Involvement of the vagus nerve and hepatic gene expression in serum adiponectin concentrations in mice

Several humoral factors, such as adiponectin and urate, have been suggested to affect metabolic syndromes. Previously, we reported a reduction in blood adiponectin concentrations after a high-fructose diet partially via the vagus nerve in rats. Although a lithogenic diet (LD), i.e., supplementation of a normal control diet (CT) with 0.6% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate, reduced blood adiponectin concentrations, the involvement of the vagus nerve in this mechanism remains unclear. To estimate the involvement of the vagus nerve in the regulation of blood adiponectin concentrations using an LD, male imprinting control region mice that had been vagotomized (HVx) or only laparotomized (Sham) were administered a CT or an LD for 10 weeks. Serum adiponectin concentrations in the Sham-LD, HVx-CT, and HVx-LD groups were reduced by half compared with the Sham-CT group. The hepatic mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which reportedly stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue, were lower in the LD groups compared with the CT groups. HepG2 hepatoma cells showed that various bile acids reduced the mRNA expression of FGF21. Moreover, the LD increased serum urate concentrations and reduced hepatic expressions of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) mRNA and glucokinase, suggesting insufficient regeneration of ATP from AMP. In conclusion, serum adiponectin concentration may be regulated via the vagus nerve in normal mice, whereas a reduction of hepatic Fgf21 mRNA by bile acids may also lower serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, the LD may promote hepatic AMP accumulation and subsequently increase the serum urate concentration in mice. (AU)

Involvement of the vagus nerve and hepatic gene expression in serum adiponectin concentrations in mice

Several humoral factors, such as adiponectin and urate, have been suggested to affect metabolic syndromes. Previously, we reported a reduction in blood adiponectin concentrations after a high-fructose diet partially via the vagus nerve in rats. Although a lithogenic diet (LD), i.e., supplementation of a normal control diet (CT) with 0.6% cholesterol and 0.2% sodium cholate, reduced blood adiponectin concentrations, the involvement of the vagus nerve in this mechanism remains unclear. To estimate the involvement of the vagus nerve in the regulation of blood adiponectin concentrations using an LD, male imprinting control region mice that had been vagotomized (HVx) or only laparotomized (Sham) were administered a CT or an LD for 10 weeks. Serum adiponectin concentrations in the Sham-LD, HVx-CT, and HVx-LD groups were reduced by half compared with the Sham-CT group. The hepatic mRNA levels of fibroblast growth factor 21 (Fgf21), which reportedly stimulates adiponectin secretion from white adipose tissue, were lower in the LD groups compared with the CT groups. HepG2 hepatoma cells showed that various bile acids reduced the mRNA expression of FGF21. Moreover, the LD increased serum urate concentrations and reduced hepatic expressions of the acyl-CoA oxidase 1 (Acox1) mRNA and glucokinase, suggesting insufficient regeneration of ATP from AMP. In conclusion, serum adiponectin concentration may be regulated via the vagus nerve in normal mice, whereas a reduction of hepatic Fgf21 mRNA by bile acids may also lower serum adiponectin levels. Moreover, the LD may promote hepatic AMP accumulation and subsequently increase the serum urate concentration in mice. (AU)

Ghrelin prevents lethality in a rat endotoxemic model through central effects on the vagal pathway and adenosine A2B signaling

Accumulating evidence suggest that ghrelin plays a role as an antiseptic peptide. The present study aimed to clarify whether the brain may be implicated ghrelin’s antiseptic action. We examined the effect of brain ghrelin on survival in a novel endotoxemic model achieved by treating rats with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and colchicine. The observation of survival stopped three days after chemicals’ injection or at death. Intracisternal ghrelin dose-dependently reduced lethality in the endotoxemic model; meanwhile, neither intraperitoneal injection of ghrelin nor intracisternal des-acyl-ghrelin injection affected the mortality rate. The brain ghrelin-induced lethality reduction was significantly blocked by surgical vagotomy. Moreover, intracisternal injection of a ghrelin receptor antagonist blocked the improved survival achieved by intracisternal ghrelin injection or intravenous 2-deoxy-d-glucose administration. Intracisternal injection of an adenosine A2B receptor agonist reduced the lethality and the ghrelin-induced improvement of survival was blocked by adenosine A2B receptor antagonist. I addition, intracisternal ghrelin significantly blocked the colonic hyperpermeability produced by LPS and colchicine. These results suggest that ghrelin acts centrally to reduce endotoxemic lethality. Accordingly, activation of the vagal pathway and adenosine A2B receptors in the brain may be implicated in the ghrelin-induced increased survival. Since the efferent vagus nerve mediates anti-inflammatory mechanisms, we speculate that the vagal cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway is implicated in the decreased septic lethality caused by brain ghrelin. (AU)

