Silicone oil insulation effects on flash electroretinogram and visual evoked potential in patients with retinal detachment / Efectos del aislamiento del aceite de silicona sobre el electrorretinograma flash y el potencial evocado visual en pacientes con desprendimiento de retina

Background: Silicone oil is used as endotamponade following vitreoretinal surgery to maintain the retina reattached when indicated. This study investigates the hypothesis that silicone oil causes insulation effects on the retina by affecting its response to light. Methods: Electrophysiological responses to a flash stimulus were recorded using full-field electroretinography (ERG) and visual evoked potentials (VEP). Recordings were performed in 9 patients who underwent surgery for retinal detachment, before (1–2 days) and after (2–3 weeks) silicone oil removal (SOR) in both the study and the control eye. Flash ERG and VEP recordings were performed according to the ISCEV standard protocol. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in the study eye in the amplitudes of the ERG responses and their corresponding ratios, i.e. the amplitude after SOR over the amplitude before SOR, in all conditions tested. No differences were observed in the control eye. The mean ratio of photopic ERG response was 3.4 ± 2.4 for the study and 1.0 ± 0.3 for the control eye (p<0.001). The mean ratio of ERG flicker response was 3.1 ± 2.4 and 1.0 ± 0.3, respectively (p = 0.003). Scotopic flash ERG ratio was 5.0 ± 4.4 for the study and 1.3 ± 0.6 for the control eye (p = 0.012). No differences were observed for the amplitude and latency of flash VEP response after SOR. Conclusions: Silicone oil causes a reduction in flash ERG responses; no effect was found on flash VEP responses. ERGs in eyes filled with silicone oil should not be considered representative of retinal functionality, in contrast to VEPs, which are not affected by silicone oil presence.(AU)

Protocolo de tratamiento del edema macular quístico asociado a retinosis pigmentaria y otras distrofias hereditarias de la retina / Protocol for the treatment of cystoid macular edema secondary to retinitis pigmentosa and other inherited retinal dystrophies

Las distrofias hereditarias de la retina (DHR) son la causa principal de ceguera legal en la población laboral. El edema macular quístico (EMQ) es una de las causas tratables de pérdida visual afectando hasta un 50% de los pacientes. Se ha realizado una revisión bibliográfica combinando «inherited retinal dystrophy», «retinitis pigmentosa», «macular oedema» y un protocolo diagnóstico/terapéutico según los niveles de evidencia y recomendaciones de la «US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality». Este protocolo se ha discutido en las reuniones mensuales del grupo XAREA DHR con la participación de más de 25 profesionales, creando un documento de consenso. La etiología del EMQ es multifactorial: disfunción de la barrera hematorretiniana, del epitelio pigmentario de la retina y de las células de Müller, inflamación y tracción vítrea. La OCT es la prueba de elección para el diagnóstico y seguimiento del EMQ asociado a las DHR. Los fármacos con mayor grado de evidencia científica son los inhibidores de la anhidrasa carbónica (IAC). Los corticoides, anti-VEGF intravítreos y vitrectomía con pelado de la membrana limitante interna no disponen de suficiente evidencia. Se propone un esquema de tratamiento en el EMQ en las DHR en adultos, otro para pacientes pediátricos y otra en las DHR y cirugía de catarata. Los IAC orales y tópicos son efectivos en el tratamiento del EMQ secundario a las DHR. El tratamiento con corticoides, anti-VEGF y vitrectomía son opciones de segunda línea. Se requieren ensayos clínicos aleatorizados para poder establecer la escala terapéutica en estos pacientes.(AU)

Inherited retinal dystrophies (IRD) are the leading cause of legal blindness in the working population. Cystic macular edema (CME) is one of the treatable causes of visual loss, affecting up to 50% of the patients. A bibliographic review has been carried out combining “inherited retinal dystrophy”, “retinitis pigmentosa”, “macular edema” and a diagnostic-therapeutic protocol according to the levels of evidence and recommendations of the “US Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality”. This protocol has been discussed in the monthly meetings of the XAREA DHR group with the participation of more than 25 experts, creating a consensus document. The etiology of CME is multifactorial: dysfunction of the blood-retinal barrier, retinal pigment epithelium, and Müller cells, inflammation, and vitreous traction.OCT is the test of choice for the diagnosis and follow-up of CME associated with IRD. The drugs with the highest degree of scientific evidence are carbonic anhydrase inhibitors (IAC). Intravitreal corticosteroids, anti-VEGF, and vitrectomy with peeling of the internal limiting membrane do not have sufficient evidence. A treatment scheme is proposed for the CME in IRD in adults, another for pediatric patients and an another for IRD and cataract surgery. Oral and topical IACs are effective in the treatment of CME secondary to IRD. Treatment with corticosteroids, anti-VEGF, and vitrectomy are second-line options. Randomized clinical trials are required to establish the therapeutic scale in these patients.(AU)

