Coronectomy of impacted mandibular third molars: a clinical and radiological retrospective case series study with 2-9 years of follow-up / Coronectomía de terceros molares mandibulares impactados: un estudio de serie de casos retrospectivo clínico y radiológico con 2-9 años de seguimiento

Background: Impacted mandibular third molars occasionally are in intimate relation to the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN). Coronectomy has been proposed as a good alternative to prevent injury of the IAN. The present study evaluates the clinical and radiological outcomes of impacted mandibular third molars presenting radiographic signs associated with a high risk of IAN injury, and which were treated with the coronectomy technique. Material and Methods: A retrospective case series evaluated the outcomes of coronectomies of impacted mandibular third molars. The inclusion criteria were: available preoperative, immediate postoperative and two-year panoramic radiographs, preoperative cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT), and a complete case history. The clinical evaluation comprised intraoperative complications (mobilized fragments of root and damage to adjacent structures), short-term complications (sensory alterations and postoperative infection), and long-term complications (infection or oral exposure). The IAN position with respect to the roots, root shape, eruption status, third molar position, radicular-complex migration and bone above roots were radiographically evaluated as well. Results: Approximately a total of 2000 mandibular third molars were removed from 2011 to 2022. Of these, 39 molars in 34 patients were partially extracted using the coronectomy technique. The mean age was 36 years (range 22-77), and the mean follow-up was 28 months (range 24-84). There were two short-term postoperative infections. One of them was resolved through reintervention to remove the roots after antibiotic treatment, while the other required hospital admission and removal of the roots. One case of short-term transient lingual paresthesia was also recorded. Two long-term oral exposures were detected, and the root fragments had to be extracted. There were no permanent sensory alterations...(AU)

Preservation of the inferior alveolar vasculonervous bundle in mandibular resective therapies: systematic review and report of two cases

Background: Segmental surgical resection is a frequently indicated procedure to treat aggressive mandibular tumors. One of the most important complications derived from this technique is permanent paresthesia of the inferior alveolar nerve (IAN), which significantly affects the quality of life of patients who experience it. This could be avoided through maneuvers that preserve the IAN. The objective of this paper is to review the main techniques for IAN preservation and to present 2 cases with the technique used by the author. Material and Methods: A systematic review was performed according to the PRISMA guidelines, apropos of two clinical cases reported in this study. The MEDLINE/PubMed and Scopus databases were searched. Several variables were considered and are presented in detail in the form of tables and figures. In addition, 2 case reports with NAI preservation techniques are presented. Results: 13 articles were finally obtained for analysis. 127 patients were evaluated, reporting mandibular resections associated with various pathologies. Various surgical techniques were used, all with the same goal of maintaining the IAN. In most of the patients, the maintenance of sensitivity was achieved, which was verified with different methods. Conclusions: Preservation of the IAN in maxillofacial surgical procedures where surgical resection of the mandibular bone has been performed is an alternative that has demonstrated successful results in terms of reducing postoperative sequelae and is currently positioned as a necessary and feasible procedure. (AU)

Las manifestaciones primordiales de la fibromialgia, dolor generalizado e insomnio, en la pintura de Remedios Varo / Fibromyalgia's main features, widespread pain, and insomnia in the paintings of Remedios Varo

La sensibilidad de las artistas plásticas ante el sufrimiento humano ha quedado plasmada de diversas maneras. Este artículo relata las circunstancias que llevaron a la pintora surrealista hispano-mexicana, Remedios Varo, a representar en forma original las 2 manifestaciones cardinales de la fibromialgia: dolor generalizado e insomnio. (AU)

The sensitivity of plastic artists to human suffering has been expressed in different ways. This article recounts the circumstances that led the Spanish-Mexican surrealist painter, Remedios Varo, to depict in an original way the 2 cardinal manifestations of fibromyalgia; widespread pain and insomnia. (AU)

Complicación en la colocación de implante dental con compromiso de nervio dentario inferior reporte de caso clínico, seguimiento de 3 años / Complication in the placement of dental implants with compromise of the inferior dental nerve clinical case report, 3-year follow-up

