Physicochemical and UV/VIS measurements of UHD solutionsof water, potentized water,and different potencies of organic substance

Conventional science regards the study of UHD (highly homeopathically potentized) solutions as pseudo-science. However, an increasing number of rigorous scientific investigations demonstrate differences in physicochemical and physical characteristics of such solutions. Strictly chemically regarded, they correspond to highly distilled water. Our research team developed a system of physicochemical and UV spectrographic measurements, whereby the differences may be consistently confirmed with high statistical significance.Methods:For measurement of the physicochemical parameters,we usedpH,electrical conductivity,and oxidation-reduction potential (ORP)sensors.For UV/VIS spectroscopymeasurements,we useda Macherey-Nagelspectrophotometer.For UHD research, we used two batches of substances: Russian (R) and Brazilian (B). In R, distilled water (W) was used for dilutions and potencies as follows: potentized water (W cH9), potentized dilution of antibodies to interferon-gamma (Abs IFNγ cH9), the same original substance in the form of a mixture of potencies (Abs IFNγ cH12, cH30, cH50, shortly Abs IFNγ mix). Furthermore, we prepared higher potencies of the substances (supplementary potentiation) in a specially prepared solution and measured their characteristics. In B, the solution was used for further dilutions and potencies as follows: potentized water (W cH1) and Glyphosate potencies (Gly cH6 => cH8, cH30 => cH 32, and cH200 => cH 202).For direct or post-hoc analysis, we used Wilcoxon signed-rank test, two-tailed.Results:UV-VIS spectroscopy (R): measurements of received liquids potentized for further cH1 show statistically significant differences between all substances, except between water W and W cH9 at 260 nm. Significant differences (p-values) were as follows: Abs IFNγ mixvs. W= 0.007; Abs IFNγ mixvs.W cH9=0.008; Abs IFNγ cH9vs. W=0.044; Abs IFNγ cH9vs.W cH9= 0.026; Abs IFNγ mixvs.W cH9= 0.007; W vs.W cH9= 0.506.Physicochemical measurements:R: measurementsdemonstrated statistical difference only in pH (Abs IFNγ mix towards all others). Significant differences (p-values) were as follows: Abs IFNγ mixvs. W=0.022; Abs IFNγ mixvs.W cH9=0.005; Abs IFNγ mixvs.Abs IFNγ cH9=0.025. After supplementarypotentiation, we obtained a more conspicuous picture with many statistical differences in conductivity and ORP, ranging from p= 0.001 to 0.046.A difference between water and potentized water has also been demonstrated.B: the measurements demonstrated statistical differences mainly in pH between Gly cH8 and the rest and between Gly cH202 and W cH1.Significant differences (p-values) were as follows:Gly cH8vs. Gly cH32 =0.027; Gly cH8vs. Gly cH202 = 0.011; Gly cH8vs. W cH1= 0.014; Gly cH202vs. W cH1= 0.034.Conclusion:UV/VIS at wavelength 260 nm Abs IFNγ mix discloses a pattern similar to exclusion zone (EZ)water at 270 nm.By additional potentiation and with physicochemical measurements, we obtained higher statistical differences than in the original dilutions.In contrast, UV/VIS spectroscopy showed more conspicuous results without additional potentiation. However, the very act of succussion becomes very distinct

Immobilisation of solvatochromic dyes on transparent cellulose films; an improved methodology for the study of homeopathic potencies

Highly diluted and succussed solutions (homeopathic potencies) have been shown to interact with a wide range of solvatochromic dyes based on changes in their UV-visible spectra. Studies so far have involved free dyes in solution, but there is a pressing need to find ways to investigate the potency-dye interaction using isolated dye molecules in order to ask more searching physico-chemical questions regarding the fundamental nature of potencies. Aims and Methods:The aims of the present study have been tolook for ways to covalently immobilizesolvatochromic dyes onto transparent cellulose films and hence be in a position to investigate dye-potency interactions without the complication of dye-dye interactions, including dye aggregation, which can occur with free dyes in solution. Results: to date a total of nine different dyes have been immobilised on cellulose films using epoxide activation of hydroxyl groups on the cellulose surface. Using this methodology studies have begun looking at the time course of potency action on one of these immobilised dyes, Brooker's merocyanine. Results show that the interaction ofArsenicum10M with this dye consists of three phases ­an initial growth phase, a sustained plateau of interaction and a final decline phase lasting several days.Conclusions: amethodology has been developed that successfully immobilises solvatochromic dyes onto transparent cellulose film. These films can then be used in a spectrophotometer to study at a much more detailed level how potencies interact with dyes compared with using free dyes in solution. Results indicate that the information gained in this way provides new insights regarding the fundamental nature of potencies. Specifically, studies using immobilised Brooker's merocyanine with Arsenicum10M reveal that the lifetime of the potency is much longer than expected and that its action consists of three distinct phases, suggesting a resonant interaction with the dye.