El espacio supracoroideo en pacientes afectados por retinosis pigmentaria / The suprachoroidal space in patients affected by retinitis pigmentosa

Antecedentes y objetivo: El espacio supracoroideo (SCS) es una estructura teórica que se sitúa entre el borde interno de la esclera y el límite externo del coroides. El SCS está siendo estudiado por sus posibles usos como vía para la administración de medicamentos y por técnicas quirúrgicas innovadoras para el tratamiento de muchas enfermedades retinianas. La retinitis pigmentosa (RP) es un grupo de trastornos hereditarios y progresivos caracterizados por el detrimento gradual de fotorreceptores que conduce a una discapacidad visual que se manifiesta típicamente como hemeralopía y pérdida progresiva del campo visual. El objetivo del estudio fue definir la morfología de los márgenes coroideos externos mediante el uso de tomografía de coherencia óptica de barrido (SS-OCT) en la RP.Materiales y métodosEstudio observacional retrospectivo diseñado para evaluar la presencia del ESC en la RP. Realizamos SS-OCT en un grupo de 55 pacientes afectados por RP (26 hombres y 29 mujeres, 110 ojos) con una edad media de 51,8±13,7 años. En el grupo de control incluimos a 28 sujetos sanos (6 hombres y 22 mujeres, 56 ojos) con una edad media de 48,8±16,6 años.ResultadosLas imágenes OCT permitieron delinear de manera precisa el margen coroideo externo y el margen escleral interno en los 110 ojos. En el grupo RP se detectó el ESC en 47 de los 110 ojos (42,7%), en el grupo de control se detectó el ESC en 11 ojos (19,6%).Los sujetos del grupo RP con SCS visibles presentaron un menor grosor retiniano (168,4 micrones) en comparación con aquellos con SCS visibles (211,2 micrones, p=0,007). (AU)

Background and objective: The suprachoroidal space (SCS) is a theoretical structure which can be demonstrated between the inner border of the sclera and the outer boundary of the choroid. SCS is being studied for its potential uses as a route for drug delivery and innovative surgical techniques for the treatment of many retinal diseases. Retinitis pigmentosa (RP) is a group of inherited eye disorders characterized by a gradual loss of photoreceptors, resulting in vision impairment, which typically presents as night blindness and progressive visual field loss. The purpose of the study is to define the morphology of outer choroidal margins by means of SS-OCT in RP.Material and methodThis is a retrospective observational study designed to evaluate the presence of SCS in RP. We performed swept source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in a group of 55 patients affected by RP (26 males and 29 females, 110 eyes) with a mean age of 51.8±13.7 years. In the control group, we included 28 healthy subjects (6 males and 22 females, 56 eyes) with a mean age of 48.8±16.6 years.ResultsOCT scans allowed the outer choroidal margin and inner scleral margin to be delineated with certainty in all 110 eyes. In the RP group SCS was detected in 47 of 110 eyes (42.7%), in the control group SCS was detected in 11 eyes (19.6%).Subjects with SCS visible (RP group) had reduced retinal thickness (168.4μm) compared to those with not visible SCS (211.2μm, p=0.007). (AU)

Influencia de la longitud axial ocular en el grosor de la capa de fibras nerviosas peripapilar medido con tomografía de coherencia óptica / Ocular axial length influence on peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer thickness measurement with optical coherence tomography