Introducción: Los accidentes o complicaciones durante la colocación de implantes dentales a pesar de la planeación quirúrgica deben ser manejados de manera inmediata y oportuna. Objetivo: Recomendar el mejor protocolo para manejar la lesión del nervio dentario inferior consecuencia de la colocación de implante dentario. Caso Clínico: Paciente asiste a clínica privada pararecibir atención odontológica de especialidad, edad 67 años, sexo femenino, presenta hipertensión arterial, resistencia a la insulina, premedicada con Hidronorol T y Metformina. Paciente informa deexodoncia de cuatro molares, colocaron inmediata de cuatro implantes dentales, sintió un adormecimiento del mentón con la perdida de efecto del anestèsico; 72 horas posterior se procedió a realizar tomografía Cone Bean, observándose implante contactando el nervio dentario inferior, planificándose de forma inmediata el retiro del implante dental. Resultados: Control a 3, 6, 9 meses, 1 , 2 y 3 años posterior a retiro de implante, aplicación de terapia farmacológica a base de corticoides, aines y vitamina B , con resultados favorables en el tratamiento de la parestesia. Conclusiones: La extracción del implante dental antes de las 72 horas y la terapia farmacológica adecuada resulto exitosa en el tratamiento de la lesión del nervio dentario inferior. (AU)

Introduction: Accidents or complications during the placement of dental implants despite surgical planning should be handled immediately and in a timely manner. Objective: To recommend the best protocol to manage the injury of the inferior dental nerve resulting from the placement of dental implant. Clinical Case: Patient attends private clinic to receive specialty dental care, age 67 years, female, presents arterial hypertension, insulin resistance, premedicated with Hydronorol T and Metformin. Pacientereports exodontics of four molars, immediate placement of four dental implants, felt a numbness of the chin with the loss of effct of the anesthetic; 72 hours later proceeded to perform Tomography Cone Bean, observing implant contacting the inferior dental nerve, immediately planning the removal of the dental implant. Results: Control at 3, 6, 9 months, 1, 2 and 3 years after implant removal, application of pharmacological therapy based on corticosteroids, NSAIDs and vitamin B, with favorable results in the treatment of paresthesia. Conclusions: The extraction of the dental implant before 72 hours and the appropriate pharmacological therapy was successful in the treatment of the lesion of the inferior dental nerve. (AU)

Dorsal arachnoid web: A rare cause of syringomyelia and myelopathy / Telaraña aracnoidea dorsal: una causa rara de siringomielia y mielopatía

Dorsal arachnoidal webs are condensations of arachnoidal tissue densely adherent to the pial surface of the posterior aspect of the dorsal spinal cord. Infrequently described in literature they disrupt the flow of CSF in the spinal subarachnoid space leading to syringomyelia and myelopathy. While there are several theories on their origin, the “scalpel sign” on magnetic resonance imaging is considered to be pathognomonic of this condition. An illustrative case of a 58 year old man with syringomyelia and dorsal cord indentation who presented with spastic paraparesis, gait instability, parasthesias and bilateral non radicular upper limb pain that resolved following excision of the web is described to highlight the importance of considering this diagnosis when cases of so called “idiopathic” syringomyelia are encountered (AU)

Las membranas aracnoideas dorsales son condensaciones de tejido aracnoideo densamente adherido a la superficie pial de la cara posterior de la médula espinal dorsal. Descritas con poca frecuencia en la literatura, interrumpen el flujo del líquido cefalorraquídeo (LCR) en el espacio subaracnoideo espinal y provocan siringomielia y mielopatía. Si bien existen varias teorías sobre su origen, el «signo del bisturí» en la resonancia magnética se considera patognomónico de esta afección. Se describe un caso ilustrativo de un varón de 58 años con siringomielia e indentación medular dorsal que presentó paraparesia espástica, inestabilidad de la marcha, parestesias y dolor bilateral no radicular en miembro superior que se resolvió tras la exéresis de la telaraña para resaltar la importancia de considerar este diagnóstico cuando se encuentran casos de la llamada siringomielia «idiopática» (AU)

La frambuesa insular del cerebro / The insular raspberry of the brain

La patogenia de las mal formaciones vasculares cerebrales aun no está totalmente definida. La mayoría son congénitas y esporádicas. Su tamaño varía ampliamente y algunas experimentan crecimiento, remodelación o regresión con el tiempo. La cirugía de cavernomas solo está indicada cuando existen síntomas y signos de sangrado. La escisión radical tiene como objetivo eliminar el riesgo de sangrado adicional y, finalmente, eliminar el efecto de masa. En cuanto al pronóstico, depende principalmente de la ubicación de la lesión. (AU)