Escalas e dinamizacoes na episteme homeopatica / Scales and synamizations in the homeopathic epistheme

Analisando as experimentações de Stannum metallicum, Iodium purum, Hydrocya-nic acidum e Brosimum gaudichaidii nas quais teve participação direta, o autor reúne argumen-tos para demonstrar que as discussões sobre qual a melhor escala de potência a ser adotada, qual a melhor potência a ser utilizada em cada caso ou mesmo criar novas escalas de dinami-zações são totalmente desnecessárias uma vez que a adequada similaridade entre o quadro clí-nico do paciente e o quadro patogenético da substância escolhida é que fazem acontecer a Clínica da Similitude. Hahnemann preparou as dinamizações apenas para atenuar as agrava-ções e nada mais. Ao introduzir-se, na avaliação dos casos clínicos, a observação lacaniana de que "em cada movimento curativo há um ins-tante para perceber, um tempo para compreen-der e um momento para concluir", percebe-se claramente que o homeopata espera uma res-posta cada vez que introduz o seu medicamento, terminando por atribuir ao medicamento ou po-tência utilizada no "momento de concluir" o efeito esperado, sem perceber que esse é o "ponto final" daquela fase do tratamento. Le-vando-se em consideração o "Programa Cientí-fico de Pesquisa" de Lakatos, os temas, doses e dinamizações estão alocados no cinturão secun-dário de defesa do núcleo rígido que é a simili-tude, em nada prejudicando a heurística positiva do programa. (AU)

Posible origen de las dinamizaciones. La influencia de la edad antigua, la edad media y el romanticismo alemán en Hahnemann / Possible origin of potencies. The influence of ancient age, the age media and german romanticism in Hahnemann

La historia de las ultradiluciones es un aspecto fascinante de la Homeopatía que merece atención. En este trabajo se hace un repaso a los antecedentes de la ideade potenciación y dinamización, aspectos que probablemente fueron influenciados por la herencia cultural de Oriente y Medio Oriente. (AU)

The history of ultradilutions is a fascinating aspect of homeopathy that deserves attention. This paper presents a review of the history of the potenciation anddynamization, aspects that were probably influenced by the heritage of the Orient and Middle East cultures. (AU)

La escala cincuentamilesimal (LM) / The cincuentamilesimal scale (LM)

Después de 12 años de práctica exclusiva y literal con la técnica de la escala cincuentamilesimal (LM o Q) de potencias, descrita en la 6a edición del Organon, elautor analiza sus diferencias básicas con las directrices de la 5a edición de dicha obra. Describe la manera de administrar el medicamento, sus ventajas y desventajas, y enumera todas las conductas posibles durante el uso de esta técnica, la cual, concluye, es la que mejor se encamina para lograr una curación rápida y suave, ideal máximo de Samuel Hahnemann. (AU)

After 12 years of literal and exclusive practice with the 50 millesimal scale according to the 6th edition of the Organon, the autor analyses its basic differences with the guidelines of the 5th edition. He describes the posible procedures during the usage of this kind of medication; it´s advantages, disvantages and enumerates all the possible conducts of this technique, therefore concluding that this is the one that leads to a rapid and mild cure. Samuel Hahnemann´s maximum ideal (AU)

La selección de la potencia en la prescripción homeopática / The selection of the power in homeopathic prescribing

La prescripción del medicamento homeopático no se limita a la observación detallada de los síntomas del paciente ni a la habilidad para identificar al remedio más semejante. En cumplimiento a lo dicho por el doctor Samuel Hahnemann, en cuanto a que el tratamiento homeopático tiene el objetivo de producir una enfermedadartificial ligeramente más fuerte que la enfermedad natural que se pretende curar, el médico debe apegarse a ciertas consideraciones para elegir la potencia correcta que le permita restablecer la salud del paciente de la manera más rápida, suave y duradera posible.En este artículo se exponen aspectos teóricos y reflexiones basadas en la práctica que ayudarán a que el médico homeópata se forme un criterio más amplio sobre el uso de potencias bajas, medias y altas, de acuerdo con los principios desemejanza e individualidad. (AU)

The prescription of homeopathic medicine is not limited to the detailed observation of the patient’s symptoms or the ability to identify the most similar remedy. In compliance with the said by Dr. Samuel Hahnemann, in that homeopathic treatment aims to produce a slightly stronger artificial disease that natural disease to be cured, the physician must adhere to certain considerations to choose the correct power that restores the health of the patient as quickly, soft and durable as possible. In this article theoretical and practice-based reflections that will help the homeopath a broader view on the use of low, medium and high, according to the principles of similarity and individuality powers to form aspects are discussed. (AU)

