities of the state of Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil. The instruments used to determine the need for orthodontic treatment were the Dental Aesthetic Index (DAI) and the Aesthetic Component (AC) of the Index of Orthodontic Treatment Need (IOTN). The data were analyzed with the SPSS 21.0 software using Pearson's chi-square or linear trend chi-square tests and Poisson regression. The significance level was 5%. Results: there was a positive association between IOTN and DAI. The proportion of subjects who perceived the need for orthodontic treatment increased with the recommendation from the dentist. However, most of the adolescents interviewed did not perceive the need for orthodontic treatment. After adjustment, there was an association of malocclusion with the performance of the daily activity of smiling (PR = 2.03) and the gender of school children (PR = 1.28). An association was also observed for the gender of adolescents (PR = 1.23) and paternal level of education (PR = 1.21) with the daily activity of eating. The daily activity of speaking was associated with the paternal level of education (PR = 2.11). Conclusion: there is an association between self-perception of orthodontic treatment and the clinical need. Malocclusion affects the activity of smiling among adolescents, but the same does not occur with the activities of eating and speaking. (AU)

Psychopathological profile and quality of life of patients with oral lichen planus

Abstract Objectives Oral lichen planus (OLP) is a chronic, multifocal, sometimes painful, inflammatory disease of the oral mucosa. OLP can predispose development of psycho-emotional disorders. Until now, the relationship between the severity of lichen planus and the psychological profile of patients (psychological well-being, perceived stress and pain coping strategies) has never been studied. Material and Methods Study was conducted on 42 OLP patients. Number of sites involved, severity and activity score of OLP were evaluated. Psychological tests were used to evaluate patients' psycho-emotional condition. The mean duration time of symptomatic OLP was 43 months. Results We detected that the longer the duration of subjective symptoms, the poorer the quality of life and the higher the level of perceived stress (PSS). Also, the higher the PSS results, the greater the anxiety and depression on Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS). Likewise, higher level of depression in HADS was strongly correlated with worse quality of life. (p≤0.05). Conclusions In this study, we detected a relationship between duration of the disease, level of perceived stress and quality of life. The longer the disease lasts, the higher it tends to catastrophize. This may influence development or increase of the anxiety and depression and may decrease patients' quality of life.

Evaluation of cases of concussion and subluxation in the permanent dentition: a retrospective study

Abstract Objectives This study evaluated the evolution of cases of concussion and subluxation through a retrospective study of 20 years. Material and Methods Were examined clinical and radiographic records of 1,309 patients who underwent treatment of dentoalveolar trauma in the discipline of Integrated Clinic of the School of Dentistry of Araçatuba, UNESP, of which we selected 137 whose patients had concussion and subluxation injuries, with average age of 23.3 (SD - 10.96). The variables collected were: gender, age, history of previous and actual trauma, treatments performed, the presence of necrotic pulp, and time elapsed until the same trauma. The concussion and subluxation groups were subjected to statistical analyses using the SPSS 16.0 version software (α=0.05), Chi-square, and t-tests. Results Of the 301 teeth involved, 49 (16.3%) suffered concussion and 252 (83.7%), subluxation, being the upper anterior teeth the most affected (75.1%) for both conditions. Subluxation and concussion traumas were more prevalent in men aged 10 to 20 years, most caused by cycling accidents (36.2%). There was a concomitant presence of crown fracture in 21% of cases of concussion and 34.7% of subluxation. Pulp necrosis was detected in 16.3% (concussion) and 27.1% (subluxation) (p=0.12), and most occurred within 6 months after the trauma (p=0.29). The pulp necrosis shows a positive correlation with motorcycle accidents (p=0.01), direct impact (p≤0.0001), crown fracture with pulp exposure (p≤0.0001), darkening of the crown (p=0.004) and spontaneous pain (p≤0.0001); and negative correlation with indirect impact (p≤0.0001). Conclusions Although concussion and subluxation traumas are considered of minor degrees, they must be monitored, since the possibility of pulp necrosis exists, and its early treatment favors a good prognosis.

Three-dimensional morphometric analysis of dental arches of children with cleft lip and palate: longitudinal study / Análise morfométrica tridimensional dos arcos dentários de crianças com fissura labiopalatina: estudo longitudinal