Uso de parches de capsaicina al 8 % para el tratamiento del dolor neuropático lumbar / Use of 8 % capsaicin patches for the treatment of lumbar neuropathic pain

Introducción: El dolor neuropático lumbar es una patología frecuente en la clínica diaria, con un tratamiento complejo, tanto farmacológico como intervencionista. Estos tratamientos podemos complementarlos con un parche transdérmico de capsaicina al 8 %. La capsaicina es agonista selectivo de los receptores TRPV1 (receptor transitorio vanilla de 1) cuya activación bloquea la liberación de sustancia P, muy implicada en el proceso de la inflamación. Objetivos: Valorar la utilidad del parche de capsaicina al 8 % como complemento en pacientes con dolor neuropático lumbar. Como objetivo secundario, valorar los efectos adversos del parche de capsaicina tanto en el momento de aplicación como a los 3 meses. Pacientes y métodos: Estudio retrospectivo, observacional y descriptivo, en el que se incluyeron 20 pacientes con dolor neuropático lumbar, tratados con parche de capsaicina al 8 % (Qutenza® como complemento al tratamiento habitual de esta patología. Se utilizaron 3 test para valorar el dolor: EVA (escala visual analógica del dolor), DN4 y LANSS para dolor neuropático. Los 3 test fueron pasados a los pacientes antes de la aplicación del parche y a los 3 meses de este. Resultados: Al inicio, el 95 % de los pacientes incluidos en el estudio presentaban dolor muy severo (EVA 8-9). A los 3 meses, el 85 % de los pacientes refieren dolor moderado (EVA 5-6). Con respecto al test DN4 observamos una disminución de los valores de algo más de 2 puntos. En el test LANSS encontramos una disminución de más de 5 puntos en estos 3 meses. La aplicación del parche no causó efectos secundarios significativos. Conclusiones: El parche de capsaicina al 8 % se ha mostrado eficaz y seguro como tratamiento complementario para el dolor neuropático lumbar.(AU)

Introduction: Lumbar neuropathic pain is a common pathology in daily clinical practice, with a complex treatment, both pharmacological and interventional. These treatments can be complemented with an 8 % capsaicin transdermal patch. Capsaicin is a selective agonist of TRPV1 receptors (transient receptor vanilla 1) whose activation blocks the release of substance P, which is heavily involved in the inflammatory process. Objectives: To assess the usefulness of the capsaicin 8 % patch as an adjunct in patients with lumbar neuropathic pain. As a secondary objective, to assess the adverse effects of the capsaicin patch both at the time of application and after 3 months. Patients and methods: Retrospective, observational and descriptive study, which included 20 patients with lumbar neuropathic pain, treated with capsaicin patch 8 % (Qutenza® as an adjunct to the usual treatment of this pathology. Three tests were used to assess pain: VAS (visual analogue pain scale), DN4 and LANSS for neuropathic pain. The 3 tests were administered to the patients before the application of the patch and 3 months after the patch was applied. Outcomes: At baseline, 95 % of patients included in the study had very severe pain (VAS 8-9). At 3 months, 85 % of patients reported moderate pain (VAS 5-6). With respect to the DN4 test, we observed a decrease in values of slightly more than 2 points. In the LANSS test we found a decrease of more than 5 points in these 3 months. The application of the patch did not cause significant side effects. Conclusions: The 8 % capsaicin patch has been shown to be effective and safe as an adjunctive treatment for lumbar neuropathic pain.(AU)

Tratamiento del síndrome de dolor miofascial en un paciente diagnosticado de síndrome de túnel carpiano: a propósito de un caso / Treatment of myofascial pain syndrome in a patient diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome: A clinical case

