La presencia de las humanidades en las carreras de odontología de las universidades de Chile y de España / The Presence of Humanities in Dental Studies at Universities in Chile and Spain

Se ha argumentado que la presencia de materias humanísticas permite una formación integral de los alumnos, lo que fomentaría en última instancia una mejor relación con los futuros pacientes y, por tanto, contribuiría a mejorar la salud de la población. El objetivo del presente estudio consistió en investigar la presencia de contenidos humanísticos en los grados de Odontología de las universidades de Chile y de España.Se encontró que en todas las universidades existen materias humanísticas que complementan la formación disciplinar de los graduados. Si bien se encontraron diferencias entre las universidades chilenas y españolas, las materias relacionadas con contenidos éticos, históricos y con el profesionalismo son ofrecidas por la gran mayoría de las universidades de los dos países. Por otra parte, la presencia de materias relacionadas con la literatura o con las artes plásticas, visuales y escénicas fue escasa, muy minoritaria en España y nula en Chile.Se aboga por aumentar la presencia de la formación humanística en los graduados de odontología, no solamente a partir de asignaturas específicas, sino introduciendo contenidos humanísticos en las materias troncales de formación técnica odontológica. (AU)

It has been argued that the presence of humanities in the curriculum, allows for a comprehensive student training. This would ultimately foster a better relationship with future patients and, therefore would contribute to improving the health of the population. The aim of this study was to investigate the presence of humanities-related content in dentistry degrees at universities in Chile and Spain.It was found that in all universities there were subjects related to humanities that complemented the disciplinary training of graduates. Although differences were found between the two countries, subjects related to ethical, historical and professional content were offered by the vast majority of universities in both countries. On the other hand, the presence of subjects related to literature or art, such as plastic, visual, and performing arts was scarce, very minor in Spain and nothing in Chile.It is recommended to increase the presence of humanities in students’ dental training, not only specific courses, but also by introducing contents that are related to humanities in the core curriculum of dental technical training. (AU)

Aceite esencial de clavo en las consultas de urgencias por odontalgia aguda / Óleo essencial de cravo em consultas de emergência para dor dentária aguda / Clove essential oil in emergency consultations for acute dental pain

La odontalgia aguda es un motivo frecuente de consultas en urgencias de atención primaria, especialmente fuera del horario de trabajo de los odontólogos. Ante la aparición cada vez más frecuente de efectos secundarios asociados a la medicación utilizada habitualmente en los cuadros de odontalgia aguda, se planteó como objetivo comprobar si la aplicación tópica de aceite esencial de clavo (Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merill et L.M. Perry) resultaba al menos tan eficaz como el tratamiento habitual con analgésicos y/o antiinflamatorios. Participaron 96 pacientes, de los cuales 52 fueron tratados tópicamente con aceite esencial de clavo y 44 (grupo control) con metamizol o diclofenaco intramuscular. La intensidad del dolor fue evaluada por los pacientes a través de la escala analógica visual antes y después del tratamiento. Los resultados no mostraron diferencias entre ambos tratamientos en cuanto a la reducción del dolor, si bien con el aceite esencial se consiguió el efecto en menos de 5 minutos, en comparación con los 45-60 minutos necesarios con metamizol o diclofenaco. (AU)

A odontalgia aguda é motivo frequente de visitas às urgências, principalmente fora do horário de trabalho do dentista. Perante o aparecimento cada vez mais frequente de efeitos colaterais associados aos medicamentos comumente utilizados na situação de odontologia aguda, o objetivo foi verificar se a aplicação tópica do óleo essencial de cravinho (Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merill et LM Perry) foi pelo menos tão eficaz quanto o tratamento usual com analgésicos e/ou antiinflamatórios. Participaram 96 pacientes, dos quais 52 foram tratados topicamente com óleo essencial de cravinho e 44 (grupo controle) com metamizol ou diclofenac intramusculares. A intensidade da dor foi avaliada pelos pacientes por meio da escala visual analógica antes e após o tratamento. Os resultados não mostraram diferenças entre os dois tratamentos em termos de redução da dor, embora o óleo essencial tenha alcançado o efeito em menos de 5 minutos, em comparação com os 45-60 minutos necessários com metamizol ou diclofenac. (AU)