Antecedentes La tomografía de coherencia óptica (OCT) permite la medición del grosor de la capa de fibras del nervio óptico (CFNR) peripapilar. El efecto de la longitud axial ocular (LA) sobre el grosor de la CFNR puede ser relevante en la interpretación de los resultados de OCT en el diagnóstico de enfermedades del nervio óptico. Objetivos Evaluar la influencia de la longitud axial ocular en el grosor de la CFNR y en los parámetros topográficos del disco óptico (área del disco óptico, área del anillo neurorretiniano y volumen de la excavación papilar) medidos por OCT en individuos sanos. Método Se estudió una muestra de 109 ojos sanos clasificados en 3 grupos según la LA (A: LA<22mm; B: LA 22-24,5mm; C: LA>24,5mm). La medición del grosor de la CFNR y de los parámetros topográficos del disco óptico se realizó mediante Swept-Source OCT Triton (Topcon Corporation, Tokio, Japón), y se compararon entre grupos mediante análisis de la varianza. La correlación entre la longitud axial y las variables de estudio se realizó mediante correlación de Pearson. Resultados El grosor de la CFNR fue menor en ojos con longitud axial más alta en el cuadrante superior (r=−0,41; p<0,001), inferior (r=−0,58; p<0,001) y nasal (r=−0,43; p<0,001), en el valor medio de la CFNR (r=−0,49; p<0,001), área del disco óptico (r=−0,40;p<0,001) y área del anillo neurorretiniano (r=−0,25; p=0,01). Conclusión La LA se correlaciona negativamente con el grosor de la CFNR y los parámetros topográficos del disco óptico medidos mediante Swept-Source OCT Triton (Topcon) (AU)

Background Optical coherence tomography (OCT) allows the measurement of the peripapillary optic nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness. The effect of ocular axial length (AL) on RNFL thickness measurement may be relevant in the interpretation of OCT results in diagnosing optic nerve diseases. Purposes To assess the influence of ocular AL on RNFL thickness and on optic disc topographic parameters (optic disc area, rim area and cup volume) measured by OCT, in healthy individuals. Method A sample of 109 healthy eyes classified into three groups according to AL (A: AL <22mm; B: AL 22–24.5mm; C: AL >24.5mm) was studied. RNFL thickness and optic disc topographic parameters were measured using Swept-Source OCT Triton (Topcon Corporation, Tokyo, Japan) and were compared between groups using a variance analysis. Correlation between the AL and the study variables was performed using a Pearson's correlation coefficient test. Results The RNFL thickness was lower in eyes with higher AL in the superior (r=−0.41; p<0.001), inferior (r=0.58; p<0.001) and nasal (r=−0.43; p<0.001) quadrants, in the mean value of the RNFL (r=−0.49; p<0.001), optic disc area (r=−0.40; p<0.001) and rim area (r=−0.25; p=0.01). Conclusion AL is negatively correlated with RNFL thickness and optic disc topographic parameters measured by Swept-Source OCT Triton (Topcon) (AU)

On the protective role of the blood vessels in glaucomatous damage: A transversal study

Purpose: To corroborate whether vessels on the surface of the optic nerve head can provide protection against the loss of underlying axons in subjects with manifest glaucoma.MethodsIn this pilot study, thirty-six glaucomatous eyes with a perimetric defect in the Bjerrum area were included. The retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness was measured in each of the sectors of the clock-hour map obtained by Cirrus HD-OCT considering the presence or absence of blood vessels. These sectors were related with their corresponding areas of the retina examined in the visual field using a mathematical model of the retina introduced by Jansonius, in order to determine the values of threshold sensitivity in those areas in the presence or absence of vessels.ResultsWe corroborated the protective role of the blood vessel for peripapillary RNFL thickness of clock-hour 12 despite obtaining a p-value (p = 0.023; w = 228.5) close to the acceptance zone (p ≥ 0.05). The mean ± standard deviation with vessel and without vessel were 70.95 ± 24.35 and 88.46 ± 23.96, respectively. No differences were found between the mean values of threshold sensitivity to the presence or absence of blood vessels in each of the sectors considered.ConclusionsOur findings do not allow us to affirm that there is an association between the presence of a vessel and protection against glaucomatous damage in subjects with an advanced manifestation of the disease. In the future, more extensive studies are needed to study this relationship in subjects with early glaucoma. (AU)

Melatonin and melanopsin in the eye: friends or foes? / Melatonina y melanopsina en el ojo: ¿amigos o enemigos?