Schwannoma del nervio vago / Vagus-nerve schwannoma

Introducción:los schwannomas, también llamados neurilemomas o neurinomas, son tumores de origen neuroectodérmico, encapsulados y benignos, que generalmente aparecen como una masa laterocervical asintomática de crecimiento lento. Son pocos frecuentes en el área de cabeza y cuello.Caso clínico:mujer de 39 años con una historia de un año de evolución de una masa cervical derecha de crecimiento lento, pulsátil, dolorosa y móvil en el lado derecho del cuello. La imagen de la angiotomografía computarizada preoperatoria demostró que la masa involucraba la bifurcación carotídea, compatible con un paraganglioma carotídeo. La disección cuidadosa a través de una cervicotomía longitudinal mostró que la masa surgía de un único fascículo del nervio vago. La masa se envió a anatomía patológica con el resultado de schwannoma. En el posoperatorio la paciente presentó una función sensorial y motora del vago normal, con un leve síndrome de Horner.Discusión:los tumores nerviosos del cuello surgen a partir de grandes troncos nerviosos, los IX, X, XI y XII pares craneales, el simpático cervical, el plexo cervical y el plexo braquial. El nervio vago es un lugar infrecuente de aparición, con muy pocos casos reportados. Son lesiones de diagnóstico preoperatorio difícil, cuyo tratamiento de elección es la exéresis quirúrgica; en ocasiones, es difícil conservar el nervio de origen.(AU)

Introduction:schwannomas, neurilemomas or neurinomas, are benign, encapsulated, neuroectodermal tumors that generally appear as a slow-growing, asymptomatic laterocervical mass. They are rare in the head and neck area.Clinical case:a 39-year-old woman with a one-year history of a slowly enlarging, pulsatile, painful and movable right cervical mass on the right side of the neck. Preoperative computed angiotomography image demonstrated that the mass involved the carotid bifurcation compatible with a carotid paraganglioma. Careful dissection through a longitudinal cervicotomy, showed that the mass arose from a single fascicle of the vagus nerve. The mass was sent to the pathologists and found to be a schwannoma. The patient had normal vagus sensory and motor function postoperatively, with a slight Horner syndrome.Discussion:nerve tumors of the neck arise from large nerve trunks, the IX, X, XI, and XII cranial nerves, the cervical sympathetic, the cervical plexus, and the brachial plexus. The vagus nerve is an infrequent place of appearance with very few reported cases. They are difficult preoperative diagnosis lesions; whose treatment of choice is surgical excision; sometimes it is difficult to preserve the nerve of origin.(AU)

Adenoma paratiroideo intravagal con cirugía de abordaje directo / Intravagal Parathyroid Adenoma With Direct Surgery