Acute dental pain is a frequent reason for consultations in primary care emergencies, especially outside the dentists’ working hours. Given the increasingly frequent appearance of side effects associated with the medication commonly used in acute toothache, the objective was to check whether the topical application of the essential oil of clove (Syzygium aromaticum (L) Merill et LM Perry) was at least as effective as the usual treatment with analgesics and/or anti-inflammatory drugs. Ninety-six patients participated: 52 were treated topically with clove essential oil and 44 (control group) with intramuscular metamizole or diclofenac. The intensity of pain was evaluated by the patients through the visual analog scale, before and after the treatment. The results did not show differences between the two treatments in terms of pain reduction, although the essential oil achieved the effect in less than 5 minutes, compared to the 45-60 minutes required with metamizole or diclofenac. (AU)

Patogénesis del dolor en la mucositis oral. Revisión de la literatura / Pathogenesis of pain in oral mucositis. Review of the literature

INTRODUCCIÓN: La mucositis oral es una lesión dolorosa que tiene lugar en la mucosa de la cavidad oral, normalmente su etiología se encuentra asociada a tratamientos farmacológicos en pacientes oncológicos. Se presenta como úlceras bien delimitadas cuya sintomatología dolorosa supone en ocasiones la suspensión del tratamiento oncológico o la alimentación por vía parenteral, siendo por tanto un efecto adverso importante, marcando el devenir en este tipo de terapias contra el cáncer. OBJETIVO: El objetivo del presente artículo es poner en relieve cómo se produce el dolor en esta patología que acontece en la mucosa de la cavidad oral. DISCUSIÓN: La mucositis oral se va a presentar tras una cascada de eventos biológicos que implican diferentes procesos moleculares tras el tratamiento con quimioterapia o radioterapia. El dolor en la mucositis oral puede poseer un componente inflamatorio y también un componente neuropático. En su fisiopatología, el dolor va a estar mediado por diferentes familias de receptores y factores. CONCLUSIÓN: La mucositis oral presenta un gran componente doloroso asociado, en el que cobran especial protagonismo en su aparición, las familias de los receptores y factores TRP, ET-1, TNF y ROS, entre otros. El conocimiento de la patogénesis del dolor en esta patología permitirá desarrollar terapéuticas contra el dolor en estudios futuros

INTRODUCTION: Oral mucositis is a painful lesion that occurs in the mucosa of the oral cavity. Its aetiology is usually associated with drug treatments in cancer patients. It presents as well-defined ulcers whose painful symptoms sometimes lead to the suspension of cancer treatment or parenteral nutrition. They therefore represent a significant adverse effect that marks the future in this type of cancer therapy. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this article is to highlight how pain occurs in this pathology that takes place in the mucosa of the oral cavity. DISCUSSION: Oral mucositis will occur following a cascade of biological events involving different molecular processes following treatment with chemotherapy or radiotherapy. Pain in oral mucositis may have an inflammatory component as well as a neuropathic component. In its pathophysiology, pain will be mediated by different families of receptors and factors. CONCLUSION: Oral mucositis has a large associated painful component, in which the families of TRP, ET-1, TNF and ROS receptors and factors, among others, play a major role in its appearance. Knowledge of the pathogenesis of the pain in this pathology will allow pain therapies to be developed in future studies

Estudio observacional transversal sobre el uso de homeopatía en un servicio de urgencias pediátricas / Observational and cross-sectional study on the use of homeopathy in a paediatric emergency care service

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OnabotulinumtoxinA en el tratamiento de la odontalgia atípica: descripción de un caso clínico / OnabotulinumtoxinA in the treatment of atypical odontalgia: description of a clinical case

La odontalgia atípica (OA) se define como un dolor dental continuo en uno o varios dientes, en ocasiones precedido por procedimientos dentales, y que tras un examen completo no se detecta patología dental. Se presupone un origen neuropático cuya respuesta a tratamientos locales y sistémicos es insatisfactoria. Presentamos el caso clínico de una paciente de 50 años con OA tras extracción dental, que presentó una reducción significativa del dolor después del tratamiento local con OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) en el área sintomática. La respuesta a la administración de OnabotA en esta paciente concuerda con las observadas previamente en series reducidas de casos, por lo que podría ser una alternativa terapéutica en este tipo de dolores de difícil control