La Melatonina es una neurohormona sintetizada en varias estructuras oculares, aparte de su fuente original, la glándula pineal. Es de gran importancia por varias funciones, como el mantenimiento de valores saludables de presión intraocular. Además, disminuye la presión intraocular en el caso de glaucoma. Esta nuerohormona se controla mediante la activación de un fotopigmento responsable de las tareas no relacionada con la formación de imágenes en el ojo, este fotopigmento es la Melanopsina, presente en una subclase de células ganglionares de la retina y, muy recientemente, se descubrió en diferentes estructuras oculares. Cuando la melanopsina se activa por el componente de longitud de onda corta de la luz, suprime la síntesis de melatonina. Esta acción está controlada principalmente por la luz que podría afectar varias funciones, incluida la regulación de la presión intraocular. En este sentido, el presente trabajo destaca la historia y la importancia de la relación entre la melatonina y la melanopsina para mantener una homeostasis ocular saludable. (AU)

Melatonin is a neurohormone synthesized in several ocular structures apart from its original source, the pineal gland. It is of great importance in several functions such as maintaining a healthy values of intraocular pressure. Moreover, it decreases intraocular pressure in the case of glaucoma. This nuerohormone is controlled by the activation of a photopigment responible for non-image forming tasks in the eye, this photopigment is Melanopsin, present in a subclass of retinal ganglion cells, and very recently, it was discovered in different ocular structures. When Melanopsin is activated by the short wavelength component of light, it supresses Melatonin synthesis. This action is controlled mainly by light could affect several functions including the regulation of intraocular pressure. In this sense, the present work highlights the history and importance of the relationship between both Melatonin and Melanopsin to maintain a healthy ocular homeostasis. (AU)

Valores de normalidad de sensibilidad retiniana y fijación foveal mediante microperimetría fotópica y escotópica en población sana / Fotopic and scotopic retinal sensitivity and foveal fixation normal values using microperimetry in healthy population

Objetivo Analizar los valores de sensibilidad retiniana y fijación foveal, en población sana, en condiciones fotópicas y escotópicas usando el microperímetro MP3-S (Nidek, Gamagori, Japón). Métodos Estudio observacional, transversal, unicéntrico. Se realizó una microperimetría (MP) fotópica y escotópica con una rejilla de estímulos personalizada de 13 puntos centrada en fóvea de 4,5×4,5mm en voluntarios sanos, sin enfermedad ocular. Se utilizó el ICC para evaluar la fiabilidad de la MP fotópica y escotópica. Resultados Se evaluaron 102 ojos de 54 voluntarios sanos (edad media: 49,8±15 años). La sensibilidad retiniana media (SRM) en la prueba fotópica y escotópica fue de 28,87±3,3 y 15,72±1,9dB, respectivamente. No se hallaron diferencias al comparar la SRM por grupo de sexos. Sin embargo, al analizar la SRM por grupos de edad se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en ambas modalidades de la prueba, siendo mayor la SRM en el grupo de sujetos menores de 35 años, con 30,3±1,7dB en la fotópica y 16,3±1,3dB en la escotópica, y menor en el grupo de mayores de 65 años, con 26,7±2,2dB en la fotópica y 13,8±1,8dB en la escotópica, con p=0,0001. En el análisis de fiabilidad, el coeficiente alfa de Cronbach reveló una excelente fiabilidad de la MP fotópica (0,958) y una buena fiabilidad de la MP escotópica (0,841). Conclusión La MP es un test con buena fiabilidad tanto en condiciones fotópicas como escotópicas. La SRM en condiciones fotópicas y escotópicas no difiere según el sexo, pero sí disminuye con la edad. Existe una correlación positiva entre la SRM fotópica y la escotópica (AU)

Purpose To determine normal values of fotopic and scotopic retinal sensitivity and foveal fixation obtained by microperimetry, using MP3-S microperimeter (Nidek, Gamagori, Japan), in a healthy population. Methods Observational, cros-sectional, single centre study. Fotopic and scotopic microperimetry (MP) was performed using with a customized 13-point fovea-centered pattern in healthy volunteers without ocular pathology. A intraclass correlation coefficient was performed to evaluate fotopic and scotopic MP reliability. Results We analyzed 102 eyes of 54 healthy volunteers (mean age 49.8±15 years old). The fotopic and scotopic mean retinal sensitivity (MRS) was 28.87±3.3dB and 15.72±1.9dB (95% CI 15.35-16.09), respectively, showing a significant statistical difference (P<.05). No differences were found when comparing MRS by gender group. However, when analyzing the MRS by age groups, statistically significant differences were found in both modalities of the test, MRS being higher in the group of subjects under 35 years of age, with 30.3±1.7dB in the photopic and 16.3±1.3dB in the scotopic, and lower in the group of older than 65 years, with 26.7±2.2dB in the photopic and 13.8±1.8dB in the scotopic, with P=.0001. The reliability analysis of both tests revealed an excellent reliability of the fotopic MP with a Cronbach alpha of 0.958 and a good reliability of 0.841 in scotopic MP. Conclusion MP is a test with good reliability both under photopic and scotopic conditons. MRS and fixation stability under photopic and scotopic conditions do not differ according to sex, but it does decrease with age. There is a positive correlation between photopic and scotopic MRS (AU)