No disponible

Variation in the anatomy of the ligamentum arteriosum in a South African simple

The ligamentum arteriosum is a remnant of the ductus arteriosus, which connects the aortic arch and the pulmonary trunk during fetal life. Variation in the anatomy of the ligamentum arteriosum, its connections with the aorta and pulmonary trunk and the course of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve relative to the ligamentum arteriosum were investigated. Dissection of the superior mediastinum was performed on 40 cadavers. The anatomy of the ligamentum arteriosum and its relationship to the aortic arch, pulmonary trunk and left recurrent laryngeal nerve were documented. The dimensions of the ligamentum arteriosum were measured with a caliper. Ligamenta arteriosa in which presence of a lumen was suspected were examined histologically. Variation in the structure and size of the ligamenta arteriosa was found to be common. A 'line' on the luminal surface of the aorta at the attachment site of the ligamentum arteriosum was observed in 26%. A shallow fossa or depression was found on the luminal surface of the pulmonary trunk in all but one individual. The left recurrent laryngeal nerve was situated lateral to the ligamentum arteriosum in 97%. Variation in the anatomy of the ligamentum arteriosum was found to be common, whereas variation in the position of the left recurrent laryngeal nerve was rare. This information is relevant for surgeons to avoid accidental injury to variant structures. Remnants, in the form of 'lines' or depressions, of the anatomical association between the ductus arteriosus and the aorta and pulmonary trunk were present

No disponible

Prevalencia y cambios dinámicos de las ondas T vagotónicas durante el ejercicio en una población futbolista de élite / Prevalence and dynamic changes of vagotonic T waves during exercise in elite soccer player population

Introducción: Las características del electrocardiograma del deportista son aún hoy en día objeto de múltiples publicaciones cuyo significado fisiológico se ha ido esclareciendo a medida que se han correlacionado las diferentes variantes con una evaluación cardiológica sofisticada y un seguimiento prolongado. Existen diferentes alteraciones de la repolarización descritas en la población deportista. Las ondas T vagotónicas son un hallazgo frecuente en esta población, aunque la dinámica de dichos hallazgos durante el ejercicio tiene actualmente un significado incierto. El objetivo de nuestro estudio fue determinar su prevalencia en una población de deportistas de élite y analizar su comportamiento en diferentes estadíos del ejercicio. Métodos: Se analizó una población de 91 futbolistas profesionales varones de un equipo de la máxima categoría de la liga de futbol española (edad 26 años ± 4,49 años). Se evaluó en el electrocardiograma basal la presencia de ondas T vagotónicas, así como su asociación con diferentes variables electrocardiográficas y ecocardiográficas. Además, se estudió la dinámica de la morfología de estas ondas durante las distintas etapas de una prueba de esfuerzo maximal. Resultados: Se identificaron 14 sujetos (15%) con presencia de ondas T vagotónicas en el ECG basal. En 13 de los 14 atletas (92%) se objetivó un comportamiento dinámico de las ondas, con desaparición progresiva durante el esfuerzo y posterior reaparición desde etapas precoces de la recuperación, con voltajes similares al electrocardiograma basal. Conclusiones: Este estudio evidencia que las ondas T vagotónicas se deben fundamentalmente al predominio del tono parasimpático. El ejercicio puede considerarse una estrategia de gran utilidad a la hora de su estudio

Introduction: The characteristics of the athlete's electrocardiogram are still today the subject of multiple publications whose physiological meaning has been clarified as the different variants have been correlated with a sophisticated cardiological evaluation and a prolonged follow-up. There are different alterations of repolarization described in the sports population, among them the most frequently reported in the literature are: early repolarization, vagotonic T waves, ST-T alterations, etc. Vagotonic T waves are a common finding in the athlete population, although currently, the dynamic changes of this finding during exercise, have an uncertain meaning. The aim of our study was to determine its prevalence in a population of elite athletes and analyze their behavior at different stages of the exercise. Methods: A population of 91 male, professional soccer players of a team of the first division of the Spanish football league (age 26 years ± 4.49 years) were analyzed. The presence of vagotonic T waves was assessed at baseline electrocardiogram and their association with different electrocardiographic and echocardiographic variables was also analyzed. The dynamic changes of the morphology of these waves were studied at different stages during a maximal effort trial. Results: The presence of vagotonic T waves was identified in the baseline ECG in 14 (15%) subjects. In 13 out of 14 athletes (92%), a dynamic behavior of the vagotonic waves was observed. It had a progressive disappearance during exercise and it reappeared at the early stages of recovery, with similar voltages to that observed at the baseline electrocardiogram. Conclusions: This study evidence that vagotonic T waves are mainly due to the predominance of parasympathetic tone. The exercise can be considered a useful strategy when study