Atypical odontalgia (AO) is defined as a continuous dental pain in the area of one or several teeth, sometimes preceded by dental procedures in the absence of signs of dental pathology after complete examination. It is thought to have a neuropathic origin in which the response to local and systemic treatment is insufficient. We present the case of a 50-year-old patient with AO after dental extraction, who presented a significant reduction in pain after local treatment with OnabotulinumtoxinA (OnabotA) in the symptomatic area. The response to the administration of OnabotA in this patient is in line with what had previously been observed in small series of cases, so it could be a therapeutic alternative in this type of pain that is difficult to control

Repercusiones odontológicas y manifestaciones orales de la arteritis de células gigantes / Dental repercussions and oral manifestations or gian cell arteritis

La arteritis de células gigantes es una vasculitis primaria caracterizada por un infiltrado granulomatoso que obstruye la pared vascular provocando procesos isquémicos. Tiene gran importancia en odontología por su clínica, ya que puede afectar a la cavidad oral cursando con dolor odontogénico, necrosis lingual, necrosis labial, claudicación mandibular, hipoestesia mentoniana, inflamación facial y trismus. El conocimiento básico de las manifestaciones clínicas de la enfermedad permitirá al odontólogo evitar complicaciones como la ceguera o el desarrollo de una crisis suprarrenal que acabe con la vida del paciente

Giant cell arteritis is a primary vasculitis characterized by a granulomatous infiltrate that obstructs the vascular wall causing ischemic processes. It is of great importance in dentistry because of its clinical manifestations, as it can affect the oral cavity producing odontogenic pain, tongue necrosis, lip necrosis, jaw claudication, hypoesthesia of the chin, facial swelling and trismus. Basic knowledge of the clinical manifestations of the disease will allow the dentist to avoid complications such as blindness or the development of an adrenal crisis that could kill the patient

Enfermedad de Erdheim-Chester con afectación ósea exclusiva en paciente con odontalgia / Erdheim-Chester disease with isolated skeletal involvement in patient with odontalgia

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Clinical and sociodemographic predictors of oral pain and eating problems among adult and senior Spaniards in the national survey performed in 2010

BACKGROUND: Pain and chewing difficulties have been identified as the strongest predictors of oral disadvantage. The aim of this study is to analyze and quantify the sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical factors modulating the oral pain and eating difficulties reported by Spanish adults and elderly Spanish people in the last National Oral Health Survey performed in 2010. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Data concerning pain and chewing difficulties were acquired on a Likert scale format from a representative sample of the Spanish general population with ages between 35-44 years (n=391) and 65-74 years (n=405). Risk factors were identified using bivariate analysis, after which the crude association between risk factors (sociodemographic, behavioural and clinical) and outcome variables (pain and eating problems) was assessed by adjusted odds ratios, calculated by means of multivariate logistic regression. RESULTS: Eating problems and oral pain were mainly associated with prosthetic and caries treatment needs as clinical predictors, but female sex was also seen to be a relevant and significant risk factor for suffering pain and eating restrictions. Paradoxically, after taking into account all the aforementioned predictors, the adults had an almost two fold higher risk of reporting pain or eating difficulties than the elderly subjects. CONCLUSIONS: In agreement with the results from the last national oral health survey, prosthetic and caries treatment needs should be considered key factors in determining the oral well-being of the Spanish population. In sociodemographic terms, the women and adults were seen to be at a significantly higher risk of suffering pain and eating restrictions

Actitudes de salud bucodental en relación al nivel socoeconómico en individuos adultos / Oral health attitudes related to the socioeconomic level in adults

Introducción: Las actitudes intervienen de manera decisiva en la aparición y el desarrollo de las enfermedades bucodentales. El presente trabajo se propone analizar las actitudes de salud bucodental y su relación con el nivel socioeconómico (NSE) en individuos adultos de la Ciudad de Corrientes; Argentina. Metodología: Se realizó un estudio transversal. A través de una encuesta domiciliaria se recolectó información referente a datos sociodemográficos y a actitudes de salud bucodental utilizando la técnica de observación directa mediante entrevistador "cara a cara". Se determinó el tamaño de la muestra estableciéndose un nivel de confianza del 95% para la generalización de los resultados (381 individuos). Se aplicó un diseño muestral aleatorio simple para la selección de las viviendas a encuestar, que se complementó con un muestreo no probabilístico por cuotas para la selección de los individuos a entrevistar a partir de los datos proporcionados por el censo 2010. Para el análisis de los datos se empleó el programa SPSS 21.0. Las diferencias según el NSE se analizaron con la prueba Kruskall-Wallis, empleándose pruebas U de Mann-Whitney para valorar las diferencias de a pares. Resultados: Se halló que los individuos de NSE más bajo presentan actitudes de salud bucodental menos favorables, en particular en lo que se refiere a la actitud frente al dolor dental y a los motivos por los cuales se consulta generalmente al odontólogo. Conclusiones: Los resultados de este trabajo pueden ser considerados como un recurso importante para diseñar estrategias de intervención que contemplen los determinantes socioculturales del proceso salud enfermedad (AU)