Lesión permanente de las capas internas de la retina en una paciente con migraña: un caso diferente de maculopatía paracentral aguda media / Permanent damage of the inner retinal layers in a patient with migraine: A different case of paracentral acute middle maculopathy

Presentamos el caso de una paciente mujer de 20 años que consultó por un escotoma paracentral en su ojo izquierdo que no había desaparecido después de una crisis de migraña 2 días antes. La exploración realizada evidenció la presencia de 2 áreas de palidez retiniana sugestivas de isquemia aguda. Tras descartar varias causas de isquemia retiniana aguda, se llegó al diagnóstico de un síndrome vasoespástico retiniano. Un año después, la paciente presenta una atrofia de las capas internas de la retina afectada y sufre un escotoma paracentral crónico en su ojo izquierdo. Los vasoespasmos retinianos pueden provocar un daño irreversible y crónico debido a la destrucción tisular por la isquemia. Este inusual caso describe una lesión permanente secundaria a un vasoespasmo arterial tras una crisis de migraña. El hallazgo de lesiones retinianas características y la historia de migraña hacen el diagnóstico compatible con un episodio de maculopatía paracentral aguda media (AU)

We report the case of a 20-year-old patient who presented a paracentral scotoma in her left eye that had not disappeared after a migraine attack 2 days before. Ocular examination showed 2 pale paracentral areas suggesting an acute ischemia insult. Several causes of retinal ischemia were ruled out and the patient was diagnosed with secondary retinal vasospasm. One year later, the patient suffers an atrophy of the inner layers of the affected retina and has a paracentral chronic scotoma in her left eye. Retinal vasospasms can result in irreversible lesions and chronic symptoms due to ischemia and cell destruction. This unusual case reports a permanent damage due to retinal vasospasm secondary to migraine attack. The finding of typical lesions and the history of migraine could be compatible with the diagnosis of paracentral acute middle maculopathy (AU)

Objective Diagnosis of Fibromyalgia Using Neuroretinal Evaluation and Artificial Intelligence / Diagnóstico objetivo de fibromialgia analizando la neurorretina con inteligencia artificial

ResumenAntecedentes/Objetivo: Identificar biomarcadores objetivos de fibromialgia (FM) apli-cando inteligencia artificial a datos estructurales de retina obtenidos mediante tomogra-fía de coherencia óptica Swept Source (TCO-SS). Método: Se evaluó una cohorte de 29 pacientes con FM y otra de 32 sujetos control, registrando los espesores de la retina completa, de varias capas de la retina [capa de células ganglionares (CCG+), CCG amplia-da (CCG++, entre la membrana limitante interna y los límites de la capa nuclear interna) y capa de fibras nerviosas (CFNR)] y de la coroides, mediante TCO-SS. La capacidad dis-criminante se evaluó mediante el área bajo la curva ROC (AROC) y el algoritmo Relief. Se implementó un sistema de ayuda al diagnóstico con clasificador automático. Resultados: No se observó diferencia significativa (p ≥ 0,660) en la coroides, pero sí en el sector in-ferior del anillo interno de la CFNR (p = 0,010) y en los cuatro sectores del anillo interno en las capas CCG+, CCG++ y retina completa. Utilizando un árbol de decisión ensemble RUSBoosted como clasificador de las características con mayor capacidad discriminante, se obtuvo una predicción alta (AROC = 0,820). Conclusiones: Se identifica un potencial biomarcador objetivo y no invasivo para el diagnóstico de FM basado en el análisis de la neurorretina mediante TCO-SS.

AbstractBackground/Objective: This study aims to identify objective biomarkers of fibromyalgia (FM) by applying artificial intelligence algorithms to structural data on the neuroretina obtained using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT). Method: The study cohort comprised 29 FM patients and 32 control subjects. The thicknesses of complete retina, 3 retinal layers [ganglion cell layer (GCL+), GCL++ (between the inner limiting membrane and the inner nuclear layer boundaries) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL)] and choroid in 9 areas around the macula were obtained using SS-OCT. Discriminant capacity was evaluated using the area under the curve (AUC) and the Relief algorithm. A diagnostic aid system with an automatic classifier was implemented. Results: No significant difference (p ≥ .660) was found anywhere in the choroid. In the RNFL, a significant difference was found in the inner inferior region (p = .010). In the GCL+, GCL++ layers and complete retina, a significant difference was found in the 4 regions defining the inner ring: temporal, superior, nasal and inferior. Applying an ensemble RUSBoosted tree classifier to the features with greatest discriminant capacity achieved accuracy = .82 and AUC = .82. Conclusions: This study identifies a potential novel objective and non-invasive biomarker of FM based on retina analysis using SS-OCT.