Estudio ultrasonográfico del nervio vago como herramienta diagnóstica en el síndrome de Guillain-Barré / Ultrasound study of the vagal nerve as a diagnostic tool in Guillain-Barré syndrome

No disponible

Neurilemoma del nervio vago cervical simulando adenoma de paratiroides / Cervical vagus nerve neurilemmoma mimicking parathyroid adenoma

No disponible

Short-term effects of the empathic talk: the role of perceived empathy, interpersonal dispositions, and vagal tone on experiencing depth

The present study examines the immediate impact of empathic attitudes on the receiver, by comparing an empathic conversation (EC) with a neutral one (NC) on experiencing depth (EXP), perceived empathy and vagal tone. We also evaluate if empathy effects depend on personality dispositions relevant to interpersonal functioning. An experimental, counterbalanced, within-subject design was implemented wherein participants (n = 27, age M = 22.6, SD = 4.0, 52% females) talked about a personal, meaningful topic for 20 minutes under both the EC and NC conditions. At the group level, main results indicated that the EC was more effective than the NC in promoting increases in EXP over time (F(1, 25) = 21.04, p < .001, ηp 2 = .457) and perceived empathy in women (F(1, 25) = 9.42, p = .005, ηp 2 = .264). At the individual level, the NC particularly precluded EXP gains in people expressing a better interpersonal functioning (βs < -.46, ps < .05 for attachment security and empathy and β = .38, p < .05 for aggression), and who also inhibited their vagal tone throughout this very condition (β = .40, p = .024). We conclude that the empathic context has an immediate positive impact on healthy psychological variables, whereas a more impersonal setting would drive people away from this positive effect. Those results are discussed in the light of the role of interpersonal proximity (being empathic to another's experience and the lack of this attitude) in psychotherapy and healthy functioning (AU)

No disponible

Evaluación del nervio vago en un paciente con neuropatía hereditaria sensitivomotora tipo 1° / Evaluation of the vagal nerve in a patient with hereditary motor sensory neuropathy type 1°

No disponible

Neuralgia del nervio laríngeo superior: a propósito de un caso de difícil control / Refractory neuralgia of the superior laryngeal nerve: A case study

No disponible

Manifestaciones en imagen y causas de las parálisis del nervio laríngeo recurrente / Causes and imaging manifestations of paralysis of the recurrent laryngeal nerve

Las cuerdas vocales desempeñan un papel clave en las funciones de la laringe. Su inervación motora depende del nervio laríngeo inferior o recurrente (rama del X par craneal), siguiendo un largo recorrido con segmentos intracraneal, cervical y mediastínico. La parálisis de cuerdas vocales suele cursar con disfonía, síntoma principal para la realización de tomografía computarizada (TC), primera prueba de imagen indicada para investigar la causa de su lesión a lo largo de este trayecto. Un tercio de los casos son asintomáticos, por lo que la identificación incidental de signos de parálisis de cuerda vocal en una TC realizada por otra causa debe motivar la búsqueda de una lesión oculta potencialmente grave. El objetivo de este artículo es familiarizar al lector con la anatomía de la inervación motora glótica, la presentación radiológica de la parálisis de cuerdas vocales, sus causas más frecuentes y las condiciones que pueden simularla (AU)

The vocal cords play a key role in the functions of the larynx. Their motor innervation depends on the recurrent laryngeal nerve (a branch of the tenth cranial nerve), which follows a long trajectory comprising intracranial, cervical, and mediastinal segments. Vocal cord paralysis usually manifests as dysphonia, the main symptom calling for CT study, the first-line imaging test to investigate the cause of the lesion. Patients are asymptomatic in a third of cases, so the incidental detection of signs of vocal cord paralysis in a CT study done for other reasons should prompt a search for a potentially severe occult lesion. This article aims to familiarize readers with the anatomy of the motor innervation of the glottis, the radiological presentation and most common causes of vocal cord paralysis, and conditions that can simulate vocal cord paralysis (AU)