Introduction: Attitudes intervene decisively in the onset and development of oral diseases. This paper analyses the attitudes toward the oral health and its relationship with socioeconomic status (SES) in adults from the city of Corrientes, Argentina. Methodology: A cross-sectional study was carried out. Information on sociodemographic and oral health attitudes was collected through a household survey using the technique of direct observation by the "face to face" interviewer. The sample size was determined by establishing a confidence level of 95% for the generalization of results (381 individuals). Simple random sampling design was used for the selection of households to be surveyed, which was supplemented with a non-probability sampling procedure for selecting individuals to be interviewed, based on data provided by the 2010 census. We used a SPSS 21.0 program for the analysis of data. Differences according to the socioeconomic level were analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test, using UMann-Whitney tests to assess differences between pairs. Results: It was found that individuals from lower socioeconomic level have less favourable attitudes of oral health, particularly in regard to the attitude to dental pain and frequent reason to dentist consultation. Conclusion: The results of this work can be considered as an important resource to design intervention strategies that address the social and cultural determinants of health-disease process (AU)

Autotrasplante de tercer molar por un primer molar con periodontitis apical refractaria al tratamiento endodóntico / Autologous third molar to a first molar apical periodontitis refractory to endodontic treatment

Propósito: El presente caso describe el autotrasplante de tercer molar inferior en lugar de un primer molar inferior con diagnóstico de periodontitis apical persistente. Resumen: Paciente mujer de 20 años de edad que presenta un primer molar inferior en el que se había realizado tratamiento de conductos y que presentaba periodontitis apical persistente, se consideró inviable el retratamiento de conductos y se realizó el autotrasplante del tercer molar inferior derecho al espacio alveolar dejado por el primero. Se evaluó clínica y radiográficamente por 2 años, en donde se observó obliteración de la cavidad pulpar, anquilosis alveolodentaria, ausencia de reabsorción radicular, condiciones funcionales, integración de tejidos blandos y ausencia de enfermedad periodontal

Purpose: This case report describes the autologous mandibular third molar instead of a lower first molar diagnosed with persistent apical periodontitis. Summary: Female patient, 20 years of age having a first lower molar with persistent apical periodontitis refractory endodontic treatment. Retreatment was considered nonviable autologous conduit and right lower third molar alveolar space left by the first was made. We evaluated clinical and radiographically for 2 years, where obliteration of the pulp cavity, alveolar- dental ankylosis, no root resorption, functional conditions, soft tissue integration and no periodontal disease was observed. Conclusion: Autologous transplantation is a decibel option to replace teeth with persistent apical periodontitis in young patients

Odontalgía atípica, conocimientos actuales / Atypical odontalgia, current knowledge

En este trabajo se presenta el conocimiento actual acerca de una enfermedad que permanece sin explicación médica, la odontalgia atípica (OA), patología que por su naturaleza es difícil de diagnosticar. OA es una forma crónica de dolor dental sin signos de patología odontológica. Clínicamente se presenta con dolor persistente refractario a los tratamientos dentales convencionales. La mayoría de las veces esta patología se diagnostica erróneamente, lo que puede conducir a tratamientos innecesarios, y producir tanto al paciente como al profesional graves problemas. Vamos a revisar los conocimientos actuales sobre la epidemiología, etiología, fisiopatología, manifestaciones clínicas, diagnóstico, diagnóstico diferencial, pronóstico y tratamiento para tratar de obtener el conocimiento suficiente para tratar con ella si tenemos la oportunidad. En este momento, la mejor hipótesis sobre la fisiopatología de la OA es una condición de dolor neuropático. Diferentes enfermedades tales como dolor odontogénico, la sinusitis o la neuralgia del trigémino entre otros deben ser consideradas en el diagnóstico diferencial. El tratamiento actual se basa en un tratamiento similar al dolor neuropático periférico, se trata con medicamentos tópicos y sistémicos tales como anestésicos locales, antidepresivos y anticonvulsivantes. Siendo conscientes, sin embargo, que todavía hay más preguntas que responder sobre el asunto que las respuestas que aparecen en este artículo (AU)