Do myopes have deficits in peripheral flicker sensitivity?

Purpose: Signals from the peripheral retina are important for myopia development. Unlike temporal vision, deficits in peripheral spatial visual functions of myopes have been investigated previously. This study investigated temporal contrast thresholds in emmetropes and myopes at different retinal eccentricities.Methods: Forty-four young adults (mean age 23 ± 3 years) including 21 emmetropes (Spherical Equivalent (SE): +0.01 ± 0.30D) and 23 myopes (SE: -3.98 ± 2.41D) participated in this prospective study. Flicker modulation thresholds (FMT) were determined monocularly (right eye) for 15 Hz flicker stimulus at 0°, nasal (23°, 10°) and temporal (-23°, -10°) retinal eccentricities along the horizontal meridian. FMTs were measured psychophysically using 5-adaptive interleaved staircases and threshold was taken as the average of the last 6 reversals.Results: In both the groups (emmetropes and myopes), there was a naso-temporal asymmetry in FMTs with higher thresholds in the far temporal retina (Median; Interquartile range: 40.97%; 17.06) than the nasal retina (28.07%; 9.36) (p < 0.001). Flicker modulation thresholds were significantly higher in myopes (30.58%; 12.15) compared to emmetropes (26.77%; 7.74; p = 0.04) at far nasal retina (23°), while at other eccentricities there was no effect (p > 0.05). Further sub-analysis revealed only high myopes (34.48 %, 21.9) showed significantly higher FMT compared to emmetropes (26.77%; 7.74; p = 0.04).Conclusion: Greater FMTs were seen in high myopes than that of emmetropes in the nasal retina. Further studies exploring the structural aspects of the myopic eye with FMT would provide a better understanding of role of flicker sensitivity in myopiogenesis. (AU)

Espesor macular y coroideo en el síndrome de Down mediante swept-source tomografía de coherencia óptica (SS-OCT) / Macular and choroidal thickness in Down syndrome by swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT)

El síndrome de Down (SD) se asocia a diversos trastornos estructurales y funcionales en la totalidad del sistema visual. El propósito del estudio fue comparar el grosor retiniano y coroideo utilizando tomografía de coherencia óptica swept-source (SS-OCT) en sujetos con SD y controles. Este estudio transversal incluye 100 ojos de 52 sujetos SD y 78 ojos de 39 controles de edad y longitud axial concordantes. Los resultados mostraron que el grosor retiniano interno o externo y el grosor ganglionar no presentaron diferencias significativas entre los sujetos con SD y el grupo de control (p>0,05). Sin embargo, el grosor retiniano foveal (rFT) y el grosor ganglionar foveal (gFT) fueron significativamente superiores en el grupo SD que en los controles, mientras que el grosor foveal coroideo (cFT) y algunos cuadrantes coroideos de los anillos interno y externo fueron significativamente inferiores (p<0,05). Este es el primer estudio piloto que proporciona información sobre los grosores macular y coroideo en SD utilizando SS-OCT comparado con controles. Es necesario realizar análisis adicionales con grupos mayores de sujetos para confirmar estos resultados (AU)

Down syndrome (DS) is associated with certain structural and functional disorders in the whole visual system. The purpose was to compare retinal and choroidal thickness using swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) in DS subjects with controls. This cross-sectional study included 100 eyes of 52 DS subjects and 78 eyes of 39 matching age and axial length controls. Our results showed that inner or outer retinal and ganglionar thickness showed no significant differences between DS and control group (p>0.05). However, retinal foveal thickness (rFT), ganglion foveal thickness (gFT) were significantly higher in DS group than in controls, whereas choroidal foveal thickness (cFT) and some choroidal quadrants of inner and outer rings were significantly lower (p<0.05). This the first pilot study to provide information about macular and choroidal thicknesses in SD using SS-OCT compared to controls. Further analyses with larger numbers of subjects are needed to confirm our results (AU)