OBJETIVO: Describir la presencia de síndrome de dolor miofascial en un paciente diagnosticado de síndrome de túnel carpiano, así como la propuesta de un abordaje fisioterapéutico. MATERIAL Y MÉTODOS: Varón de 42 años diagnosticado de síndrome de túnel carpiano. Presenta un cuadro de dolor, alteraciones sensitivo-motoras y autonómicas tanto en cuello como en el miembro superior derecho. Se exploran 17 músculos en estas zonas para diagnosticar el síndrome de dolor miofascial y tratar los puntos gatillo musculares con punción seca y la técnica suiza. RESULTADOS: Se confirma el diagnóstico de síndrome de dolor miofascial por la presencia de 7 puntos gatillo musculares activos. Tras 4 semanas de tratamiento se evidencia disminución de la severidad clínica, con remisión del dolor e hiperhidrosis palmar, recuperación del rango de movimiento, del control motor y disminución de las parestesias en la mano. CONCLUSIONES: El diagnóstico y el abordaje del síndrome de dolor miofascial debe ser considerado en pacientes con síndrome de túnel carpiano

OBJECTIVE: To describe the presence of myofascial pain syndrome in a patient diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome, as well as the proposal of a physiotherapy approach. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A 42-year-old male diagnosed with carpal tunnel syndrome, with pain, sensory-motor, and autonomic alterations in the neck, as well as in the upper right limb. Seventeen muscles were explored in these areas to diagnose myofascial pain syndrome and treat trigger points with dry needling and the Swiss technique. RESULTS: The diagnosis of myofascial pain syndrome was confirmed by the presence of 7 active trigger points. After 4 weeks of treatment there was a decrease in clinical severity, with remission of pain and palmar hyperhidrosis, recovery of the range of motion, motor control, and decrease of paraesthesias in the hand. CONCLUSIONS: The diagnosis and approach of myofascial pain syndrome should be considered in patients with carpal tunnel síndrome

Notalgia parestésica, tratamiento con toxina botulínica tipo A / Notalgia paresthetica: treatment with botulinum toxin type A

La notalgia parestésica es una mononeuropatía sensitiva por atrapamiento localizada a nivel dorsal. Clínicamente se caracteriza por la presencia de prurito, parestesias y/o hiperalgesia asociados a placas hiperpigmentadas en el dermatoma correspondiente, que genera un gran impacto en la calidad de vida del paciente. Presentamos dos pacientes de entre 35 y 65 años con sintomatología crónica tratados en nuestro servicio mediante infiltraciones subcutáneas de toxina botulínica tipo A en las áreas afectadas. Observamos una disminución de la escala EVA de dolor y de la intensidad del prurito tras la infiltración, así como una disminución de la placa hiperpigmentada al mes, a los tres y a los seis meses y que se mantiene al año. Concluimos que el tratamiento con toxina botulínica tipo A podría ser una alternativa segura y útil en estos pacientes, ya que en nuestro estudio ha demostrado ser eficaz a más largo plazo que los tratamientos disponibles hasta la actualidad, aunque se necesitan más estudios con pacientes para confirmarlo

Notalgia paresthetica is a sensory mononeuropathy caused by compression localized in the dorsal region. The condition is clinically characterised by the presence of pruritus, paresthesias and hyperalgesia associated with a hyperpigmented patch in the correspondingt dermatoma, substantially impairing quality of life. We report the cases of two patients aged between 35 and 65 years with chronic symptoms and treated in our service with botulinum toxin type A in the affected areas. We observed a decrease in the EVA pain scale and the intensity of the pruritus after infiltrations, as well as a reduction in the hyperpigmented patch at the first, third and sixth months after the intradermal injections that has been maintained after a year. We conclude that botulinum toxin type A treatment could be a safe and useful alternative in these patients, as it has been shown to be effective over a longer term than available treatments to date, although further studies are required to confirm our findings

Alopecia en meralgia parestésica / Alopecia in Meralgia Paresthetica

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Hemicorporal paresthesias in a parvovirus infection / Parestesias hemicorporales en una infección por parvovirus

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Non-dysraphic intramedullary lipoma of the craniocervical region in an adult: Case report / Lipoma intramedular no disráfico de la región craneocervical en un adulto: informe de un caso

Intradural spinal lipomas with intracranial extension are very rare and are typically diagnosed in childhood. Radical surgical excision usually causes a high rate of morbidity because of the firm adherence between the lipoma and neural tissues. In this report, we present a case of craniocervical intradural intramedullary lipoma in an adult patient. The patient underwent surgery with excision of the mass, leaving a sheet of lipoma on the tumor bed