This paper presents the current knowledge about a disease that still remains medically unexplained, atypical odontalgia (AO), a pathology that by its nature is difficult to diagnose. AO is a chronic form of dental pain without signs of dental pathology. Clinically it is presented with persistent pain refractory to conventional dental treatment, most of the time this condition is misdiagnosed, can lead to unnecessary treatments, and produce serious problems to both the patient and the practitioner. We will review the current knowledge on the epidemiology, etiology, pathophysiology, clinical manifestations, diagnosis, differential diagnosis, prognosis and treatment to try to get enough knowledge to deal with it if is given the chance. At this point, the best hypothesis about the pathophysiology of the AO is that of a neuropathic pain condition. Different diseases such as odontogenic pain, sinusitis or trigeminal neuralgia among others should be considered in the differential diagnosis. Current treatment is based on a similar treatment to peripheral neuropathic pain treated with topical and systemic drugs such as local anesthetics, antidepressants and anticonvulsants. Being aware, however, that there are still more questions to answer on the matter than answers in this article (AU)

Turismo, deportes de riesgo y barodontalgia / Tourism, high risk sports and barodontalgia

Se podría definir la barodontalgia, como dolores dentarios que surgen ante un disbarismo, por la incapacidad de la cámara pulpar para adecuar su presión interna ante cambios de la presión ambiental, tanto en ambientes hipo como hiperbáricos. hay numerosas hipótesis al respecto y numerosos factores involucrados. En este trabajo realizamos una revisión y puesta al día en este tema (AU)

Barodontalgia could be defined as dental pain occurring following a dysbarism, due to the incapacity of the pulp chamber to adjust its internal pressure in response to changes to ambient pressure, both in hyper and hypobaric conditions. There area number of hypotheses and a number of different factors are involved. This study provides a review and an update on the issue (AU)

Orofacial pain of cardiac origin: Review literature and clinical cases

The most common types of orofacial pain originate at the dental or periodontal level or in the musculoskeletal structures. However, the patient may present pain in this region even though the source is located elsewhere in the body. One possible source of heterotopic pain is of cardiac origin. Objectives: Report two cases of orofacial pain of cardiac origin and review the clinical cases described in the literature. Study Design: Description of clinical cases and review of clinical cases. Results and conclusions: Nine cases of atypical pain of cardiac origin are recorded, which include 5 females and 4 males. In craniofacial structures, pain of cardiac origin is usually bilateral. At the craniofacial level, the most frequent location described is in the throat and jaw. Pain of cardiac origin is considered atypical due to its location, although roughly 10% of the cases of cardiac ischemia manifest primarily in craniofacial structures. Finally, the differential diagnosis of pain of odontogenic origin must be taken into account with pain of non-odontogenic origin (muscle, psychogenic, neuronal, cardiac, sinus and neurovascular pain) in order to avoid diagnostic errors in the dental practice as well as unnecessary treatments (AU)

Orofacial pain of cardiac origin, serial of clinical cases

Objective: To determine the clinical characteristics of the orofacial pain of cardiac origin in patients visited when doing a treadmill exercise test, at the cardiology service of the Can Ruti Hospital in Badalona (Barcelona, Spain). Study design: The sample of that study included thirty patients visiteding when doing a treadmill exercise test, at the cardiology service. The questionnaire has been asked to a sample of 30 patients. Results: Eleven of the 30 patients included in this study presented craniofacial pain before or during the cardiac seizure. The location of the pain was bilateral, non-irradiated at the mandible in all cases. The intensity of the pain was from slight to severe. The frequency of the appearance of the pain was paroxysmal in 8 cases and constant in three cases, and the duration was from a few hours to a maximum of 14 days. Discussion: The cardiac pain in craniofacial structures is usually bilateral, compared to odontogenic pain which is always unilateral. The pain of cardiac origin is considered atypical because of its location, but about the 10 % of the cases, the cardiac ischemia has its primary manifestation in orofacial structures. Conclusions: Eleven patients referred a bilateral non-irradiated mandibular pain, with intensity from slight to severe, and with a paroxystic frequency in eight cases and a constant frequency in three cases. Just one patient referred pain during the treadmill exercise test. In all cases the pain disappeared after the cardiac surgery or the administration of vasodilators (AU)