Resultados de la colocación del estimulador del nervio vago en epilepsia y calidad de vida en un hospital pediátrico / Vagus nerve stimulator implantation for epilepsy in a paediatric hospital: outcomes and effect on quality of life

Introducción: La epilepsia es uno de los trastornos neurológicos más frecuentes de la infancia, presentándose en un 0,5-1%. Aproximadamente un 20-30% de los pacientes son farmacorresistentes. El objetivo de este trabajo es describir en 30 pacientes el impacto sobre las crisis y la calidad de vida del estimulador del nervio vago (ENV). Métodos: Se trata de un estudio descriptivo, retrospectivo, mediante revisión de las historias clínicas de todos los pacientes a quienes se les colocó el ENV entre el 2008 y 2013 en nuestro centro. La calidad de vida fue valorada mediante la escala de calidad de vida en el niño con epilepsia (CAVE), obtenida por medio de una entrevista telefónica. Resultados: Se incluyeron 19 niños (64%) y 11 niñas (36%) con una mediana de comienzo de las crisis de 21 meses (1-144 meses). La edad promedio de colocación del ENV fue de 11,89 años. El tiempo de seguimiento fue de 6-36 meses. A los 6 meses la reducción de las crisis en promedio fue del 38%, a los 12 meses del 43%, a los 24 meses del 42% y a los 36 meses del 54%. De todos los pacientes evaluados al menos un 50% se catalogaron como respondedores. Según la CAVE un 54% de las familias encontró el efecto del ENV como bueno o muy bueno y un 39% como regular. Conclusiones: El ENV es un tratamiento paliativo, generalmente bien tolerado, parcialmente efectivo para el control de la epilepsia refractaria en pediatría y con repercusiones positivas sobre la calidad de vida

Introduction: Epilepsy, which is present in 0.5% to 1% of the paediatric population, is one of the most frequent childhood neurological disorders. Approximately 20% to 30% of these cases will be drug-resistant. The objective of this study is to describe the impact of vagal nerve stimulation (VNS) on seizures and quality of life in a sample of 30 patients. Methods: Descriptive, retrospective study of all patients with a VNS device implanted between 2008 and 2013 in a single paediatric hospital, based on patients’ medical records. Quality of life was assessed using the Spanish scale for quality of life in children with epilepsy, completed by means of a telephone interview. Results: We describe a population of 19 boys (64%) and 11 girls (36%) with a mean age at seizure onset of 21 months (1-144 months). The mean age of VNS implantation was 11.89 years. Follow-up periods ranged from 6 to 36 months. Mean reduction in seizures at 6 months was 38%, with a reduction of 43% at 12 months, 42% at 24 months, and 54% at 36 months. At least half of all patients were classified as responders. According to the quality of life scale, 54% of the families rated the effect of VNS as either very good or good while 39% rated it as fair. Conclusions: VNS is a safe palliative treatment that is generally well tolerated. It is partially effective for controlling drug-resistant epilepsy and exerts a positive effect on quality of life

Gastroparesia y otros síntomas gastrointestinales en la enfermedad de Parkinson / Gastroparesis and other gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease

Diferentes síntomas gastrointestinales, como salivación excesiva, deterioro y otros trastornos de las piezas dentarias, disfagia, gastroparesia, reflujo gastroesofágico, estreñimiento, dificultades en la defecación o pérdida de peso, son frecuentes en todos los estadios evolutivos de la enfermedad de Parkinson y afectan al menos a un tercio de los pacientes. Estos síntomas reflejan la disfunción del sistema nervioso entérico, siendo el estómago uno de los órganos donde más precozmente se deposita la alfa-sinucleína. Otros factores, como la disfunción de estructuras del sistema nervioso central como el núcleo motor dorsal del nervio vago, factores hormonales o efectos secundarios derivados del consumo de fármacos antiparkinsonianos están implicados en su origen. El presente artículo revisa en detalle aspectos epidemiológicos, fisiopatológicos, clínicos y de manejo terapéutico de los diferentes síntomas gastrointestinales en la enfermedad de Parkinson (AU)