Los lipomas espinales intradurales con extensión intracraneal son muy raros y suelen diagnosticarse en la infancia. La escisión quirúrgica radical generalmente causa una alta tasa de morbilidad debido a la adherencia firme entre el lipoma y los tejidos neurales. En este artículo, presentamos un caso de lipoma intramedular craneocervical intradural en un paciente adulto. El paciente se sometió a una cirugía con exéresis de la masa, dejando una lámina de lipoma en el lecho tumoral

Tratamiento del síndrome de dolor miofascial asociado a síndrome del desfiladero torácico. A propósito de un caso / Treatment of myofascial pain syndrome associated with thoracic outlet syndrome: Presentation of a case

Antecedentes y objetivo: El síndrome del desfiladero torácico produce la compresión del plexo braquial en el espacio costoclavicular. El síndrome de dolor miofascial cervical puede provocar sintomatología parecida y, en ocasiones, pasa desapercibido. El objetivo del presente trabajo es exponer las implicaciones que el síndrome de dolor miofascial puede tener en el síndrome del desfiladero torácico y proponer el tratamiento desde la fisioterapia. Descripción del caso: Paciente de 32 años con cervicalgia de 6 meses de evolución que se irradia hacia ambos miembros superiores, edema y parestesias en las manos. Se le pautaron 2 sesiones de fisioterapia a la semana, durante 6 semanas. Se utilizaron técnicas conservadoras. Resultados: Tras 6 semanas, la percepción del dolor y las parestesias desaparecieron y el edema de las manos disminuyó hasta 3 mm en el perímetro de los dedos. Conclusiones: Un abordaje conservador del síndrome de dolor miofascial puede provocar mejoría en el síndrome del desfiladero torácico

Background and objective: Thoracic outlet syndrome produces compression of the brachial plexus at the costoclavicular space. Myofascial pain syndrome of cervical muscles can cause symptoms common to the first, so sometimes goes unnoticed. The aim of this article is to present the implications of myofascial pain syndrome in thoracic outlet syndrome and to propose a physiotherapy-based approach. Case description: The case involves a 32 year-old patient with neck pain of 6 months onset that radiated to both upper limbs, with oedema and paraesthesia in the hands. She was given 2 physiotherapy sessions per week, for 6 weeks, using conservative techniques. Results: After 6 weeks, the perception of pain and paraesthesia disappeared, with the oedema of the hands decreasing to 3 mm in the circumference of the fingers. Conclusions: A conservative approach to myofascial pain syndrome can lead to improvements in thoracic outlet syndrome

Bebidas enérgicas como desencadenante de crisis convulsivas en pacientes pediátricos: a propósito de un caso / Energy drinks as a trigger factor for seizures in paediatric patients: A case report

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Mielitis longitudinalmente extensa y virus del Zika, reto diagnóstico: a propósito de un caso en hospital de Colombia 2016 / Longitudinal extensive transverse myelitis and Zika virus: A diagnostic challenge in a hospital in Colombia

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Aplicación de hipotermia en extremidades en la prevención de la eritrodisestesia palmo-plantar secundaria a administración de doxorrubicina liposomal pegilada / Applying hypothermia in extremities for the prevention of palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia secondary to the administration of pegylated liposomal doxor

La eritrodisestesia palmo-plantar o síndrome mano-pie es un efecto secundario de algunos tipos de quimioterapia. Se trata de una toxicidad cutánea que no pone en peligro la vida del paciente, pero sí que es dosis limitante y altera la calidad de vida. Se manifiesta en forma de eritema doloroso, a menudo precedido de parestesias en palmas de las manos y plantas de los pies, generando enrojecimiento, hinchazón y dolor, e incluso presencia de flictenas. Para su prevención y control existen medidas farmacológicas, pero también se utiliza la aplicación de crioterapia. Los cuidados de Enfermería son de gran importancia en el manejo de los síntomas, durante el tratamiento y el alivio de los efectos secundarios. El objetivo de este artículo es dar a conocer la eritrodisestesia palmo-plantar, así como aportar la experiencia clínica relacionada con la utilización de crioterapia preventiva mediante un caso clínico

Palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia or hand-foot syndrome is a side effect of some types of chemotherapy. This is skin toxicity not life-threatening for patients, but dose-limiting and with impact on Quality of Life. It appears as a painful erythema, often preceded by paresthesia in hand palms and feet soles, generating reddening, swelling and pain, and even the presence of phlyctenae. There are pharmacological measures for its prevention and control, but the application of cryotherapy can also be used. Nursing care is very important for symptom management, during treatment and relief of side effects. The objective of this article is to create awareness about palmoplantar erythrodysesthesia, as well as to offer the clinical experience associated with the use of preventive cryotherapy through a case report