Laserterapia como analgésico para el movimiento dentario ortodóncico / Laser therapy as an analgesic for orthodontic tooth movement

El dolor dentario posterior a la colocación del primer arco activo en las técnicas fijas ortodóncicas se presenta con gran frecuencia. El propósito del presente trabajo es comprobar la efectividad del láser As Ga Al con respecto al dolor en un estudio descriptivo y transversal, donde se estudiaron 100 pacientes divididos en 2 grupos: para el grupo control, 50 casos, y los restantes conformaron el grupo estudio. En el primero se procedió con la colocación de la técnica fija solamente, y en el grupo estudio, además de la técnica fija, se aplicó el láser mencionado con un parámetro analgésico-antiinflamatorio y una potencia de 5 mW. La aplicación fue puntual local, con la fibra óptica, que duró 60 segundos en cada papila interdentaria que estuvo involucrada en el tratamiento de la técnica fija. Tras la evolución de todos los casos a las 24 y 48 h, se les aplicó la escala analógica visual de 3 puntos. Fueron de clasificación tolerable cuando la escala analógica visual osciló entre 0 y 1 (no dolor y dolor leve), y no tolerable cuando osciló entre 2 y 3 (dolor moderado a severo).Se observó que hubo mejoría acerca de la magnitud del dolor referida por parte de los pacientes, con diferencias significativas entre ambos grupos. Se registraron 4 casos con la calificación de tolerable en el grupo control, lo que en el grupo estudio fue de 32 pacientes. De forma general, hubo mejores resultados con los pacientes portadores de la técnica fija de arco recto que con la técnica fija de Ricketts montada. Se encontraron 3 casos con reacciones adversas (mareo en 2 pacientes y pico doloroso en uno solo) los que no fue significativo .Más de la mitad de los pacientes obtuvieron alivio de dolor con 1 o 2 aplicaciones de láser, lo que nos brinda una alternativa terapéutica en combinación con el tratamiento de la técnica fija ortodóncica (AU)

Orthodontic pain is very common in orthodontic bonding techniques after placing the first archwire. The aim of the present work is to determine the effectiveness of the As-Ga-Al laser on this pain in a descriptive, cross-sectional study. A total of 100 patients were studied, divided into 2 groups: 50 cases for the control group, with the remainder making up the study group. The bonding technique only was used for the insertion in the first group, and in the study group, as well as the bonding technique, the aforementioned laser was applied at a power of 5 mW, as an analgesic-anti-inflammatory parameter. it was applied in the immediate exact location with the optic fibre, and lasted 60 seconds, in each interdental papilla that was involved in the bonding technique treatment. A 3-point visual analogue scale (vAS) was applied 24 hours and 48 hours after the treatment. They were classified as tolerable when the vAS varied between 0 and 1 (no pain or mild pain), and intolerable when it varied between 2 and 3 (moderate to severe pain). The patients observed an improvement in the intensity of the pain, with significant differences between both groups. Four cases were classified as tolerable in the control group, whereas 32 patients in the study group were classified as such. The results were generally better in those patients who received a straight-arch bonding technique than in those with the Ricketts sandwich bonding technique. There were 3 cases with adverse reactions (dizziness in 2 patients and painful peak in only one) which were not significant. There was pain improvement in more than half of the patients with 1 or 2 laser applications, thus we recommend it as an alternative treatment in combination with the orthodontic bonding technique (AU)

Cordales heterotópicos. Estudio comparativo y revisión bibliográfica / Heterotopic wisdom teeth. Comparative study and bibliographic review

La inclusión de los terceros molares es una de las patologías más frecuentes encontradas en cirugía oral y maxilofacial. En raras ocasiones los terceros molares pueden aparecer desplazados de su lugar de erupción. La razón por la cual se da esta situación es desconocida. Sin embargo, el trauma, la erupción aberrante y el desarrollo anómalo del germen del diente son las teorías postuladas hasta la fecha. Objetivos: Valorar la presencia de cordales heterotópicos con el fin de evaluar la epidemiología y aspectos clínicos, asociados a los mismos. Diseño del estudio: Se ha realizado una revisión de la bibliografía y un estudio comparativo de los resultados obtenidos de la búsqueda en la base de datos PubMed. Resultados: Se registraron 25 cordales heterotópicos, siendo más frecuentes en hombres, con una edad media de diagnóstico de44,6 años. Se localizaron en mayor porcentaje en la mandíbula en la región condilar. La mayoría de los pacientes presentaron sintomatología, principalmente dolor e inflamación. La patología asociada con mayor frecuencia fue la quística, siendo el tratamiento quirúrgico el de elección, con acceso intraoral el más habitual. Conclusiones: Los cordales heterotópicos, aunque poco frecuentes, pueden ser un motivo de consulta, siendo importante realizar un buen diagnóstico y planificación del tratamiento (AU)