This study aimed to present two papers that show the alterations in the dental arch dimensions of children with cleft lip and palate before and after the primary surgeries. The first study aimed to evaluate the dimensional alterations of the dental arches of neonates with unilateral complete cleft lip and palate before and after two different primary plastic surgeries. The sample was composed of 114 dental casts of 57 children, divided into two groups: Group 1 ­ 26 neonates whose lip closure was accomplished at 3 months of life by Millard´s technique and the anterior and posterior palate closure by von Langenback's technique (VL); Group 2 ­ 31 neonates whose lip closure, nose's ala correction, and anterior palate closure were accomplished of life by Millard´s technique, Mcomb's or Skoog's technique, and vomer's flap, respectively at 3 months of life; posterior palate closure was accomplished by VL at 12 months of life. The dental casts were analyzed at two phases: (T1) pre-cheiloplasty and (T2) one year after palatoplasty. The second study aimed to evaluate morphometrically and longitudinally the alterations of the dental arch dimensions of children with cleft lip and palate. The sample was composed by digital dental casts of children with complete cleft lip (Group 1), complete cleft lip and palate (Group 2), and complete cleft palate (Group 3), obtained at pre-cheiloplasty (T1), pre-palatoplasty (T2), and one year after palatoplasty (T3). The measurements of the dental arch dimensions of both studies were performed directly on the digitized models and analyzed by Appliance Designer software. The following dimensions were obtained: intercanine distance, inter-tuberosity distance, anterior arch length, and total arch length. A previously trained and calibrated examiner performed the assessments of both studies. To verify the alterations among groups, t test and ANOVA followed by Tukey was applied. In the first study, no statistically significant differences occurred at pre-cheiloplasty. At one year after palatoplasty, Group 1 had statistically significant greater anterior-posterior arch length (P=0.002) than Group 2. This suggested that the outcomes of the different surgical techniques may cause alterations in the dental arch growth and development of neonates with cleft lip and palate. In the second study, in Group 1, the distances C-C', T-T', and I-TT' were statistically greater at T2 than at T1. In Group 2, the distances C-C' and I-CC' were smaller at T3. T-T' distance decreased and I-TT' distance increased at all phases. In Group 3, the C-C', T-T', and I-TT' distances were statistically greater at T3. The intergroup comparisons showed that C-C' and T-T' distances were statistically greater in Group 1; C-C' and I-CC' distances were statistically smaller in Group 2; and I-TT' distance was statistically greater in Group 3. The longitudinal evaluation of the changes occurred in the dental arches of children with different oral cleft types showed that cheiloplasty and palatoplasty caused the most alterations in the growth and development of the maxillary dimensions of children with complete cleft lip and palate.(AU)

O propósito deste estudo foi apresentar dois artigos que mostram as alterações das dimensões dos arcos dentários de crianças com fissura labiopalatina antes e depois das cirurgias primárias. O primeiro estudo foi proposto para avaliar as alterações dimensionais dos arcos dentários de neonatos com fissura labiopalatina antes e após a realização de duas técnicas distintas de cirurgias plásticas primárias. A amostra foi composta de 114 modelos dentários em gesso de 57 crianças, divididos em dois grupos: Grupo I ­ 26 neonatos, fechamento do lábio realizado aos 3 meses de vida pela técnica de Millard e palato total aos 12 meses, pela técnica de von Langenback (VL); Grupo II ­ 31 neonatos, fechamento do lábio pela técnica de Millard aos 3 meses de vida, correção de asa nasal (técnicas de Mcomb ou Skoog) e palatoplastia anterior com retalho de vômer aos 3 meses. A palatoplastia posterior foi realizada aos 12 meses pela técnica VL. Os modelos foram analisados em 2 fases: (F1) pré-queiloplastia e (F2) 1 ano pós-palatoplastia. No segundo estudo o objetivo foi realizar uma avaliação longitudinal das alterações das dimensões dos arcos dentários de crianças com fissura labiopalatina. A amostra foi composta de modelos digitais de crianças com fissura completa de lábio (Grupo 1), completa de lábio e palato (Grupo 2), e completa de palato (Grupo 3), obtidos nas fases de pré-queiloplastia (Fase 1), pré-palatoplastia (Fase 2), 1 ano póspalatoplastia (Fase 3). As medidas das dimensões dos arcos dentários nos dois estudos foram realizadas nos modelos digitalizados e analisados utilizando software Appliance Designer. As seguintes dimensões foram obtidas: distância intercaninos, distância intertuberosidade, comprimento anterior do arco dentário e comprimento total do arco. Um avaliador previamente calibrado e treinado realizou as avaliações para os dois estudos. Foi aplicado o Teste t e a Análise de Variância, seguida do Teste de Tukey. Para o primeiro estudo não houve diferença estatisticamente significante na fase pré-queiloplastia entre os grupos. Na fase 1 ano pós-palatoplastia houve diferença para o comprimento anteroposterior do arco dentário (p=0,002), entre os grupos, com valores maiores para o grupo I. Para o segundo estudo, no Grupo 1, as distâncias C-C', T-T' e I-TT' apresentaram diferença estatisticamente significante entre a F1 e F2, com aumento na F2. Para o Grupo 2, houve diferença estatisticamente significante em todas as fases avaliadas. As distâncias C-C' e I-CC' apresentaram menor valor na F3, T-T' diminuiu em todas as fases, e I-TT' aumentou em todas as fases. No Grupo 3, as distâncias C-C', T-T' e I-TT' mostraram diferença estatisticamente significante com aumento na F3. Quando avaliadas as medidas entre os grupos e fases, C-C' e T-T' mostraram um valor maior para o Grupo 1. A comparação entre F2 e F3 mostraram para as distâncias C-C' e I-CC' valor menor para o Grupo 2, e I-TT' foi maior para o Grupo 3. As avaliações longitudinais nos arcos dentários mostraram que a queiloplastia e palatoplastia causam maiores alterações de crescimento e desenvolvimento maxilares de pacientes com fissura completa de lábio e palato.(AU)