Different gastrointestinal symptoms, such as excessive salivation, deterioration and other disorders affecting the teeth, dysphagia, gastroparesis, gastroesophageal reflux, constipation, difficult defecation or loss of weight are frequent events in all the stages of the development of Parkinson’s disease and affect at least a third of the patients. These symptoms reflect the dysfunction of the enteric nervous system, and the stomach is one of the organs where alphasynuclein is first deposited. Other factors, such as the dysfunction of structures in the central nervous system like the dorsal motor nucleus of the vagal nerve, hormonal factors or secondary effects deriving from the consumption of antiparkinsonian drugs, are involved in its origin. The present article offers a detailed review of the epidemiological, pathophysiological, clinical and therapeutic management aspects of the different gastrointestinal symptoms in Parkinson’s disease (AU)

Asociación de bronquio traqueal y drenaje venoso pulmonar anómalo parcial en paciente con neurofibromatosis tipo 1 y neurofibroma del nervio vago ipsilateral / Combination of tracheal bronchus and partial anomalous pulmonary venous return in a patient with type 1 neurofibromatosis and ipsilateral vagal nerve neurofibroma

No disponible

Schwannoma del nervio vago mediastínico tratado exitosamente con toracoscopia biportal videoasistida / Mediastinal Vagus Nerve Scwhannoma Succesfully Treated by a Biportal VATS Approach

No disponible

Los barorreflejos arteriales cardiovagal, cardiosimpático y vasosimpático y el control neural de la presión arterial a corto plazo / The cardiovagal, cardiosympathetic and vasosympathetic arterial baroreflexes and the neural control of short-term blood pressure

Introducción. Los factores que modulan la presión arterial a corto plazo se encuentran puntualmente regulados para mantenerla dentro de valores de referencia. Esto se logra gracias a la existencia de mecanismos de autorregulación, tanto humorales como nerviosos. Los mecanismos neurogénicos son reflejos y su resultado se observa en cambios de presión arterial de forma inmediata, latido a latido. Desarrollo. Los reflejos nerviosos cardiovasculares se encuentran mediados por los barorreceptores arteriales, a través de los efectores cardiovagal, cardiosimpático y vasosimpático. El barorreceptor es estimulado cuando el volumen de sangre eyectado por el ventrículo distiende las paredes arteriales del seno carotídeo y la aorta proximal y estimula los mecanorreceptores situados en la adventicia de estos vasos. El estímulo aferente viaja hasta el núcleo del haz solitario en el bulbo raquídeo y otras áreas en el puente donde se integran estos reflejos y la parte eferente genera cambios compensatorios en la frecuencia cardíaca y el tono del músculo liso vascular. Esta modificación súbita es la responsable de la variabilidad de la presión arterial latido a latido (corto plazo). Conclusión. Se realiza una revisión sobre la historia, la fisiología y los experimentos de los barorreflejos cardiovagal, cardiosimpático y vasosimpático y su influencia en la variabilidad de la presión arterial a corto plazo (AU)

Introduction. The factors that control the blood pressure are punctually regulated to keep it in reference values. These are maintained through autoregulatory mechanisms, humoral, nervous and endothelial-related. The humoral mechanisms are complex and modify the long-term blood pressure, in the other hand, the neurogenic mechanisms, are reflexive and can be observed in beat-to-beat changes of blood pressure. Development. The nervous cardiovascular reflexes are mediated by high-pressure and low-pressure baroreceptors, as cardiovagal, cardiosympathetic and vasosympathetic. The arterial baroreceptor are stimulated when the blood volumeejected by the ventricle distend the arterial walls. The neural discharge travels to the autonomic centers in the brain stem and the result is the modification of the heart rate and the vascular smooth muscle tone. This sudden modification is the responsible of the beat-to-beat (short-term) blood pressure variability. Conclusion. A review was made on the history of the physiology and experiments of the cardiovagal, cardiosympathetic and vasosympathetic baroreflexes and its influence in the short-term blood pressure variability (AU)

Probable neuroborreliosis con parálisis de los nervios hipogloso y vago / Probable neuroborreliosis with paralysis of hypoglossal and vagus nerves

No disponible