The inclusion of the third molars is one of the most frequent pathologies found in oral and maxillofacial surgery. On rare occasions, the third molars can appear away from their place of eruption. The reason this situation occurs is unknown. However, trauma, aberrant eruption and the anomalous development of the tooth bud are the theories postulated up to now. Objectives: To assess the presence of heterotopic wisdom teeth for the purpose of evaluating the epidemiology and clinical aspects associated with them. Design of the study: A bibliographical review and a comparative study of the results obtained from searching the PubMed database were performed. Results: 25 heterotopic wisdom teeth were recorded, with the most frequent being in men, with a mean diagnostic age of 44.6 years. The highest percentage of them were located in the jaw in the condylar region. Most of the patients presented symptoms, mainly pain and inflammation. The most frequently associated pathology was cysts, with surgery being the treatment of choice, with intraoral access being the most common. Conclusions: The heterotopic wisdom teeth, although not frequent, can be a cause for consultation, with it being important to make a good diagnosis and planning of the treatment (AU)

Evaluation of the immediate post-operative procedure after dentalintervetions. 24 hours follow up study. Epico Study

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to make a descriptive approximation of the therapeutic managementof the different dental interventions in clinical practice today, and to analyze the degree of consensus among thespecialists participating in the study.Study Design: A total of 447 odontologists, stomatologists or maxillofacial surgeons from 43 Spanish provincesparticipated in the study. The study sample consisted of patients aged 18 years old or over attending the clinicfor a dental intervention. The type of intervention carried out and treatments administered before and after theintervention were recorded. At 24 hours after the intervention, intensity of pain experienced by the patient, rescuetherapy administered for pain relief, sleep affectation, the appearance of adverse events or complications of theintervention, and treatment compliance were also recorded.Results: Data corresponding to 4,194 patients were analyzed, of whom 53.2% were women (2,232). The meanage was 42.6 years (95%CI 42.2- 43). The most frequent interventions corresponded to: oral surgery (66.4%),endodontics (17.3%) and periodontal treatment (4.6%). A total of 43.2% of the patients were taking some medicationbefore the intervention: anticoagulants (2.5%), antibiotics (33%), pain relief and/or anti-inflammatory agents(23%) and other drugs (7.6%); 16.6% were receiving combined treatment with antibiotics and analgesics and/or(..) (AU)

Design, development and optimization of buccal bioadhesive tablets of diclofenac sodium for the treatment of odontalgia

The buccal tablets were formulated using the rate controlling polymers such as carbopol 974 P and Hydroxy propyl methyl cellulose K4M (HPMC K4M) or Sodium alginate in various ratios by D-Optimal design. Numerical optimization technique was applied to find out the best formulation by using the software Design Expert. All the formulations were evaluated and it was found that the carbopol 974P have good bioadhesion property but the HPMC K4M controls the drug release. In vitro drug release and release exponent were considered as dependent variables for optimization. The ideal formulation was undergone in vitro diffusion studies and stability studies(AU)

Para la formulación de los comprimidos orales se usó la tasa de control de polímeros tales como carbopol 974P e hidroxipropilmetilcelulosa K4M (HPMC K4M) o alginato de sodio en varias proporciones, mediante el método de diseño D-Optimal. Se utilizó el programa Design Expert para aplicar la técnica de optimización numérica y encontrar la formulación óptima. Después de evaluar todas las formulaciones, se encontró que el carbopol 974P tiene propiedades de bioadhesión buenas pero el HPMC K4M controla la liberación del fármaco. In vitro, la liberación del fármaco y el exponente de liberación se consideraron variables dependientes para la optimización. La formulación ideal se realizó mediante estudios de difusión y de estabilidad in vitro(AU)

Eliminando el dolor de la odontología restauradora y la endodoncia: ideas y opciones terapéuticas actuales para ayudar a los pacientes a conseguir una anestesia profunda / Taking the Pain ourt of Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics: Current Thoughts and Treatment Options to Help Patients Achieve Profound Anesthesia

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