Leiomiosarcoma y sarcoma pleomórfico dérmico: directrices para el diagnóstico y tratamiento / Leiomyosarcoma and Pleomorphic Dermal Sarcoma: Guidelines for Diagnosis and Treatment

El leiomiosarcoma de la piel se clasifica en tres grupos: dérmico, hipodérmico y cutáneo metastásico. El dérmico se origina de las fibras musculares lisas del músculo erector del pelo, dartos genital o de la areola mamaria. Se considera un tumor de malignidad intermedia, con tendencia a la recidiva local (24%) y un bajo riesgo de metástasis (4%). El leiomiosarcoma hipodérmico se origina de las paredes musculares de los vasos, y se caracteriza por presentar una mayor tasa de recidiva local (37%) y metástasis (43%). El sarcoma pelomórfico dérmico aparece habitualmente en pacientes ancianos y se localiza característicamente en zonas de piel fotoexpuesta (cuero cabelludo). Comparte características histológicas e inmunohistoquímicas con el fibroxantoma atípico, pero con un comportamiento más agresivo (metástasis en el 10-20%). Los criterios histológicos que lo diferencian son la infiltración del tejido celular subcutáneo, la infiltración perineural y la presencia de focos de necrosis

There are 3 types of leiomyosarcoma of the skin: dermal, subcutaneous, and metastatic cutaneous. Dermal leiomyosarcoma arises from smooth muscle fibers in arrector pili muscles, genital dartos muscles, and the nipple-areola complex. It is an intermediate-grade tumor associated with a tendency for local recurrence (24%) and low metastatic potential (4%). Subcutaneous leiomyosarcoma originates from smooth muscle in blood vessel walls and has higher rates of local recurrence (37%) and metastasis (43%). Plemorphic dermal sarcoma typically affects elderly patients and arises in sun-exposed areas (e.g., the scalp). Its histologic and immunohistochemical characteristics are similar to those of atypical fibroxanthoma, but it is more aggressive (metastasis rate of 10-20%). Histologically, it can be distinguished from atypical fibroxanthoma by the observation of subcutaneous tissue invasion, perineural invasion, and foci of necrosis

The assesment of relationship between the angulation of impacted mandibular third molar teeth and the thickness of lingual bone: A prospective clinical study

Background: Our purpose was to investigate the relationship between the angulation of mandibular third molars and the thickness of the lingual bone, which can affect the risk of lingual nerve damage during lower third molars surgical extraction. Material and Methods: This study consisted of 104 patients (42 males and 62 females), aged between 18-42 years (24.67 ± 6.11 years). Cone Beam Computed Tomography (CBCT) images were taken for preoperative assessment. The teeth were divided into four groups according to their positions: mesioangular, distoangular, vertical and horizontal. Lingual bone thickness around impacted teeth were measured at three points: cementoenamel junction (CEJ) of the mandibular second molar, mid-root of the impacted third molar, and apex of the impacted third molar root. Two predisposing factors of lingual nerve damage were recorded: lingual bone perforated by the impacted tooth and lingual bone thinner than 1 mm. Additionally, buccolingual angulations of the teeth in each group were measured. Impacted mandibular third molars were removed in usual way. One week after surgery, the patients were evaluated regarding lingual nerve paresthesia. Results: None of the 104 patients experienced paresthesia, including the ones who had teeth with close proximity with lingual nerve. The mean thickness of bone was 1.21±0.63 mm at CEJ of the second molar; 1.25±1.02 mm at the mid-root; and 1.06±1.31 mm at the apex. Horizontally impacted teeth had thinner lingual bone at mid-root level (p=0.016). Buccolingual angulated teeth were more often associated with perforated lingual bone (p=0.002). Buccolingual and mesial/distal angulation had negative correlation with lingual bone thickness (p<0.05). Conclusions: As the buccolingual and mesiodistal angulations increase, lingual bone thickness decreases. Horizontally impacted teeth seemed to compromise the integrity of the lingual bone more than impacted teeth in other positions. During the surgery, thin or perforated lingual bone may result in displacement of the impacted tooth lingually

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