La infinitesimalidad en la dinamizaciones. Número de Avogadro / The infinitesimality in potencies. Avogadro's number

Este artículo define con claridad uno de los postulados fundamentales de la Homeopatía, el cual se refiere a la dosis infinitesimal, un concepto que en el área de matemáticas es una cantidad tan pequeña que no puede ser pesada o medida por los medios usuales de la física. En el caso de la Homeopatía, se entiende que una dinamización que no contenga alguna molécula de la sustancia primaria activa no puede ser medida, lo que ocurre de acuerdo con la físico-química cuando se alcanza el Número de Avogadro. Dicha situación ocurrirá cuando exista la desconcentración equivalente a 1/1023, es decir, la dinamización 23X. Este trabajo relata, asimismo, los postulados de investigadores como Perrin, Rutherford, Planck y Millikan, y establece la posibilidad de que la sustancia primaria contenga iones desde el momento en que inicia la dinamización, lo cual haría que dicho componente conservara sus propiedades a altísimos niveles de dilución. (AU)

This article clearly defines one of the fundamental postulates of homeopathy, which refers to the infinitesimal doses, a concept that in the area of mathematics is such a small amount that can’t be weighed or measured by the usual means of physical. In the case of Homeopathy, energizing means that any molecule that does not contain the primary active substance can’t be measured, which occurs according to the physicochemical when reaching the Avogadro number. This situation will occur when there is a concentration equivalent to 1/1023, that is to say the dynamic 23X. This paper describes also the tenets of researchers like Perrin, Rutherford, Planck and Millikan, and establishes the possibility that the primary substancecontaining ions from the moment you start the revitalization, which would make such component towering retain their properties dilution levels. (AU)

Behavior of rats treated with Rhus toxicodendron 200cH / Conducta da ratones tratados con Rhus toxicodendron

One of the main pathogenetic characteristic of Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus-t) is the presence ofarticular pain and aggravation on standing, which improve only by motion. The present studyproposes an experimental model to evaluate the action of Rhus-t 200cH. Rats were divided into 3groups according to treatment received (Rhus-t, diazepam and water); each group was furtherdivided into two sub-groups according to the initial pattern of behavior (hyperactive andhypoactive) as assessed by open-field procedure. A second evaluation of behavior performed 24hours later pointed out to the effects of the medications under study. Results were analyzedthrough Kruskal-Wallis/Dunn’s test, with a level of significance p 0,05.(AU)

Uma das características patogenéticas principais de Rhus toxicodendron (Rhus-t) é a presença de dor articular e agravação em pé, melhorando exclusivamente com o movimento. O presente estudo propõe um modelo experimental para avaliar a ação de Rhus-t 200cH. Ratos foram divididos em 3 grupos de tratamento (Rhus-t, diazepam e água); cada grupo doi subdividido em 2 subgrupos de acordo com o padrão inicial de conduta (hiper e hipoativos) em procedimento de campo aberto. Uma segunda avaliação da conduta, realizada 24 horas após, indicou o efeito dos medicamentos sob estudo. Os resultados foram analisados pelo teste de Kruskal-Ealis/Dunn com nível de significância p=0,05.(AU)

What is the therapeutically active ingredient of homeopathic potencies?

The nature of the active ingredient, in homeopathic high dilutions is investigated. A model for every degree of dilution is introduced; within this the active ingredient can be dealt with in physical terms. In mathematical... (AU)

Patient-practitioner-remedy (PPR) entanglement. Part 2: extending the metaphor forhomeopathy using molecular quantum theory

A quantum metaphor developedpreviously for homeopathy, involving triadic patient-practitioner-remedy (PPR) entanglement, is extended by importing concepts used in chemistry to describe the electronic... (AU)

Selection of potencies by medical and non-medical homeopaths: a survey

Objectives: To examine the differences between medical and non-medical practitioners with regard to the selection of potency. Design: Postal survey to medical homoeopaths belonging to the Faculty of Homoeopathy, and to... (AU)

Nux vomica 30 prepared with and without succussion shows antialcoholic effect on toads and distinctive molecular association

Adult toads, Bufo melanostictus, were administered Nux vomica (Nux v) 30 prepared with and without succussion on the tongue. The drug was mixed with sterile distilled water at the rate 0.05ml/individual. The control consisted... (AU)

On the investigation of homeopathic potencies using low resolution NMR T2 relaxation times: an esperimental and critical survey of the work of Roland Conte et al

We have attempted to reproduce differences in low resolution nuclear magnetic rosonance (NMR) T2 spin-spin relacation times between homeopathically potentised and unpotentised Nitric acid (nit-ac) solutions previously reported by Conte, et al. Using silimar instrumentation and ... (AU)